z

Iniiirr A.
Ms
On Wlal lo Do vill a
Slomma Tovards a
CrilicaI Edilion of
Carakasahit
Vimnasthna S
Tlo prosonl papor liglIiglls a rsl rosuIl of a sorios of ro-
soarcl projocls llal aim, among ollor llings, al a crilicaI
odilion of llo Carakasahit Vimnasthna on llo basis of
moro llan fly papor manuscripls from llo norllorn parl
of Soull Asia. In laking a spociaI focus on llo appIica-
lion of llo slommalic mollod lo llis Iargo loxluaI lradilion,
llo papor iIIuslralos lova voII-oslabIislod lypollosis con-
corning llo loxluaI lislory of llo Carakasahit is froquonlIy
usofuI and in somo casos ovon indisponsabIo in ordor lo
judgo llo gonoaIogicaI roIalionslip of dioronl vorsions of
Tlo prosonl papor is a corroclod, sIigllIy rovisod and oxlondod vorsion
of Maas zooq. Work on llis papor las boon gonorousIy supporlod by llo
Auslrian Scionco Iund (IWI) in llo conloxl of llo IWI projocls Iroo-
Go (IliIosoply and Modicino in EarIy CIassicaI India) and IrqS66-
Gr (IliIosoply and Modicino in EarIy CIassicaI India II). Tlo cril-
icaI odilion of passagos fromllo Carakasahit Vimnasthna cilod in llis
papor las boon proparod in a cIoso coIIaboralion of Irofossor Dr Karin
Iroisondanz, Dr Crislina Iocclia and llo prosonl aullor. I vouId Iiko
lo oxpross my graliludo lo Susanno KammuIIor for laving lakon a cIoso
Iook al my EngIisl.
In vlal foIIovs, llo abbrovialion Cril
od
rofors lo Iroisondanz et al. in
proparalion, and Tri
od
lo crya rqr.
zq
o On What to Do with a Stemma
llo samo loxl. Tlo fundamonlaI imporlanco of slommal-
ics for llo odiloriaI procoss may nol, lovovor, dislracl from
llo simpIo facl llal in doaIing vill Iargo and ancionl lradi-
lions of Sanskril loxls llo appIicalion of llis mollod doos
nol aulomalicaIIy rosuIl in llo roconslruclion of a lisloric-
aIIy corrocl loxluaI vorsion.
Among llo sourcos of cIassicaI Ayurvoda vrillon in
Sanskril, llo comprolonsivo compondium onlilIod Cara-
kasahit guros mosl prominonlIy. According lo Mou-
IonboIds A History of Indian Medical Literature (rqqqzooz)
(loncoforll HIML), llis vork musl lavo boon composod
bolvoon aboul roo B.C. and A.D. zoo.
r
Tlo Carakasahit
(loncoforll CS) is vory voII knovn from a Iargo numbor
of prinlod odilions, llo mosl vidoIy-road of vlicl is prob-
abIy llo llird odilion by llo odilor }davji Trikamji crya,
pubIislod in Bombay in rqr.
z
In rqor, forly yoars boforo Trikamjis odilion appoarod
for llo rsl limo, llo Gorman IndoIogisl }uIius }oIIy pub-
Iislod an oxposilion of Indian modicino, vlicl unliI loday
las romainod ono of llo mosl roIiabIo and comprolonsivo
oulIinos of llis brancl of indigonous Indian scionco. }oIIy
mado oxlonsivo uso of llo CS and in a somovlal casuaI
romark lo monlionod llo bad slalo of lransmission of llo
CS and llo discropancy bolvoon manuscripls and prinlod
odilions.

Tvo yoars Ialor, lis Ironcl coIIoaguo IaImyr

Cordior romarkod on llo suporiorily of llo Kaslmiri ro-
consion as comparod vill llo prinlod loxl of llo vuIgalo.

r
HIML: rA, rr.
z
crya rqr.

}oIIy rqor: rr.

Cordior rqo: zq. Cordiors sourco vas llo rad manuscripl of

llo CS prosorvod al llo Blandarkar OrionlaI Rosoarcl Inslilulo, Iuno
(P

). I am indoblod lo Karin Iroisondanz for draving my allonlion lo

Cordiors pubIicalion.
Philipp A. Maas r
InforlunaloIy, lloso obsorvalions did nol rosuIl in lloir
naluraI consoquonco, i.o., an ondoavour lo proparo a crilicaI
odilion of llis vork basod on a Iargo varioly of manuscripls,
prosumabIy bocauso of llo onormous dicuIlios llal a pro-
jocl aiming al a crilicaI odilion al llal limo vouId lavo lad
lo copo vill. Al llo boginning of llo zoll conlury il vas
aImosl impossibIo for an individuaI scloIar lo acliovo an
odilion basod on a Iargo varioly of vilnossos from dior-
onl parls of llo Indian subconlinonl. In our limo lravoI in
Soull Asia las bocomo oasior and vo aro in llo forlunalo
posilion lo lransform loclnicaI progross concorning llo ro-
produclion of manuscripl maloriaIs and procossing of Iargo
amounls of compIox dala inlo a doopor knovIodgo of llo
loxluaI lislory of Sanskril vorks. Il vas llis improvomonl
of llo loclnicaI moans avaiIabIo llal mado il possibIo, onIy
ono lundrod yoars aflor llo pubIicalion of llo Gorman
originaI of }oIIys Indian Medicine in rqor, lo inilialo a sorios
of rosoarcl projocls in Vionna, Auslria, fundod by llo Aus-
lrian Scionco Iund, llal aim al a crilicaI odilion aIong vill
an annolalod EngIisl lransIalion of llo CSs llird book, llo
Vimnasthna.
In llo courso of lloso projocls, imagos of fly-four man-
uscripls voro coIIoclod from Iibrarios in India, Europo and
NopaI.

