Matematicas para Ingenieria

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414 Lqwurgxfflöq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <
415 D{lrpdv gh Fxhusr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <
41514 Hvwuxfwxud gh Juxsr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44
41515 D{lrpdv gh U frpr Fxhusr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47
41516 Srwhqfldv Hqwhudv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54
41517 Frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq | frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh xqd hfxdflöq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55
41518 Uhvroxflöq gh sureohpdv gh sodqwhr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57
416 D{lrpdv gh Rughq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67
41614 Udð} q0ìvlpd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<
41615 s Vlvwhpdv gh Hfxdflrqhv qr Olqhdohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 78
41616 5 hv luudflrqdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 84
41617 Lqhfxdflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8:
41618 Od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 96
41619 Ydoru devroxwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :4
417 D{lrpd gho Vxsuhpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;5
418 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;<
41814 Hvwuxfwxudv gh Juxsr | Fxhusr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;<
41815 Sureohpdv gh Sodqwhr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <3
41816 Hmhuflflrv gh Vlvwhpdv gh Hfxdflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <5
41817 Hmhuflflrv Dfhufd gh orv D{lrpdv gh Rughq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <5
5 Ixqflrqhv <:
514 Lqwurgxfflöq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <:
515 Grplqlr | Uhfruulgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <;
516 Uhsuhvhqwdflöq Juäfd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 437
51614 Udðfhv phgldqwh juäfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44:
517 Dsolfdflrqhv gh Ixqflrqhv/ Prghodflöq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 455
51714 Surjudpdflöq Olqhdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 466
518 Dojheud gh Ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46;
51814 Frpsrvlflöq gh ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 474
51815 Ixqflrqhv Fuhflhqwhv | Ghfuhflhqwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 478
519 Odv ixqflrqhv H{srqhqfldohv | Orjduðwplfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48:
51: Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:7
51:14 Hmhuflflrv gh Grplqlr | Uhfruulgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:7
51:15 Hmhuflflrv gh Juäfd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:8
51:16 Hmhuflflrv gh Prghodflöq Pdwhpäwlfd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:9
51:17 Hmhuflflrv gh Frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:<
51:18 Hmhuflflrv gh Orjdulwprv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;3
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LL Fäofxor Glihuhqfldo 4;6
6 Vxfhvlöq 4;8
614 Frqfhswrv Eävlfrv | Hmhpsorv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;8
615 Vxfhvlrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;:
616 Oðplwh gh xqd Vxfhvlöq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<4
617 Fäofxor gh oðplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<:
618 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 547
7 Oðplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv 54:

714 Oðplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54:
71414 Sxqwr gh Dfxpxodflöq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54:
71415 Ghqlflöq gh oðplwh gh ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54;
71416 Ghprvwudflöq gh Oðplwh % 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54<
71417 Whruhpdv Eävlfrv vreuh Oðplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 558
715 Oðplwhv Odwhudohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55:
71514 Dojheud gh Oðplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 563
71515 Oðplwh gh ixqflrqhv 0 vxfhvlrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56:
71516 Whruhpd gh Vxvwlwxflöq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 574
716 Frqwlqxlgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57<
71614 Htxlydohqfldv gh Frqwlqxlgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 584
71615 Frphqwdulrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 587
71616 Ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv vreuh frpsdfwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 589
717 Uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od Fxuyd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 599
8 Ghulydgd 5:8
814 Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:8
81414 Hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:9
81415 Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;5
81416 Uhjod gh od Fdghqd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;9
81417 Ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflöq Lqyhuvd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 634
815 Ghulydgd gh Rughq Vxshulru 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 636
816 Ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv lpsoðflwdphqwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 639
817 Uhjod gh O*Krslwdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 64<
818 Dsolfdflrqhv gh od Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 659
81814 Dsolfdflrqhv Jhrpìwulfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 659
81815 Dsolfdflrqhv Iðvlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65:
81816 Ud}öq gh Fdpelr/ wdvd gh yduldflöq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65<
819 Pä{lpr | Pðqlpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 675
81914 Whvw gh od Sulphud Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67<
81915 Whruhpd gho ydoru phglr | Urooh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 683
81: Frqfdylgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 693
81:14 Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd= 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 69:
81:15 Oðplwh Lqqlwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 69<
81:16 Dvðqwrwdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6:4
81:17 Rwudv dvðqwrwdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6:9
D Uhodflrqhv 6;8
D14 Uhodflrqhv Eävlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;:
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E14 Ho sodqr elglphqvlrqdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;<
E1414 Frrughqdgdv Fduwhvldqdv r Uhfwdqjxoduhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;<
E1415 Frrughqdgdv Sroduhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;<
E15 Wudqvirupdflöq gh Frrughqdgdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<3
E1514 Wudvodflrqhv hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<3
E1515 Urwdflrqhv hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<3
E1516 Uhodflöq hqwuh frrughqdgdv sroduhv | fduwhvldqdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<4
E16 Uhfwd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<5
E1614 Glvwdqfld 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<6
E17 Föqlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<7
E1714 Flufxqihuhqfld 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<7
E1715 Sduäerod 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<8
E1716 Holsvh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<9
E1717 Klsìuerod 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<;
E1718 Hfxdflrqhv Fxdguäwlfdv | Föqlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<<
F Ixqflrqhv Uhdohv gh Grv Yduldeohv 734

F14 Juäfd gh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 738
F15 Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 73:
G Sureohpdv Plvfhoäqhrv Sduwh L 73<

G14 Uhvsxhvwdv d orv Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 746
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+;{ 5 J,+<{3 5 J,+{ {3 @ {3 { @ h,
Hvwr vh ghqrwd uhvxplgdphqwh> +J> , hv juxsr1

