Respiritory Protection

MANUAL
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
USE OF LIFE SUPPORT UNITS
Copyright SIR 2004 2nd edition, January 2004 This manual has been compiled with the utmost care. Those involved in its compilation are, however, unable to accept any liability for any inaccuracies and/or deficiencies. Nor are those involved liable for the consequences of activities undertaken on the basis of this publication. Nothing in this publication may be duplicated and/or divulged, whether in whole or in part, by means of printing, photocopying or in any other way, without the publishers prior written consent. Constructive criticism that may arise over time as a result of changes in working methods and technological and social developments and that may improve this manual will always be welcomed by SIR.
Industrial Cleaning Foundation - SIR Mozartlaan 3 3144 NA Maassluis The Netherlands Postbus 307 3140 AH Maassluis The Netherlands Tel. Fax e-mail internet site + 31 (0)10 - 591.40.01 + 31 (0)10 - 591.38.93 secretariaat@sir-safe.nl www.sir-safe.nl
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004
FOREWORD
Since the late 1980s, the prime objective of the Industrial Cleaning Foundation ( SIR) has been to ensure the adoption of safe working practices in industrial cleaning. Prevailing opinions and ideas within the (petro)chemicals industry have been taken as the basis for this. Enterprises affiliated to the SIR are drawn from the following segments of the business community: - contract-awarding industries in various sectors - executive industrial cleaning companies - manufacturers/suppliers of equipment, materials and protective equipment - temporary employment agencies for certified temporary workers - training, advisory and certification bodies The risks of industrial cleaning are recognised by all parties and many kinds of arrangements have been jointly agreed within the SIR to keep the risks within acceptable limits during work. The three elements that play a role and that may determine the risk of accidents are covered by SIR guidelines: - people, who retain competence via training, examination and certification on the basis of SIR guidelines set out in the manuals - materials and equipment, which, on being taken into service, must meet the SIR requirements, and which must subsequently continue to meet these requirements during use. This can be verified by prescribed periodic inspections and testing, after which test certificates can be issued that are valid for a specific period of time - safe working methods, which apply to contract-awarding industries, executive cleaning companies and the inspection bodies, where the SIR guidelines are incorporated in their safety policy and corporate processes. One of the ways in which SIR practices manifest themselves is via the SIR policy declaration. Enterprises affiliated to the SIR have agreed via this policy declaration that they will at the very least adhere to the guidelines laid down in the SIR manuals. Developments in all kinds of areas mean that the SIR continuously brings its requirements into line with the latest technology. The network of steering groups and working groups comprising representatives of all sectors in the industry ensures that this process is smoothly implemented. The composition of these groups always reflects, in proportionate terms, the parties affiliated to the SIR so that the (sometimes opposing) interests of each party can be catered for in the final guidelines in a considered fashion. This first version of this Respiratory protection - use of Life Support Units manual has been formulated by one of the working groups. This working group was proportionate in its composition and consisted of representatives of contract-awarding industries, industrial cleaning companies, manufacturers/suppliers of equipment and training, advisory and certification bodies. These SIR guidelines are based on Dutch legislation and other Dutch regulations. Where these SIR guidelines are used outside the Netherlands, local legislation takes precedence over these SIR guidelines.
RESPONSIBILITY
This manual, which summarises the guidelines for respiratory protection associated with industrial cleaning, has been jointly compiled by representatives of a number of enterprises within a working group of the Industrial Cleaning Foundation, which consisted of: D. Beerten M. de Boom J. Braber L. Burgerhout R. van Dijk G. Griffioen H. Heeze A. van Hulst () A.A. Koster J. Lagrouw J.A. Meeusen J. Scheele J. Segers R.P. Veldman W. van der Wel C.J.M. van der Wielen S. van Wieren Abc Opleidingen Shell Nederland Raffinaderij BV - member of the Executive Committee Personal Protection and Accidents Executive SIR Industrial Cleaning Foundation - Working Group secretary and editorial group Watco Industrial Cleaning b.v. BME Opleidingen b.v. Mourik Services b.v. Abc Opleidingen VTN - Veiligheidstechniek Nederland b.v. Arbo-Support Holland b.v. HyTech b.v. DOW Benelux b.v. - Working Group Chairman DELTA Milieu b.v. Watco Industrial Cleaning Oelen n.v. Arbo-Support Holland b.v. Mourik Services b.v. Etics (Netherlands) b.v. Reym b.v.
The Industrial Cleaning Foundation would like to thank all firms, bodies and individuals who have helped in the compilation of this publication.
Safety in industrial cleaning: a SIRious matter.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 RESPONSIBILITIES.............................................................................................................................................. 9 2 PEOPLE............................................................................................................................................................... 11 3 EQUIPMENT........................................................................................................................................................ 25 4 wORKING METHODS.......................................................................................................................................... 39 5 ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................................................ 56 6 LIST OF KEY WORDS........................................................................................................................................ 58 Translation of certificate (see previous page)........................................................................................................61 SIR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION CERTIFICATE.............................................................................................61 CERTIFICATE........................................................................................................................................................ 61 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION LEVEL B1...........................................................................................................61 AB1 61 G. ROEN................................................................................................................................................................ 61 BORN ON 2 FEBRUARY 1950.............................................................................................................................. 61 HAS PASSED THE SIR EXAMINATION HELD ON 1 NOVEMBER 2003,...........................................................61 CERTIFICATE NUMBER AB1 0001...................................................................................................................... 61 VALID UNTIL 1 NOVEMBER 2006........................................................................................................................ 61 HEAD OF EXAMINATIONS BOARD................................................................................................................61 (signed)......................................................................................................................................................... 61 NOTIFICATION FORM.......................................................................................................................................... 62
AMENDMENTS OF THE 2nd EDITION AS COMPARED WITH THE 1st EDITION

P. 3 Foreword SIR guidelines based on Dutch laws and regulations P. 5 Members and enterprises of the working group P. 8 Added: catalyst handling P. 8 Added: departure from SIR guidelines P. 9 Scope has been included to include catalyst handling P. 9 Input data and transitional period P. 10 1.3 Added: expert supervision P. 11 1.4 Inspection and certification body Removed: recognition by SIR P. 11 1.4 Added: manufacturers/suppliers instructions for use and maintenance P. 13 2.3 Medical suitability is the employers responsibility P. 13 2.3.3 Added in connection with ergometry test: stress test, bicycle test P. 14 2.4.1. Dropped: independent respiratory protection P. 14 2.4 1 + 2.4.2 + 2.4.3 Revised: protection factor P. 15 2.5.1.1 Dropped: independent respiratory protection P. 16 Minimum number of assessment points instead of points P. 17 2.5.2.3 Added: assessment by instructor under the SIRs supervision P. 17 2.5.2.4 Dropped: training and extension by employer P. 17 2.5.2.4 Added: SIR certificate valid for a maximum of 3 years P. 18 Minimum number of assessment points instead of points P. 19 2.5.3.3 Added: practical assessment by instructor P. 19 2.5.3.4 Dropped: training and extension by employer P. 19 2.5.3.4 Added: SIR certificate valid for a maximum of 3 years P. 20 Minimum number of assessment points instead of points P. 21 2.5.4.3 Added: assessment by instructor under the SIRs supervision P. 22 2.5.4.4 Inert entry pass in English P. 23 Minimum number of assessment points instead of points P. 24 2.6 Revised: LSU operator requirements P. 27 3.2.3 Added: nominal 200 l/min, under peak load 300 l/min P. 29 3.2.6 Dropped: explanation of air consumption. See 3.2.3 on this P. 32 3.2.10 Added: breathable air helmet with internal mask P. 32 3.2.10 Added: fitted emergency air set P. 32 3.2.10 Amended: air consumption should be 100 l/min instead of 70 l/min P. 33 3.3 Dropped: SIR recognition P. 33 3.3.3 Dropped: SIR recognition P. 35 - 3.5.1 Preferably dropped, and at least the items on the list added P. 37 - 3.5.2 Preferably dropped, and at least the items on the list added P. 41 4 Ultimate responsibility to be borne by employer instead of cleaning company P. 41 4.1 Added: uncontrolled release of hazardous substances P. 42 4.2 Installation of compressor for drawing in outside air P. 44 4.4.1 Amended: safe value must be at least 1/5 instead of 1/3 P. 44 4.4.1 Removed from text: Come .. during activities. P. 44 4.4.1 Amended: sequence of text under list P. 46 Revised in all left-hand boxes: oxygen level max. 21% P. 46 Amended: in 4th box on right: level A changed to B 1 P. 47 Revised in all left-hand boxes: oxygen percentage P. 47 Amended: in 3rd box on right: level B 1 changed to C P. 50 4.6.2 Definition of manhole in connection with release of substances that threaten substances P. 59 List of key words capitalised P. 60 Added: Inert entry specialist pass P. 61 Added: SIR certificate
INTRODUCTION
6 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004
OBJECT
Exposure to hazardous or toxic substances, gases, fumes or biological agents is a frequent occurrence in industrial cleaning work. Protection equipment to protect the skin and/or for respiratory purposes has therefore been used for years in the performance of such work. Such work is extremely high-risk. Industrial cleaning work in enclosed areas using personal protection equipment must therefore be kept to a minimum. Everything must be done to find a different, safer cleaning method as the risk of a disaster resulting in victims is very high. Although the industrial health strategy is always followed when industrial cleaning work is performed, the use of equipment to protect the skin and the respiratory system often remains necessary. The cleaning itself is often a way of creating a safe working environment for others, for example for maintenance or inspection work. It is very important that cleaning work in which respiratory protection must be used is conducted with the greatest possible care for the safety of those working. The SIR therefore sees it important to play a guiding role even where measures to protect the skin and respiration are safely applied. Here, too, the SIR advocates that the three elements of Methods, Equipment and People must at the same time meet stringent requirements. This manual describes in particular: - the correct methods for choosing between respiratory protection equipment to be used - relevant specific factors to be catered for as standard in order to work safely using the various kinds of respiratory protection equipment - the appropriate health requirements to be imposed on people (= users) - appropriate training for workers who have to use respiratory protection equipment. The SIR has taken the initiative of compiling this manual to provide assistance when assessing situations in which respiratory protection equipment must be used. It is important in this regard that it is clear to all parties (authorities, customer, contractor and personnel) what aspects are involved in the safe performance of these activities. This applies not only to preparation and performance but also to the monitoring and supervision of such activities. The full implementation of these SIR guidelines will promote safety in connection with respiratory protection during industrial cleaning and catalyst handling and the use of life support units. Departures from these SIR guidelines are allowed provided that at least the same level of protection is pursued.
SCOPE
This manual is intended as a guide for people who are in some way involved in the use of respiratory protection and/or the use of life support units, particularly where hazardous substances and/or a risk of asphyxiation are concerned. Prevailing opinions and ideas within the (petro)chemicals industry have been taken as the basis for this. Full implementation of these SIR guidelines will promote the safety in use of respiratory protection in industrial cleaning, including catalyst handling. The SIR examination and certification process up to regular breathable air user level B and breathable air specialist level C applies in this context. The supervisory staff of organisations awarding or executing contracts must have adequate knowledge and skills to be able to ensure safety in the preparation and performance of work of this kind. Where reference is made in the text to the term life support unit, the aspects mentioned in this context also apply to permanently installed facilities, mobile/loose units, facilities that are built into container frames, etc.
INPUT DATA and TRANSITIONAL PERIODS

