Family and early years[edit source | editbeta] Charles Bukowski was born as Heinrich Karl Bukowski in Andernach, Germany,

to He inrich (Henry) Bukowski and Katharina (ne Fett). He is of Polish and German desce nt. His paternal grandfather Leonard had emigrated to America from Germany in th e 1880s. But his family came to Germany from south-east Poland. In Cleveland, Le onard met Emilie Krause, who had emigrated from Danzig (today Gdansk, Poland), t hen part of Germany. They married and settled in Pasadena. He worked as a carpen ter, setting up his own very successful construction company. The couple had fou r children, including Heinrich (Henry), Charles Bukowski's father.[7] Charles Bukowski's parents met in Andernach in western Germany following World W ar I. The poet's father was a sergeant in the United States Army serving in Germ any following Germany's defeat in 1918.[7] He had an affair with Katharina, a Ge rman friend's sister, and she became pregnant. Charles Bukowski repeatedly claim ed to be born out of wedlock, but Andernach marital records indicate that his pa rents married one month prior to his birth.[7][8] Afterwards, Henry Bukowski bec ame a building contractor, set to make great financial gains in the aftermath of the war, and after two years moved the family to Pfaffendorf. However, given th e crippling reparations being required of Germany, which led to a stagnant econo my and high levels of inflation, Henry Bukowski was unable to make a living, so he decided to move the family to the United States. On April 23, 1923, they sail ed from Bremerhaven to Baltimore, Maryland, where they settled. Bukowski's paren ts began calling their son the Anglophone version of his first name ('Heinrich') , 'Henry', in order to help him assimilate, which the poet would later change to 'Charles'. Accordingly, they altered the pronunciation of the family name from /bu?'k?fski/ boo-kof-skee to /bu?'ka?ski/ boo-kow-ski. Bukowski's parents were R oman Catholic.[7] The family settled in South Central Los Angeles in 1930, the city where Charles Bukowski's father and grandfather had previously worked and lived.[7][8] In the '30s the poet's father was often unemployed. In the autobiographical Ham on Rye Charles Bukowski says that, with his mother's acquiescence, his father was frequ ently abusive, both physically and mentally, beating his son for the smallest im agined offence.[9][10] During his youth Bukowski was shy and socially withdrawn, a condition exacerbated during his teens by an extreme case of acne.[10] Neighb orhood children ridiculed his German accent and the clothing his parents made hi m wear. In Bukowski -- Born Into This, a 2003 film, Bukowski states that his fat her beat him with a razor strop three times a week from the ages of 6 to 11. He says that it helped his writing, as he came to understand undeserved pain. Altho ugh he seemed to suffer from dyslexia, he was highly praised at school for his a rt work.[7] This depression later bolstered his rage as he grew, and gave him mu ch of his voice and material for his writings.[11] In his early teens, Bukowski had an epiphany when he was introduced to alcohol b y his loyal friend William "Baldy" Mullinax, depicted as "Eli LaCrosse" in Ham o n Rye, son of an alcoholic surgeon. "This [alcohol] is going to help me for a ve ry long time", he later wrote, describing the genesis of his chronic alcoholism; or, as he saw it, the genesis of a method he could utilize to come to more amic able terms with his own life.[9] After graduating from Los Angeles High School, Bukowski attended Los Angeles City College for two years, taking courses in art, journalism, and literature, before quitting at the start of World War II. He th en moved to New York to begin a career as a writer.