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Inco, the leading producer and marketer of nickel, conducts research

and development programmes on nickel alloys, products and
processes, establishing engineering and performance data. This
knowledge is collated in a library of INCO databooks, which are freely
available.
This publication is reprinted from the publication 'Mechanical and
physical properties of the austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels
at elevated temperatures', 3rd edition 1968, by The International
Nickel Company Inc., New York. Metric and temperature conversions
have been superimposed alongside the original data.

The information and data in this publication are as complete and

accurate as possible at the time of publication.
The characteristics of a material can vary according to the precise
method of production, fabrication and treatment.
Wherever available full details of the condition of the test pieces are
included As these data are derived trom various sources, suppliel s
of materials should always be consu Ited concerning the specific
characteristics of thelf products.
("Copyright 1963
'The International Nickel Company Inc.
Reprinted 1966. 1974 and 1978 by Inco Europe Limited

Austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steelsEngineering properties at elevated temperatures

Contents
AISI and ACI classifications of wrought and cast stainless steels
Short time mechanical properties
Long time creep and rupture properties
Short ti me creep properties
Physical properties
References

Page
2
3 -7
4, 8 -11

8,11 -12

12 -17
17

AlSI and ACI Standd Composition Ranges for Wrought and Cast Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels
American Iron and Steel Institute Classification of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels
Composition,

AISI
Type

201
202
301
302
302B
303
303&
304
304L
305
308
309
309S
310
310S
314
316
316L
317
D319
321
347
348

Mn
max

max

S
max

SI
max

Cr

NI

0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
.08
.03
0.12
.08
0.20
.08
0.25
.08
0.25
.08
.03
.08
.07
.08
.08
.08

5.50-7.50
7.50-10.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
200
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00

.060
.060
.045
.045
.045
0.20
0.20
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045

.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
0.15 min
.06
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00-3.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.50
1.50-300
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

16.00-18.00
17.00-19.00
16.00-18.00
1700-19.00
17.00-19.00
17.00-19.00
17.00-19.00
18.00-20.00
18.00-20.00
17.00-19.00
19.00-21.00
22.00-24.00
22.00-24.00
24.0026.00
24.00-26.00
23.00-26.00
16.00-18.00
16.00-18.00
18.00-20.00
17.50-19.50
1700-19.00
17.00-19.00
17.00-19.00

3.50-5.50
4.00-6.00
6.00-8.00
8.00-10.00
8.00-10.00
8.00-10.00
8.00-10.00
8.00-12.00
8.00-12.00
10.00-13.00
1000-12.00
12.00-15.00
12.00-15.00
19.00-22.00
19.00-22.00
19.00-22.00
10.00-14.00
10.00-14.00
11.00-15.00
11.00-15.00
9.00-12.00
9.00-13.00
9.00-13.00

1500-17.00
11.50-13.50

1700-19.00
14.00-16.00

.08
.08

384
385

C
max

2.00
2.00

045
.045

.030
.030

1.00
1.00

other

Mo
-

N 0.25 max
N 0.25 max
-

0.60 max
-

Se 0.15 min
-

2.00-3.00
2.00-3.00
3.00-4.00
2.25-3.00
-

Ti 5 x C min
Cb-Ta 10 x C min
Cb-Ta 10 x C min; Ta
0.10 max; Co 0.20 max
-

Alloy Casting Institute Division (SFSA) Classification of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Castings
Composition,
Cast Alk>y
D1lsigrultion

Wrough1
Alloy
Type'

C
max

CA-6NM
CDAMCu
CE30
CF3
CF-8
CF-20
CF3M
CF-8M
CF12M
CF-8C

CF-16F
CG8M
CH-20
CK-20
CN-7M

.06

.04

0.30
.03
.08
020
03
.08
0.12
.08

304L
304
302
316L
316
316
347

303
317
309
310
-

0.16
.08
0.20
0.20
.07

Mn
max

1.00
1.00
1.50

ISO
1.50
1.50

ISO
1.50

max

max

.04
.04

.04
.04
.04

.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04

ISO

.04

1.50

.04

1.50
1.50
1.50
150
150

o 17
.04
.04
.04
.04

SI
max

Cr

.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04

1.00 11.5-14
1.00 25-26.5
2.00
26-30
2.00
17-21
2.00
18-21
2.00
18-21
150
17-21
18-21
1.50
150
18-21
2.00
18-21

.04
.04
.04
.04
.04

2.00
1.50
2.00
2.00
1.50

.04

18-21
18-21
22-26
23-27
18-22

Ni

Mo

3.5-4.5
4.75-6.00
8-11
8-12
8-11
8-11
9-13
9-12
9-12
9-12

0.40-1.0
1.75-2.25

9-12
9-13
12-15
19-22
27.5-305

1.5 max
30-4.0

other

Cu 2.75-3.25

2.0-3.0
2.0-3.0
2.0-3.0

Cb 8 x C min, 1.0 max

or CbTa 10 x C min,
1.35 max
Se 0.20-0.35

2.0-3.0

Cu 3-4

'Wrought alloy type numb<-" are Included only for the convenience of those who wish to determine corresponding wrought and ca.t
~radcl. The chemical compo3ition ranges of the wrOuiht materials differ from those of the cast grades.

Mechanical and Physical Properties of the Austenitic

Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels at Elevated Temperatures
A S a result of their alloy content, particularly of
J-It. chromium, the austenitic stainless steels have ex-

100

cellent oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures.

This property combined with the strength and ductility
resulting from the face-centered cubic structure results
in materials which are superior to the ferritic steels In
performance at elevated temperatures.

SHORT TIME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The tensile properties of several chromium-nickel
stainless steels are given, as a function of temperature,
in Figures 1 through 7. These are average cu<Ves, based
on data on commercial steels from 22 sources, as collected in ASTM STP 124. 1 The raw data showed considerable scatter as a result of com positional and
testing variables.
The effects of temperaturE' on the tensile, compressive, and bearing properties of annealed Type 302 and
half-hard Type 301 are listed in Tables I and II.
The tensile properties of a number of cast chromiumnickel stainless steels are shown in Table III. These
properties were determined on individual heats and
are not necessarily typical.