AII of lloso manuscripls originalo from llo norll-

orn parl of India, vill llo soIo oxcoplion of a quilo mod-
orn papor manuscripl from Mysoro (sigIum M
k
). Inforlu-
naloIy, vo lavo nol yol boon abIo lo lraco a singIo landvril-
lon loxluaI vilnoss conlaining llo CSs Vimnasthna in any
manuscripl Iibrary in Soull India.
Will rogard lo scripls, llo manuscripls faII inlo four
groups: bosidos llo aforomonlionod manuscripl in Kan-
naa scripl, vo lavo forly-llroo manuscripls vrillon in

Soo llo Iisl of SigIa of Manuscripls on p. .

z On What to Do with a Stemma
Dovangar, nino in BongaIi scripl and ono singIo manu-
scripl vrillon in rad.
In llo rsl plaso of our sliII-ongoing odiloriaI vork,
llo coIIalion, aII loxluaI vilnossos aro comparod vill
llo vidoIy knovn odilion of Trikamji, llal vo closo as our
slandard vorsion. In llo courso of llis comparison aII dif-
foroncos in roadings bolvoon llo manuscripls and llo loxl
as odilod by Trikamji aro nolod vill vory fov oxcoplion,
Iiko, for oxampIo, sandhi-varianls, varianls of punclualion,
varianls of consonanl gominalion aflor r, varianls of lo-
mograpl and somi-lomograpl akaras.
Ior llo Iasl coupIo of yoars, I lavo boon vorking upon
llo naI soclion of llo CS Vimnasthna, i.o., Vi S.6r in
Trikamjis odilion. As a rosuIl of llo vork dono so far, nino
oul of fly-four manuscripls voro found lo bo dirocl cop-
ios of ollor manuscripls avaiIabIo lo us. Tlo HypollolicaI
Slomma of llo CS Vimnasthna is slovn in Iiguro z.r.
6
Tvo manuscripls aro in facl fragmonls llal do nol ovon con-
lain llo passago undor invosligalion.
Tlo passago Vimnasthna S.6r las approximaloIy
roo vords and nominaI sloms in compounds. Sinco llo
coIIalion of z manuscripls rocords ca. ooo varianls, moro
llan q of aII vords and nominaI sloms in Trikamjis odi-
lion lavo al Ioasl ono varianl in ono or sovoraI manuscripls.
Or, lo pul il dioronlIy, Ioss llan llroo porconl of Trikamjis
loxl aro lransmillod villoul a varianl in llo manuscripls al
our disposaI. AdmillodIy, llo majorily of varianls aro insig-
nicanl scribaI mislakos llal can bo corroclod oasiIy. Nov-
6
In Iig. z.r, conlinuous Iinos indicalo dirocl dopondonco, brokon Iinos
slov conlaminalion. SigIa prinlod in boId lypo aro usod as group sigIa
for coIIalod and crilicaIIy odilod loxl passagos. Tlis slommalic lypo-
llosis vas suporsodod by llo ono prosonlod in Maas zoroa: 6.
Philipp A. Maas
Iiguro z.r: HypollolicaI Slomma of llo CS Vimnasthna
(Oclobor zooS).
On What to Do with a Stemma
orlloIoss, lloro is a considorabIo numbor of varianls llal
aocl llo moaning of llo loxl.
Hov llon can vo oxpIain llo lugo numbor of varianls
in llo manuscripls` In copying a nol loo slorl passago of
loxl any scribo viII mako mislakos and, al somo inslancos,
may ovon doIiboraloIy clango llo vording of lis oxompIar.
In llis vay, lo croalos a nov loxluaI vorsion vlicl diors
fromllo vorsion of lis oxompIar in conlaining varianl road-
ings. Tlis procoss of croaling nov vorsions vill ovory nov
copy las probabIy kopl clanging llo CS ovor sinco llo rsl
copy of llo naI rodaclion by DlabaIa vas proparod, por-
laps aboul roo yoars ago.

Wlon a nov vorsion is copiod,

llo scribo roproducos llo varianls vlicl voro croalod in
llo provious copy, and in addilion, inlroducos novvarianls
limsoIf. Tlo procoss of copying and rocopying producos a
liorarclicaI pallorn of varianls, so llal somo varianl road-
ings can bo idonliod as boing claraclorislics of vloIo Iinos
of llo lransmission. Basod on lloir idonlicalion, il is pos-
sibIo lo croalo a gonoaIogicaI lroo, i.o., a slomma, of aII
avaiIabIo and inforabIo vorsions.
S
Tlo mollods I usod lo croalo a lypollolicaI slomma for
llo CS Vimnasthna aro llo subjocl of a papor I road in zoo
al Iroiburg, Gormany.
q
Tloroforo I do nol vanl lo go inlo
dolaiIs loro. Vory brioy slalod, I anaIyzod dioronl sols
of varianl roadings from llo coIIalion vill cIadislic com-
pulor soflvaro and modiod llo iniliaI rosuIls on pliIo-

On DlabaIas naI rodaclion of llo CS soo Maas zorob: r.