[10] On July 22, 1944, with World War II ongoing, Bukowski was arrested by FBI agents in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he was living at the time, on suspicion of draft evasion. He was held for 17 days in Philadelphia's Moyamensing Prison. Si xteen days later he failed a psychological exam that was part of his mandatory m ilitary entrance "physical" and was given a Selective Service Classification of 4-F (unfit for military service). Early writing[edit source | editbeta] When Bukowski was 24, his short story, "Aftermath of a Lengthy Rejection Slip", was published in Story magazine. Two years later, another short story, "20 Tanks from Kasseldown", was published by the Black Sun Press in Issue III of Portfoli o: An Intercontinental Quarterly, a limited-run, loose-leaf broadside collection

printed in 1946 and edited by Caresse Crosby. Failing to break into the literar y world, Bukowski grew disillusioned with the publication process and quit writi ng for almost a decade, a time that he referred to as a "ten-year drunk". These "lost years" formed the basis for his later semi-autobiographical chronicles, al though they are fictionalized versions of Bukowski's life through his highly sty lized alter-ego, Henry Chinaski.[12] During part of this period he continued living in Los Angeles, working at a pick le factory for a short time but also spending some time roaming about the United States, working sporadically and staying in cheap rooming houses.[7] In the ear ly 1950s, Bukowski took a job as a fill-in letter carrier with the U.S. Postal S ervice in Los Angeles but resigned just before he reached three years' service. In 1955 he was treated for a near-fatal bleeding ulcer. After leaving the hospit al he began to write poetry.[7] In 1957 he agreed to marry small-town Texas poet Barbara Frye, sight unseen, but they divorced in 1959. According to Howard Soun es's Charles Bukowski: Locked in the Arms of a Crazy Life, she later died under mysterious circumstances in India. Following his divorce, Bukowski resumed drink ing and continued writing poetry.[7] 1960s[edit source | editbeta] By 1960, Bukowski had returned to the post office in Los Angeles where he began work as a letter filing clerk, a position he held for more than a decade. In 196 2, he was traumatized by the death of Jane Cooney Baker, the object of his first serious romantic attachment. Bukowski turned his inner devastation into a serie s of poems and stories lamenting her death. In 1964 a daughter, Marina Louise Bu kowski, was born to Bukowski and his live-in girlfriend Frances Smith, whom he r eferred to as a "white-haired hippie", "shack-job", and "old snaggle-tooth".[13] Jon and Louise Webb, now recognized as giants of the post-war 'small-press movem ent', published The Outsider literary magazine and featured some of Bukowski's p oetry. Under the Loujon Press imprint, they published Bukowski's It Catches My H eart in Its Hands in 1963 and Crucifix in a Deathhand in 1965. Beginning in 1967, Bukowski wrote the column "Notes of a Dirty Old Man" for Los Angeles' Open City, an underground newspaper. When Open City was shut down in 19 69, the column was picked up by the Los Angeles Free Press as well as the hippie underground paper NOLA Express in New Orleans. In 1969 Bukowski and Neeli Cherk ovski launched their own short-lived mimeographed literary magazine, Laugh Liter ary and Man the Humping Guns. They produced three issues over the next two years .[citation needed] Black Sparrow years[edit source | editbeta] In 1969 Bukowski accepted an offer from Black Sparrow Press publisher John Marti n and quit his post office job to dedicate himself to full-time writing. He was then 49 years old. As he explained in a letter at the time, "I have one of two c stay in the post office and go crazy ... or stay out here and play at wri hoices ter and starve. I have decided to starve."[14] Less than one month after leaving the postal service he finished his first novel, Post Office. As a measure of re spect for Martin's financial support and faith in a relatively unknown writer, B ukowski published almost all of his subsequent major works with Black Sparrow Pr ess. An avid supporter of small independent presses, he continued to submit poem s and short stories to innumerable small publications throughout his career.