A transitional period has been laid down for the introduction of the guidelines concerning people: - individuals who are following a training course for the first time must complete this training with an examination under the SIRs supervision. They receive an SIR certificate directly; - individuals who have already followed a training course in respiratory protection or who have taken an examination or test elsewhere are, until 1 January 2005 , given an opportunity of securing an SIR certificate by passing an SIR examination. From 1 January 2005, everyone using respiratory protection in connection with industrial or catalyst handling must have a valid SIR certificate. In relation to methods, the guidelines will take effect as from 1 April 2004 . The guidelines for life support units and for other equipment, such as hoses, couplings, etc., will take effect as from 1 April 2004 . Both life support units to newly built and existing life support units must meet the design and equipment requirements set forth in this manual. During use, these life support units must be periodically inspected and must undergo a function test in accordance with the guidelines set out in this manual. Where major repairs or renovation work must be performed on existing life support units, it is preferable to apply the revisions in the requirements arising from this manual directly.
1 RESPONSIBILITIES
All parties involved must follow legislation governing occupational health and safety.
1.1 CUSTOMER AND ASSIGNEE/CONTRACTOR

When working in situations in which respiratory protection equipment must be used, the customer/owner of the workplace and the assignee/contractor each have their own specific responsibilities in order to perform these activities safely. In this context, the employees involved in this, such as the supervisor, the breathable air specialist and his assistant(s) also each have their own responsibility. It should be emphasised that the parties concerned should collaborate in order to identify or recognise as early as possible the risks of the activities to be performed and reduce them by management measures in such a way that risks are ruled out. Before starting the job, a Task-Risk Analysis (TRA) must be drawn up in consultation between the customer and assignee on the basis of the activities and dangers of working in an enclosed space an enclosed space or for work posing a high risk to respiration outside an enclosed space. Before the work is started, these risks must be discussed with all those involved at a start-of-work meeting. All this must be recorded in a report with a presentation list. If circumstances change during the work in such a way that new risks are identified or recognised, a fresh TRA must be produced.
1.2 CUSTOMER
The customer is responsible for providing accurate information on the workplace, working conditions, hazardous substances present and any other aspects that might influence safety at the workplace. The customer must also take the necessary measures to guarantee safe working and process conditions for the contractor. The customer must make it possible to comply with the SIR guidelines and must supervise their application. Lastly, information must be provided on the procedures to be followed in emergency situations, and the emergency plan must be tailored at the workplace to the customers overall emergency plan. 1.2.1 Expert supervisor The supervisor is responsible for co-ordinating the matters referred to above.
1.3 ASSIGNEE/CONTRACTOR
The assignee/contractor is responsible for: - the quality of all respiratory protection equipment and accessories - giving staff deployed the correct instructions and training - proper medical inspection of employees - appropriate conduct and actions on the part of these staff - expert supervision. The assignee/contractor must always appraise all safety risks beforehand. In accordance with the guidelines set forth in this manual, respiratory protections equipment must be geared to this. The assignee/contractor is also responsible for compliance with the safety guidelines set forth in this manual. 1.3.1 Breathable air user The respiratory protection equipment user is responsible for performing his work safely, more specifically in accordance with prescribed procedures and work instructions.
1.4 INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION BODY

The inspection, testing and certification of Life Support Units with associated equipment must be performed by an independent inspection and certification body. In performing these tasks, this body must follow the guidelines set forth in this manual together with the manufacturers/suppliers operating and maintenance instructions. The inspection and testing of personal equipment must be conducted in accordance with applicable requirements and standards. Test facility and environment During testing, no danger may occur to operating personnel or the environment. The test site must only be accessible to the inspector during testing. Any leaks from the test object must be readily perceptible. Calibration of measurement equipment Measurement equipment, including torque wrenches and pressure gauges, must be demonstrably calibrated each year in accordance with a standard prescribed by law. The maximum tolerance of the calibration pressure gauge is to be 2% of the maximum measurement value. The maximum tolerance of the torque wrench is to be 5% of the maximum measurement value. Document management All test reports and a copy of test certificates for certified equipment must be kept for at least 2 years. Uniformity of certification Uniformity in the appearance of equipment certification is to be sought. This promotes acceptance and clarity. Every inspection and certification body is to send the SIR an example of its certificate. Inspector requirements The inspection must be conducted by an expert who demonstrably has adequate knowhow, training and experience in life support units and accessories. He must also be conversant with the working and safety instructions in this SIR manual. He must assess the condition of the equipment for work safety on this basis. Inspectors powers The inspector is to inspect all equipment on the basis of standards, know-how and experience. The inspectors opinion is binding.
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2 PEOPLE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The protective equipment to be used always depends on the nature and risks of the work and the substances to be handled. The greater the health risks of substances for the skin or respiratory organs, the higher the protection factor afforded by the protective equipment must be. The protective equipment to be used and the qualified individuals to be deployed must be determined jointly by the customer and the contractor. The measures, qualifications and numbers of employees to be used must be recorded in a work plan, a work licence or, if required, in the health and safety plan (H&S plan). Before high-risk work involving the use of respiratory and skin protection is initiated, all staff must also be briefed on: - the organisation of the work to be performed - the safety risks - the safety measures - the health risks - the industrial hygiene measures - the nature and dangers of the substances to be handled - the procedure to be adopted in the event of abnormal working and process conditions - the expected concentrations of hazardous substances at the workplace - the protective equipment to be used - the respiratory protection equipment to be used - the nominal protection factors of the (respiratory) protection equipment - the decontamination procedures to be followed - emergency procedures.
2.2 QUALIFICATION OF RISKS

The qualifications, medical suitability and training demanded of employees performing work with the aid of respiratory protection equipment are to a large extent dictated by the (health) risks at the workplace. The following 3 risk categories are identified in this connection: 2.2.1 Level A - Comfort situations The concentrations of hazardous substances, gases or fumes at the workplace are below the MAC values for these substances. Respiratory protection equipment is, however, used to protect employees against strong odours or owing to the incidental low-risk nature of the work. 2.2.2 Level B Health-threatening situations The concentrations of hazardous substances at the workplace are above the MAC values or the limit values and may, in the event of unprotected inhalation, pose a risk to health, but may in principle not lead to severe injury or death. 2.2.3 Level C - IDLH situations (IDLH= Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) The concentrations of hazardous substances or a deficiency of oxygen at the workplace may, in the event of unprotected inhalation, lead directly to (permanent) severe physical injury or death. Excess oxygen in the workplace atmosphere may also lead to dangerous situations.
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2.3 HEALTH REQUIREMENTS

In general, everyones health must be such that they are unrestricted in the exercise of their duties. In principle, too, they must be unrestricted when using respiratory protection equipment. An exception to this is the use of a breathing mask. Owing to the nature of breathing masks and the conditions in which they are worn, medical inspection of users is required. The medical fitness of examination candidates, respiratory protection users and breathable air specialists is the employers responsibility. 2.3.1 Inspection standards for an occasional user of respiratory protection level A An inspection for this breathable air user will generally involve the completion of the Periodic General Medical Examination basic questionnaire, an examination of his or her build and a physical examination. These employees must have normal respiration. They must therefore not have any abnormalities of the respiratory organs that may lead to operational problems when using respiratory protection equipment. 2.3.2 Inspection standards for a regular user of respiratory protection - level B Assessment of the suitability of this breathable air user is highly dependent on the load profile, working conditions and risks (danger for those involved and/or third parties). The physician conducting the inspection must be familiar with these aspects. The severity of any disorder is also a factor. An inspection by a breathable air specialist will in general involve completion of the Periodic General Medical Examination basic questionnaire, an examination of the users build and a physical examination. These employees must have normal respiration. They must therefore not have any abnormalities of the respiratory organs that may lead to operational problems when using respiratory protection equipment. 2.3.3 Inspection standards for a breathable air specialist - level C Assessment of the suitability of a breathable air specialist is highly dependent on the load profile, working conditions and risks (danger for those involved and/or third parties). The physician conducting the inspection must be familiar with these aspects. The severity of any disorder is also a factor. An inspection by a breathable air specialist will in general consist of completion of the Periodic General Medical Examination basic questionnaire, an examination of the users build and a physical examination. For employees who must regularly work under extreme conditions with a gas suit while performing work and/or activities with the aid of respiratory protection, an ergometry test or load test, such as a bicycle test, is performed. 2.3.3.1 Frequency of inspection for breathable air specialist - level C The frequency of inspection is as follows for people aged: - under 40 years old at least once every 3 (three) years - between 40 and 50 years old at least once every 2 (two) years - over the age of 50 at least once a year. A breathable air specialist who has experienced health problems with his breathing must be approved again before resuming activities of this kind.
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2.4 USE OF THE CORRECT EQUIPMENT

In these three situations, different minimum requirements must of course be imposed on the respiratory protection equipment to be used and on the qualifications of the employees concerned. The following equipment must be used in the three specified situations: 2.4.1 for level A activities dependent respiratory protection equipment and fresh breathable air systems with a minimum nominal protection factor between 20 and 200 NPF. 2.4.2 for level B activities independent respiratory protection equipment and fresh breathable air systems with a protection factor between 200 and 2000 NPF. 2.4.3 for level C activities independent respiratory protection equipment in combination with an IDLH breathable air system with a minimum protection factor of 2000 NPF, where appropriate in combination with a gas suit. These three levels are related to the classification in subsections 2.2 and 2.3.
NPF = Nominal Protection Factor.
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2.5 STAFF QUALIFICATIONS

