1

Power System Protection

Ground faults in resonance Ground faults in resonance
grounded systems
2
Briefly about the speaker Briefly about the speaker
Professor at Norwegian Univ. Science and
Technology Dept. Electrical Engineering
Power system transients and protection
Hi h lt i i t l l ti High voltage engineering, stress calculations
Recent focus on Power Transformers
Developer of ATPDraw Developer of ATPDraw
Sabbatical at MTU
Room 628 phone 487 2910 Room 628, phone 487-2910
hhoidale@mtu.edu
3
Solid vs. resonance neutral
+ No over-voltages in fault
situations
Hi h f lt t
- Undefined voltages to ground.
High at resonance.
+ Ideally zero fault current. Arc
- High fault current
+ Easy fault detection
+ Ground faults persist
Ideally zero fault current. Arc
self-extinguish.
- Difficult fault detection/location.
Requires special competence
G ou d au s pe s s
Fast trip and reclosing
- Poor power quality
and maintenance.
- In dynamic systems the coil
must adapt. Expensive
equipment
- Extra stress
equipment.
+ Can continue to operate during
ground fault. Increased power
quality. q y
Safety issues: down/broken
conductors
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How can be reduce fault current further
from isolated neutral systems?
Compensate capacitive current with inductive. Compensate capacitive current with inductive.
Resonance principles:
C L
I
+
V
1 | | V
-
eL=
(e3C )
-1
C
g
( )
2
1
1
| |
= + e = e
|
e e
\ .
V
I V j C LC
j L j L
At resonance (e
2
LC=1) the current is zero
(e3C
g
)
1
5
Usage of resonance grounding Usage of resonance grounding
Dy
Dy
In Norway
MV system 12-24 kV y
Distribution level 66-132 kV
Self-tuning Peterson coils used
Weather conditions result in a lot of temporary
ground fault
Power quality is very important to the industry Power quality is very important to the industry
Fast trip & reclosing not acceptable
Increasingly a preferred solution in Europe Increasingly a preferred solution in Europe
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Zero sequence measurements Zero sequence measurements
Current I
0
: Sum I
a
, I
b
, I
c
Summing the current numerically
E
I
0
Lower
accuracy
due to CT
Residual connection
Summation transformer
3I
0
due to CT
differences
3I
0
(Toroidal/Rogowski coil)
Voltage V
0
: Sum V V
b
V Voltage V
0
: Sum V
a
, V
b
, V
c
Open delta
3V
0
Neutral point (isolated or resonance earth)
V
0
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Resonance grounding Resonance grounding
Inductance added in the neutral point
Compensate for the capacitive current through C
g
; help
the arc self extinguish
The coil can be automatically tuned when the system The coil can be automatically tuned when the system
changes (Petersen-coil (patent from around 1920)
Adjust air gap
The coil changes it value incrementally and notice how the
neutral voltage changes. From a theoretical curve the resonance
point is estimated.
Over-compensation preferred to limit V
N
Avoid resonance also when parts of the system become
disconnected
The unit Ampere is used to quantify the coil; I
L
=V
p
/eL
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Variable inductance
Adjust air gap
h
2
V
pa
hV
pa
N
Adjust air gap
TRENCH
V
pa
pa
L
C
Increases with
asymmetry and
C
asymmetry and
resistance
V
N
Normal
point of
R I 1/L
point of
operation
Resonance
No-fault situation
I
L
~1/L
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First attempt to analyze the
neutral voltage
Need to know: Maximum neutral voltage in Need to know: Maximum neutral voltage in
normal operation. Set U
0
pick-up above this limit
hV N
( ) = + e
a N p a
I V V j C
V
pa
h
2
V
pa
hV
pa
N
2
( )
( )
( )
= + e
= + e
a N p a
b N p a
c N p a
j
I V h V j C
I V h V j C
V
pa
L
C
0
3 ( ) 3
0
??
3 1 /

