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Distributed as follows: 1. Salt water 67% 2. Fresh water 3%, where it is divided as: 2a. Frozen in the polar ice caps 2% 2b. Global water source 1%
the basic needs of humans are derived from it. If the human body loses 4 liters of water, it will experience hallucinations. A loss of 8 to 10 liters may cause death. About 1.5 liters a day are lost through breathing, perspiration and feces. The additional amount lost in urine is the amount needed to keep the balance between input and output. A person cannot survive more than 5 to 6 days without water or 2 to 3 days in a hot environment.
- for drinking and cooking - for bathing and laundry - for example: farming - for fire fighting - for example: landscaping - for example: religious rites
They are as follows: 1. Nourishment: Drinking 11 liters/person/day 2. Cleaning & Hygiene : Bathing / Personal Hygiene - 80 liters/person/day Laundry - 53 liters/person/day Dishwashing - 53 liters/person/day 3. Livelihood: Office 57 liters/person/shift Factory 57 to 132 liters/person/shift 4. Protective Use: Fire Protection 1,892 liter/minute (minimum) as per Fire Code of the Phil. Wet Standpipe 190 liter/minute @ 2 kg/sq.cm. as per NBC 2005 Revised 5. Ornamental Use: Lawn sprinkler 0.32 liter/second (5 gpm)
Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP - Cebu
Water Quality Requirements Pure, sterilized & protected from contamination Clean, wholesome & with provision for hot & cold soft water High pressure Free from silt Clean & wholesome
2. Chemical Characteristics a. Hardness b. Alkalinity and Acidity c. Carbon Dioxide d. Dissolved Oxygen e. Organic Nitrogen f. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) g. Iron & Manganese h. Toxic substances i. Phenolic compounds
NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL
What are some of the Water Quality Problems & their Causes, Effects & Correction?
Problem: Turbidity the degree of cloudiness or muddiness of water. Cause: Silt or suspended matters picked up in the surface or surface flow. Effect: Discoloration and bad taste. Has little detrimental effects on health. Correction: Filtration
Problem: Color can be measured through visual comparison of the sample to the distilled water Cause: Presence of Iron and Magnesium. Has little detrimental effects on health. Effect: Discoloration of fixtures and laundry Correction: Precipitation by filtration through oxidizing filter.
Problem: Taste Pure water is tasteless. Cause: Presence of algae, decomposing organic matter, dissolved gases & phenolic substances. Effect: Bad taste Correction: Water treatment process
Problem: Odor Pure water is odorless. Odor should be absent or very faint for water to be acceptable for drinking. Cause: Existence of contaminants in the water. Effect: Bad odor Correction: Water treatment process
Problem: Hardness of Water Cause: Presence of Calcium and Magnesium carbonates & bicarbonates. Presence of Calcium and Magnesium sulfate & chloride. Effect: Clogging of pipes. Impaired laundering & food preparation (increases soap consumption as lathering is more difficult). Causes scaling, resulting in the reduction of thermal efficiency & restriction of flow. Magnesium & Calcium sulfate has a laxative effect. Correction: By boiling (for carbonate hardness). By chemical precipitation using lime & sodium carbonate (for sulfate & chloride hardness. Use of water softeners (example: zeolite)
Problem: Pollution Cause: Contamination by organic matter or sewage (pathogenic bacteria) Effect: Disease Correction: Chlorination
Black Water is water drained from toilet bowls and urinals; carries body wastes and major pollutants. Gray Water is water drained from lavatories, sinks, laundry trays and showers; contains minor pollutants. Storm Water is rainwater drained from gutters and downspouts.
Water Level: Water always takes the shape of its container to the limit of its volume and tends to find its own level. Mass: Mass is the amount of matter in a body. It remains constant regardless of where the body is in the universe. For water, a volume of one liter at a temperature of 4 degrees centigrade has a mass of one kilogram and maybe contained in 1 cubic decimeter. Force: Force is that which changes the state of rest or the uniform motion of a body. The equation of force is: Force = Mass x Acceleration. In other words, when a mass of 1kg is under the standard acceleration of 9.81m/sec/sec, a gravitational force of 9.81 newtons is acting on it.
Pressure: Pressure is defined as the force per unit area. In the case of water, the following characteristics can be observed: a. Pressure exerted in water is transmitted equally in all directions. b. The pressure at any point in a quantity of water depends on the vertical depth of the point below the free surface of the water but does not depend upon the shape or size of the container. Thus, the relationship between pressure and depth is one of direct proportion, meaning, that at twice the depth the pressure is twice as great. c. Water is practically incompressible. d. Pressure applied anywhere to a body of confined or enclosed fluid is transmitted with undiminished force in every direction.
Head: Head in water is measured vertically from the free surface of the liquid to the point at which pressure is being calculated. A head of water of 1.00 meter produces a pressure on its base of 9810 Newtons/sq.meter or 9.81 kPa. It should be noted that head is the only factor that decides intensity of pressure, not the volume of water in the pipe. Capillarity: Commonly known as capillary attraction, is the spontaneous movement of water up or down narrow tubes and pipes due to the unbalanced molecular attraction at the boundary between the water and the pipe.
1 cubic meter of water = 1000 liters or 264 gallons = 9.81 kilopascal (kPa) Head of water in meters = pressure in kilopascal 3.785 liters of water = 1 gallon 1 liter/second (lps) = 15.85 gallons/minute (gpm) 1 pound/square inch = 6.90 kilopascal
1 water supply fixture unit (wsfu)* = 1 to 1.5 gpm of water flow rate
*wsfu a numerical weighing factor to account for the water demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the privately installed lavatory as equal to 1 wsfu.
1 drainage fixture unit (dfu)* = 0.5 gpm of drainage flow rate
*dfu a numerical weighing factor to account for the sewage flow of various plumbing fixtures, using the privately installed lavatory as equal to 1 dfu.
References:
Doyle, K.M.: Plumbing and Gas Fitting, Volume 2, Government Printing Office, Mulgrave St., Wellington, 1990 National Water Resources Council. Rural Water Supply Design Manual Volume 1, NWRC, Quezon City, Philippines, 1980 Nebel, B.J. and Wright, R.T.: Environmental Science 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1993