The instructions, training courses and examinations are designed to ensure that all staff can work safely with respiratory protection equipment. The training levels are set out in the various end terms. 'End terms should in this context be understood to include the recording of: - matters that must be dealt with in the training - the skills that the candidate must have after the training - the time that must be spent on theoretical and practical exercises - the level to which candidates are examined, both theoretically and practically. The training requirements imposed on staff depend on the risks that exist at the workplace. In line with whether the risk is rated as level A, B or C, executive staff and/or supervisors must have received training at the associated level. 2.5.1 Requirements concerning the occasional user of respiratory protection - level A Employees in this category must be familiar with the following concepts and be able to explain their operation or function: - risks and MAC values of the hazardous substances used - respiratory organs - characteristics of dependent breathable air systems - characteristics of independent breathable air systems - classification of filter bushings - practical handling of the respiratory protection equipment to be used - masks or breathable air connectors used - operation, protection and characteristics of the respiratory protection equipment to be used - work procedures to be followed - industrial hygiene measures to be adopted - emergency procedures. Only moustache and sideboard/beard growth that is contained within the internal mask is allowed. 2.5.1.1 Target group Staff who use level A dependent respiratory protection equipment on an occasional basis. 2.5.1.2 Requirements for this instruction Instruction must be provided verbally by a duly competent individual, for example a safety expert, fireman or a B2 level manager (see 2.5.3). This instruction must be supported by written information material that caters for the requirements set out in 2.5.1 above. 2.5.1.3 Review of this instruction An SIR level A training checklist for the substance dealt with that has been signed by the instructor and the trainee must be kept by the employer in the staff records. The candidate must meet all the requirements set out in section 2.5.1. See the annex entitled Practical assessment of occasional users of respiratory protection level A. 2.5.1.4 Validity of this instruction This instruction is valid for a maximum of 1 year. The employer must record this in the safety passport.
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Practical assessment of occasional users of respiratory protection level A Name :
Date of assessment : Assessed by : Unsati Satisfa sfacto ctory Good ry
No. Assessment points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Identification of risks of the substances to be processed * Use of MAC values of the substances to be processed Explanation of breathing Identification of (in)dependent breathable air systems * Selection of filter bushings * Knowledge/use of respiratory protection equipment Knowledge/use of breathing masks and connections Knowledge of working procedures Knowledge of industrial hygiene * Knowledge/use of emergency procedures
Minimum pass mark = 8 assessment categories rated as satisfactory. Each asterisked category MUST be satisfactory.
Comments
Final assessment To be completed by trainer
: Unsatisfactory / Satisfactory / Good :
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2.5.2
Requirements concerning the regular user of independent and dependent respiratory protection - level B1 Employees in this category must meet all the requirements of level A and must be familiar with: - the principles of human respiration - composition of breathable air under normal conditions and in compressed form - the phenomenon known as respiratory crisis and knowledge of how this can occur - the meaning of the term IDLH - the meaning of the terms MAC, MAC-TWM, MAC-C and MAC-S - the need for a medical inspection prior to work involving the use of respiratory protection equipment - the various types of designations of dust, gas and combination filters - the advantages and disadvantages of breathable air from cylinders - the advantages and disadvantages of a multihour connector - the principle of an overpressure respirator - the meaning of the terms dead and harmful space in respiration and must be able to: - name the factors that can interfere with human respiration - distinguish different types of facial components - list the advantages and disadvantages of different types of facial components - designate and use the various types of facial components for specific situations - indicate the difference between dependent and independent respiratory protection - assess the usability of filters made available to him - assess a ready-to-use facial component/filter combination in terms of usability - provide a general description of a life support unit - check an overpressure full-face mask in terms of its usability - check a respiration unit in terms of its usability - check the usage time of a breathable air cylinder at a given pressure and content - work safely with dependent respiratory protection - work safely with independent respiratory protection, both with a respiration unit and with a multihour connector - indicate the basic principles of a disinfection procedure. Only moustache and sideboard/beard growth that is contained within the internal mask is allowed. 2.5.2.1 Target group Staff who regularly use level A and B respiratory protection equipment. 2.5.2.2 Requirements of this training This training concerns the use of independent and dependent respiratory protection equipment and meets the requirements of section 2.5.2. It must be given by a duly competent individual and be supported by a course book. 2.5.2.3 Review of this training The training finishes with a written examination and a practical assessment by the instructor under the supervision of the SIR. The candidate must meet all the requirements set out in section 2.5.2. See Practical assessment of regular users of respiratory protection level B1. 2.5.2.4 Validity of the SIR certificate This certificate is valid for a maximum of 3 years. Successful examination candidates personally receive a uniquely numbered SIR certificate that is valid for a maximum of 3 (three) years from the date of the examination passed. The employer can record the details of this certificate in the safety passport.
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Practical assessment of regular users of respiratory protection level B1 Name :
No. Assessment points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 * Use of MAC values of the substances to be processed * Selection of filter bushings Identification of facial components Use of types of facial components in specific situations Assessment of usability of filters Assessment of usability of facial component/filter combination Description of life support unit Checking of usability of overpressure of full-face mask Checking of usability of respiration unit Usage time of breathable air cylinder * Safe use of dependent respiratory protection * Safe use of independent respiratory protection, both with respiration unit and with multihour connector 13 Indication of decontamination procedure 14 * Knowledge/application of emergency procedures Minimum pass mark = 11 assessment points. Each asterisked category MUST be satisfactory. Comments
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2.5.3 Requirements concerning respiratory protection managers level B2 Individuals in this category must meet: - all the requirements of level B1 and must be able to: - indicate the various types of facial components for specific situations and make a justified choice from among them - qualify and quantify the risks of respiration and skin contact with substances in a workplace - draw up a TRA - provide instructions on the correct use of respiratory protection equipment - qualify and quantify the dangers of working in enclosed spaces - conduct O2 and Ex measurements or assess their results - complete a permit for working in an enclosed space - specify and draw up procedures for emergency situations - specify communication measures for safe working in enclosed spaces - qualify and quantify decontamination procedures. Only moustache and sideboard/beard growth that is contained within the internal mask is allowed. A supervisor of a contractor or customer must be trained to at least level B2. If level C activities are managed, that (theoretical) training level must also be attained. 2.5.3.1 Target group Staff who direct the performance of level A and B activities with independent and dependent respiratory protection equipment. 2.5.3.2 Requirements concerning this training This training concerns the use of independent and dependent respiratory protection equipment and meets the requirements of section 2.5.3. It must be given by a duly competent individual and be supported by a course book. 2.5.3.3 Review of this training The training finishes with a written examination and a practical assessment by the instructor under the supervision of the SIR. The candidate must meet all the requirements set out in section 2.5.3. See the annex entitled Practical assessment of respiratory protection managers level B2. 2.5.3.4 Validity of the SIR certificate This certificate is valid for a maximum of 3 years. Successful examination candidates personally receive a uniquely numbered SIR certificate that is valid for a maximum of 3 (three) years from the date of the examination passed. The employer can record the details of this certificate in the safety passport.
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Practical assessment of respiratory protection managers level B2 Name : Date of assessment : Assessed by : No. Assessment points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 * Use of MAC values of the substances to be processed Selection of filter bushings Identification of facial components Use of types of facial components in specific situations Assessment of usability of filters Assessment of usability of facial component/filter combination Description of life support unit Checking of usability of overpressure full-face mask Checking of usability of respiration unit Checking of usage time of breathable air cylinder * Safe use of dependent respiratory protection * Safe use of independent respiratory protection, both with respiration unit and with multihour connector Indicate decontamination procedure Ability to choose facial components for specific situations * Qualification and quantification risks for respiration and skin contact Drafting of TRA Provision of instruction on the use of respiratory protection equipment Qualification/quantification of dangers of working in an enclosed space * Performance of O2 and Ex measurements Completion of permit for working in an enclosed space * Specification and drafting of emergency procedures Unsati Satisfa sfacto ctory Good ry
Minimum pass mark = 18 assessment points. Each asterisked category MUST be satisfactory. Comments
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2.5.4 Requirements concerning the breathable air specialist - level C The breathable air specialist training supplements the level B1 or B2 training. Individuals in this category must meet the requirements for level B1 or B2 and must be able to: - indicate how contaminants can enter the human body - indicate what function the skin performs and how the skin is structured - provide a description of a gas suit - classify the various types of gas suits - indicate whether there are restrictions on the (material of the) gas suit and, if so, what they are - indicate what requirements a gas suit must meet - indicate what factors may affect the reliability of gas suits and breathable air hoses - describe the concept of heat stress - describe the concept of inert gas - describe a three-part (ternary) diagram and its practical significance in broad terms - assess a life support unit in terms of its usability - put on and take off a gas suit correctly and be able to assist in this - perform practical tasks correctly in a gas suit - indicate the appropriate action that must be taken in emergencies - indicate what tasks must be performed by a manhole guard - indicate what gas measurements must be performed - perform gas measurements - explain the principle of operation of the life support unit and the component structure - complete and use the Inert entry deployment (4.6.1) and Inert entry (4.6.2) checklists before the start of work with a life support unit - in emergency situations, take measures that limit the effects and be familiar with: - the basic principles of a decontamination procedure - the elementary first-aid measures to be taken in the event of asphyxiation or poisoning. Only moustache and sideboard/beard growth that is contained within the internal mask is allowed. 2.5.4.1 Target group Staff who direct the performance of level C activities or perform these activities themselves. 2.5.4.2 Requirements of this training This training deals with all facets of the use of independent and dependent respiratory protection equipment and meets the requirements of section 2.5.4. It must be given by a duly competent individual and be supported by a course book. 2.5.4.3 Review of this training The training finishes with a written SIR examination and a practical assessment by the instructor under the supervision of the SIR. See Practical assessment of breathable air specialist - level C for this. The candidate must meet all the requirements set out in section 2.5.4. To be allowed to sit a breathable air specialist examination, the candidate must be in possession of at least a valid health certificate.
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2.5.4.4 Breathable air specialist (BAS) certificate Validity Successful examination candidates personally receive a uniquely numbered SIR Breathable air specialist (BAS) certificate that is valid for a maximum of 3 (three) years from the date of the examination passed. These individuals are also issued with an English-language Inert entry specialist pass. The employer can record the details of this certificate in the safety passport. Extension of validity Extension of the period of validity is possible by passing the extension examination before the certificate has expired. Database-certified Breathable air specialists Every certified breathable air specialist who passes the examination is logged on to the SIR database of certified individuals.
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Practical assessment of breathable air specialist - level C Name :
No. Assessment points Construction of breathable air system + communication system 2 Making the workplace safe/Ensuring cleanliness and tidiness 3 * Testing of equipment for use; mask, respirator 4 Collaboration with colleagues 5 * Operation of the life support unit 6 * Self-confidence during use of gas suit 7 Capability for working at heights 8 * Immunity to claustrophobia 9 Endurance 10 Communication during entry of enclosed space Exchange of information in normal and special situations 11 * Self-control during emergency situation + use of safety bottle 12 Tasks as manhole guard (provision of hose, assistance, communication, etc.) Minimum pass mark = 10 assessment points. Each asterisked category MUST be satisfactory. Comments 1
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2.6 CREWING OF A LIFE SUPPORT UNIT IN IDLH SITUATIONS

