1.0 OBJECTIVE To identify the relationship between rainfall and runoff. 2.

0 INTRODUCTION Runoff is generated by rainstorms and its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event. Intensity, duration and distribution. There are, in addition, other important major factors which influence the runoff process are described below. Apart from rainfall characteristics such as intensity, duration and distribution, there are a number of site (or catchment) specific factors which have a direct bearing on the occurrence and volume of runoff. Soil type

The infiltration capacity is among others dependent on the porosity of a soil which determines the water storage capacity and affects the resistance of water to flow into deeper layers. The highest infiltration capacities are observed in loose, sandy soils while
heavy clay or loamy soils have considerable smaller infiltration capacities.

Slope and catchment size

This is mainly due to lower flow velocities and subsequently a longer time of concentration (defined as the time needed for a drop of water to reach the outlet of a catchment from the most remote location in the catchment). This means that the water is exposed for a longer duration to infiltration and evaporation before it reaches the measuring point. The same applies when catchment areas of different sizes are compared. 3.0 EQUIPMENTS
Basic hydrological instrument, Stop watch and Rain gauge.

4.0 PROCEDURES We have two cases to this experiment and they are as follows
Case 1: Flat and sandy soils surface profile (without slope) Case 2: Flat and sandy soils surface with 1:100 slope profile

1. The rail was adjusted at side of the catchment area to justify according the requirement for case 1 (from upstream to downstream). 2. The profile was moved board to obtain the cross section at the upstream as in case of flat and sandy soils surface from upstream to downstream. 3. The steel ruler was used to measure the depth (mm) of the sandy soils. 4. The pump was switched on and started the stop watch at the same time. 5. The discharge was recorded every 30 seconds (during the rainfall). And also the reading was recorded from the rain gauge (mm). 6. The pump was switched off to stop the rainfall. When the peak discharge achieved (after 6 discharge readings with same values obtained), and the time was recorded while rainfall is stopped. 7. At the same time, the discharge readings were recorded for each 30 seconds until the values reach nearly zero. Then the above procedures were repeated for case 2 and case 3.