400

Temperature, C
600
800

1200
70

1000

60

--'---+--+ ~-+--4 50

70

ii
'"

60
50

~-

-------i -l

V; 40

30

20

20
10 \--------------'------+---'--+"",.;::-t----I

10

0
200

400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Temperature. F

FIG. 2-Effect of temperature on the short time tensile properties

of annealed Type 309 stainless steel. Plotted from the data of
Simmons and Cross 1

200

400

Temperature. C
600
800

1000

1200

60

10

200

FIG. i-Effect of temperature on the short time tensile properties

of annealed Type 304 stainless steel. Plotted from the data of
Simmons and Cross 1

400 600

I
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Temperature, F

FIG. 3-Effect of temperature on the short time tensile propertie,

of annealed Type 310 stainless steel. Plotted from the data of
Simmons and Cross 1

Temperature, C
100
90

200

r-- I--.-

400
I

.............

80

0
0
0

~~

800
90

70

80

~~J'I"....

Type 314

fiO

60

50

I
I

r'e/rj

Vi 40

30

20

10

~t17

I:

I
I

o
o

II
I

200

400

I!

I i
800

1200

30

'"

C3

1400

1600

'"

"~

'to

:'\~~

'\

Yiela S
I
r--:-:::-.:::.trength
(0.2Yo
---:...E!!..set)

20

I""

f--

"'" ~ ~

70

o
7o

1000

~"oJ/~

10

20

""'i'-

50

20

I
1000

40

BOO

Type 321

50

30 1:

~\:
i

~ ~
Q; Vi

"'vi"

600

\1
'Oft::::-T

(Oh

40

" "'I

600

60

.~

g
,

~
I

60

50

400
I

200

70

~!.

70

.~

Temperature, C

600
I

200

600

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

200g

Temperature, F
FrG. 6-Effect of temperature on the short time tensile properties
of annealed Type 321 stainless steel. Plotted from the data of
Simmons and Cross 1

1800

Temperature, F
FIG, 4-Effect of temperature on the short time tensile properties
of annealed Type 314 stainless steel. Plotted from the data of
Simmons and Cross l

Temperature, C
400

200

90~1
80 - '

Temperature, C

70

60

80

~
<=>
0

'Ui

<=>
0
0

'"

50

70
60
-+.

~.

---

--

30

40
30

~---~

""

-<:

20

VJ

70

0
0

200 400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

I .......................

t---c--+----+-------+--=>."'f"'-...-+---+----1---+---+----+-----J
!

'"

30

20

1:

"~

I : '\

--+--t<\=--+-+---+---:-t-+---1

----1---+-+---\+--1--+---'---+----1 30 :'"

~'Y;e/rj
1
-~-~Sire

y 10.2~'
l
17

Ci~

-r-~ L___

offset)

""

20

- ....:....-..L.........!i--;:===p,...;.+---d:=---1-.=--+-----+~-

r-~-i
o

20
10

50 r~....;-----jl---+--+'

vi

~'"

Vi

I Slre~
I
~!)}---I--+-+_.+--j----t--+--'1

:;i 4o - !

40

50

60

s/ie

1200

90

600

'
Ie" ~+--+--+--t------1~-+--+~----+---+---I

200

j I
-irl--'
--T-- T-!

400 600

1--""""" "--...

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240

Temperature, f

FIG. 7-Effect of temperature on the short time tensile properties

of annealed Type 347 stainless steel. Plotted from the data of
Simmons and Cross 1

240~

Temperature, F
FIG. 5-~Effect of temperature on the short time tensile properties
of annealed Type 316 stainless steel. Plotted from the data of
Simmons and Cross 1

LONG TIME CREEP AND RUPTURE PROPERTIES

stress that will cause a specified rate of deformation

in a given time (the creep stress) or as the stress that
will cause rupture in a certain time (the rupture
strength). Both values should be available to the
designer.

At elevated temperatures, the strain is dependent upon

both the applied stress and the time. Therefore,
strengths are generally expressed either in terms of the

The stresses that will cause rupture in 10,000 and

100,000 hours of several austenitic stainless steels are
shown in Figures 8 and 9 as a function of temperature.

TABLE I
Tensile, Compressive, and Bearing Properties of Annealed Type 302
Stainless Steel for Various Temperatures and Exposure Times
Yield Strength (0.2% offset), psi
Temp, F

Compressive

Tensile
--

._._-~---------------,----------

78

kg/mm'

45,000

26

31 6

0.5

Tensile

Bearing

45,730

322

33,000

232

514

73,100

89,440

629

167,750

1119

~----~-I~-----

!
204

Bearing

------,~----~~--

---

400

Utlimate Stress, psi

kglmm'

Exposure
Time, hr"

35,800

252'

62,400

439

68,600

482

111,100

787

36,500

25 7

55,600

391

67,400

474

110,000

715

600

800

37f,'

,127

31,300

220

10

32,200

226

37,000

260

57,100

401

68,400

481

100

31,500

221

37,200

262

54,800

385

67,200

42 2

05

30.700

21 6

34,700

244

57,000

40 1

67,800

30.900

21 1

34,000

23 9

53,800

378

67,800

10

30,600

275

31,700

223

54,400

382

65,900

463

108,800

765

100

29,600

208

32,600

229

57,500

404

66,600

468

109,000

766

29,400

20 7

31,000

21 8

55,400

390

64,800

456

104,100

132

27,600

194

30,700

276

53,000

373

63,000

44 3

105,400

74 7

05

749

200

30,500

27 4

! 53,100

373

65,600

461

112,700

792

100

30,800

27 7

50,300

354

65,100

458

100,400

106

----~----~~~~~- -~~~~~-I-~~~~~-

25,300

778

28,700

20 1

46,200

325

59,700

420

93,400

657

24,200

110

28,700

202

49,800

350

61,200.