[10] Bukowski embarked on a series of love affairs and one-night trysts. One of these relationships was with Linda King, a poet and sculptor. Critic Robert Peters vi ewed the debut of Linda King's play The Tenant in which she and Bukowski starred back in the 1970s in Los Angeles. This play was a one-off performance. His othe r affairs were with a recording executive and a 23-year-old redhead; he wrote a book of poetry as a tribute of his love for the latter, titled, "Scarlet" (Black Sparrow Press, 1976). His various affairs and relationships provided material f or his stories and poems. Another important relationship was with "Tanya", pseud onym of "Amber O'Neil" (also a pseudonym), described in Bukowski's "Women" as a pen-pal that evolved into a weekend tryst at Bukowski's residence in Los Angeles in the 1970s. "Amber O'Neil" later self-published a chapbook about the affair e ntitled "Blowing My Hero".[15]

Charles Bukowski in 1990 In 1976, Bukowski met Linda Lee Beighle, a health food restaurant owner, aspirin g actress and devotee of Meher Baba, leader of an Indian religious society. Two years later Bukowski moved from the East Hollywood area, where he had lived for most of his life, to the harborside community of San Pedro,[16] the southernmost district of the City of Los Angeles. Beighle followed him and they lived togeth er intermittently over the next two years. They were eventually married by Manly Palmer Hall, a Canadian-born author and mystic, in 1985. Beighle is referred to as "Sarah" in Bukowski's novels Women and Hollywood.[citation needed] Death[edit source | editbeta] Bukowski died of leukemia on March 9, 1994, in San Pedro, California, aged 73, s hortly after completing his last novel, Pulp. The funeral rites, orchestrated by his widow, were conducted by Buddhist monks. An account of the proceedings can be found in Gerald Locklin's book Charles Bukowski: A Sure Bet. His gravestone r eads: "Don't Try," a phrase which Bukowski uses in one of his poems, advising as piring writers and poets about inspiration and creativity. Bukowski explained th e phrase in a 1963 letter to John William Corrington: "Somebody at one of these places [...] asked me: 'What do you do? How do you write, create?' You don't, I told them. You don't try. That's very important: not to try, either for Cadillac s, creation or immortality. You wait, and if nothing happens, you wait some more . It's like a bug high on the wall. You wait for it to come to you. When it gets close enough you reach out, slap out and kill it. Or if you like its looks you make a pet out of it."[17] In 2007 and 2008 there was a movement to save Bukowski's bungalow at 5124 De Lon gpre Avenue from destruction.[10] The campaign was spearheaded by aspiring photo grapher and office temp Lauren Everett. The cause was covered extensively in the local and international press. The bungalow subsequently was listed as a Los An geles Historic-Cultural Monument called Bukowski Court. The cause was criticized by some as cheapening Bukowski's "outsider" reputation.[18][19] Work[edit source | editbeta] Bukowski published extensively in small literary magazines and with small presse s beginning in the early 1940s and continuing on through the early 1990s. Some o f these works include his Poems Written Before Jumping Out of an 8 Story Window, published by his friend and fellow poet Charles Potts, and better known works s uch as Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame. These poems and stories were later r epublished by Black Sparrow Press (now HarperCollins/ECCO) as collected volumes of his work. In the 1980s he collaborated with illustrator Robert Crumb on a ser ies of comic books, with Bukowski supplying the writing and Crumb providing the artwork. Bukowski also performed live readings of his works, beginning in 1962 on radio s tation KPFK in Los Angeles and increasing in frequency through the 1970s. Drinki ng was often a featured part of the readings, along with a combative banter with the audience.