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Effect of x-rays on human is the result of interactions at the atomic level The deposited energy can result in a molecular change The abnormal molecule may in time function improperly or cease to function or cell death
This
process is reversible, ionized atoms can become neutral by attracting a free electron can be mended by repair enzymes
Molecules
Cell
and tissues can regenerate and recover from the radiation injury
2. Other malignant diseases 2.1. Bone Cancer 2.2. Lung Cancer 2.3. Thyroid Cancer 2.4. Breast Cancer
3. Local tissue damage 3.1. Skin 3.2. Gonads 3.3. Eyes 4. Shortened life span 5. Genetic damage 5.1. Cytogenetic damage 5.2. Doubling dose 5.3. Genetically significant dose
60 %..................Hydrogen 25.7 %..................Oxygen 10.7 %..................Carbon 2.4 %..................Nitrogen 0.2 %..................Calcium 0.1 %..................Phosphorus 0.1 %..................Sulfur 0.8 %..................Trace Elements
Molecular Composition
There are five principal molecules in the body: Four are macromolecules: Proteins
Lipids (fats)
types
of
80% 15% 2%
1%
1% 1%
WATER
Water
also plays
an important role
in transporting
chemicals within the body
Blood
vitamins
It
CO2, urea
HOMEOSTASIS
ANABOLISM the production of large molecules from small CATABOLISM the breaking down into smaller units of macromolecules
Protein
makes up 15 % of cell content the basic building block of cell
Protein
Proteins are long chains of macromolecules consisting of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
There are 22 amino acids used in protein synthesis or the metabolic production of protein.
Uses of Protein
Proteins support. provide structure and
LIPIDS
or FATS not soluble in water but are soluble in certain solvents such as alcohol, ether or chloroform
FUNCTION:
CARBOHYDRATES
carbon hydrogen oxygen - provides most of the cells energy - stored throughout the body but primarily in the liver and muscles - classified as: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
composed of:
NUCLEIC
ACIDS constitute genes, the instructions that control cells activities and play important role in protein synthesis
-
contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorous which form the nucleotides (building blocks of DNA)
DNA
or replicate themselves. it replicates prior to cell division and each newly formed cell receives an exact copy of the original cells DNAs molecules double helix the radio-sensitive target molecule
RNA
Sodium
(Na+) Chloride (Cl-) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca+2) ions that play important role in metabolic processes -maintains proper water concentration in body fluids, pH, blood clotting, muscle and nerve functions
2 MAJOR PARTS:
Endoplasmic Mitochondria
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
the
nucleus
is
more
Cellular Irradiation
When the critical macromolecular cellular components are irradiated, a dose of about 1 Mrad or 10 kGyt is required to produce a measurable change in physical characteristics of the cell.
Cellular Irradiation
When such a molecule is incorporated into the apparatus of a living cell, only a few rad are necessary to produce a measurable response.
Some single cell organisms require massive exposure to produce a lethal dose.
Cellular Irradiation
Human cells can be killed with a dose less than 100 rad (1Gy). The nucleus is much more sensitive than the cytoplasm to radiation exposure. Interference with any phase of protein synthesis could result in cell damage particularly DNA.
The
SOMATIC
CELLS undergo
undergoes
MEIOSIS
Phases of Mitosis
Interphase -has the DNA forming chromosomes. Prophase -the nucleus swells and the DNA takes a more structural form. Metaphase
the chromosomes appear and line up along the equator of the nucleus. During metaphase, mitosis can be stopped and damage can be analyzed.
Anaphase each chromosomes splits to form a centromere and two chromatids connected by a fiber to the poles of the nucleus. These poles are called spindles and the fiber called spindle fibers. the number of chromosomes have been reduced by half. -the chromosomes slowly migrate toward the spindle.
Telophase is characterized by the disappearance of the chromosomes into a mass of DNA and closing off of the nucleus like a pair of dumbbells into two nuclei. the cytoplasm divides equally into two cells and interphase begins.
Cell Cycle
Cell biologist identify four phases of the cell cycle 1. M 2. G1 first growth 3. S synthesis 4. G2 second growth DNA synthesis is in the S phase
Phases of Meiosis
Genetic cell meiosis. division is called
46
During the first division, the daughter, replicated the DNA with 46 chromosomes.
During the second meiosis, there is no S phase so the DNA does not replicate. Granddaughter cells have 23 chromosomes. There is some exchange of chromosomal or crossover resulting in the genetic constitution and changes in inheritable traits.
Human Development
During the development and maturation of a human from the two united genetic cells, a number of cell types evolve.
Collections of cells of similar structure and function form tissue. Tissue forms organs and organs form organ systems.
either of them
each parent gives 1/2 of his/her genes
to the offspring.
a gene is a discrete unit of information
by our bodies.
Immature
Mature
ORGAN SYSTEMS:
NERVOUS
REPRODUCTIVE
DIGESTIVE RESPIRATORY ENDOCRINE
*Cells of organ systems are identified by their rate of proliferation and stage of development.
EPITHELIUM-
covers the skin, blood vessels, abdominal and chest cavities and GI tract high in protein, consists of fibers (bone ligaments, cartilage)
CONNECTIVE
MUSCLE
a special type of tissue that can contract , also high in protein can be found throughout the body
NERVOUS
consists of specialized cells called neurons, transmits electrical impulses for control and response.