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*Dept of Industrial Engg, College of Aeronautical Engg, National University of Science and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. **Dept of Aerospace Engg, College of Aeronautical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. ***Dept of Mech Engg, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan.
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Y V Z *
Displacement in Y axis Shear force Displacement in Z axis Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Normal Stress Shear Stress Modulus Weighted Property
INTRODUCTION Present days engineering design / analysis requires extensive mathematical calculations, which asks for a mammoth requirement of engineering software to facilitate and reduce the computational workload. At advanced level undergraduate courses of Aerospace structures the requirement of simple and easily learnable software was, therefore, felt for imparting better understanding of the course contents and to undertake parametric study to appreciate the effect and behaviour of aircraft structures under different loading conditions. To meet these requirements, authors have developed a software named STATOL (Structural Tool) that can be described as a computer based learning software. STATOL is developed in Visual Basic. User-friendly environment and enhanced Graphical user interface (GUI) of Visual Basic language are key factors behind the selection of the programming language. SCOPE The preliminary development of the software included the analysis of longitudinal stresses, compression forces, bending moments, and thermal loading affects on typical aircraft structures. Later on, Shear Flow calculations, Bucking Analysis and Principal Stresses calculations were also made part of the software as an additional work. The latest development of the software includes the shear flow distribution analysis. THEORY OF BEAMS AND SHEAR FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN STRUCTURES STATOL is developed for understanding the application of the theory / analysis of bending / extensions of the beams / structures and shear flow distribution in aircraft structures. STATOL is based upon concepts given in references [1] and [2]. A brief introduction to the concepts is given in the subsequent paragraphs. Stresses and Stress Resultants on a Beam Cross Section Due to Extension and Bending The theory is explained with the help of figure 1. Here, the force and moment resultants of the stress are acting upon the cross sections of the beam. The stresses on the differential area dA at point B with co-ordinates (x, y, z) are xx, xy and xz. The resultant of these stresses on the cross section consists of a force and a
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moment, whose components are axial component P, and shear components Vy and Vz, and the moment components are torsional moment Mt, and bending moments My, and Mz, which are about axes their parallel axes. The outcome of all calculation comes out to be following equation (the detailed equations development may found out as given in reference [1]): xx =
E E1 P * M z * I yy * M y * I yz * M y * I zz * M z * I yz * y z I yy * I zz * ( I yz *) 2 I yy * I zz * ( I yz *) 2 A*
(1)
This relation is used to calculate resultant stresses form external loads P (axial component) and bending moments My and Mz. The coordinates of modulus-weighted centroid are given as:yo* = 1 A*
1 A*
n i =1
i =1
y i0 Ai *
(2)
zo* =
z io A i *
(3)
Also
I
* yo yo
n n
i =1
Ei (I E1
Ei (I E1 Ei (I E1
y y oi
+ zi Ai )
2
(4)
zo zo
i =1
z zoi
+ yi Ai )
2
(5)
yo zo
i =1
y zoi
+ zi y i Ai )
(6)
And
I yy * = I y o y o * ( z o *) 2 A *
I zz * = I z o z o * ( y o *) 2 A *
I yz * = I yo zo * z o * y o * A
Shear Flow Due to Shear in Thin Walled Open Section Slender Beams
This section deals with the calculation of resultant form external shear components of loads and bending moments. A differential length of a homogenous beam of arbitrary thin walled cross section is shown in figure 2. It is assumed that a beam is subjected to shear force V and a temperature change T(x,y,z). The transverse ribs or frames (rigid in y and z directions but flexible in x direction) maintain the cross sectional shape but allow free warping out of the plane of the cross section.
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Figure 3 shows the free body diagram of differential length of a typical wall of a structure shown in figure 2. The coordinate s which locates this element is measured along the midline of the wall from an arbitrary point O in the wall. Summing the forces in the x direction, dividing by dx ds, taking the limit as ds approaches zero. The outcome of all calculation comes out to be following equation (the detailed equations derivations are given in reference [1]):
q = qo +
Where,
(10)
(11)
(12)
C3 ' =
* V z* I zz V y* I * yz * * 2 I* yy I zz ( I yz )
(13)