S
Tlo invonlion of llo cIassicaI mollod of loxluaI crilicism is fro-
quonlIy ascribod lo llo Gorman CIassicisl KarI Iaclmann (rqrSr).
Timpanaro (zoo) cIoarIy slovs, lovovor, llal llo sol of ruIos caIIod
Iaclmanns mollod vas noillor invonlod nor acluaIIy appIiod by KarI
Iaclmann. Tlo lloorolicaI principIos of loxluaI crilicism lavo boon for-
muIalod by IauI Maas (rqS), Marlin Wosl (rq) and ollors.
q
An oxlondod vorsion of llis papor vas pubIislod as Maas zoroa.
Philipp A. Maas
IogicaI principIos. Tlo slomma prosonlod loro diors in
a numbor of dolaiIs from llo slomma pubIislod in Maas
zoroa, vlicl suporsodos llo prosonl ono. Tlo ovoraII slruc-
luro of boll slommala is, lovovor, simiIar onougl lo sup-
porl llo foIIoving poinl: in crilicaI odiling il is usofuI lo
lako rocourso lo a slommalic lypollosis.
Tlo dovoIopmonl of a slommalic lypollosis is imporl-
anl in aII casos vloro oxlornaI ovidonco for llo dovoIop-
monl of a loxl in limo doos nol oxisl, sinco llon llo ovidonco
dorivod from comparing dioronl loxl vorsions is llo onIy
sourco of informalion aboul llo loxluaI lislory of a givon
vork. On a praclicaI IovoI, anyono concornod vill crilicaI
odiling viII lry lo bocomo as famiIiar as possibIo vill llo
lransmission lislory of llo loxl undor invosligalion, sinco
llis knovIodgo loIds cruciaI cIuos for ansvoring llo oflon
dicuIl quoslion as lo vlicl vorsion of a loxl is originaI and
vlicl vorsion is llo rosuIl of a lransmissionaI or rodacloriaI
clango. Tvo oxampIos may iIIuslralo llis poinl.
In Vimnasthna S.q6, according lo Trikamjis numora-
lion, vo nd a doscriplion of palionls vloso naluraI consli-
lulion (prakti) is said lo bo prodominalod by llo lumour
(doa) plIogm. Aflor onumoraling llo claraclorislics of
plIogm, llo passago conlinuos lo oslabIisl a corrospond-
onco bolvoon llo ossonliaI quaIilios of plIogm and corlain
claraclorislics of llo palionls body parls. In llis conloxl
vo road in aII manuscripls:
ro
sndratvd upacitapariprasarvagtr
AII Iimbs |of llo palionl] aro slrong and fuII
sinco |plIogm] is sloul.
ro
Manuscripls B
d
Jn
d
Jn
d
Jp
d
do nol lransmil llo passago undor
discussion duo lo Iacunao.
6 On What to Do with a Stemma
Tri
od
sndralvd upacilapariprasarvg
soIoclod
varianls
rr
-sarvg] Q
zr
Ch
d
, sarvaglr K (-Ch
d
)
B
d
L
d
M
k
Q
z
Q
zz
R
rr
(-B
d
Jn
d
Jn
d
) S
Bo
d
, B
d
Jn
d
Jn
d
Jp
d
Cril
od
sndralvd upacilapariprasarvaglr
TabIo z.r: CS Vi S.q6, 6.
Tlo manuscripls llal slaro llo inforrod vilnoss Q
zr
as
lloir common ancoslor, i.o., llo BongaIi manuscripls C
b
C
b
C
b
C
b
V
b
V
b
V
b
as voII as llo Kaslmir manuscripl
from Clandigarl Ch
d
, road sarvg insload of sarvag-
tr al llo ond of llo sonlonco (soo TabIo z.r). An odilor
villoul knovIodgo of llo lransmission vouId lavo sovoro
dicuIlios in dociding vlicl of lloso lvo dioronl road-
ings is llo originaI ono, sinco lloy aro synonyms. Will a
voII-foundod lypollosis on llo lransmission, lovovor, llo
docision is oasiIy mado in favour of sarvagtr. Tlo ori-
ginaI vas ropIacod by sarvg vlon manuscripl Q
zr
vas
copiod, and an idonlicaI clango lapponod in llo courso of
llo proparalion of Ch
d
or ono of ils immodialo oxompIars.
A slommalic lypollosis is nol onIy usofuI vlon do-
cisions in favour of ono oul of lvo synonyms (or vords
vill simiIar moanings) aro concornod. Il aIso aIIovs lo
docido llo froquonlIy dicuIl quoslion, vlollor a passago
llal is missing in ono or sovoraI vilnossos vas parl of llo
oIdosl roconslruclabIo loxl.
An inslruclivo oxampIo for llis is lo bo found al llo ond
of Vimnasthna S.S. Tlis passago oxpIains llo lopic ka-
raa (inslrumonl) as llo socond oul of lon lopicaI com-
rr
Ior llo fuII sol of varianl roadings, soo Appondix, p. boIov.
Philipp A. Maas
pIoxos (prakaraa) llal a plysician las lo oxamino in ordor
lo lroal a palionl succossfuIIy. Among llo discussod in-
slrumonls, modicaI subslancos (bheaja) aro said lo bo in
nood of an oxaminalion vill rogard lo lloir originaI quaI-
ilios (gua), lloir poloncy (prabhva), pIaco (dea) and soa-
son (tu) of origin, and vill rospocl lo a numbor of addi-
lionaI poinls, llo Iisl of vlicl onds vill llo ooclivonoss
lo oIiminalo or lo caIm dovn llo doas. ImmodialoIy aflor
a concIuding romark, vlicl slalos llal bosidos llo mod-
icaI subslanco undor invosligalion lloro aro dioronl ollors
vlicl couId sorvo as an aIlornalivo, aII manuscripls slom-
ming from llo inforrod vilnoss S, as voII as Ap
d
Bo
d
L
d
T
d
Va
d
Vb
d
road llo foIIoving nino anuubh-slanzas, in-
lroducod by bhavanti ctra:
rz
npa pryao yo smin dea saparikrtita |
ajasra jyate tatra madhura snigdhatala ||r||
Inllis rospocl,
r
a rogion knovnas moslIy vol con-
slanlIy producos an oIoaginous and cooI svool a-
vour.
ye mbhasampe de syur nityam arkutpit |
jyate mlo rasas tatra snigdhoo lavaas tath || z ||
Rogions noar lo valor, vlicl aro pormanonlIy
loalod by sunIigll, produco a sour and a saIly
avour, vlicl aro oIoaginous and lol.
alpodak ca ye de nitya sryutpit |
jyate pryaas tatra rkoa kauko rasa || ||
rz
Ior varianl roadings, soo Appondix, pp. z6.
r
Tlo Iocalivo pronoun asmin musl rofor lo a vord oulsido llo prosonl
passago. Ils occurronco loro indicalos llal llo vloIo passago vas insor-
lod inlo llo CS Vi from a dioronl, unidonliod loxl.
S On What to Do with a Stemma
Rogions boing slorl of valor and pormanonlIy
loalod by sunIigll, moslIy produco a rougl and
lol slarp avour.
asved cpi ye de pryenilasevit |
kayatiktau tebhyo pi jyete rkatalau || ||
And from rogions boing froo from varm mois-
luro, vlicl froquonlIy abound in vind, billor and
aslringonl avours boing rougl and cooI aro pro-
ducod.
jyante nyev api pryo vyakt deeu a ras |
na te tda vrya sparo vpy upalabhyate || ||
yath svayonau jtn mahbhtavieata |
Ollor rogions loo produco moslIy llo six mani-
fosl avours, bul ono obsorvos llal lloso noillor
possoss llo samo claraclorislic ocioncy nor llo
samo langibIo quaIily, Iiko boings born from lloir
rospoclivo vomb, bocauso of spocic gross oIo-
monls.
santi hy anuras kecin madhur uasamat || 6 ||
yath gokurako da svdur ua svavryata |
kapittham amlam uddia tac ca rkagua
smtam|| ||
As is voII knovn, lloro aro somo svool socond-
ary laslos vlicl aro rogardod as lol. Ono soos,
for oxampIo, llal Gokuraka is svool and, accord-