430

94,300

663

24,800

714

27,700

795

47,900

337

63,100

444

93,400

65 7

24,400

172

28,700

202

44,900

31 6

62,000

436

94,500

66 4

309

54,400

382

81,200

57 7

--------

os

~~~~--

23.300

Iii 4

44,000

22.800

7(,0

44,000

309

53,900

37 9

80,900

569

10

23.500

165

42.600

300

54,400

382

80,200

564

100

22 .200

!lj

42.500

299

52,000

366

77,500

545

Composition,

.08

769

106,500

)02

100

109,400

477

28,700

0.5

!i!q

477

28,500

10

1200

719
711

10

----------

1000

110,800
109,600

,:n

1.18

.029

012

~~ _~_! __
__

036

N_i_

17.48

~_I--C-u-

8.44

TIf11e held at temperature prior to testing at IndIcated temperature.

0.11

0.16

Doerr!

TABLE /I
Tensile, Compressive, and Bearing Properties of Half-Hard Type 301
Stainless Steel* for Various Temperatures and Exposure Times

Ultimate Stress, psi

kg/mnr

Yield Strength (0.2% offset), psi

Temp, F

kg/mm'

Exposure

Time, hr
Tensile

Compressive

Tensile

Bearing

Bearing

--~--

78

26

~~-----

105,840

744

529

75,200

1156

164,400

1091

155,160

231,000

1624

.-

400

204

0.5

85,700

603

59,800

420

1047

148,900

1253

108,500

763

178,300
158,600

1115

174,100

1224

83,000

584

62,800

442

138,600

974

109,600

771

10

79.500

559

62,100

437

136,600

960

108,700

764

100

78,700

553

63,700

448

135,500

953

112,400

790

165,500

1164

993

108,300

761

160,600

1129

600

316

0.5

80,800

568

70,300

494

142,000

79,800

561

72,300

508

147,500

1037

104,400

734

168,100

1182

10

81,500

573

69,200

487

142,300

1000

106,000

745

160,600

1129

100

83,100

584

76,100

535

145,900

1026

108,000

759

170,500

1199

0.5

80,800

568

69,100

486

131,200

922

100,500

707

161,600

1136

78,800

554

71,700

504

131,200

922

104,000

731

152,900

1075

10

74,900

527

76,900

541

128,600

904

99,900

702

157,500

1107

100

74,900

527

78,900

555

122,500

861

93,000

654

148,500

1044

05

70,000

492

64,100

451

112,600

792

85,900

604

133,300

937

64,800

456

65,400

460

105,500

742

81,900

576

128,400

903

63,400

446

63,600

447

108,600

764

80,700

567

125,600

883

63,800

449

63,600

447

100,000

703

78,500

552

119,500

840

--800

427

I
1000

538

10
100

-------

1200

649

------_._._-

357

78,000

548

65,700

462

98,800

50,400

354

86,600

609

63,800

449

100,700

708

10

53,200

374

82,000

577

66,700

469

95,400

671

100

51,000

359

82,400

579

61,800

435

97,700

687

0.5

50,800

Composition,

Mn

1.14

--I
10

I~_P
.027

_I__

s__ I__S_i
.017

0.39

cr_ ._N_i_ _M_O_

17.38

7.46

0.10

Time held at temperature prior to testing at indicated temperature.

Doerr

695

TABLE III
Short Time High Temperature Properties of Cast Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels*

ACI Type

Temperature, F C
CF-B

CF-BC

CF-20

CH-20

CF8M

Tensile Strength, psi

CK-20

kg/mm'

Room

1000
1200
1400
1600

540
650
760
870

78,000
55.000
44,000
26.000

55
39
37
18

80.000
58.000
46.000
29.000
-

56
47
32
20

78,000
58,000
47,000
26,000

79,000
56,000
40,000
26,000
-

55
47
33
18

76,000

56
39
28
18

53

41,000
25.000
12,000

29
18
8

36,000
16,000
16,000
10,000

25

80,000
54,000
32.000
16,000

56
38
22
II

--~.-

Yield Strength (0.2% offset), psi

Room
1000 540
1200 650
1400 760
1600 870

34,0 00
17,0 00
16.0 00
15.0 00
-

24
12
II
17

35,000
17,000
16.000
18.000

25
12
17

13

34,000
22.000
20.000
18.000

37,000 26
21.000 15
18,000 73
15,000 II

24
75
14
73

--

Elongation,

kg/mm'

17
II

I
II
I

33,000 23

20,000 14
19,000 13
13,000 9

------_.~.

Room

1000
1200
1400
1600

540
650
760
870

65
46
33
26
-

65
40
29
21

52
28
34
31

50
37
44
29

Reduction of Area,

Room

1000
1200
1200
1600

540
6:;0
760
870

74
53
46
40

68
62
46
34

48
57
50
41

Water quenched after 2 hr at 2050 F. 1120C

52

39

36
34
49

27
12
11

63

49

50
47
69

34
21
18

%
70
68
53
50

Alloy Casting Institute

Temperature, C

500

600

700

900

800

Stresses that wIll cause creep at the rates of ,0001 and

.0000 1 per cent per hour are shown for the same steels
in Figure 10, Interpolation to other rupture times,
creep rates, and stresses can be made by using Figures
11 to 18, which show the effects of applied stresses
on the rupture times and creep rates for the same steels
at anum ber of temperatures.

I
60

55
50

40

1- ~I-=

\
\347

45

40

.~

o
o

".

I
- -t------

--

_.

--

:\\

\~
\

25

304
310

15

309
10

~~
330

800

900

1000

1100

-tt-

t-I

r---.:::
'" ~':

<0

'"~

1200 1300 1400

Temperature, F

r-----

Although most high temperature applications require