[20] By the late 1970s Bukowski's income was sufficient to give up live readings. His last international performance was in October 1979 in Vancou ver, British Columbia. It was released on DVD as There's Gonna Be a God Damn Rio t in Here.[21] In March 1980 he gave his very last reading at the Sweetwater clu b in Redondo Beach, which was released as Hostage on audio CD and The Last Straw on DVD.[22][23] Bukowski often spoke of Los Angeles as his favorite subject. In a 1974 interview he said, "You live in a town all your life, and you get to know every bitch on the street corner and half of them you have already messed around with. You've g ot the layout of the whole land. You have a picture of where you are.... Since I was raised in L.A., I've always had the geographical and spiritual feeling of b eing here. I've had time to learn this city. I can't see any other place than L. A."[14] One critic has described Bukowski's fiction as a "detailed depiction of a certai n taboo male fantasy: the uninhibited bachelor, slobby, anti-social, and utterly free", an image he tried to live up to with sometimes riotous public poetry rea

dings and boorish party behaviour.[24] Since his death in 1994 Bukowski has been the subject of a number of critical articles and books about both his life and writings. His work has received relatively little attention from academic critic s. ECCO continues to release new collections of his poetry, culled from the thou sands of works published in small literary magazines. According to ECCO, the 200 7 release The People Look Like Flowers At Last will be his final posthumous rele ase as now all his once-unpublished work has been published.[25] In June 2006 Bukowski's literary archive was donated by his widow to the Hunting ton Library in San Marino, California. Copies of all editions of his work publis hed by the Black Sparrow Press are held at Western Michigan University which pur chased the archive of the publishing house after its closure in 2003. "The Fugs Final CD (Part 1)" includes a song called "A Poem by Charles Bukowski" . Film depictions[edit source | editbeta] Bukowski: Born Into This, a film documenting the author's life, was released in 2003. It features contributions from Sean Penn, Tom Waits, Harry Dean Stanton an d Bono (U2's song "Dirty Day" was dedicated to Bukowski when released in 1993). In 1981, the Italian director Marco Ferreri made a film, Storie di ordinaria fol lia aka Tales of Ordinary Madness, loosely based on the short stories of Bukowsk i; Ben Gazzara played the role of Bukowski's character.[26] Barfly, released in 1987, is a semi-autobiographical film written by Bukowski an d starring Mickey Rourke as Henry Chinaski, who represents Bukowski, and Faye Du naway as his lover Wanda Wilcox. Sean Penn had offered to play the part of China ski for as little as a dollar as long as his friend Dennis Hopper would provide direction, but the European director Barbet Schroeder had invested many years an d thousands of dollars in the project and Bukowski felt Schroeder deserved to ma ke it.[citation needed] Bukowski wrote the screenplay for the film and appears a s a bar patron in a brief cameo. Also in 1987 a small Belgian film called Crazy Love came out, with script co-wri tten by Bukowski himself. The film was loosely based upon three frequently-told episodes from his life. The closing credits of the film The Crossing Guard contain a dedication to Bukow ski from Sean Penn. A film adaptation of Factotum, starring Matt Dillon, Lili Taylor, and Marisa Tom ei, was released in 2005. In 2011, the actor James Franco publicly stated that he is in the process of mak ing a film adaptation of Bukowski's novel Ham on Rye.