= + + = e =
e
=
e + e
N
a b c N
N
V
I I I I V j C
j L
V
j C j L
3I
0
At resonance je3C+1/jeL=0and the neutral
voltage becomes undefined ()
3 1 / e + e j C j L
voltage becomes undefined ( )
Need to add sophistication here
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Effect of asymmetry and
conductive line charging
hV
N
Increases with
V
pa
h
2
V
pa
hV
pa
N
asymmetry and
resistance
V
N
Normal
C+AC
L
G
C
point of
operation
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( )
= + + e
= + + e + A
= + + e
a N p a
b N p a
I V V G j C
I V h V G j C C
I V h V G j C
Resonance
No-fault situation
I
L
~1/L
Over-comp. Under-comp.
2
0
2
( ) ( )
3 ( ) 3 ( ) ( )
= + + e

= + + = + e + + e A =
e
e A e A
~
c N p a
N
a b c N N p a
p a p p
I V h V G j C
V
I I I I V G j C V h V j C
j L
h V j C V V C
V V V
,max
3 3 1 / 3
1
= = ~
+ e + e A + e
+
p p p
N N N
V V V
s d
G j C j C j L G
j
u u
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Resonance grounded system
d i f l ( ) during fault (L=constant)
Equivalent circuit (fault phase A) Equivalent circuit (fault phase A)
2
(1 3 ) e
pa g
V L C
I
N A
V
pa
+
I
f
3G
2
(1 3 )
=
e + e
p g
f
f g
I
j L R L C
R
f
3C
g
L
e V j L
0
2
(1 3 )
e
= =
e + e
pa
N
f g
V j L
V V
j L R L C
V
pa
at resonance,
also for large R
f
In reality asymmetry (AC) and conductive In reality asymmetry (AC) and conductive
elements (G||1/R
f
) affect fault current and V
N
A resistance across L is often actively connected A resistance across L is often actively connected
to find the fault (identify faulty feeder)
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Example of neutral voltage Example of neutral voltage
From ATP simulations
In reality the resonance peek is typically lower
and measurements are required
25
30
35
k
V
]
r
m
s
Stay away from this
resonance area
10
15
20
u
t
r
a
l

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
k
Fault0k
Fault3k
Nofault
LCC
0
5
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
N
e
u
1pu
Normal point
of operation
100 k
U
V
SAT
Y
LCC
50. km
WRITE
max
min
50. km
LCC
50. km
LCC
50. km
M
1
Coil"current"[A]
min
0.1 nF
0-3k
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Directional over-current relay
d d resonance grounded systems
Start when V
0
goes above a fixed limit; pre-
H lth
measure the coil response max(V
N,healty
);
After a delay connect resistor R (|| to L)
Trip if current I
0
enters trip zone (2
nd
quadrant)
V
N
Healthy
Trip if current I
0
enters trip zone (2 quadrant)
Trip zone set based on natural conductive
current and asymmetry
I
L
I
01
I
02
I
-I
0
For each feeder
V
0
I
03
L R
C
G
V
0
I
0CG
I
0L
I
0R
Trip zone
0R
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Trip zone Trip zone
The resistive component of I
0
(in phase
with V
0
) is used
I I
V
Trip zone
-I
0
V
I
0CG
I
0L
-I
0
For each feeder
V
0
R
Healty feeder
V
0
T i
0L
I
0R
R
Faulty feeder
I
0CG
Trip zone
y
0
0
3 ( )
(3 3 )
= + +
= + e
i a i b i c i
i i
I I I I
V G j C
0
0 0
3 ( )
(3 3 ) ( ) /
= + +
= + e + +
i a i b i c i
i i p a f
I I I I
V G j C V V R
0
(3 3 ) + e
i i
V G j C 0 0
0
( ) ( )
1
3( ) 3( )
| |
~ + e +
|
e
\ .
i i p a f
t i t i
j
V G G j C C
j L
Angle quite close to 90
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Relaying logic Relaying logic
Is zero sequence voltage above threshold? Is zero sequence voltage above threshold?
V0>Vlim (type 59G over-voltage relay)
Is zero sequence current above threshold Is zero sequence current above threshold
and in correct quadrant (4th)?
I0 Ili (t 67N di ti l t l ) I0>Ilim (type 67N directional over-current relay)
59G (V0>Vlim)
+
59G (V0>Vlim)
67N (I0>Ilim)
52 trip
-
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Wave/Wischer relays Wave/Wischer relays
Used in the 132 kV resonance earthed system y
Measure the transient surge and use time of
arrival principles
Communication required
Trip the two relays that first identify the fault
S i i di b lik li h i Sensitive to disturbances like lightning