In IDLH situations, the crew must consist of at least three certified breathable air specialists level C and one individual as manager: - one person, in possession of the necessary equipment, working in the enclosed space - one person, in possession of the same equipment as the person mentioned above, is to be present at the entrance to the enclosed space at all times and is to be able to undertake rescue work directly - one person is to act as the manhole guard - one person is to operate the life support unit and may also act as supervisor or team leader. This person is preferably also to be certified to level C, but is not required to be; level B 1 or C knowledge and experience are also sufficient for this function. In addition, the composition of the crew always depends on the nature and risks of the activities and the substances that must be handled. The composition of the crew must be jointly determined beforehand by the customer and the contractor. Its composition must be recorded in the work project, the work authorisation and, if required, in the Health and Safety Plan (H&S plan). Other staff under the responsibility of the breathable air specialist must also be briefed and given instruction before the start of work. Only certified breathable air specialists are allowed to perform these activities.
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3 EQUIPMENT
3.1 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFE SUPPORT UNITS AND EQUIPMENT
Two types of breathable air systems To distinguish between breathable air systems for use under the most severely lifethreatening conditions and systems for use in less life-threatening situations, systems are classified according to two types: 3.1.1 IDLH breathable air system These breathable air systems, which meet the requirements set out in this manual by the SIR, are used in situations that may pose a direct danger to life and/or health, what are known as IDLH situations. IDLH is an abbreviation for Immediate Danger to Life and Health. Examples include entering spaces in which an inert atmosphere prevails or that are severely contaminated with hazardous substances. The minimum requirements for IDLH breathable air systems are described in this section. 3.1.2 Other breathable air systems All other breathable air systems used for less dangerous circumstances are classified in this category. They must of course also guarantee the users safety, and among other things: - the quality of the breathable air supplied must conform to NEN-EN 12021 - all the hoses must be suitable for breathable air; see 3.2.9 Breathable air lines - breathable air protection masks and fresh air caps must meet CE standards. 3.1.3 Determination of the type of breathable air system The customer must indicate very clearly to what extent the space or area in which work is to be conducted is contaminated and to what substances, risks and dangers the breathable air specialists may be exposed during the work. The customer and the contractor are then to determine jointly whether an IDLH breathable air system or another breathable air system is to be used.
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3.2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING THE IDLH BREATHABLE AIR SYSTEM

The IDLH breathable air system must meet at least the following requirements: 3.2.1 Respiratory air supply The system must comprise at least two (2) separate (independent) systems of respiratory air supply. 3.2.2 Respiratory air quality The quality of the respiratory air produced or supplied must conform to European guidelines laid down in NEN-EN 12021 dated 1998, Respiratory protective devices Compressed air for breathing apparatus. The quality of breathable air from cylinders supplied must be demonstrated by a certificate and must also conform to NEN-EN 12021. Low-pressure or high-pressure compressors must also provide a level of breathable air quality in accordance with NEN-EN 12021. A system of this kind must be monitored, for example by an analyser to check: - for the presence of combustible substances in the breathable air - the oxygen percentage - for carbon monoxide (CO). The sensors/detectors of this analysis equipment must be located in the compressor air suction line and be set to 1% LEL (or even lower if the equipment is sensitive enough), 21% oxygen (O2) and for carbon monoxide (CO) to 20% of the MAC value. In the case of breathable air from cylinders, the same requirements apply. 3.2.3 Flow capacity of the breathable air lines The respiration unit is to be fitted with at least an overpressure system; what are known as fresh air caps are therefore not used. The minimum flow capacity of the system must, for each user, be nominally 200 l/min or 300 litres per minute at peak load, including cooling air for the gas suit. This is measured at the end of the breathable air line. 3.2.4 Service pressure of main line and emergency line for the breathable air user These service pressures relate to the reduced pressures in the respiration unit connected to the breathable air user. They must be sufficient to be able to control both the main line and the emergency line independently. The service pressure must be at least 8 bar for the main line and at least 6 bar for the emergency line. This is measured at the end of the breathable air line and with the maximum number of users connected to the breathable air system.
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3.2.5 Main line The main line can be connected to a compressor or to one or more packs of high-pressure cylinders filled with breathable air connected to the main line of the system. The required volume of breathable air depends, of course, on the duration of the job and the number of people who must be supplied with breathable air. A requirement of no more than 300 litres per minute per person is assumed (see 3.2.3). The air control panel must have an alarm system that emits a visible and audible alarm ( 100 dBA) if the pressure in the main-line cylinders falls below 50 bar. This signal acts as a warning for the operator of the life support unit. Work must then be halted or another breathable air facility must be deployed on a stand-by basis. A facility of this kind must be connected to the main line without the supply of breathable air to the breathable air specialist(s) being interrupted. The main line may also consist of a low-pressure or high-pressure compressor facility. Such a compressor must be able to guarantee its quality and reliability for the supply of breathable air. In the case of a low-pressure compressor, a slowly rotating piston compressor or an oil-free screw-type compressor is used. To guarantee the reliability of a compressor of this kind, the maintenance routines specified by the manufacturer must be strictly followed. Low-pressure or high-pressure compressors must also supply breathable air of quality in accordance with NEN-EN 12021 and that must meet the requirements of section 3.2.2. If the maximum and minimum values set for the parameters referred to in section 3.2.2 are exceeded, a visible and audible alarm must be emitted and the compressor must immediately cease generating breathable air. IMPORTANT The emergency line then takes over automatically from the main line. To achieve the required quality of breathable air in accordance with NEN-EN 12021, a number of aids must be installed downstream of the low-pressure compressor; examples of such aids include the following: - a buffer tank, fitted with safety valve(s), pressure gauges, water drain, etc. and certified to at least CE standard. - a filter system that removes coarse and fine particles and also odorous substances and that is equipped with a filter indication system (delta P meters) - a breathable air cooler and drier (electrically or pneumatically driven) - a tablet drier - carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide filters. The design of the components referred to above may differ according to the system and depends on the type of compressor. High-pressure breathable air compressors are fitted as standard with the necessary filter facility and other peripheral equipment to provide the required quality of breathable air. IMPORTANT Every day before the start of work, a sample of breathable air must be taken from the blowout point of the breathable air hose or in the mask. The findings must be in accordance with the values in NEN-EN 12021.
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3.2.6 Emergency line This must be automatically engaged if the main line fails or falls below its preset minimum value. Work must then be stopped immediately. This emergency line is normally constructed of a number of high-pressure cylinders of, for example, 50 litres and 200 bar. The cylinders must have a valid quality mark. The total capacity must, per person, guarantee a supply of breathable air for a minimum of 20 minutes. Prior to the start of work, the minimum pressure must be 180 bar. As soon as the pressure in the emergency line cylinders falls below 150 bar during work, a visible and audible alarm must be emitted, after which work must be stopped. 3.2.7 Earthing The IDLH breathable air system must be fitted with an earthing point to be able to discharge static electricity. Before work is started, the first operation must be to earth the equipment. Always use the earthing points prescribed and approved by the customer for this purpose; these are often identifiable by certain colours (for example, green-yellow) or the earthing point can be recognised by an identifying mark. After work has come to an end, the last operation must be to de-earth the equipment.
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3.2.8 Air control panel The air control panel must be of ergonomic design. It must at the very least be fitted with: - an alarm system for minimum pressure in the main line - an alarm system for minimum pressure in the emergency line - a gas detection system if there is a dedicated breathable air supply - a communication system, so that that communication is possible with every breathable air specialist - control shut-off valves and valves for operating and monitoring the system - a clear diagram with the main and emergency lines in colours that stand out from one another - clear texts and understandable illustrations explaining the functions of components fitted and must at the very least indicate: - the pressure in the main line - the pressure in the emergency line - the reduced pressure in the main line - the reduced pressure in the emergency line - which line is being used for respiration, to be shown by an indicator/pointer - the respiration flow capacity. The control panel must be fitted with a plate indicating at the very least: - the maximum number of users that can use the system at the same time - the maximum service pressure of the system (in bar) - the maximum length of hoses that can be used with this system (in m) - the minimum internal diameter of the hoses (in mm) - the year of manufacture - the registration number/inspection number.
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3.2.9 Breathable air lines The breathable air lines for the breathable air specialists must be constructed with at least 2 separate breathable air hoses, namely 1 main line and 1 emergency line. These supply lines must also be interchangeable so that they can assume each others function in the event of hose breakage or another malfunction. They must be constructed with insulating shut-off valves, non-return valves, etc. in such a way that the supply of breathable air for the breathable air specialists is never interrupted. In the case of breathable air systems, the supply of breathable air must be guaranteed under all conditions, and therefore also for supply hoses used from a breathable air unit, such as cylinder packs and compressors leading to any intermediate stations. The breathable air lines must at the very least: - be suitable for breathable air applications and conform to NEN-EN standards and CE approval - tolerate the properties of substances that may be present in the work environment - be crack-free and kink-free, in relation to both the breathable air hoses and the hose connected to the respirator - be wear-resistant - be able to tolerate the maximum service pressure of the system - the test pressure is to be at least 1.5 x service pressure - be equipped with discharge couplings that are suitable for the type of hose and be made from non-corroding material, phosphorus sources or stainless steel; hose clips with projecting parts must not be used - every hose must bear a registration number with a valid test certificate specifying the hydrostatic test pressure and the date of inspection - be able to tolerate a tensile force of at least 100 kilograms, including on the discharge couplings - have a sufficient diameter to be able to supply the required 300 litres per minute per person with the selected length and prepressure (= peak load) - not form an obstruction and not catch anywhere at the rear if the hoses are integrated with other components. Hose clips with projecting parts must therefore not be used. The maximum hose length need not be limited provided that 300 litres per minute is available at the end of the hose for every breathable air specialist. The interconnection of breathable air lines is not recommended because: - the internal diameter is reduced by each coupling fitted and this reduces the flow capacity - every coupling poses an additional risk of leaks. Quick-fit couplings must also not be exposed to a tensile force - couplings must not project anywhere at the rear. If breathable air lines must nevertheless be interconnected, the following should be borne in mind: - the air delivery of at least 300 litres per minute per person and the minimum service pressure of 8 bar must be guaranteed at the end of the breathable air line - the discharge couplings on the breathable air line must be interconnected via an adapter - no tensile force may act on discharge couplings. A tensile relief device must be fitted at these points - interconnection must be performed in such a way that it always takes place outside the enclosed space.
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Fitting Fitting of the breathable air lines to the breathable air specialist must be carried out via tensile relief devices. Direct pulling of couplings must not occur under any circumstances. The use of quick-fit couplings on breathable air lines If quick-fit couplings are used in the system, these must be fitted with a locking device, which cannot be disconnected accidentally. Couplings of this kind must also be fitted with a tensile relief device. Both couplings must be of the so-called shut-off type, with the free outflow of breathable air being directly blocked if the couplings become disconnected from one another. Testing of breathable air hoses At least once a year, the breathable air hoses must be inspected at test pressure and checked to ensure that they still meet the requirements laid down. 3.2.10 The breathable air specialists equipment Depending on the nature of work, a breathable air specialists equipment must at least comprise: - protective clothing which, depending on the environment and the substances used, affords the user adequate protection; this applies also to gas suits - a breathing mask or breathable air helmet with an internal mask with CE approval, an overpressure respiratory valve and a microphone for communication - a safety harness to which the breathable air lines with the tensile relief device and hoisting cable can be properly secured - an air distributor block fitted to this safety harness, to which the two breathable air lines, i.e. the main line and emergency line, can be connected by lockable quick-fit couplings - from this air distributor block, a medium pressure hose is routed to the breathing mask and, depending on the design, another is routed to the emergency air set - an emergency air set consisting of a high-pressure breathable air cylinder, that is used if the two supplies no longer deliver breathable air. In that case, the breathable air specialist can disconnect himself and use this emergency air set. The contents of this emergency air set must be laid down jointly by the customer and designer according to the situation. The emergency air set must be borne by the individual and is only to be connected to the breathing mask and therefore not to the gas suit cooling system. The contents of the emergency air set must be chosen in such a way that the breathable air specialist can make himself safe with air consumption of 100 litres per minute.
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3.3 CERTIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT

Breathable air systems may be certified in accordance with the CE approval system. Owing to the wide range of design, however, it is not possible to secure uniform CE approval. Every system must therefore be offered separately for CE certification and is consequently unique. 3.3.1 Inspection and certification To be granted an inspection certificate, an IDLH breathable air system must meet the requirements set out below: - the drawings and calculations of the design of the entire breathable air system must be submitted - during the construction process, the inspection body is to check whether construction is taking place in accordance with the design drawings and calculations and whether the components used meet the requirements laid down - the inspection and material certificates for the components used - the user manual must be drawn up in Dutch - the finished system must be subjected to a function test by the inspection body. If all the aspects described above are found to be in order, the entire system is granted an inspection certificate. This system inspection does not take the place of other inspections of parts or components laid down by law. 3.3.2 Validity of the inspection certificate An inspection certificate is valid for up to 12 months after the date of issue. If the user wishes to operate the breathable air system with the inspection certificate previously granted, the breathable air system must be offered for reinspection again before the end of this 12-month period. The following documents must in this connection be submitted to the inspection body: - the original construction drawings so that it can be checked whether the breathable air system is still in the original state or whether interim changes have been recorded - the maintenance log with, among other things, the following documents: - the inspection certificate previously issued - the maintenance reports relating to, for example, the compressor and generator - the test reports for the breathable air hoses and analysers - the inspection certificates for the high-pressure and low-pressure cylinders - the air sampling reports. Before the system is offered to the inspection body for inspection, the system must be 100% functional and all preventive and corrective maintenance work must have been performed in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Once the visual inspection test and functional test have been successfully conducted by the inspection body, a fresh inspection certificate is issued, which is to be valid for no more than another 12 months after the date of issue. The original test certificates, or copies of them, must be kept with the life support unit logbook.
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Following approval, an inspection sticker must be affixed to the life support unit in a clearly visible manner. This uniquely numbered inspection sticker is also to quote the month and year in which the facility must be reinspected. This sticker is valid only with the test certificate.
3.4 INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION BODIES

Inspections and tests must be conducted by a certification body which adopts the manual guidelines in this context and which is familiar with diving systems and breathable air systems, as these are subject to the same test criteria. Manufacturers/suppliers of respiratory protection equipment, life support units and other equipment must follow the guidelines set out in this manual. In particular, the specified technical requirements, testing and inspections of equipment must be followed.
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3.5 PERIODIC CHECKS

The following periodic checks must be performed on the breathable air system. The manufacturers operating and maintenance instructions must be followed for this. 3.5.1 Daily checking of the life support unit Before work is begun, a visual check on the complete breathable air system must be performed. This includes: - checking the compressor(s), oil, coolant, V-belts in accordance with the manufacturers instructions - checking the emergency air reservoir, which must have an adequate prepressure in the system - checking the reservoir pressure in the emergency air cylinder - checking the filter elements of the air filter/cleaning facilities to ensure satisfactory operation - a function test performed on the breathable air control panel - checking the communication equipment - checking all connecting hoses and quick-fit couplings between the air control panel and the reels on which the breathable air lines are mounted - checking the quick-fit couplings, tensile relief device and the outside of the breathable air lines for damage - checking the gas suit for damage - checking the operation of the breathing mask. For this purpose, refer at the very least to the items on the accompanying Daily checking of the LSU checklist.
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DAILY CHECKING OF THE LSU Check electrical connections/cables/plugs Check whether the earthing is correctly connected Check the generator set in accordance with factory specification, such as oil level, fuel, coolant Check the low-pressure or high-pressure compressor in accordance with factory specification; oil level, fuel, coolant Check the breathable air filter facility: the resistance indicators on the filter elements. - Drain water of condensation Check the tablet drier. Is there sufficient desiccant in the drier? - Drain water of condensation Check the high-pressure emergency air cylinders. Are these cylinders completely filled with breathable air. - Record pressure Check the entire breathable air system for leaks during test running at the maximum service pressure Check the prepressures of the low-pressure and highpressure air system on the pressure gauges in the air control panel. - Record pressures Check changeover from air supply 1 to 2 and vice versa Check the suction air analyser for the compressor for low O2, a high CO level and explosive gas mixtures Visually check for external damage: the connecting hoses between the control panel and the reels, breathable air lines, discharge couplings, quick-fit couplings and tensile relief devices Visually inspect the air distributor block of the breathable air carrier, particularly the quick-fit couplings Visually inspect the breathing mask for cleanliness and visible damage Visually check the gas suit for cleanliness and visible damage Check the entire system for (audible) leaks when the pressure is on, particularly the quick-fit couplings. Check whether the pressure in the entire system remains constant Check whether the overpressure system functions when the breathing mask is fitted to the face Check the communication system installed in the air control panel and in the breathing mask Check whether the emergency cylinder on the user is filled to the maximum service pressure. Record pressure Test the operation of the emergency cylinder when this is connected to the air distributor block/mask Visually check the fall protector for damage
OK
Not OK Corrective action
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3.5.2 Annual maintenance and testing of the life support unit At least once a year, the entire breathable air system must undergo a major maintenance routine before being offered again to the inspection body for inspection. This entails the following: - maintenance of the compressor, generator set, etc. in accordance with the manufacturers instructions - cleaning of the air filter facility and, if necessary, replacement of filter elements - hydrostatic testing of the air buffer cylinders for high and low pressure - cleaning and checking all pressure controllers and safety valves - cleaning and checking all insulation shut-off valves in the control panel - checking and adjusting the pressure switches and alarm unit - checking and adjusting the communication equipment - checking and calibrating the analyser - hydrostatically testing all the flexible connecting hoses with a test pressure that is 1.5 times the service pressure - visually inspecting the outer covering of the breathable air lines for damage - hydrostatically testing the breathable air lines with a test pressure that is 1.5 times the service pressure - taking an air sample - conducting a full function test on the system - completing the maintenance log with all the service reports and test certificates - offering the entire breathable air system to the inspection body for reinspection. For this purpose, refer at the very least to the items on the accompanying Annual checking of the LSU checklist.
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ANNUAL CHECKING OF THE LSU OK Check electrical connections/cables/plugs Check the generator set in accordance with factory specification, such as oil level, fuel, coolant. Replace fuel and oil filters, storage battery, V-belts, etc. in accordance with the manufacturers instructions Check the low-pressure or high-pressure compressor in accordance with the factory specification; oil level, fuel, coolant, safety valves, etc. Replace filters and oil in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions Check the breathable air filter system: the resistance indicators on the filter elements. - Draw off water of condensation - Replace filters in accordance with the manufacturers instructions Check the tablet drier. Is there sufficient desiccant in the drier? - Draw off water of condensation - Where necessary, perform hydrostatic test on the pressure vessel Check the high-pressure emergency air cylinders. The cylinders must be filled with breathable air. - Record pressure - Where necessary, perform hydrostatic test on the pressure vessel Test the pressure controller with the safety valve of the high-pressure emergency air cylinders and adjust them Check the correct adjustment and satisfactory operation of the pressure switches installed in the system Visually check for external damage: the connecting hoses between the control panel and the reels, breathable air lines, discharge couplings, quick-fit couplings and tensile relief devices Test all high-pressure flexible connecting hoses in the system hydrostatically. - On approval, affix an inspection label to them Test all low-pressure connecting hoses/breathable air lines of the system hydrostatically. - On approval, affix an inspection label to them Check the entire system for (audible) leaks once it has been set to the maximum service pressure, particularly the quick-fit couplings. Check whether pressure in the entire system remains constant Check the prepressures of the low-pressure and highpressure air system on the pressure gauges in the air control panel Check the changeover from air supply 1 to 2 and vice versa Check the suction air analyser for the compressor for low O2, a high CO level and explosive gas mixtures. Where necessary, replace sensors
Not OK
Corrective action
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Test the air distributor block of the breathable air carrier, particularly the quick-fit couplings and the nonreturn valves Test/check/repair and adjust the breathing mask Visually inspect the gas suit for cleanliness and visible damage Replace vital parts in the low-pressure controller and test the controller Check safety valve of low-pressure buffer tank. Test buffer tank hydrostatically every 5 years Check all non-return valves in the air control panel for satisfactory operation Check the communication system installed in the air control panel and in the breathing mask Check whether the man-mounted emergency cylinder is filled to the maximum service pressure. - Record pressure - If necessary, perform hydrostatic test Record repairs in the maintenance log. Record the test results Check the electrical system for satisfactory operation of earth leakage switches, phase sequence, relays, etc. Take air samples from the compressors and check whether these meet requirements Conduct a function test in the presence of a recognised inspection body
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4 WORKING METHODS
There is no clear safe working method for the performance of work under respiratory protection that can be adopted in any situations that may arise. Nevertheless, it is possible to give general guidance and points to check that are important for safe work performance. The actual manager in charge of the work is responsible for appraising all risks and for tailoring management action to the risks. Every party must contribute information and knowledge of the workplace and of the work to be performed in order to make the risk assessment as full as possible. It remains the ultimate responsibility of the employer only to allow his staff to perform work once all identified and quantified risks are adequately controlled.
4.1 RISK ASSESSMENT