data on creep rates for long time periods, the development of the space program requires information on
creep over periods of the order of minutes. Data of

70

-,

,--.-

SHORT TIME CREEP PROPERTIES

20 Ui

~ ~\\

The creep and rupture properties of a number of

cast chromium-nickel stainless steels are given in
1:: Figures 19 to 24, These data were determined on indi
E' vidual heats and are not necessarily typicaL
C;;
4<

!
!

\\ ,\

20

30

---1-L

316

321\

35

"~

for Rupture in 10,000 Hours

Temperarure,C

309

,~1O

'==

1500 1600

35

25

Temperature, C

40

35

~::

15

'

--t----+---'\-1,~~I-i---~---

10 f--,f---f--.J-'>" '- '\.L

o
600

900

1000

1100

1200

1500

I-':=~\k

\:

,~+-

i 330

30

".

5
;

:::f

",---,--

75

5
1-

t:

3~9-~---~

to
D,

V?

347
25

For a Creep Rate of .00001 Per Cent per Hour

(1 per cent in 100,000 hours)

------+----t-._-i
.

!-

--~- . .-

75

20

-~:L
1600 1700

70

70
10

o L-_-'-_

_ _ _--=..:=--

1500

800

1800

1600

Temperature, F

Temperature, F

FIG. lO--Creep-rate curves for several annealed stainless steels

Simmons and Cross 1

FIG. 9 - Stress-rupture curves for several annealed stainless

steels, (Extrapolated data) Simmons and Cross I

""

"
Ui

15

, r'
"-+---"--b+I

\:;s.: - '; - -,-----:-

.~
0
0
0

!~f~~-+~'-~Mi
i

20

10

1---+--\1---+-+--+-1--+,-.,.-,--+I-+-i----j

20 ~--+---=~--\--l.\.\--+----'-I-I!-T-

316!

15

40 r--+--+-+---+---+----I-I--!--i---~
:

j\

f---+3-\0~-

20 -

60 ,-r5"i0:.::0'--r----n60rO~r_~~'__r---''iT-_,_'',90::c0='_r____,

f---I+--+--I--H- -i++-

,---r-

30

55 Hc-f--+---I---I---l--I
for Rupture in 100,000 Hours
50 1---\---+-+-,.--,----,--...,---I---!-----1

800

700

For a Creep Rate of ,0001 Per Cent per Hour

(1 per cent in 10,000 hours) ,

1700 1800

FIG, 8 - Stress-rupture curves for several annealed stainless

steels. Simmons and Cross 1

45

600

100
60
40
20
.~

~
Vi

Creep Rate. %/hr

.00001
.0001

~~mw~*rniITf-::Tmrffif3~60

100
60
40

40

20

R=El"ffi=::==Em~:::::=::.:~r::r-=======EE~3

20

'i

70 "t

10

'i),

6
4

->(

~
~

Vi

v;

~-

'"'"

0)

V)

70

1.0
0.6
0.4

06

1.0

02

0.6
0.4 1-t1-I-Hif--

04

4 68
2
6 8
100.000
10.000
Rupture Time. hr
FIG. 11 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for
annealed Type 304 stainless steel based on average data.
Simmons and Cross l
Creep Rate. ~;jhr
.00001
.0001
100
60
~ ! : ; :: ;
68
100

60
40

68
1000

..

-,1-

., "::l

68
100

Creep Rate. %/hr

.00001
.0001

100

40

Ii

468
468
1000
10,000
Rupture Time. hr

FIG. 14-Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type 314 stainless steel based on average data.
Simmons and Cross l

60
40

i ; :,.j;

'1

70

20

20

70

10

1200 F

'"
g

650C

6
4

... 1350 F

~.

730C

20

SO

tl)

->(

v;

2 ~'"
V)

V)

1.0

70
06

0.6
0.4

Type 309 04

.~

'"
g

10
6
4

~
V)

02
468
1000

68
100

68
2
100.000

2468
10,000
Rupture Time. hr

6 8
100

FIG. 12 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type 309 stainless steel based on average data.
Sirnmons and Cross l

10

'"

6
4

<:>

FIG. 15 -- Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

onnealed Type 316 stainless steel

Simmon~ and Cross 1

60
40

60
40

2468
10,000
Rupture Time, hr
based on

average

data

Creep Rate, %/hr

00001
0001

100

20

468
1000

1000 F 540

r-- !--

7350 F /.3 I
0 ....
1500r

~or...
!I

r--.

Vi

f-.-...'.JI

0.6
0.4
68
100

III III
468
468
1000
10,000
Rupture Time, hr

F
1! 1500
820C

' FfF',

1'1

I,

Rupture Time
Creep Rate

20
70 ""t:

1350 F

~rs.1
~ Pl
" O'Q

1.0

F
: I " .+i,I I i 1200
650C

730C

60
40

20

540C

~ l-

........

1000 F

100

6 tl)
4 '" '"
g
v;
2 ~'"
V)

70

06

;;:;: :., Type 310 04

02

:::r":-:::;:;;;;2~ 1200 F'

10

,:

fiSOC;'

6
4

:;::-

1350 F-

:::1.73~C

'"

.~

2~
06

1500 F i I 0
1.0 1:i-t!+----'---,J-...Ll..L.1.c..LL-:---:=--'-,;....;---+-=::.:::=-----+-..,..,+d2~C '-

g:

J rJ 111::
,

I:::

468
10,000
Rupture Time, hr

468
2
100,000

FIG. 13 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type 310 stainless steel based on average data.
Simmons and Cross 1

1100 F

590C

"[

. ~"11

Type'321

g~

68
2
100,000

FIG. 16 - Stress versus rupture-ti me and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type 321~ stainless steel based on average data.
Simmons and Cross l

Creep Rate, ';/hr

.00001
.0001

100
60
40

20
.~

e
E;;;

10
6
4

--

~10
1350 F ?

1.0

"

--

.!!!~ F ~~ll
Oc

,
68
100

1500 F
B20C

Rupture Time
Creep Rate

0.6

60
40

650C 10
1200 F =;
6 D,
1350 F
4 -l(
730C
<-i

I 111T

r-

40

30

1500 F

100

'"'"

F 430Ct

'"

~
;;;

10
6
4
2

'1=::++t'T1 ftr-----j- - 'H-i+

1000I F 5,40C, 'i==j

I
lt '---_
-i+
'"'F-t' - fir

;f'

VJ

10
1.0 b..,..,..,.\--....;----:-+7:"'r--:---:---:-.,.,.,.,--,---:- .,..,-~--,-7--10 6