VERIFICATION OF RESULTS Stresses Resultants on a Beam Cross Section Assume the case of a simplified representation of a beam construction used in the aerodynamic surfaces of flight vehicles as shown in figure 4. The beam is acted upon by the thermal effects (as shown in figure 4) and a bending moment of 106 in-lb. It is assumed that the compression skin remains unbuckled and the structure is idealizing into longitudinals that carry only axial stresses and webs that sustain only shear stresses. The coefficient of thermal expansion is 1.26E-5 oF. The initial temperature of the structure is 70 oF. The external load is zero. The moment about x-axis is 1E6 in-lb. The moment about Y axis is zero. The total cross sectional area A*= 1.797E+1 in2. The coordinate of centroid are (20.90 in and 5.215 in). The values of the moment of inertia about different axes are Ixx*= 4.247E+2 in4, Iyy*= 7.063E+3 in4, Ixy= -4.705E+2 in4 The equivalent thermal loads are
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P* = P + PT = 6.943E+5 lb. Mx* = Mx + MxT = 1.445E+6 in-lb My* = My + MyT = 1.146E+5 in-lb The value of xx/E can be calculated by the following relation
xx/E = C1 +C2xI+C3yI -T
The calculated values of the constants are C1= 3.863E-3 C2= -2.622E-5 C3= -3.693E-4 The detailed results are given in table 1 and table 2. It may be highlighted that the results are verified to be accurate to almost double in accuracy as compared to manual calculations or calculations done by Excel spreadsheet; since the code is programmed using double precision (64 bits long) numerals. Shear Flow Due to Shear in Thin Walled Open Section Slender Beams In this case same beam construction as shown in figure 4 is analyzed for shear flow calculations. Here, the section is open with skin is cut between longitudinal 14 and 15. The beam is subjected to a vertical shear force of 2000lb at the shear centre and there is a longitudinal thermal gradient of Ti = -2.083 X 10-3 Ti oF/in where Ti is the axial rate of change of temperature change in the ith longitudinal and Ti is the temperature in ith longitudinal. The computations for pxT , VxT, VyT are given as PxT = -1443.17 lb/ in, VxT,*= 217.56 lb, VyT *= -1073.32lb The calculated values of the constants are C2= -0.1573 C3= -1.4348 The detailed results are given in table 3 and table 4. Here again, the results are verified to be accurate to almost double in accuracy as compared to manual calculations or calculations done by Excel spreadsheet; since the code is programmed using double precision (64 bits long) numerals. STATOL HIERARCHY The simplified flow diagram of the STATOL software is shown in fig 9. A few STATOL are shown from fig 6 to 8
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Introduction STATOL software consists of four major modules as: (a) Shell Stress Analysis (b) Shear Flow analysis (c) Buckling Analysis (d) Principal Forces calculation CONCLUSION This paper presents the development of STATOL software. The software code is written with an aim to impart knowledge of basics of structural analysis for understanding construction used in medium advanced aircraft. Although detailed code of STATOL was not presented in this paper, however, the software was tested for several problems and results obtained were also authenticated manually and using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, validating softwares double-precision accuracy; since code is programmed using double precision (64 bits long) numerals. References [1] Rivello, Robert M., Theory and Analysis of Flight Structure, McGraw-Hill, 1969. [2] Higdon, Archie, Mechanics of Materials, John Willie & Sons, 1985 [3] Coultas, H. W., Theory of Structures, Pitman and Sons Ltd., 1963. [4] Michelle Moore, Learn Visual Basic Today, IDG Books, 1995. [5] Cornell, Gary, Visual Basic for Windows Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1993. [6] Petroutsos, Evangelos, Mastering Visual Basic 6, Sybex Computer Books, 1998.
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E/E* 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.8 0.8 0.83 0.83 0.94 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92
A* 2 in 2.85 0.47 0.47 2.3 0.872 0.872 0.905 0.905 1.41 0.213 0.213 1.9 1.144 1.144 1.132 1.132
Ax 3 in 0 0 0 0 4.4 17 27 39 68 10 10 91 49 33 21 5.7
Asqx 4 in 0 0 0 0 22.41 312.5 798 1667 3249 491.7 491.7 4378 2108 966.7 405.5 29.09
Asqy 5 in 410.4 42.186 3.0348 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3442 4.7744 68.4 50.282 80.138 104.94 146.29
X in -20.94 -20.94
Y in 6.78 4.25
Tt F 230
0
275 275 375 500 500 475 475 325 250 250 300 350 350 375 37
5
205 205 305 430 430 405 405 255 180 180 230 280 280 305 305
-20.94 -2.67 -20.94 -5.21 -15.87 -5.21 -2.011 -5.21 8.75 21.98 27.05 27.05 27.05 27.05 8.12 -2.01 -15.87 -5.21 -5.21 -5.21 -3.94 -0.48 0.78 3.15 4.41 6.15
21.98 1.418
X in
Y in
XiAi*
Qx* 0
YiAi*
Qy* 0
(aT)'i
EiAi
EiAi(T)'i
15 16 1 2 3 4 5
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Qy* 10.99 6.27 1.56 -5.79 -6.63 -6.73 -5.24 -3.61 0.00 (aT)'i -1.13E-05 -1.06E-05 -1.06E-05 -6.69E-06 -4.72E-06 -4.72E-06 -6.04E-06 -7.35E-06 -7.35E-06 EiAi 9.16E+06 9.50E+06 9.50E+06 1.48E+07 2.24E+06 2.24E+06 2.00E+07 1.20E+07 1.20E+07
8
EiAi(T)'i -103.33 -100.97 -100.97 -99.09 -10.59 -10.59 -120.43 -88.27 -88.27
Node 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
A* in
XiAi* -1.75 7.92 19.89 38.15 5.77 5.77 51.41 25.15 9.30
Qx* -163.38 -155.46 -135.56 -97.41 -91.64 -85.86 -34.45 -9.30 0.00
YiAi* -4.54 -4.71 -4.71 -7.35 -0.84 -0.10 1.50 1.62 3.61
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Fig.4. Sectional View of the beam (actual structure on the top and idealized structure at the bottom)
Splash Screen
Main Menu
Buckling Analysis
End Conditions
Principal stress
Data Input
Result
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