Workplace The workplace and its environment must be assessed for risks arising from or posed by the surrounding area. An appraisal of risks that may arise independently of the work to be performed is also important; a conceivable example is the uncontrolled release of hazardous substances. This information must be provided by the manager/owner of the workplace. Work to be performed The work may influence the release of agents. By their own nature, these substances may also pose risks in the workplace. All potential risks must be controlled. Of course, a method must be chosen that results in the least possible increase in risks. Health risks In addition to safety risks, any factors that may affect health must be assessed. Examples include toxicological risks, heat, breaching of MAC values, biological agents, extreme cold, etc. Industrial hygiene risks The risks of contamination of workers with agents must be assessed beforehand. The way in which decontamination must be performed must be meticulously determined beforehand.
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4.2 CONTROL MEASURES

Safety measures In defining all safety measures, reference is made in this manual to generally accepted rules of safety practice. Health measures Based on the health risks, measures must be taken to prevent contamination of staff. At the very least, the following aspects must have been demonstrably weighed up: - nominal protection factors of the (respiratory) protection equipment used in relation to the substances present in the workplace and their concentrations - resistance of protective clothing, gloves and boots to the properties of the substances present in the workplace - definition of a work/rest time framework in relation to the physical stress that can arise during work. The occurrence of heat stress as a result of vapour - tight clothing must be prevented. Industrial hygiene measures In addition to provision for the normal sanitary facilities and breaks, procedures must be drawn up for the safe decontamination of contaminated staff. The principle to be adopted is that skin and respiratory protection equipment may only be taken off once any contamination has been removed from staff. Procedures for emergencies Lastly, procedures and resources must always be in place that can, in the event of emergency, be directly employed to control or eliminate the emergency. Examples include rescue procedures, emergency showers, fire-fighting equipment and methods of communication. Setting-up of compressor to draw in outside air The compressor should, in consultation with the customer, be positioned in such a way that the outside air drawn in remains free from substances that pose a threat to health. Account should also be taken of plots indicating weather conditions that may adversely affect the quality of the outside air drawn in, such as mist and a lack of wind.
4.3 ORGANISATIONAL MEASURES

All work steps, the risks assessed in this connection and the associated control measures must be set out in a TRA. Compilation of the TRA is the responsibility of the actual manager, who can and should involve all parties concerned in this process. Before the work is begun, the TRA must be demonstrably discussed with all staff involved in the work at a start-of-work meeting. In the case of major complex jobs, it is recommended to provide these instructions in readily reviewable sections. If, in the course of the work, circumstance change such that new risks are identified or recognised, a new TRA must be produced. All records of the work to be performed must be accessible to all involved at the workplace.
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4.4 CHOICE OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION METHODS

In situations where respiratory protection equipment must be used, two different approaches can be chosen. The difference between both working methods lies mainly in the origin of the air, namely: - dependent respiratory protection, in which the air is directly removed from the work environment after filtration - independent respiratory protection, in which the air is supplied from outside the workplace or is withdrawn from an independent unit. Respiratory protection equipment must under all circumstances ensure that the breathable air for the user is free from harmful contaminants and that the user does not run any health risks. The most important health risks that may be present at workplaces and against which people must be protected are: - chemical risks in the form of gases, fumes, dust, vapours, mists - thermal dangers such as hot or cold air streams, metal spatter and sparks - asphyxiation owing to a deficiency of oxygen or as a result of spaces being filled with inert gas; an example of an inert gas is nitrogen - a danger of contamination by radioactive particles or by biological agents - hazardous substances - a danger of explosion. The use of respiratory protection equipment must always be tailored to the risks present in the workplace. Of course, the industrial hygiene strategy must be followed in this connection and the priority is for measures at source or general protection. Since, in industrial cleaning, work is always carried out outside normal process conditions and the cleaning is in itself a source measure, it is often not possible to work without respiratory protection equipment. Prior to the start of any work, all the risks must therefore be assessed by the performance of a specific TRA. All risks are assessed and analysed in this TRA, and adequate control measures are specified for these risks.
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4.4.1 Dependent respiratory protection In dependent respiratory protection, the ambient air is filtered to a value that is safe for the user. This is carried out via the filter system of the respiratory protection equipment. The filter prevents the ingress of gases, fumes or dust and the respiratory protection equipment may be a mask, cap or fresh-air helmet. The safe value must be at least less than one fifth of the MAC value for the substance present in the workplace. In the case of mixtures of substances, these must be below the calculated MAC value according to the total exposure index (TEI). Dependent respiratory protection may only be used if: - the type of air contamination is known, with the concentration of gases, fumes or substances - the properties of the contamination are known - if the MAC value is known - sufficient oxygen is present (21%) - there is no risk of explosion, stupefaction or asphyxiation - work is not carried out in enclosed spaces, such as tanks, boilers, pipework, crawl spaces - there is no risk of breach of the maximum concentration for the filter type used (0.5% and 0.1% contamination by volume) - there is no risk of the IDLH value or the MAC-C value of a substance being achieved - specific guidelines are known, as for asbestos, welding fumes and carcinogens - the quality and properties of the filter and the nominal protection factor (NPF value) of the respiratory protection equipment in question are known. In all other cases or in the event of doubt, independent respiratory protection must always be used. Bear in mind that a workplace atmosphere that had been below the MAC value before the start of work may, as a result of industrial cleaning activities, change to an atmosphere in which the MAC value is breached. During work, the atmosphere at the workplace must never exceed 10% LEL.
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4.4.2 Independent respiratory protection In the case of independent respiratory protection, fresh air is supplied to the user from outside or air is supplied from a respiration unit. The fresh air supplied makes the user completely independent of the atmosphere in his workplace. There are two types of risks, for which specific control measures must be taken in each case: - IDLH situations, in which failure of the respiratory protection equipment leads directly to death or to life-threatening situations - non-IDLH situations in which, although failure of the respiratory protection equipment leads to situations that are harmful to health, life is not directly jeopardised and there is no permanent damage to health. Those concerned can achieve safety independently. 4.4.2.1 IDLH situations Work in IDLH situations calls for specially trained level C respiratory protection staff and the use of life support units. The method adopted for the work must also be extremely careful. In the event of additional risks of skin contamination or skin damage, measures to protect the skin must also be adopted through the use of gas suits. 4.4.2.2 Non-IDLH situations The performance of work in non-IDLH situations calls for the use of trained level B respiratory protection staff and the use of other breathable air systems (see section 3.1.2). The work must be carried out in accordance with the normal procedures described. In the case of additional risks of skin contamination or skin damage, protective clothing must also be used, such as chemicals overalls or suits.
4.4.3 Determination of respiratory protection working methods To determine what respiratory protection equipment must be used, the process diagrams illustrated in the accompanying figures are generally used. One diagram - on page 44 concerns work performed OUTSIDE enclosed spaces. The other diagram on page 45 concerns work performed INSIDE encloses spaces.
43
Protection level selection diagram for work performed OUTSIDE enclosed spaces
START OF ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA
- Hazardous substance < 1/5 MAC value - Oxygen O2 = 20.5 max. 21% - Flammable gas < 10% LEL - No enclosed space Workplac e meets criteria YES
ADOPT
- PBMs laid down as standard - No respiratory protection training necessary
NO
- 1/5 MAC value < Hazardous substance < 5 MAC value - Oxygen O2 = 20.5 max. 21% - Flammable gas < 10% LEL - Geen enclosed space
Workplac e meets criteria
YES - PBMs laid down as standard - Minimum half-face mask with suitable filters - Respiratory protection training level A
NO
- 5 MAC value < Hazardous substance < 10 MAC value - Oxygen O2 = 20.5 max. 21% - Flammable gas < 10% LEL - Geen enclosed space
YES
- PBMs laid down as standard - Full face mask with suitable filters - Respiratory protection training level A
NO - 10 MAC value < Haz. substance < 1,000 MAC value - Oxygen O2 = 20.5 max. 21% - Flammable gas < 10% LEL - No enclosed space - Possible skin contamination - Non-IDLH - situation
YES
- Independent respiratory protection with simple air line - PBMs laid down as standard - In the case of possible skin contamination: chemicals suit - Opleiding respiratory protection niveau B 1
NEE - Hazardous substance > 1,000 MAC value - Oxygen O2 = 20.5 max. 21 % - Flammable gas < 10% LEL - No enclosed space - Possible skin contamination / skin absorption - IDLH situation
YES
- Gas suits with independent respiratory protection - Breathable air specialist training level C - Life Support Unit
NO
STOP
Do NOT perform work

Or Reconsider criteria
44
4.5
Protection level selection diagram for work performed INSIDE enclosed spaces
START OF ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA
- Hazardous substance < 1/5 MAC value - Oxygen O2 = 20 to max. 21% - Flammable gas < 10% LEL - Enclosed space Enclosed space meets criteria YES
ADOPT
- PBMs and procedures laid down as standard - No respiratory protection training necessary - Manhole guard
NO
- 1/5 - 1/5 MAC value < Haz. substance < 1,000

MAC value - Oxygen O2 = 18 to max. 21% - Flammable gas < 10% LEL - Enclosed space - Possible skin contamination - Non-IDLH situation Enclosed space meets criteria YES
- Standard procedures for enclosed spaces - Manhole guard - Independent respiratory protection with simple air line - If skin contamination possible: Chemicals clothing - Respiratory protection training level B1
NO
- Hazardous substance > 1,000 MAC value - Oxygen O2 = less than 18% - Flammable gas < 10% LEL, if measurable - Enclosed space - No skin contamination - IDLH situation
Enclosed space meets criteria
YES
- Independent respiratory protection - Life Support Unit - Standby person - Manhole guard - Respiratory protection training level C
NO - Gas suits with independent respiratory protection - Life Support Unit - Standby person - Manhole guard - Breathable air specialist training level C
- Oxygen O2 = less than 18% - Hazardous substance and skin contamination - Enclosed space - IDLH situation
Enclosed space meets criteria
YES
NO
STOP
Do NOT perform work or Reconsider criteria
45
4.6 WORKING IN ENCLOSED SPACES

