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Measuring Units
BIT: BInary digiT (0 or 1) Word:
Natural unit of data used by a particular processor design. The number of bits in a word (the word size, word width, or word length) is an important characteristic of any specific processor design or computer architecture. Majority of the registers in a processor are usually word sized. (32 bit, 64 bit)
Byte: 8 bits
KiloByte (KB): 210 Bytes Kibibyte (KiB): 210 Bytes
Binary_prefix:
1 KiB = 210 B, 1MiB = 220 B, 1GiB = 230 B (1 gibibyte) = (210 mebibytes) = (220 kibibytes) = (230 bytes)
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Memory/Storage Categories
Auxiliary Memory/Storage
External Memory/Storage
Characteristics
Volatility
Volatile
Non-volatile
Mutability
Read/Write Read Only
Accessibility
Random Access Direct Access Sequential Access
Volatile Memory
Requires power to maintain the stored information Retains the information as long as power supply is on, but when power supply is off or interrupted the stored memory is lost
RAM
2 main categories
DRAM (Dynamic RAM): RAM, Registers SRAM (Static RAM): Cache Memory, Registers
Memory Refresh is needed in DRAM and not needed in SRAM
Non-volatile Memory
Can retain stored information even when not powered
ROM: Read Only Memory Flash Memory F-RAM Most Secondary Storage Devices
ROM
Read Only Memory Types
Optical Storage ROM (CD/DVD/BD ROM) Semiconductor based
PROM:
Programmable Read-Only Memory
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EPROM:
o o
EEPROM:
Read/Write
HDD: Hard Disk Drives Flash Drives Re-Writable Optical Disks SSD: Solid State Drives Also RAM, Cache, Registers
Read Only
Direct Access
Disks: HDD, Optical Disks
Sequential Access
Tapes: Magnetic Tapes (Cassette, VHS)
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SDRAM - DIMM
Generally in practical world, the term RAM mostly used regarding SDRAM/DIMM
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SDRAM
Synchronous DRAM
SDRAM is DRAM synchronized with the system bus while classic DRAM has an asynchronous interface
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DIMM
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Generations of SDRAM
SDR SDRAM: Single Data Rate SDRAM DDR SDRAM: Double Data Rate SDRAM
DDR
DDR2 DDR3 DDR4
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Voltage (V)
DIMM pins
DDR(1)
100200
200400
2.5/2.6
184
DDR2
200533
4001066
1.8
240
DDR3
4001066
8002133
1.5
240
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Examples PC-3200 : PC2-6400: PC3-12800: DDR, 400 DDR2, 800 DDR3, 1600
(3200/8=400) (6400/8=800) (12800/8=1600)
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DIMM Vendors
Kingston
G.Skill Toshiba
Samsung
Hynix Corsair
+ many more
(Not in Particular Order :)
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HDD
Hard Disk Drives
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HDD Capacity
Capacity measured by GB, TB Vendors and Operating System uses 2 different methods to measure HDD capacity Vendors use 1000 metric (SI) method (1KB=1000B) as a marketing trick and OS uses 1024 method (1KB=1024B) which is similar to binary prefix method Therefore labeled size is different from the size we see from the size shown by the OS Examples:
1TB : 500GB : 931.32 GB 465.66 GB
HDD Performance
RPM: Rotations Per Second
5400, 7200, 10000 etc.
Latency: The delay for the rotation of the disk to bring the
required disk sector
Seek Time: The time for the actuator arm to reach the desired disk track
Access Time = Seek Time + Latency Data Transfer Rate
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HDD Interface
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_i nterface
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External HDD
External/Portable HDDs typically connect through USB or eSATA ports Most External HDDs now use USB 3.0 interface External HDDs are Slower, compared to Internal HDDs
Certain Portable HDDs have extra features such as special Encryption methods, Security Options, Shock Protection, etc
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S.M.A.R.T:
Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T
Disk Buffer/Cache:
Embedded memory acting as a buffer between the computer and the physical hard disk platter. Usually 8 to 128 MiB
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HDD Vendors
Samsung
Seagate Western Digital
Hitachi
Quantum Toshiba
+ many more
[Not in Particular Order :]
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Optical Storage
CD, DVD, BD
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CD
Second-generation DVD Third-generation BD Fourth-generation HVD
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DVD
Developed by: Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995 Read mechanism: 650 nm laser, (Speed 10.5 Mbit/s = 1, Generally 16) Recordable DVDs: DVD-R and DVD+R Re-Writable DVDs: DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM Capacity: ~ 4.7 GiB DVD was an acronym (initialism) for the unofficial Digital Video Disk. Later the Backronym Digital Versatile Disc was introduced to express that DVD goes beyond video (Data, Software, Audio). However it was not universally accepted and a 1999 report decreed that DVD was "simply three letters" and stood for "nothing". Today, usage varies and there is no universal agreement. Digital Versatile Disc has gained wide acceptance
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DVD
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http://www.howstuffworks.com/blu-ray2.htm http://www.cd-info.com/blu-ray/
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The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) is an optical disc technology developed between April 2004 and mid-2008
Can store up to several terabytes of data on an optical disc 10 cm or 12 cm in diameter Media type: Ultra-high density optical disc
Capacity: ~ 6 TB
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Flash Drives
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SSD
Solid-State Drives
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SSD vs HDD
SSD (Compared to HDD)
High Cost High Speed Low Access Time Low (No) Noise
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AKA: Pen Drive, Jump Drive, Thumb Drive Uses a Flash Memory Chip
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Memory Cards
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Physical Size
Standard: SD
Mini:
Micro:
miniSD
microSD
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Card Readers
Memory Card readers are used to read/write singe or multiple types of Cards (CF, MMC, MS, SD) USB and PCI Card Readers are available
Most Notebook Computers and some desktop PCs Contain Internal Card Readers USB microSD card readers much similar to a Pen Drive
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Card Readers
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Online Storage
Online Storage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_file_storage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_storage
Google Drive:
https://drive.google.com
SkyDrive
https://skydrive.live.com
DropBox
https://www.dropbox.com
SugarSync
https://www.sugarsync.com
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Thank You! :)
Ayubowan!