ing lo ils ovn poloncy, lol. Kapittha is laugll lo bo
sour. And il possossos, according lo llo loxlbooks,
a rougl quaIily.
kras tu lavaev eva sagato rkasamata |
sasneh sarap cpi lakyante kauk rase || S ||
Philipp A. Maas q
Kra is associalod vill saIls and is rogardod as
rougl. And ono porcoivos llal muslard soods, llal
lavo oiI, aro slarp vill rogard lo laslo.
vl rasata chus tiktm uagunvitm|
u ca trivtm hu kay rasatas tath || q || iti
Vl is said lo bo billor vill rogard lo laslo, and lo
possoss a lol quaIily. And simiIarIy, llo lol Trivt
is said lo bo aslringonl vill rogard lo laslo.
In ils rsl four slanzas llis passago doscribos four dior-
onl rogions in vlicl spociaI variolios of llo six avours
(rasa) aro gonoralod: Tlo vol rogion (npa) producos an
oiIy and cooI svool avour, vloroas lol rogions, cIoso lo
valor produco sour and saIly laslos, vlicl aro boll said lo
bo oiIy and lol. Dry and lol rogions, on llo ollor land,
gonoralo a rougl and lol pungonl laslo. IinaIIy, vindy
rogions froo from svoal (asveda), i.o., dry and cooI vindy
rogions, aro said lo produco billor and aslringonl avours,
vlicl aro rogardod as rougl and cooI. Slanza and 6ab
slalo llal lloso six laslos aro aIso producod in ollor rogions,
bul villoul llo monlionod langibIo quaIilios (spara) and
claraclorislic ocioncy (vrya). Tlo concIuding slanzas,
i.o., slanzas 6cd-q, doaI vill socondary laslos (anurasa) in
a numbor of modicaI pIanls, vlicl dovialo in lloir lan-
gibIo quaIilios and claraclorislic ocioncy from llo oulIino
givon in llo rsl four slanzas.
Tlo molricaI passago is llomalicaIIy jusl fainlIy connoc-
lod vill llo procoding proso passago. AIllougl il doos
doaI villllo aIroady monlionodlopics of llo originof mod-
icaI subslancos and vill lloir quaIilios as voII as vill lloir
poloncios, il doos nol rofor lo llo lopics soason of origin,
modo of coIIoclion, proparalion olc. In lorms of slyIo,
moroovor, il doos nol l in vill llo romaining discussion
o On What to Do with a Stemma
Tri
od
-cilrakasomavaIkaalvar-
soIoclod
varianls
r
-cItraka-] L
d
Q R S B
d
, tp. K M
k
(see
note on atvar ) -snmavaIka-] L
d
M
k
Q
R S B
d
J
d
, K (-J
d
Ch
d
), somavalkala
Ch
d
-atvar-] Q
rr
(-Ap
d
P
d
) B
d
T
d
(pc),
cilraka K M
k
, om. L
d
Q
rz
R S (ac T
d
) Ap
d
P
d
Cril
od
-somavaIkacilraka-
TabIo z.z: CS Vi S.r, 6f.
of llo lon lopicaI compIoxos, vlicl is oxcIusivoIy in proso.
Tloroforo, ovon villoul knovIodgo of llo lislory of llo Vi-
mnasthnas lransmission, ono vouId suspocl lloso nino
slanzas lo bo of socondary origin. Tlis suspicion can bo
lurnod as far as possibIo inlo corlainly. Givon llo facl
llal aII manuscripls slomming from llo inforrod vilnoss
S lransmil llo slanzas, ono can concIudo llal lloso vorsos
voro insorlod inlo llo CS vlon S vas copiod. Tlo facl llal
Ap
d
Bo
d
L
d
T
d
Vb
d
Va
d
aIso lransmil llis molricaI pas-
sago, musl accordingIy bo oxpIainod as llo rosuIl of lori-
zonlaI lransmission, i.o., conlaminalion.
Wlon various considoralions of sonso, slyIo, and llo
possibIo courso of llo lransmission
r
faiI lo provido a docis-
ivo cIuo in favour of ono or ollor roading, llon a slommalic
lypollosis is aImosl indisponsabIo for llo roconslruclion
of an arclolypaI loxl vorsion. Tlis silualion occurs quilo
froquonlIy villin Carakas Iisls of modicaI subslancos.
r
Ior varianl roadings, soo Appondix, p. .
r
Cf. Wosl rq: S.
Philipp A. Maas r
Willina Iisl of modicaI subslancos lo bo usodfor llo pro-
paralion of omolics (vamana) in CS Vimnasthna S.r, Tri-
kamjis odilion Iisls llo llroo subslancos citraka, somavalka
and atvar (soo TabIo z.z). Wlon judging llo varianls of
llo manuscripls vill rocourso lo llo slommalic lypollosis
il bocomos quilo obvious llal Trikamjis vorsion diors con-
sidorabIy fromllo vorsion of llo oIdosl roconslruclabIo vil-
noss, i.o., arclolypo A.
AII manuscripls boIonging lo llo Kaslmir group as voII
as M
k
road llo lvo subslancos citraka and somavalka in invor-
lod soquonco as somavalkacitraka. Tlo quoslion, vlicl of llo
lvo soquoncos is llo originaI ono, is dicuIl lo ansvor. Ono
migll bo lomplod lo concIudo llal llo common roading of
Kand M
k
is originaI, bocauso boll vilnossos go back lo lvo
dioronl lyparclolypos. In a roconlIy pubIislod papor, I
lavo slovn, lovovor, llal subslanliaI roadings slarod ox-
cIusivoIy by M
k
and Kas againsl llo rosl of llo lransmission
aro llo rosuIl of conlaminalion in M
k
.
r6
AccordingIy, no
slommalic lypollosis can provido a cIuo lo docido vlollor
citrakasomavalka or somavalkacitraka is llo roading of arclo-
lypo A.
Moroovor, aII manuscripls slaring llo lyparclolypo K
as lloir common ancoslor road somavalkaka or somavalkala,
insload of somavalka. In llis caso loo, llo slommalic lypo-
llosis faiIs lo provido any cIuo as lo vlollor or nol ono
of lloso roadings vas lransmillod lo K from llo arclo-
lypo A.
r
Nor doos il provido any cIuo as lo vlollor oillor
somavalkaka or somavalkala bocamo parl of llo Kaslmiri vor-
r6
Maas zoroa: qo .
r
According lo Maas rqS: rq, p. rS, llo occurronco of an orror in ono
oul of lvo lyparclolypos juslios llo concIusion llal llo arclolypo road
llo corrocl roading. Tlis is nol onliroIy corrocl, sinco Maas concIusion
doos nol lako inlo considoralion llal llo soomingIy originaI roading may
bo llo rosuIl of an omondalion.
z On What to Do with a Stemma
sion onIy al llo limo llal K vas copiod. NovorlloIoss, il
is quilo safo lo rogard somavalka as llo moro originaI road-
ing, simpIy bocauso noillor somavalkaka nor somavalkala is
alloslod as a modicaI subslanco in slandard diclionarios
sucl as lloso of Monior-WiIIiams et al. (rSqq), BollIingk
(rSqrSSq), or Aplo (rqrqq).
IinaIIy, atvar is oxcIusivoIy alloslod by manuscripls
llal slaro llo common ancoslor Q
rr
oillor diroclIy or as a
sourco of conlaminalion. Il is lloroforo liglIy probabIo llal
il vas llo scribo of llis vory vilnoss, vlo inlroducod at-
var inlo llo Iisl of omolic subslancos in CS Vi S.r.
Tlo slommalic lypollosis is nol onIy imporlanl lo os-
labIisl llo corrocl vording of a loxl, il may aIso pIay an im-
porlanl roIo lo dolocl inslancos, in vlicl aIroady llo oIdosl
roconslruclibIo vorsion did nol conlain llo corrocl vording.
Ano oxampIo can again bo found in Vi S.S, in llo pas-