06
0.4

0,2

1200 F 650d

I I "l'

'I

,1350 F 73M

__ -

1.0

--Rupture Time
--Creep Rate

1--1 T
68
100

I!, II:i
11,11 __J-:1- I

I,

,!'

---+ -,

60

=::r::'

40

1350 F;::' 6

B20C

6 8
2
1000
Ruptllle Time, hr

~:': ~=

4
2

.001

Creep Rate, "jhr

.01

0.1

10
6
4

.....,....+.

eli ;;;
10

"",1'.-"1'

";-H-,tT.~,,:tt,' .....
,;"l'- 06
-+1':1 t - ]"'Ijl'"
=f1.1-,;ld=-~,: H;i~Type347 04

- _-r,.,"TJ.'.
..l--o

r lTiI!I-- - r-irHhr'---r-t--!jr';t--"

2468
1000

...-......;,~--'-_.......:.._'----'-...L....J

6 8
100

.0001

II1\

I'
L....J.-'..c.J_--'-.......:...Ll..,;-'-J...

FIG. 20 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type CF-8C stainless steel. Alloy Casting Institute 3

1000 F .,' 20
i\il 540C
:..-1"'1200 F' 10 1:
i;-r 650C
to'~

J~

1 ,."..

04
02
6 8
10

't ~1;]_~-",,~_ il'I;-~.'~jl"V,'J+i11i1,,~,t73?,.c~

500 F R:>;.;$ -1...L!-,;-1,.-- ---.
11I - -,
II 1--,a?~0, ,i--:-:I~-i
: ii;:i 150() F
1i
'ii

0.6
0.4

"r

, !!

tT '--r-

<-i

""

Creep Rate, %/hr

.00001
.0001

60
40
20

6
4

~
;;;

02
4 68
2
100,000

10

'"
=
~

10
06

FIG. 17 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type 330 stainless steel based on average data.
Simmons and Cross 1

'~

20
.~

Type 330 04

468
468
1000
10.000
Rupture TIme, hr

100

0.1

20

--,..:...820

0.4

60

02

2468
2468
24
10,000
100,000
Rupture Time, hr
FIG_ 21 ~ Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for
annealed Type CF-8M stainless steel. Alloy Casting Institute'

FiG. 18 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type 347 stainless steel based on average data.
Simmons and Cross'

100

.0001

01

========:-:-:"'CT':-:7crr-...,....,-"C7'CT:'==--:-:-:= 60

60
40

20
20

20
20
101:

.~

-[

to g

6t;,

=
'"
=

'"

4 -:
:':'" ~
2 V; ;;;
1.0 : ;;;j --Rupture Time r-.t-,~t' ..
0.6 ..:.: ~:1 - - - Creep Rate
r,:-:'+~;"
0.4 , I':
I
I! 'II' -I I ;!: Ij
68
10

2468
100

2468
1000
Rupture Time, hr

6
4

70

1.0

06

0.6
0.4

04
02

701:

10

f=lm~~f!m~~~~*~~tllf@~6~
4
-l(

0.2
68

6 8

10

10,000

FIG. 19 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type CF-8 stainless steel. Alloy Casting Institute'

10

468
100

468
1000
Rupture Time, hr

6 8

10,000

FIG, 22 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type CF-20 stainless steel. Alloy Casting Institute'

10
100

7.5

'! 0

60
40

50

20
-EO

.<;;
0.

0
0

~<;;

10

EO

6
4

-'<

'"

25

:'::

C;;;

70
1.0

.~

75

20

0.6
0.4
6 S
10

4 6 8
100

4 6 8
1000
Rupture Time, hr
2

4 6S
10,000

<;;

Creep Rate, r./hr

.001
.01

.0001

15

70 "'V>"

.V>

10

V]

FIG. 23 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type CH-20 stainless steel. Alloy Casting Institute'

100

25

2.5

45

r---r--,--,..,..,.Tn1--.,.,..,.,...-------------.,

35
0.1

30

60
40

60
40

1.0

20
20
.~
0
0

IOE:

10

6
4

"

to

-'<

V>

2 :'::

10

9 OC

C;;;

70
06
-,. 04
" 02

1.0
0.6
0.4
2

10

4 6 8

100

4 6 8
1000
Rupture Time, hr

i\

7.5
5.0

0.2
68

~-

~ t"
~
II"':
l'--..

2.5
68
10,000

FIG. 24 - Stress versus rupture-time and creep-rate curves for

annealed Type CK-20 stainless steel. Alloy Casting Institute'

1000

Tolal Deformation
Include. Thermal [,pan.ion of 1.79r.

ISJO F

0;

V>

100

FIG. 25 -Design curves for Type 304 stainless steel sheet (heating rate 12S"F/sec). Cross, McMaster, Simmons, and Van Echo' 10 C/,P(

'"

10
Time, Minute.

\,~~__L

II~~!II! I
~ii
!i IW
!7'~1
i; Ii:I Iii 3~j\
4~o
5~o

'

I Ii:

15

1-

so
I, 25

Ii

30
.~

1500 F
25 820C2%

'"
'"
'"

20

Vi

15

:;:-

this type are included in Figures 2S through 27 for

several stainless steels. These data show the effect of
stressing on the total deformation in periods ranging
from a few seconds to several hours. Stress-total deformation curves at several temperatures are given In
Figure 28.

10
45
40
35

DESIGN VALUES
Maximum allowable stress values for design of austenitic stainless steel unfired pressure vessels are given
in Section VIII, Division 1 and Division 2, of ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

30

1.0

10

Time, Minutes
FIG. 26-Design curves for Type 314 stainless steel sheet heating rate 12S'F/sec). Cross, McMaster, Simmons, and Van Echo'

10C/sec

\I

10

1800 F
980C

7.5

Total Deformation
Includes Thermal Expansion of 2.11%

[I

5.0

h,~
'"r i,
r-..."
~~
,,~r 1:1

2.5

~ "-

mtH, I:; . ~
j-tlttir~:
I

II' II
I Ii!

2'1''''
0

13%

I:
I

iii

lJ

lJ'

i'
i

lIill
I:!I

I
I

Total Deformation
Includes Thermal Expansion of

.~

lS~~t

75

1.68%

~'"

15

10

II

ltOO F

50C

40
35

I\~ t--,

t-l.!

\1\
25

0.1

11

Total Deformation
Includes Thermal Expansion of
1

i! II

II
1.0

'-'Ij-'~-

liITiI
"

'II

3% 4%