Respiratory protection is often used during work in enclosed spaces. The cleaning of enclosed spaces always precedes other work and then constitutes a control measure in itself. Cleaning activities are often carried out under high-risk conditions. It is therefore important that the steps described are followed scrupulously. The points of special interest in Health and Safety Information Sheet AI-5 Safe work in enclosed spaces must be demonstrably incorporated in the TRA associated with the work. The following guidelines also always apply: - a (trained) manhole guard must always be present by the manhole and is to keep up-todate records of staff working in the enclosed space - work performed in enclosed spaces with the aid of respiratory protection may only be performed by staff in possession of a valid class B or C SIR certificate - there must always be authorisation present in the workplace setting out all applicable access conditions. In cases where the customer does not make (adequate) provision for work authorisation, work authorisation for safe working in enclosed spaces must nevertheless be adopted on the contractors initiative - gases or fumes in an enclosed space that pose a risk to health must always be determined in accordance with a measurement procedure so that extreme changes in concentrations cannot occur unexpectedly - no other activities may be performed at the same time in the space in which industrial cleaning work is conducted - updated details of all measurements performed and other records must be kept in a logbook at work - an enclosed space with an ambient temperature above 35 C must not be entered unless body-cooling measures are taken. LEL below 10% An enclosed space may only be entered for work purposes if the lowest explosion limit (LEL) is below 10%. Work must never be carried out if a gas/vapour concentration greater than or equal to 10% of the LEL is present in the workplace. The gas/vapour concentration must therefore always be less than 10% of the LEL. If staff are present in a potentially explosive space, the explosion risk must be permanently determined in the vicinity of the workplace. Risk of value greater than the 10% LEL limit In spaces in which the 10% LEL limit is not breached at the start of work, but in which there is nevertheless a risk of the 10% LEL limit being exceed as a result of, for example, the presence of sludges with volatile substances, control measures must be taken, such as inerting or (forced) ventilation. Continuous measurement and monitoring of the composition of the atmosphere must then take place as well. All points of particular interest must be assessed in terms of risks, both qualitatively and quantitatively, within the work authorisation and/or the TRA. Control measures must be determined both prior to access and while the enclosed space is occupied. 4.6.1 Manhole guard In relation to the use of manhole guards when working in and around enclosed spaces, see Occupational Health and Safety Information Sheet AI-5 Safe work in enclosed spaces.
46
4.7 INERT ENTRY

Introduction A very special form of entering an enclosed space is known as inert entry. In this situation, an enclosed space is rendered so deficient in oxygen through the supply of an inert gas (generally nitrogen) that combustion or explosion is no longer possible. This inerting of an enclosed space is often carried out in industry in situations in which the concentration of flammable gases in a space is impossible to control. Inerting is used even if flammable gases continue to be released into the space from the products and a situation in which there is a risk of explosion cannot be prevented in the normal way. If pyrophoric substances (substances susceptible to spontaneous ignition), such as catalysts or products containing ferrosulphide, are present in an enclosed space, inerting is also often carried out. Lastly, inerting can be performed to prevent a substance reacting with oxygen or water vapour in the air. The entrance to an enclosed space must be spacious enough to allow easy access for a breathable air specialist with full equipment. Only breathable air lines should preferably be routed via this entrance. Therefore route other lines via another entrance to the space. 4.7.1 Inert entry - work preparation Inert entry is involved when the oxygen percentage is less than 3%. The specific dangers of inert entry are: - the atmosphere in the space is directly life-threatening in the case of unprotected respiration - the ingress of air into the space leads directly to a risk of explosion, extreme corrosion or a temperature rise with combustion of substances (spontaneously igniting substances) - gases released from the space may form an explosive mixture with air outside the manhole (if more than 5% combustible gases are present in the inert mixture). Owing to these significant specific risks, inert entry must always be carried out with the greatest possible care and preparation in accordance with the control measures and procedures set out above. Staff and managers involved in an inert entry must at the very least have a valid level C certificate. Prior to commencing work and setting up the equipment, the SIR Inert Entry Checklist (see pp. 49-50) must always be completed by the manager in charge. Only once all the customers instructions and procedures have been followed, full work preparation has been conducted, the work authorisation has been recorded and this SIR Inert Entry Checklist has been approved may all equipment be set up and the inert entry prepared.
47
4.7.2 Inert entry - performance Before inert entry is performed, the manager must review the entire work situation with the aid of the SIR Arrangement of Inert Entry checklist (see pp. 49-50). If all the conditions have been met, inert entry can be performed. For a safe inert entry, not only all the general rules and regulations as set out in AI 5 Safe working in enclosed spaces but also the following specific SIR guidelines must be followed: - a work team for an inert entry is to consist of at least three (3) certified individuals and one (1) manager (see section 2.6) - the oxygen percentage in the enclosed space is to be continuously measured in the workplace and must not exceed 3% - at the manhole where substances that pose a health risk or nitrogen may be released, an area must, in consultation with the customer, be defined within which everyone must wear independent respiratory protection. Also consider weather conditions that may have an adverse effect, such as absence of wind - the oxygen percentage and the explosive gas/vapour concentration is to be continuously measured at the manhole - all gas measurements must be recorded in a logbook present at the workplace - there must be work/rest time regulations tailored to the physical exertion required, the ambient temperature and the activities - the ambient temperature in the space must not exceed 35 C - there must be a rescue plan that meets the requirements as set out in section 4.8.
48
Events that (may) influence one of the points on this checklist must be discussed at the beginning of EACH shift and signed by the team leader of the new shift.
Inert Entry Checklist
Date Work/Equipment no. Location

Action LSU electrically connected LSU deployed in safe location (windward) Back-up LSU bottles (50 litres) opened Air compressor functioning Air analyser functioning Air hoses connected, secured and tested Extra mask lined up for manhole guard Communication system tested Alarm systems tested Emergency bottle filled (> 180 bar), brought along and adequate? TRA complete and discussed Workplace marked out Fall protection (Rollgliss) and manhole davit installed Product information present (on catalyst, product, contamination) Enclosed space marked off Electrical systems disconnected and fuses functional Work authorisation and entry authorisation present Emergency procedures drawn up and known Decontamination procedure prepared and known Nitrogen warning signs in place Sealing facility (with lock) present Adequate lighting present Manhole guard present Standby person present Continuous oxygen measurement in enclosed space present Continuous O2 / L.E.L. measurement at manhole present Conditions Temperature in enclosed space < 350C Oxygen in enclosed space < 3% L.E.L. at manhole < 10 % (measured 1 metre above manhole) Benzene < 40 ppm (fumes) Liquids with skin indication (absorption or damage) yes No
Authorisation number(s) Checked by manager Measures taken YES NO N.A. SHIFT INITIALS
If not Take measures If not Stop work immediately (and for example increase N2 purge) NB: an accurate readout is provided only after 3 minutes measurement. If not GAS SUIT ENTRY If so GAS SUIT ENTRY, see also resistance table
49
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS In the situations set out below, work must be STOPPED IMMEDIATELY and the enclosed space must be vacated DIRECTLY. LSU alarm Oxygen in enclosed space > 3% L.E.L. at manhole > 10% (measured in the case of > 19% O 2) Factory alarm In all other cases in which one of the team members observes an anomalous situation that may adversely affect the safe performance of work. Any events that (may) influence one of the foregoing points must be reported, quoting the details of name, time and event.
50
51
4.8 USE OF GAS SUITS

Gas suits must be used in all cases in which, in addition to respiratory protection equipment, extensive skin protection must be provided. In cases in which gas suits are used, all measures as defined for inert entry apply, regardless of whether or not the use of gas suits takes place in an inert situation or an enclosed space. Every member of staff and manager must have a valid level C certificate. The selection of gas suits must be meticulously carried out on the basis of the properties of the substances present in the workplace, the risks of mechanical damage of the suits and the capacity of the suits for withstanding the substances present. The use of a gas suit means considerable stress for the user, including in the form of thermal stress. The natural cooling mechanism is severely impaired by the gas suit. This can lead to overheating of the body and to extreme fluid loss by the gas suit wearer. This fluid loss must be compensated for regularly. Work / rest times must therefore be carefully matched to working conditions while such suits are being used. Benzene Benzene is used as an example here, partly because benzene is regularly to be found in impurities and in products used in industrial cleaning operations and also because it is capable of penetrating the skin. Even in very low concentrations, this substance can very rapidly pose a threat to health. In high concentrations, it can be fatal. If it comes into contact with the skin in fluid form, it can be readily absorbed by (healthy) skin. In view of the carcinogenic properties, too, all contact with the skin must be avoided and, where appropriate, a gas suit must be worn. The inhalation or ingestion of benzene fumes can also have very harmful consequences for health. This must be prevented by appropriate personal protection equipment. Absorption of other substances by the skin In the case of all other substances that can be absorbed in vapour or gaseous form by the skin, a separate risk assessment must always be performed. In the case of doubt, the use of a gas suit is of course always preferable. Note In the case of contact between a fluid and the skin, absorption by the skin will be significantly greater than for skin contact with a vapour or gas in the air. Rule of thumb for determining the level for the use of a gas suit The point of departure is the MAC value. Assume that the substance has a MAC value of 1 ppm in the case of a normal 8-hour working day. Skin absorption is 5%; this means that 1/20th of the concentration in air is absorbed by the skin. The concentration from which the use of a gas suit is prescribed is in this example 20 x 1 ppm = 20 ppm.
52
4.9 RESCUE PLAN