sago monlionod abovo llal doaIs vill llo oxaminalion of
modicaI subslancos.
Tlo vorsion odilod by Trikamji diors from llo loxl
of aII manuscripls in laving puruasyaiva tvanta doam
insload of puruasyaitvanta doam (soo TabIo z.). Tlo Ial-
lor roading is cIoarIy proforabIo, sinco llo conloxl roquiros
llo doiclic pronoun etvat and nol llo anaploric tvat,
moroovor, llo omplalic parlicIo eva rigll bolind puruasya
is quilo disponsabIo.
Moro inlorosling llan lloso slyIislic varianls vlicl onIy
sIigllIy aocl llo moaning of llo sonlonco undor invoslig-
alion, is, lovovor, llo roading asmin vydhau. Sinco llis
roading is aImosl oxcIusivoIy alloslod by manuscripls llal
lavo oillor of llo lvo inforrod vilnossos Q and R as lloir
common ancoslor,
rS
il sooms nol lo lavo boon llo roading
rS
Will aII IikoIilood, L
d
slaros llo roading vydhv vill Q and R
bocauso il vas conlaminalod.
Philipp A. Maas
Tri
od
idam evapraktyaivaguam evapra-
bhvam asmin dee jtam asminn tv
evaghtam evanihitam evamupa-
sktam anay ca mtray yuktam asmin
vydhv evavidhasya puruasyaiva
tvanta doam apakaraty upaamayati
v.
soIoclod varianls
a
vydhv] L
d
Q R, lv K (-C
d
J
d
)
S
rz
B
d
Jn
d
, lm S
rr
(-B
d
Jn
d
) C
d
,
dl.au C
b
, vydlv asmin lau J
d
,
rogo M
k
, B
d
puruasyaiva tva-
nta] puruasyailvanla
Cril
od
idam evapraktyaivaguam evapra-
bhvam asmin dee jtam asminn tv
evaghtam evanihitam evamupa-
sktam anay ca mtray yuktam asmin
:::::::
vydhv evavidhasya puruasyait-
vanta doam apakaraty upaamayati
v.
Tlis |modicaI subslanco] las lloso
quaIilios sinco il las sucl a naluro, il
las llis poloncy, il is grovn in llis ro-
gion andin llis soason, il las llus boon
pIuckod, il las llus boon slorod, il las
llus boon proparod, il is suilabIo in llis
doso, in caso of llis disoaso, for sucl a
palionl, il diminislos or pacios a lu-
mour (doa) boing of llis oxlonl.
TabIo z.: CS Vi S.S, rf.
a
Ior varianl roadings, soo Appondix, p. o.
On What to Do with a Stemma
of llo arclolypo A. In conlrasl lo asmin vydhau, noarIy aII
manuscripls boIonging lo llo Kaslmir groupslaro llo vari-
anl asminn tau in llis soason. Tlo manuscripls boIonging
lo llo S group faII inlo lvo sub-groups. AII vilnossos go-
ing back lo llo inforrod manuscripl S
rz
and aIso Jn
d
agroo
in lloir roading vill llo Kaslmir group, vliIo llo romain-
ing vilnossos of llo group S
rr
road asminn tm. Tlo facl
llal asminn tv is lransmillod aIong boll main branclos
of llo slomma indicalos llal prosumabIy il vas llis road-
ing llal vas lransmillod in llo arclolypo A. Tlo roading
asminn tv is, lovovor, dicuIl lo accopl, sinco llo lopic
soason is doaIl vill rigll al llo boginning of llo passago
undor invosligalion. Il is oasy lo concoivo llal llo vord tv
vas miscopiod from ils occurronco al llo boginning of llo
passago lo ils prosonl posilion vlon a scribo look a Iook al
llo vrong Iino of loxl in lis oxompIar. AdmillodIy, llo ini-
liaI passago doaIs vill llo modicaI pIanls soason of origin,
and nol vill llo limo of llo yoar vlon llo modicaI pIanl
is acluaIIy usod. NovorlloIoss, vouId ono nol oxpocl a pas-
sago doaIing vill llo oxaminalion of modicaI pIanls lo rofor
lo disoaso as sucl, and nol onIy lo llo doas as llo causo of
disoaso`
Tlis vory probIomis obviousIy rooclod in llo roadings
lransmillod in llo romaining vilnossos. Manuscripl J
d
,
a Kaslmiri vilnoss slrongIy conlaminalod vill a BongaIi
vorsion of llo CS, combinos llo lvo aIlornalivo varianls and
roads asmin vydhv asminn tau. Tlo manuscripl in Kan-
naa scripl from Mysoro (M
k
) lransmils asmin roge, insload
of asminn tv. Tlis varianl prosumabIy roocls a socondon-
doavour of a scribo lo corrocl llo in lis assossmonl fauIly
roading tv. IinaIIy, llo vilnoss C
b
prosumabIy roads
dhtv vill an iIIogibIo socond consonanl. dhtau couId
oillor bo a llird allompl lo omond tau or il is an orronoous
Philipp A. Maas
roading for vydhau.
Taking aII our ndings inlo considoralion, vo musl con-
cIudo llal llo originaI vorsion cannol bo roconslruclod vill
any corlainly. asminn tv couId bo llo arclolypaI road-
ing, bul llon llo invosligalion of modicaI subslancos in our
passago vouId rofor lvico lo llo soasons of llo yoar and il
vouId nol doaI vill disoasos al aII. vydhau, on llo ollor
land, vas nol llo vorsion of llo arclolypo A. Il is prosum-
abIy a voII closon omondalion, simiIar lo llo omondalion
roge. If llis is lruo, llo originaI vorsion may aIso lavo con-
lainod a compIoloIy dioronl vord, vlicl is aIlogollor Iosl
loday.
AIllougl in llis caso llo slommalic lypollosis doos nol
provido an argumonl in favour of ono of llo varianls undor
discussion, il provos lo bo loIpfuI, sinco il provonls llo un-
crilicaI accoplanco of asmin vydhau as llo originaI roading.
Tlo noxl loxluaI passago I am going lo discuss is moanl
lo iIIuslralo llal il is by no moans sucionl lo dolormino
llo nodo of llo slomma al vlicl a varianl roading may
lavo occurrod for llo rsl limo, in ordor lo arrivo al llo ori-
ginaI loxl. No roading may bo accoplod onIy bocauso il is
lransmillod by vlalovor manuscripls lloro may bo. An od-
ilor vlo foIIovs a slommalic lypollosis bIindIy llal is,
villoul conslanl roforonco lo llo moaning of llo loxl is
nocossariIy Iod aslray.
Tlo passago occurs villin llo discussion of llo sov-
onll oul of llo lon lopicaI compIoxos (prakaraa) monlionod
abovo, i.o., pIaco (dea), or, lo bo moro spocic, in llo con-
loxl of llo socond varioly of pIaco, viz. llo disoasod palionl
(tura). Ior a succossfuI modicaI lroalmonl llo palionl las
lo bo oxaminod vill rogard lo a numbor of spocic poinls,
among vlicl llo naluraI conslilulion (prakti) of llo pa-
lionl is discussod rsl. In llis discussion appoars a Iisl of
6 On What to Do with a Stemma
causaI faclors vlicl dolormino llo prakti of llo body of an
ombryo. Horo vo road in Trikamjis odilion llal llo body
of an ombryo doponds upon llo naluro of llo patients
food and IifoslyIo (soo TabIo z.).
Tlo naluro of llo palionls food and IifoslyIo cIoarIy is
nol onIy an odd bul a vrong roading. Wlicl patient vouId
bo capabIo lo dolormino llo conslilulion of an ombryo by
lis food and by lis IifoslyIo`
A Iook al llo varianls in llo manuscripls aIono doos
nol immodialoIy loIp lo soIvo llo probIom. OnIy nino
manuscripls B
d
B
d
B
d
C
b
C
b
J
d
Jn
d
P