111
7%~1 i11L~
! 111 1
i " j - - - ..... H'1

30

:1

II"

l
6%\lllill
. . . , II
I

10
Time, Minutes

I 1800 F

980C

.--

I
I
I
I

,/

314

I
5

7 r-..,7'--.-~----;;:"-:;;'----r"'::':--+------r'.:,.1,--..:,-':..J_

111I1 25

I
'I

II

I-_-J--+-_~~'-+-_-!i--

I
Ii; ii 5% I I i ,II -I, 20
,I I'! ' I ,IIII
I I! ,i
1000
100

I:

C0

30

1.30%

I~/

0;

45

oC

:0-'<
~

10

I
}
I /

II

<=>

47

'/1

25
20

.1

Ii! ii

I
I
"'/ If

25

. 11,4% 570 7% I

m()~

5 0

ii'

T1

Siress. *9

,
-+_ _ ~i--~--

I'

1500 F
820C

FIG. 27-Design curves for Type 347 stainless steel sheet (heat-

:
1--I----I----/-'.---J.-+---+--.~'-----_1

sec ing rate 125F/sec). Cross, McMaster, Simmons, and Van Echo'

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

i-L---I---I---i-l----i--------'------l--

ElASTIC PROPERTIES
2 1-_.....c::L._....L...l..-_ _- l -_ _.-L_ _- ' 19
9
15
17
~()
7 I h'

The effects of temperature on the moduli of elasticity

in tension and shear and on Poisson's ratio are shown
in Tables IV, V and VI.

DENSITY

1----+--I---I--+---1----+-~-~_,_--------

The variation of density with temperature calculated

from thermal expansion data and the mean density at
32 F for Types 301, 316, and 347 austenitic stainless
steels are shown in Table VII.

21

. ..---

~200 F I

-l4~--l-----'-+----+-- _+--_1

THERMAL PROPERTIES
Specific Heat

Table VIII shows the effect of temperature on the

specific heats of Types 301, 316, and 347.

2 L_---.Jl-_.-l_ _---l._ _...L_ _...l...-_ _

25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Stro", 1000 psi

Thermal Conductivity
Average curves showing the effect of temperature
on the thermal conductivity of the austenitic stainless
steels are shown in Figure 29.

FIG. 28-Stress-deformation curves for stainless steel sheets under load for 100 minutes. Cross, McMaster, Simmons. and Van
Echo'

12

TABLE IV

Modulus of Elasticity at Various Temperatures

Modulus of Elasticity (Tension), 70 6 psi 70'kg/mm'
Temp, F

Type 302

75

24

29.0 20.3

200

90

27.9 196

300

750

Type 304

Type 309

I
I

Type 310

Type 316

Type 321

28.3 19.9
798

28.9 20.3
28.0 797
27.3 792

28.3 19.9

28.1

27.9

796

27.3 192

27.1

791

I
I

27.5 193

27.5 193

26.6 787

400

200

26.7 788

500

260

26.0 783

600

320

25.4 179

700

370

24.8

I
!

774

,I

180

24.7

174

29.0 20.3

198

28.2

28.1

Type 347

28.9 20.3
28.2 798

I 27.5
I 26.8

193

26.8 788

26.9 789

26.5 186

26.2 184

26.3 185

25.8 181

26.1 184

Ii

25.5 779

180

25.3 178

25.4 179

175

24.9 175

24.5 172

24.8 774

24.2 170

24.2 170

23.8 767

24.1 169

26.0 183
25.6

19.8

I
II

24.9

I 25.6

188

430

800

24.2 770

900

480

23.6 766

1000

540

23.0 162

1100

590

22.3

24.1

23.1 162

169

23.2 163
I

22.5 158

22.6 158

21.8 153

757

1200

650

21.8 153

21.1

148

21.8 753

1300

700

21.2

149

20.4 743

21.2 149

1400

760

20.6

145

19.4 736

741

127

1500

820

20.0

1600

870

18.1

23.6 166

23.5 165

23.2 763

23.4 165

23.0 162

22.8 760

22.5 758

22.8 160

22.4 158

22.2 756

21.9 154

22.0 155
150

21.8 153

21.5 157

21.2 149

21.4

21.2 149

20.8 146

20.4 143

20.7 146

20.5 144

20.0 140

19.7 139

20.0

147

19.1 134

19.1 134

19.4

136

19.8 739

19.0 13'4

19.2 135

19.2 135

Fredericks " Garofalo

18.7 132

TABLE V

Modulus of Rigidity at Various Temperatures

Temp, F

I_
I

-~I

75
200

Modulus of Rigidity (Shear), 70 6 psi 70'kg/mm'

Type 302

Type 304

Type 310

~; I ;;: ;:-II--~\I; ~fI

300

150

400

200

10.1

71

500

260

9.8

69

600

320

9.567

9.970

9.7

68

95

67

10.4

370

9.3

65

800

430

9.0

63

Type 316

Type 321

Type 347

11.2

7.9 --\-

11.3

7.9

11.2

7.9

11.4

8.0

10.9

77

11.0

77

10.8

76

11.0

77

75

10.6

75

10.6

75

10.7

75

108

76

10.6

105

74

10.3

72

10.3

72

103

72

10.4

73

10.2

72

10.0

70

10.0

70

9.9

70

10.1

71

9.7

68

9.7

68

9 7

68

9.8

69

9.4

66

9.4

66

9.4

66

9.5

67

9.1

64

9.1

64

9.1

64

9.2

65

73

700

II'

900

480

8.8

62

9.2

65

8.8

62

88

62

88

62

8.9 63

1000

540

8.6

60

89

63

8.5

60

85

60

85

60

8.6 60

1100

590

8.4

59

86

60

8.2

58

83

58

8.2

58

8.3 58

1200

650

8.2

58

8.3

58

7.9

56

8.1

5 7

79

56

8.1

1300

700

7.9

56

80

56

7.6

53

7.9

56

7 7

54

7.8 55

5 7

1400

760

7.7

54

7.7

54

7.2

50

7.7

54

74

52

7.5 53

1500

820

7.5

53

7.4

52

6.9

49

75

53

7.1

50

7.2 50

1600

870

6.6

46

Fredericks ;, Garofalo

13

6.9 49
6

TABLE VI
Poisson's Ratio at Various Temperatures
Poisson's Ratio
Temp , F

._------

Type 304

Type 309

Type 310

Type 316

Type 321

Type 347

- -I

_._---

300

750

0.28

0.28

0.32

0.26

0.23

0.30