[27] He wrote the script wi th his brother Dave, and explained that his reason for wanting to make the film is because "Ham on Rye is one of my favorite books of all time." The adaptation began shooting in Los Angeles on January 22, 2013 with Franco directing. The fil m is partially being shot in Oxford Square, a historic neighborhood of Los Angel es.[28] Major works[edit source | editbeta] Novels[edit source | editbeta] Post Office (1971) Factotum (1975) Women (1978), ISBN 978-0876853917 Ham on Rye (1982), ISBN 978-0876855591 Hollywood (1989), ISBN 978-0876857656 Pulp (1994) Poetry collections[edit source | editbeta] Flower, Fist, and Bestial Wail (1960) Poems and Drawings (1962) Longshot Poems for Broke Players (1962) Run with the Hunted (1962) It Catches My Heart in Its Hands (1963) Crucifix in a Deathhand (1965) Cold Dogs in the Courtyard (1965)

The Genius of the Crowd (1966) 2 by Bukowski (1967) The Curtains Are Waving (1967) At Terror Street and Agony Way (1968) Poems Written Before Jumping Out of an 8 story Window (1968) A Bukowski Sampler (1969) The Days Run Away Like Wild Horses Over the Hills (1969) Fire Station (1970) Mockingbird Wish Me Luck (1972), ISBN 978-0876851395 Me and Your Sometimes Love Poems (1972) While the Music Played (1973) Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame (1974) Africa, Paris, Greece (1975) Scarlet (1976) Maybe Tomorrow (1977) Legs, Hips and Behind (1978) Love Is a Dog from Hell (1977), ISBN 978-0876853634 Play the Piano Drunk Like a Percussion Instrument Until the Fingers Begin to Ble ed a Bit (1979), ISBN 978-0876854389 Dangling in the Tournefortia (1981), ISBN 978-0876855263 War All the Time (book)|War All the Time (1984) Horses Don't Bet on People & Neither Do I (1984) You Get So Alone at Times That It Just Makes Sense (1986) The Roominghouse Madrigals (1988), 978-0876857335 Beauti-ful & Other Long Poems (1988) Septuagenarian Stew: Stories & Poems (1990) People Poems (1991) The Last Night of the Earth Poems (1992), ISBN 978-0876858653 Betting on the Muse: Poems and Stories (1996), ISBN 978-1574230024 Bone Palace Ballet (book)|Bone Palace Ballet (1998) What Matters Most Is How Well You Walk Through the Fire. (1999) Open All Night (book)|Open All Night (2000) The Night Torn Mad with Footsteps (2001) Sifting Through the Madness for the Word, the Line, the Way (2003), ISBN 978-006 0527358 As Buddha smiles, Bottle of Smoke Press(2003) The Flash of the Lightning Behind the Mountain (2004) Slouching Toward Nirvana (2005) Come on In! (2006) The People Look Like Flowers at Last (2007) The Pleasures of the Damned (2007), ISBN 978-0061228438 The Continual Condition (2009) Short story chapbooks and collections[edit source | editbeta] Confessions of a Man Insane Enough to Live with Beasts (1965) All the Assholes in the World and Mine (1966) Notes of a Dirty Old Man (1969) Erections, Ejaculations, Exhibitions, and General Tales of Ordinary Madness (197 2) ISBN 978-0-87286-061-2 South of No North (1973), ISBN 978-0876851906 Hot Water Music (1983) Tales of Ordinary Madness (1983) The Most Beautiful Woman in Town (1983) Portions from a Wine-stained Notebook: Short Stories and Essays (2008) ISBN 9780-87286-492-4. Absence of the Hero (2010) More Notes of a Dirty Old Man (2011) Nonfiction books[edit source | editbeta] Shakespeare Never Did This (1979); expanded (1995) The Bukowski/Purdy Letters (1983) Screams from the Balcony: Selected Letters (1993)

Living on Luck: Selected Letters, vol. 2 (1995) The Captain Is Out to Lunch and the Sailors Have Taken Over the Ship (1998), ISB N 978-1574230598 Reach for the Sun: Selected Letters, vol. 3 (1999) Beerspit Night and Cursing: The Correspondense of Charles Bukowski and Sheri Mar tinelli (2001) Sunlight here I am: Interviews and encounters, 1963-1993 (2003) Screenplays[edit source | editbeta] Barfly (1984) Films[edit source | editbeta] Bukowski at Bellevue 1970 Poetry Reading Bukowski 1973 Californian KCET TV Documentary Supervan 1977 Feature Film (Not based on Bukowski's work but Bukowski had cameo appearance as Wet T-Shirt Contest Water Boy) There's Gonna Be a God Damn Riot in Here Filmed: 