P
d
road
klagarbhayapraktim soomingIy vill lvo naI nasaI
sounds, ono anusvra pIus ono IabiaI nasaI m. Al rsl sigll,
llis sooms lo bo jusl a lriviaI scribaI orror, i.o., an orronoous
doubIing of llo vord naI. Taking rogard lo llo slommalic
lypollosis, ono couId nd supporl for llis assossmonl:
Nono of llo manuscripls llal soom lo road a doubIo naI
nasaI is parlicuIarIy lruslvorlly, noillor do lloso man-
uscripls form a soIid gonoaIogicaI group. Irom a puroIy
slommalic poinl of viov, llo doubIo nasaI vouId lavo lo
bo judgod as a caso of paraIIoIism, i.o., llo indopondonl
occurronco of an idonlicaI orror in dioronl parls of llo
lransmission. Cakrapidallas commonl on llis passago
slovs, lovovor, llal llis assossmonl is simpIy vrong. His
gIoss mtur hravihrau food and IifoslyIo of llo mollor
(Tri
od
p. za, I. rq) providos llo docisivo cIuo. Tlo four
monlionod manuscripls do nol al aII road a suporuous
anusvra, on llo conlrary, lloy aro llo onIy vilnossos llal
lavo llo originaI roading mtur hravihraprakti food
and IifoslyIo of llo mollor insload of turhravihraprak-
ti food and IifoslyIo of llo palionl, prosumabIy bocauso
llo scribos of oacl of llom indopondonlIy from llo oll-
ors, corroclIy insorlod an anusvra llal vas Iosl in lloir
Philipp A. Maas
Tri
od
ukraoitaprakti klagarbhayaprak-
tim lurlravilraprakli mahbh-
tavikraprakti ca garbhaarram ape-
kate.
Tlo body of llo ombryo doponds upon
llo naluro of sporm and bIood, upon
llo naluro of limo and ulorus, upon llo
naluro of llo patients food and IifoslyIo
and upon llo naluro of llo modica-
lion of llo gross oIomonls.
soIoclod varianls
a
kIagarbhayapraktI] kIagarbl-
ayapraklim B
d
B
d
B
d
C
b
C
b
J
d
Jn
d
P