500

260

0.30

0.30

0-31

0_29

0.25

0.31

700

370

0.32

0.30

0.31

0.34

0.27

0.29

900

480

0.28

0.29

0.32

0.30

0.30

0.33

1100

590

0.29

0.27

0.34

0.32

0.29

0.31

1300

700

0.28

0.32

0.34

0.31

0.27

0.35

1500

820

025

0.25

0.29

0.24

Garofalo. Malenock and Smith

0.28

TABLE VII
Density of Annealed Austenitic Stainless Steels at Various Temperatures

Density, Ib/cu in.

Temp, F

(I

en)J

---~------_._----_._------

Type 301

Type 316

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_._--_ ..

_._-----------~

--- _. __

.~------------

Type 347
-----------------

160

0.2885

799

0.2897

802

02879

79/

-200

730

0_2882

798

0.2894

807

(U875

;' 96

-100

73

0_2874

796

0.2886

799

0.2869

1 '14

68

20

0_ 2859

797

0.2873

795

0.2856

; '17

200

90

0_2848

788

0_2861

792

0.2846

788

400

200

02832

784

0_2846

788

0.2830

7 S:J

600

320

02814

7 79

0.2829

183

0.2813

1 1'1

800

430

0.2797

774

02813

7 7'1

0_2795

114

1000

540

0.2779

769

0.2796

1 74

02777

/ f).LJ

1200

650

0.2760

764

0.2779

76_r;

o 2759

1400

760

0.2741

759

0.2760

164

0_ 2740

1 :,.8

1600

870

0_2723

754

0.2741

759

0.27 21

153

1800

980

0.2705'

749

0.2723

7 :,4

0.2702' 1 <L.'"

-250

Extrapolated.

Garofalo, Malenock and Sm,th :

14

fJ".J

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Temperature, C
200

-200
1

200

400

600

II

800

: I

25

175

.,'l.\'

20
Temperature. C

~v!
"'\.,0/ / i
~..

..

1: 125
a.

.E
~ 100

25

./

.,<:;~,

~v
",\","

Figures 30 and 31 show the average and instantaneous coefficients of thermal expansion of the austenitic
stainless steels as a function of temperature.

II

12 x 10

Ii

I
i

11

~//

il

400

600

I
i

v:.:

/~ ~
~

!
6

V/
1/ I

I--- ~ ~
~

!--:::::

--

V-

- 400

400

800
Temperature, f

1200

1600

5
-300

18

'Q".
"-'
....'"

14

c:

;:;
'"

400

600

800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Temperature, C
200

400

x 10 ~6_-_1~r-0--,rr---c _ _20".-0_.....,_4--,O-=,0_----,-_6..;.0-=-0-,---_,.:.8.;...00----,-_---, 20

IJ--

10

I.

40
I

18
35

16

~
~

0 .....

14

.,

1
;;

j-

25

c:

12

6
10

1j

30

V;

5
8

(.)

'"
c:: ~

Q.
Q

a.

.:
0

'"
...."-'a'"

Q.

c:

;:;
'"
::::
'"a
LJ

.,
>

I
i;;j

20

15

10

6
4

200

400

600

800

'"

10

FIG. 31 - Approximate average coefficients of expansion of

chromium-nickel stainless steels between 70 F and thE' ifldicated

Temperature, C

/V-I.---

::::

LJ

temperatures.

II

c:

16

Temperature, f

FIG. 29 - Effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity of

chromium-nickel stainless steels.

11

c::

12

200

'"Q.
V;

20

V .-----V

.-/

"

800

I
;

200

!I

-100

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

200

Temperature, f

400

600

BOO

1000

1200 1400 1li00

IBOO 2000

Temperature, F

FIG. 30 - Average instantaneous coefficients of expansion of

chromium-nickel stainless steels.

FIG. 32 - Thermo-electric properties of Types 302 Band 316

stainless steels Dahl and Lonberger 8

IS

20C

TABLE VIII

TABLE IX

Specific Heats of Annealed Austeni~ic Stainless

Steels at Various Temperatures

Diffusivity of Annealed Austenitic Stainless Steels

Type 301

Type 316

Type 347

em' / hr

Diffusivity, sq ftjhr

Temp, F

____1

Type 316

Type 301

Type 347

.080

335

-250

-760

0.159

748

0.156

745 I

0.179

766

.085

356

-200

730

0.158

747

0.151

740

0.173

767

394

.094

394

-100

- 70

0.158

747

0.147

737

0.165

753

-250

- 760

.080

335

079

331

- 200

- 730

.086

360

.085

356

.096

402

.094

-100

JjkgK

Specific Heat, BtujlbjOF

Temp, F

at Various Temperatures

70

68

20

0.109

456

0.108

452

0.108

452

68

20

0160

749

0.143

733

0.158

747

200

90

0.117

490

0.116

486

0.116

486

200

90

0.162

757

0.144

734

0.157

746

400

200

0.127

532

0126

528

0.124

579

400

200'

0.167

755

0.148

737

0.161

750

600

320

0.133

557

0.131

548

0.131

548

600

320

0.176

764

0.158

747

0.168

756

800

430

0.137

574

0.135

565

0.135

565

800

430

0.185

772

0.167

755

0.176

764

1000

540 0.140

586

0.137

573

0.139

582

1000

540

0.194

780

0.173

767

0.185

772

1200

650

0.143

599

0.140

586

0.144

603

1200

650

0.203

789

0.188

775

0.192

778

1400

760 0.148

620

0.147

675

0.149

624

1400

760

0.209

794

0.191

777

0.199

785

1600

870 0.154

645

0.155

649

0.159

666

1600

870'

0.212

797

0.194

780

0.200

786

1800

980 0.162"

678

0.165" 691

0.175"

733

1800

980:

0.212"

797

0.195"

787

0.194"

780

Extrapolated.

Garofalo, Malenock and Smith'

Extrapolated.

Garofalo. Malenock and Smith

