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1 M R . PA S T O R Y, PA R E S T I C O . P H D . C A N D I D AT E UDSM 2013
DEMOCRATIZATION
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Democratization: Transition
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Democratic transition
A process of regime change towards a democratic regime Involves building and strengthening of democratic institutions May take various modes:
Transition Modes Conversion Regime led reform* Military oligarchies eg. Bukinafaso, Ghana, Burundi,Guinea, Mauritania, Lethoto, Nigeria, Uganda Single party democracies eg Tz, Kenya, Zambia Cooperative A negotiated transition/pact/compromise Result of joint action by incumbent gvt. & opp. Groups
SA, Zbwe, Namibia, Angola and Mozambique
Democratization: Consolidation
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Democratic Consolidation
A successful democratic transition/an institutionalized/ consolidated democracy Measures for assessing democratic development/consolidation
Mukandala (2001) has analyzed and discussed various measures 1. The second election test. 2. Alternation of power hypothesis 3. Longevity test 4. 4.Democracy as the only game in town All these measures except the fourth have been proven false
Dahl/Held/Sorensens model High level of political competition High level of political participation Guarantee of civil & pol. Liberties Afrobarometer Model (2009)
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Bakari & Mushi (2006) They suggest 6 indicators of a consolidated democracy 1. Presence
of formal structure of liberal democracy political pluralism: multiparty constitution, several political parties &CSOs 2. A civil society engaged with the state: Civil society state-relationship
3. Presence of a struggle for democracy by civil society groups, political parties etc. Is there a pro-democracy movement? 4. Strength of political parties, their power basis and relations with CSOs 5. Consensus of basic rules of the game 6. State toleration of pluralism. state must recognize and accept pluralism in its various forms*
IDEA Framework ( I thought it should be here rather than placing it after assessment of the state of democracy . I have not yet gone through the reading other than the summary you sent me. However we can still skip it and introduce it later and ask students to examine whether it is providing a good framework for analyzing the quality of democracy compared to the other measures discussed before.
Democracy in Africa
12 T H E S TAT E O F D E M O C R A C Y I N A F R I C A
When did democratization start? What were the forces? What were the key features of regime transition in Africa? What is the state of democratization today? Has the transition process advanced/consolidated/back-slided or is it at a cross road?
Broad and pronounced political change (in SSA) began in 1990 Transition to democracy was mainly rationalized along two major lines
Overcoming Political instability Promoting Development
Plebiscitary one-party system (16) Military oligarchy (11) Competitive one-party system (13) Settler oligarchy (2) The multiparty system (5)
Elections are governed by bad constitutions and laws, managed by partisan and subjective electoral commissions, Characterized by vote ringing and violence
New regimes behaving like old one-wanting to serve longer periods than constitutionally allowed A case of Wades Senegal? No one can guarantee regime change to occur very easily even in those Cs it has occurred before eg. Kibakis Kenya In most countries the quality of democracy is diminished by one party dominance
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Larry, 2010 Between 1990-2005 six presidents including Museven succeeded to lift term limits (Larry 2010)
Africa remains the most badly governed regions in the world
Most countries suffering a concentration of power in the office of the president A limited guarantee of Civil liberties, weak opposition rights, elections riddled with malpractices
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Implementation of liberal democratic project is not fairing well in Africa Democracy is not yet the only game in town Africa still has a long way to go to achieve liberal democratic aspirations The transition process in many countries is at the cross-road Very few Countries considered doing better Ghana, SA, Botswana, Mali
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Positive developments Attitudes towards support of democracy in Africa is increasing, Most countries have adopted presidential term limits, a number have successfully resisted efforts by incumbents to lift them. End of one party rule-Electoral democracy is now taking place though characterized by many fouls.
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Why is Democracy not fairing well in Africa? Contradiction between formal institutions and traditional norms
Neo-patrimonialism (Larry, 2008; Bratton &Walle, 1997)
The nature of democracy being implemented (liberal democracy) is not suitable for Africa (Ake, 1993, Mukandala Ibid.)
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achieve
According to Claude Ake, Democracy is not only a question of desirability or even necessity but also feasibility. Africa require more than liberal democracy. It requires: Democracy in which people have some real power of decision making and above the formal consent of electoral choice.
A powerful legislative Decentralization of power to local democratic institutions Development of institutions of interest articulation and aggregation
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A social democracy that places emphasizes on socialpolitical and economic rights as opposed to liberal emphasizes on abstract political rights
Democracy that invests heavily in improvement of peoples health, education and capacity to participate effectively
A democracy that emphasizes on collective rights as it does on individual rights Democracy of incorporation of mass organization in legislature- special representation-youth, women labour movements
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