1979; DVD Release: 2008 Poetry Reading The Last Straw Filmed: 1980; DVD Release: 2008 Poetry Reading Tales of Ordinary Madness Feature Film Poetry In Motion 1982 General Poetry Documentary Barfly 1987 Feature Film Crazy Love 1987 Feature Film (Belgium) Bukowski: Born Into This 2002 Biographical Documentary Factotum 2005 Feature Film The Suicide 2006 Short film One Tough Mother 2010 Released on DVD Poetry Reading Major biographies and bibliographies[edit source | editbeta] Hugh Fox Charles Bukowski: A Critical and Bibliographical Study (1969) Neeli Cherkovski Hank: The Life of Charles Bukowski (1991), ISBN 3-87512-235-6 Russell Harrison Against The American Dream: Essays on Charles Bukowski (1994), ISBN 0-8768-960-7 Gay Brewer Charles Bukowski: Twayne's United States Authors Series (1997), ISBN 0-8057-4558-0 Howard Sounes Charles Bukowski: Locked in the Arms of a Crazy Life (1998), ISBN 0-8021-1645-0 Ben Pleasants Visceral Bukowski (2004) David Charlson Charles Bukowski: Autobiographer, Gender Critic, Iconoclast Aaron Krumhansl A Descriptive Bibliography of the Primary Publications of Charle s Bukowski (Black Sparrow Press, 1999), ISBN 1-57423-104-9 Al Fogel Charles Bukowski: A Comprehensive Price Guide & Checklist, 1944 1999 (200 0) Sanford Dorbin A Bibliography of Charles Bukowski (Black Sparrow Press, 1969) Pamela Wood "Charles Bukowski's Scarlet" (Sun Dog Press, 2010; ISBN 978-0-941543 -58-3) Abel Debritto, 'An Unholy Alliance: The Early Days of Charles Bukowski and Black Sparrow Press', in Parenthesis; 19 (2010 Autumn), p. 42-45 Calonne, David Stephen (2012) - Charles Bukowski London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 97 8-1-78023-023-8 Christy, Jim (1997): The Buk book. musings on Charles Bukowski. Toronto: ECW Pr. . ISBN 9781550222951 Locklin, Gerald (1995): Charles Bukowski. a sure bet. Sudbury: Water Row Press. ISBN 0-934953-43-0 References[edit source | editbeta] ^ Dobozy, Tamas (2001). "In the Country of Contradiction the Hypocrite is King: Defining Dirty Realism in Charles Bukowski's Factotum". Modern Fiction Studies 4 7: 43 68. doi:10.1353/mfs.2001.0002. ^ Charles Bukowski (criticism) ^ http://www.dalkeyarchive.com/catalog/show_comment/362[full citation needed] ^ "Bukowski, Charles". Columbia University Press. Missing or empty |url= (help)

^ Iyer, Pico (June 16, 1986). "Celebrities Who Travel Well". Time. Retrieved Apr il 28, 2010. ^ Kirsch, Adam (14 March 2005). "Smashed". The New Yorker. ^ a b c d e f g h i Charles Bukowski (2009) Barry Miles. Random House, 2009, ISB N 978-0-7535-2159-5[page needed] ^ a b Sounes, Howard. Charles Bukowski: Locked in the Arms of a Crazy Life, p. 8 ^ a b Bukowski, Charles (1982). Ham on Rye. Ecco. ISBN 0-06-117758-X. ^ a b c d e Poetry Foundation of America. Bukowski Profile ^ "Charles Bukowski 1920-94". Routlage. Missing or empty |url= (help) ^ "Bukowski, Charles". Columbia University Press. Missing or empty |url= (help) ^ Bukowski, Charles Run with the hunted: a Charles Bukowski reader, Edited by Jo hn Martin (Ecco, 2003), pp. 363-365 ^ a b Introduction to Charles Bukowski by Jay Dougherty ^ Sounes, Howard. Charles Bukowski: Locked in the Arms of a Crazy Life. Grove Pr ess, 1998. 275. ^ Ciotti, Paul. (March 22, 1987) Los Angeles Times Bukowski: He's written more t han 40 books, and in Europe he's treated like a rock star. He has dined with Nor man Mailer and goes to the race track with Sean Penn. Mickey Rourke and Faye Dun away are starring in a movie based on his life. At 66, poet Charles Bukowski is suddenly in vogue. Section: Los Angeles Times Magazine; p12. ^ Living on Luck: Selected Letters 1960s-1970s Volume 2, p. 49. ^ Wills, D., "Saving Bukowski's Bungalow", in Wills, D. (ed.) Beatdom Vol. 2 (Ma uling Press: Dundee, 2008), p. 30 33. ^ The documentary Bukowski: Born into This. ^ Excerpt from letter from Bukowski to Carl Weissner - included in ""Living on L uck Selected Letters 1960s - 1970s Volume 2"", page 276 ^ All Movie Guide ^ All Movie Guide ^ IMDb profile