Rescue plan for working in a gas suit in an enclosed space. Object Formulation of conditions - concerning when a rescue plan must be drawn up, and - that a rescue plan must as a minimum meet. Assumptions - Article 4.6 of the Occupational Health and Safety Decree Danger of asphyxiation, stupefaction, poisoning, fire or explosion - Occupational Health and Safety Policy rule 4.6-1 Analysis in spaces in which there is a danger of asphyxiation, stupefaction, poisoning, fire or explosion - Occupational Health and Safety Policy rule 4.6-2 Measures in spaces in which there is a danger of asphyxiation, stupefaction, poisoning, fire or explosion - Occupational Health and Safety information sheet AI-5: quotation Where necessary, while individuals are present in the space, someone is to be present outside the space to observe work in the space. This person must be able to take immediate action in an emergency and to take any measures described in the emergency procedure. It is virtually impossible for someone to be rescued from an enclosed space by a single individual. Rescue is only possible if helpers have suitable personal protective equipment. Such equipment is also used if circumstances require. Before work in or by the enclosed space is begun, the supervisor must satisfy himself that, in accordance with the emergency procedures, there are enough people who can be alerted in the event of an emergecy and rapidly deployed. Definition of rescue plan A description of all the measures, activities and arrangements that an enterprise has prepared in order to minimise and control the effects (possible consequences) of disastrous (adverse) events. When must a rescue plan be drawn up? A rescue plan must be drawn up prior to work as soon as activities are carried out in an enclosed space covered by the definition of an enclosed space pursuant to AI-5 and performed by individuals protected by a gas suit with overpressure and independent respiratory protection. In addition, the substance of the rescue plan must be tailored to the customers emergency plan.
53
What is the minimum to be included in the rescue plan? As every work project entails specific risks, it is not possible to formulate a standard rescue plan. A proper risk analysis and assessment must therefore take place during the work preparation phase. It is nevertheless possible to specify what details must at the very least be included in a rescue plan. Standard risks The result of the risk analysis and risk assessment answers the question of whether the identified specific risks form part of the standaad risks inherent in the sector and described in the risk appraisal and evaluation (RA&E). If this is the case, these known risks, including the associated control measures, can serve as a point of departure for the drafting of a rescue plan. Non-standard risks If the identified risks do not, however, form part of the standard risks referred to above, these non-standard risks must first be analysed and evaluated. The associated control measures form the result of this analysis and evaluation and must be catered for in the drafting of a rescue plan. Proposal concerning minimum substance of a rescue plan - Details of customer and contractor - Reference to current laws and regulations - Objectives and scope of the rescue plan - Complete table with identified risks and associated control measures - Description of the enclosed space with specific details of where entry is to be gained. (an explanation accompanied by a drawing is preferable) - Description of the required alarm and communication equipment, both for communication with the individuals in the enclosed space and for communication with the supervisor and/or any help providers - Description of the person present at the enclosed space on a standby basis and a description of the resources that this individual must have on a standby basis in order to perform a rescue. Note: this is not the person as referred to in AI-5 and designated as the manhole guard, but an extra person (help provider). (See also section 2.6) - Description of the way in which a victim is transported from the enclosed space, including a description of the rescue gear required and the personnel needed for this - Description of any necessary medical emergency facilities and fire-fighting gear that must be in the direct vicinity of the enclosed space. (oxygen container, dressings, fire extinguishers, etc.) - Description of the organisation and staff arrangements for the emergency medical facilities and fire fighting - Description of the way in which all involved are trained on the content of the rescue plan. The rescue plan must be present at the workplace and at the manhole guard. Since this manhole guard often has means of communication, he must also be familiar with the content of the rescue plan.
54
55
5 ABBREVIATIONS
The abbreviations used in this manual are set out below. AI AI sheet bar CE dBA DT EN IDLH LEL LSU m mm MAC MAC-C Industrial inspection Health and Safety Information sheet unit of pressure; 1 bar = 100,000 Pa (Pascal) = 100 kPa (kilopascal) Conformit Europenne = CE marking used on machines that meet all European product guidelines decibel = unit of sound pressure expert supervisor European Standard Immediate Danger to Life and Health Lower Explosion Limit Life Support Unit, also known as a Safety Unit metre millimetre Maximum Acceptable Concentration of a gas, vapour, mist or dust in the air at the workplace Maximum Acceptable Concentration - Ceiling value. Breaching of this concentration must be prevented under all circumstances
MAC-SMaximum Acceptable Concentration - S = Substance absorbable by the skin MAC-TWM NEN-EN NPF value Pascal (Pa) ppm Maximum Acceptable Concentration - TWM = Time-weighted mean Dutch standard European standard Nominal Protection Factor unit of pressure; 1 bar = 100,000 Pa = 100 kPa (kilopascal) parts per million
56
RA&E SIR TEI TRA VCA H&S plan % by vol.
Risk Appraisal and Evaluation Industrial Cleaning Foundation Total Exposure Index Task Risk Analysis VGM Contractors Checklist Health & Safety Plan Percentage by volume
Reference list Health and Safety Information sheets: AI sheet 5 Safe working in enclosed spaces AI sheet 6 Working with carcinogenic substances and processes AI sheet 19 Industrial paint processing AI sheet 25 Prevention of serious accidents as a result of hazardous substances Health and Safety Subject Specifications: ATC 1 Working in hot conditions ATC 3 Physical stress at work Health and Safety Decree, article 4.6 Danger of asphyxiation, stupefaction, poisoning, fire or explosion Occupational Health and Safety policy rule 4.6-1 Analysis in spaces in which there is a danger of asphyxiation, stupefaction, poisoning, fire or explosion Occupational Health and Safety policy rule 4.6-2 Measures in spaces in which there is a danger of asphyxiation, stupefaction, poisoning, fire or explosion Directives: CE marking Machinery Directive Directive on Equipment Directive on Pressure Equipment
57
6 LIST OF KEY WORDS

A air distributor block........................................................................................31, 35, 38 alarm 27, 28 asphyxiation 20, 41, 42, 53, 57 benzene 52 breathable air cylinder.............................................................................16, 17, 19, 31 breathable air line................................................................................................26, 30 breathable air specialist....................................8, 9, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 31 breathable air user................................................................................................8, 12 breathing mask.................................................................................12, 31, 34, 35, 38 carbon dioxide...........................................................................................................27 carbon monoxide.................................................................................................26, 27 communication..................................................................................22, 29, 31, 40, 54 contamination 39, 40 contractor 9, 11, 18, 23, 25, 46 contractor/contractor...................................................................................................9 crack-free 30 crew 23 customer 9 dependent respiratory protection......................................................16, 17, 19, 41, 42 discharge couplings......................................................................................30, 35, 37 earthing 28, 35 emergency 40 emergency air reservoir.............................................................................................34 emergency air set......................................................................................................31 emergency line....................................................................................................26, 28 emergency plan.....................................................................................................9, 53 enclosed space.........................................9, 18, 19, 22, 23, 30, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54 end terms 14, 16, 18 explosion 47, 53, 57 exposure 7 facial components...................................................................................16, 17, 18, 19 filter bushings 14 fire 53, 57 flow capacity 26 fluid loss 52 fresh air cap 25, 26 full-face mask 16, 17, 19 function test 8, 32, 34, 36 gas measurements..............................................................................................20, 48 gas suit 12, 13, 20, 22, 26, 31, 34, 35, 38, 52, 53 hazardous substances..............................................................8, 9, 11, 14, 25, 41, 57 health requirements....................................................................................................7 health risk 11, 40, 41 heat stress 20, 40 IDLH 11, 16, 23, 25, 42, 43, 56 independent respiratory protection.......................................16, 17, 19, 41, 42, 43, 53 inert entry 20, 47, 48 inert gas 20, 41, 47 inerting 46, 47 inspection 9, 12, 16, 30, 32, 36 kink-free 30 LEL 26, 46, 56
58 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004
life-threatening..........................................................................................................47 locking device 31 MAC 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 26, 39, 42, 52, 56 main line 26, 27 manhole guard..........................................................................................................46 overpressure 16, 17, 19, 31, 35, 53 oxygen 11, 26, 41, 42, 47 oxygen percentage.......................................................................................26, 47, 48 poisoning 20, 53, 57 protection factor............................................................................................11, 13, 42 quick-fit couplings......................................................................................................30 rescue plan 53 respiration unit..................................................................................16, 17, 19, 26, 43 respirator 16, 22, 30 respiratory protection...................................................................................................3 risk of asphyxiation......................................................................................................8 safety harness...........................................................................................................31 service pressure........................................................................................................26 skin contamination....................................................................................................43 skin damage 43 stupefaction 42, 53, 57 tensile force 30 tensile relief device........................................................................................30, 31, 34 test pressure 30, 31, 36 toxic substances.......................................................................................................... 7 TRA 9, 18, 19, 40, 41, 46, 57 transitional period........................................................................................................8 usage time 16 ventilation 46
59
SIR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION CERTIFICATE
60
Translation of certificate (see previous page)
SIR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION LEVEL B1 AB1
G. ROEN
BORN ON 2 FEBRUARY 1950
HAS PASSED THE SIR EXAMINATION HELD ON 1 NOVEMBER 2003,
CERTIFICATE NUMBER AB1 0001 VALID UNTIL 1 NOVEMBER 2006
HEAD OF EXAMINATIONS BOARD (signed)
61
NOTIFICATION FORM
MANUAL RELATING TO RESPIRATORY PROTECTION USE OF LIFE SUPPORT UNITS, 2nd edition 2004 If you consider that the guidance in this manual is inaccurate, you can bring this to the attention of SIR via this notification form. Your comments will be followed up and may lead to a revision of the contents of a subsequent edition. It may be necessary for us to consult you for further information. Please would you therefore provide the fullest possible details. Your comment concerns - section : - page(s) : Your personal details - name and initials - employer - address - town and post code - tel. - fax - e-mail Your comment is
Background, arguments, reasons and similar information
Send this notification form to: SIR Postbus 307 3140 AH Maassluis The Netherlands
62

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MANUAL

USE OF LIFE SUPPORT UNITS

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

Safety in industrial cleaning: a SIRious matter.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

AMENDMENTS OF THE 2nd EDITION AS COMPARED WITH THE 1st EDITION

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

INPUT DATA and TRANSITIONAL PERIODS

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

1.1 CUSTOMER AND ASSIGNEE/CONTRACTOR

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

1.4 INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION BODY

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

2.2 QUALIFICATION OF RISKS

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

2.3 HEALTH REQUIREMENTS

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

2.4 USE OF THE CORRECT EQUIPMENT

NPF = Nominal Protection Factor.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

2.5 STAFF QUALIFICATIONS

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

Practical assessment of occasional users of respiratory protection level A Name :

Date of assessment : Assessed by : Unsati Satisfa sfacto ctory Good ry

Final assessment To be completed by trainer

: Unsatisfactory / Satisfactory / Good :

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

Practical assessment of regular users of respiratory protection level B1 Name :

Date of assessment : Assessed by : Unsati Satisfa sfacto ctory Good ry

Final assessment To be completed by trainer

: Unsatisfactory / Satisfactory / Good :

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

Final assessment To be completed by trainer

: Unsatisfactory / Satisfactory / Good :

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

Practical assessment of breathable air specialist - level C Name :

Date of assessment : Assessed by : Unsati Satisfa sfacto ctory Good ry

Final assessment To be completed by trainer

: Unsatisfactory / Satisfactory / Good :

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

2.6 CREWING OF A LIFE SUPPORT UNIT IN IDLH SITUATIONS

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

3.2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING THE IDLH BREATHABLE AIR SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

3.3 CERTIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

3.4 INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION BODIES

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

3.5 PERIODIC CHECKS

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MANUAL JANUARY 2004

Not OK Corrective action