Garrett Foss

AP Chemistry Study Guide Organic Chemistry

Introduction: A good understanding of organic chemistry is key to having a good understanding of chemistry in general. Even though there may not be very many questions specifically on organic chemistry, it is still useful for both the multiple choice and free response questions. Because organic chemistry is almost all memorization, one of the best ways to study is to make flash cards. To prepare myself I made flash cards for each of the functional groups and used those to help memorize the structures and also naming. Another way to practice is to have someone name a molecule and then draw it yourself. Important Links http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro1.htm\ o Lessons and practice problems on general principles of organic chemistry http://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/study-and-exam-tips/ o Tips to help study and prepare for the test from and orgo professor http://www.chemguide.co.uk/orgmenu.html o General overview of topics found on the organic part of the test http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/orgrxs/reactsum.htm o Quizzes to help with learning the functional groups and naming http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/weborganic/organictutorials.htm o In depth and interactive notes on organic chemistry

Notes: Useful pneumonic device to memorize the first 5 prefixes. o Monkeys (meth) o Eat (eth) o Peeled (prop) o Bananas (but) After the first 5, the prefixes follow the Greek numerical prefixes. ex. o C6H14 = Hexane o C7H16 = Heptane o C8H18 = Octane Alkanes vs. Alkenes & Alkynes Alkanes: Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Known as saturated hydrocarbons. o Formula = CnH2n+2 Methane = CH4 Ethane = C2H6 Ethane: Propane = C3H8 Alkenes: Hydrocarbons that contain double bonds. Known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. o Formula = CnH2n Ethene = C2H4 Propene = C3H6 Ethene: Butene = C4H8 Alkynes: Hydrocarbons that contain triple bonds. Another type of unsaturated hydrocarbons. o Formula = CnH2n-2 Ethyne = C2H2 Propyne = C3H4 Ethyne: Butyne = C4H6 Hydrocarbon Rings Some hydrocarbons form rings instead of chains. Many of these are known as aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene C6H6.

Functional Groups The presence of certain groups of atoms (called functional groups) can give the compounds certain properties and therefore are used to determine naming. Organic Acids: Organic compounds in which a hydrogen has been replaced with a carboxyl group o Examples: Methanoic Acid = HCOOH Ethanoic Acid = CH3COOH Propanoic Acid = C2H5COOH Aldehydes: Compound which has a carbonyl group attached to one hydrogen. o Examples: Methanal = HCHO Ethanal = CH3CHO Propanal = C2H5CHO Ketone: Similar to an aldehyde, but the carbonyl group is not connected to any hydrogens o Examples: Propanone = C3H6O Butanone = C4H8O Pentanone = C5H10O Alcohol: Compound which has a hydroxyl group in place of a hydrogen. o Examples: Methanol = CH3OH Ethanol = C2H5OH Propanol = C3H7OH Reaction Types:

Sources for notes: Princeton Review AP Chemistry 2013 http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/organic/IUPAC_Handout.pdf http://www.chem.missouri.edu/chem2140/organic%20reactions.pdf