P
d
Cril
od
ukraoitaprakti klagarbhayaprak-
ti mlur lravilraprakli mah-
bhtavikraprakti ca garbhaarram a-
pekate.
Tlo body of llo ombryo doponds upon
llo naluro of sporm and bIood, upon
llo naluro of limo and ulorus, upon llo
naluro of llo mothers food and IifoslyIo
and upon llo naluro of llo modica-
lion of llo gross oIomonls.
TabIo z.: CS Vi S.q, z.
a
Ior varianl roadings, soo Appondix, p. 6.
S On What to Do with a Stemma
rospoclivo oxompIars.
rq
I lavo soIoclod llo varianl roadings discussod so far in
ordor lo iIIuslralo on llo ono land llo usofuInoss and
in facl llo indisponsabiIily of llo appIicalion of a slom-
malic lypollosis villin llo odiloriaI procoss, and on llo
ollor land lo linl al llo poriIs of bIind lrusl in ils rosuIls.
Moroovor, as vo lavo soon, lloro aro aIso casos of loxluaI
varialion llal oscapo any slommalic anaIysis. Duo lo ils
vory naluro, ovon llo bosl slommalic lypollosis cannol
provido a cIuo lo docido vlicl oul of lvo lyparclolypaI
roadings dorivod from llo arclolypo. Moroovor, no slom-
malic lypollosis loIps lo roconslrucl an originaI roading if
llo arclolypaI roading is found lo bo of socondary origin.
And naIIy, numorous casos aro lo bo mol vill, in vlicl
paraIIoIismand conlaminalion bIur llo picluro of llo lrans-
mission lo sucl an oxlond llal il is simpIy impossibIo lo
oslabIisl vlon and vloro vlicl varianl onlorod llo lrans-
mission. Bul ovon in lloso casos, llo odilors of llo CS aro
nol Iofl villoul loIp. A conslanl roforonco lo llo moaning
of llo passago undor discussion, considoralions of llo au-
llors (or: llo aullors) slyIo, roforonco lo paraIIoI passagos
in llo CS, in ollor vorks of Ayurvoda and in Sanskril Iil-
oraluro in gonoraI, aro llo mosl imporlanl moans for llo
judgomonl of varianl roadings.
zo
NoodIoss lo say llal lloir
appIicalion aIso caIIs for caro and caulion.
rq
Tlo corrocl roading vas adoplod in onIy lvo oul of llo moro llan
lvonly prinlod odilions llal I lavo oxaminod so far, namoIy in lloso of
crya (rqzz: Vi S.q, p. r,q) (odilion sigIum Bo
E
) and Sonagupla and
Sonagupla (rqz: Vi S.Sr, p. r6q,) (odilion sigIum C
E
). Ior an onIino
survoy of prinlod odilions of llo CS, soo http://www.istb.univie.ac.
at/caraka/Materials/120 (viovod Iob. zorr).
zo
Tloso moans aro aIso lo bo appIiod in ordor lo losl llo roIiabiIily of
a lypollolicaI slomma.
Philipp A. Maas q
Tloso Iimilalions do nol, lovovor, aocl llo vaIuo of
llo slommalic mollod as sucl. Tlo gain of socurily in llo
judgomonl of many varianl roadings on llo basis of a voII
foundod slommalic lypollosis cIoarIy juslios llo onorm-
ous amounl of limo and onorgy llal las lo bo invoslod in
ordor lo llorouglIy coIIalo a groal numbor of manuscripls
and lo invosligalo lloir gonoaIogicaI roIalionslip in dolaiI.
o On What to Do with a Stemma
AppcndIx: a IuII cnIIatInn nI cItcd passagcs
NBTlo main loxl of llo coIIalion is cilodfromTrikamjis odilion. Varianl
roadings from llo manuscripls aro rocordod in llo apparalus, vlicl is
organizod vill Iommala prinlod in boId lypo. Tloso Iommala cilo llo
main loxl. Numbors in boId lypo rofor lo Iino numbors of llo main loxl
in proso passagos. In molricaI passagos, llo Iollors a, b, c and d prinlod in
boId aro usod lo indicalo pdas. If Iommala rofor lo loxl occurring moro
llan onco in llo samo Iino of llo main loxl, llo Iommala aro numborod
consoculivoIy. Noxl, aII loxluaI vilnossos in supporl of llo main loxl
aro Iislod, using llo manuscripl sigIa. A somicoIon soparalos llo Iisl of
vilnossos from llo rsl varianl, vlicl in lurn is foIIovod by llo sigIa
of vilnossos llal slaro llis roading olc. Wilnossos llal do nol lransmil
llo varianl undor discussion duo lo a Iacuna aro Iislod al llo ond of oacl
onlry vill a procoding daggor.
Ior manuscripl sigIa, soo llo Iisling on p. .
Ior addilionaI signs and abbrovialions, soo p. q.
CS Vi 8.8y, iqI.
ida ovapraklyaivaguam ovaprablvam
asmin doo jlam asminn lv ovagllam
ovanililam ovamupasklam anay ca mlray
yuklam asmin vydlv ovavidlasya puruasyaiva
lvanla doam apakaraly upaamayali v.
Philipp A. Maas r
z On What to Do with a Stemma
IntcrpnIatcd passagc aItcr 8.8y,i In S Ap
d
Bo
d
L
d
T
d
(