TABLE X
Electrical Resistivity of Annealed Stainless Steels at Various Temperatures
Electrical Resistivity, microhm-r.m
Temp, F

: Type 301 i Type 302 i Type 303

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.__ !

68
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400

20
90
200
]20
4]0

540
650
760
870
980

7090
7200
7320

~_!

68
74
83
90
96
102
107
111

70

77
85
93
99
105
109
113
116
119
122
124
126

Type 304

Type 309

i~

72
78
86
95
102
108
114
118
125

74
80
89
96
103
108
113
117
121

Note: microhmem x 6.0153

78
83
91
98
105
111
116
120
124

94
100
105
111
116
120
124
127
129

74

79
87
93

99
104
110

127

ohms Circular mli foot

16

Various Sources.

72
79
90
98
105
112
117
121

73
80
88
91

99
107
111
116
120

6. Garofalo, F., "Temperature Dependence of the Elastic

Moduli of Several Stainless Steels," Proc. ASTM, 60,
1960, P 738.

Diffusivity

The diffusivities of Types 301, 316, and 347 austenitic stainless steels are given in Table IX. The data
were calculated by the equation

7, Garofalo, F., Malenock, P. R., and Smith, G, V., "The

Influence of Temperature on the Elastic Constants of
Some Commercial Steels," ASTM Spec, Tech, Pub.
No. 129, 1952, P 10.

K
D=-Cpd

K = thermal conductivity

8. Dahl, A. 1. and Lonberger, S, T., "The Thermoelectric

Properties of Types 302 and 310 Stainless Steel," Air
Force Tech. Report No. 6096, Oct. 1950 (PB108382),

C p = specific heat
d = density

The following references are listed for the benefit of

those who may wish to locate information on elevated
temperature testing of austenitic stainless steels which
is beyond the scope of this data bulletin.

ElECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Resistivity

9. "Steel Products Manual: Section 24, Stainless and Heat

Resisting Steels," Am. Iron and Steel Inst., June 1957,
with Supplementary Information, Sept, 1959.

The electrical resistivities of the austenitic stainless

steels and their variations with temperature are shown
in Table X.

10. Alloy Casting Inst, Data Sheets, June 1954,

Thermo-electric Properties

The temperature-electromotive force relationships

for Types 302 Band 310 austenitic stainless steel
coupled with Chromel'and platinum are compared with
a Chromel-Alumel'couple in Figure 32.

REFERENCES
1. SImmons, W. F. and Cross, H. c.. "Report on the
Elevated-Temperature Properties of Stainless Steels.,"
ASTM Spec. Tech. Pub. No. 124. 1952.
2. Doerr, D. D., "Determinatiun of Physical Properties of
Ferrous and Non-ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at
Elevated Te;nperatures.' W.A.D.C. Tech. Rep. No.
6517,Part2,1954.
3. Unpublished data from Tech. Research Comm .. Alloy
Casting Inst.
4. Cross. H. c., McMaster. R. C .. Simmons, W. F .. and
Van Echo. ]. A.. "Short Time, High Temperature Properties of Heat-Resisting Alloy Sheet." Rand Report
RA-150n, Battelle Memorial Inst .. Columbus. Ohio.
Feb. 27.1948.
5. Fredericks. J. B .. "A Study of the Elastic PrcJpertles of
Various Solids by Means of Ultrasonic Pulse Techniques." Doctor's Thesis, Uni,'. Michigan, 1947 (See
"Resume of High Temperature Investigations Conducted during 1948-50," Timken Roller Bearing Co..
Steel and Tube Div., 1950.)

11. Larson, F. R. and Miller, ]., "A Time Temperature

Relationship for Rupture and Creep Stress," Trans.
ASME 74, 1952, P 765.
12. Orr, R. L., Sherby. O. D., and Dorm, ]. E., "Correlation
of Rupture Data for Metals at Elevated Temperatures,"
Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 46. 1954, P 113.
13. Manson, S. S. and Haferd, A. M., "A Linear Time-'
Temperature Relation for Extrapolation of Creep and
Stress-Rupture Data." Tech. Note No. 2890 Nat. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut.. 1953.
14. Graham. A. and Walles, K.F.A.. "Relationships Between Long and Short Time Creep and Tensile Propties of a Commercial Alloy," ]. Iron Steel Inst.. 179.
pt 2, 1955, P 105.
15. Frederick. S. F .. "PredIcting Very-Short-Time Creep
Beha"ior for Missiles," Metal Progress. Mar. 1961. p 88.
16. Manson, S. S. and Mendelson. A., "Optimization of
Parametric Constants for Creep-Rupture Data by
Means of Least Squares," Nat. Aeronaut. Space Admin.
Memo 3-10-59E. Mar. 1959.
17. Gow, ]. T. and Harder, O. E .. "Balancing the Composition of Cast 25 Per Cent Chromium-12 Per Cent Nickel
Type Allo\'s," Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 30. 1942, P 855.
18 Avery. H. S. and Wilks, C. R .. "Cast Heat-Resisting
Alloys of the 26"0 Chromium-20C'o Nickel Type,"
Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 40. 1948, P 529.
19. Mangone, R. J. and Hall. A. M, "Properties of Type
HK Cast Alloys," Alloy Casting Bul. No. 17, Oct. 1961.

17