pc) T
d
Va
d
Vb
d zr
zr
Slanzas aro nol numborod in llo manuscripls.
Philipp A. Maas
On What to Do with a Stemma
Philipp A. Maas
6 On What to Do with a Stemma
CS Vi 8., zq
ukraoilapraklim, kIagarblayapraklim,
lurlravilrapraklim, malbllavikraprakli ca
garblaarram apokalo.
Philipp A. Maas
CS Vi 8.6, 6
CS Vi 8.i, 6I.
SIgIa nI manuscrIpts
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d
Dovangar
k
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S On What to Do with a Stemma
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Tubingon,
InivorsilalsbibIiollok
(IB) I.S
T
d
Tubingon, IB I.q
T
d
Tubingon, IB I.6o +
I.
U
d
Idaipur, RORI r
V
b
Varanasi, Sarasvali
Blavan Iibrary Sz
V
b
Varanasi, Sarasvali
Blavan Iibrary roSSz
V
b
Varanasi, Sarasvali
Blavan Iibrary roS6S
V
d
Varanasi, Bonaros Hindu
Philipp A. Maas q
Inivorsily, Gaokvad
Iibrary C6SS
Va
d
Varanasi, Sarasvali
Blavan Iibrary So
Vb
d
idem.
SIgns and abbrcvIatInns In cnIIatcd and cdItcd pas-
sagcs
aII manuscripls, oxcopl llo ono(s) monlionod
.. iIIogibIo akara
. parl of an iIIogibIo akara
missing akara indicalod by llo scribo
bIank spaco in a Iino of loxl vill llo broadll of
ca. ono akara
halantacihna
ono or moro vilnossos do nol lransmil llo varianl
undor discussion duo lo a Iacuna
|xy] loxl in squaro brackols vas doIolod in llo manu-
scripl
<xy> loxl in angIo brackols vas addod in llo margin of
llo manuscripl or oIsovloro
<xy>z loxl addod by a socond land
:::
ab vavy undorIining indicalos llal llo roconslruc-
lod loxl is uncorlain. IossibIo aIlornalivo road-
ings aro undorIinod in llo apparalus.
ac (ante correctionem) boforo a corroclion vas ap-
pIiod
om. omillod
pc (post correctionem) aflor a corroclion vas appIiod
z
pc aflor a corroclion vas appIiod by a socond land
rp. (ropolilion) loxl vas miscopiod a socond limo
tp. (lransposod) loxl is omillod loro, bul occurs al a
dioronl posilion
vl varianl roading villin a ropoalod passago
6o On What to Do with a Stemma
RcIcrcnccs
crya, Ydavaarman Trivikrama (od.) rqzz. Mahari
Agniveena prat CarakaDhabalbhy pratisaskt
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Iroisondanz, Karin, Crislina Iocclia, and IliIipp A. Maas
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nana-rmacCakrapidattapratay yurvedadpikkhya-
kay mahmahopdhyya-rGagdharakaviratnakavirja-
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kavirja rNarendrantha Senaguptena kavirja rBali-
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