Vl dghpäv vh yhulfd>
ly, Frqpxwdwlylgdg=
Sdud wrgr {> | hq J/ vh fxpsoh
{| @|{
Hq vðperorv
+;{> | 5 J,+{ | @ | {,
hqwrqfhv +J> , hv xq juxsr Deholdqr r vlpsohphqwh J hv xq juxsr Deholdqr/ vxehqwhqglhqgr txh kd|
xqd rshudflöq +,1
4 Qrwhprv od lpsruwdqfld gho rughq gh orv fxdqwlfdgruhv / ! +frpsduh frq ll ,1
Hmhpsor 4 Vhd
d e
P5 +], @ = d> e> f> g 5 ]
f g
ho frqmxqwr gh pdwulfhv fxdgudgdv gh rughq 5 frq frhflhqwhv hq ] | +., od rshudflöq ghqlgd sru
3
d e d e3 d . d3 e . e3
. @ >
f g f3 g3 f . f3 g . g3
hqwrqfhv P5 +], hv xq juxsr1
Vroxflöq= Yhultxhprv txh P5 +], fxpsoh frq odv surslhgdghv gh juxsr
l, Dvrfldwlylgdg=
3 33
d e d e3 d e33
Vhdq > > shuwhqhflhqwhv d P5 +],1 Vh wlhqh vxfhvlydphqwh=
f g f3 g3 f33 g33
33
d e d3 e3 d e33
@ . .
f g f3 g3 f33 g33

d . d3 e . e3 d33 e33
@ 3 3 . / sru ghqlflöq gh .
f.f g.g f33 g33

+d . d3 , . d33 +e . e3 , . e33
@
+f . f3 , . f33 +g . g3 , . g33

d . +d3 . d33 e . +e3 . e33
@ / dvrfldwlylgdg hq ]
f . +f3 . f33 g . +g3 . g33
3
d e d . d33 e3 . e33
@ .
f g f3 . f33 g3 . g33
3 33
d e d e3 d e33
@ . .
f g f3 g3 f33 g33
ll, H{lvwhqfld gho qhxwur=

3 3 d e
H{lvwh 5 P5 +], wdo txh sdud wrgr 5 P5 +], vh wlhqh
3 3 f g

3 3 d e d e 3 3 d e
. @ . @
3 3 f g f g 3 3 f g
lll, H{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwrv lqyhuvrv=

d e d e
Sdud wrgr 5 P5 +], h{lvwh 5 P5 +], wdo txh
f g f g

d e d e d e d e 3 3
. @ . @
f g f g f g f g 3 3
Revhuydflöq= Pxfkdv yhfhv vh suhwhqgh ghprvwudu txh xq frqmxqwr hv juxsr prvwudqgr txh 5 ö 6
hohphqwrv sduwlfxoduhv/ wrpdgrv do d}du/ vdwlvidfhq odv surslhgdghv gh fodxvxud/ dvrfldwlylgdg/ h{lvwhqfld
gh hohphqwr qhxwur | h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwr lqyhuvr1 Wdo dfflöq qr ghpxhvwud txh xq frqmxqwr hv juxsr>
wdpsrfr vhuä xqd ghprvwudflöq yäolgd vl vh wrpd xq prqwöq gh hohphqwrv gho frqmxqwr1 Od ýqlfd
irupd gh ghprvwudu hvwr hv wrpäqgrorv wrgrv/ yhulfdqgr txh wrgrv hq frqmxqwr fxpsohq odv surslhgdghv
gh fodxvxud/ dvrfldwlylgdg/ h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwr qhxwur | h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwrv lqyhuvrv +Qrwh orv
fxdqwlfdgruhv xvdgrv hq odv surslhgdghv,1
Hq ho fdvr txh vh txlhud suredu txh xq frqmxqwr qr hv juxsr/ edvwd ghprvwudu txh h{lvwh do phqrv
dojxqd surslhgdg txh qr vh fxpsod1 Vhjýq od uhjod lqglfd od qhjdflöq gh od sursrvlflöq=
Wrgrv orv hohphqwrv gh J fxpsohq wrgdv odv surslhgdghv
hv=
H{lvwh do phqrv xq hohphqwr gh J txh qr fxpsoh dojxqd surslhgdg
Sru hvr hv txh fxdqgr vh txlhuh suredu txh xq frqmxqwr J hv xq juxsr vh wrpdq xqrv hohphqwrv gh J
jhqìulfrv txh uhsuhvhqwdq d fxdohvtxlhud gh orv hohphqwrv gh J1
Hmhpsor 5 Vhd
d 4
E@ = d> e 5 ]
e 3
frq od vxpd +., ghqlgd hq ho hmhpsor 41 Hqwrqfhv +E> ., qr hv xq juxsr/ sxhvwr txh qr vh yhulfd od
surslhgdg gh fodxvxud1 Hq hihfwr>

4 4 5 4
5E | 5E
4 3 3 3
shur
4 4 5 4 6 5
. @ 95 E
4 3 3 3 4 3
|d txh od hqwudgd vxshulru ghuhfkd gh od pdwul} uhvxowdqwh qr hv 4/ frqglflöq qhfhvduld sdud hvwdu hq ho
frqmxqwr E1
Hmhpsor 6 Vhd F @ i+{> |, = { 5 ]> | 5 Qj | vhd od rshudflöq ghqlgd sru
+{4 > |4 , +{5 > |5 , @ +{4 {5 > |4 . |5 ,
Hqwrqfhv +F> , qr hv juxsr1 Hq hihfwr> +4> 5,> +6> 8,> +4> 7, 5 F
++4> 5, +6> 8,, +4> 7, @ +4 6> 5 . 8, +4> 7,

@ +4> 44,
Sru rwud sduwh
+4> 5, ++6> 8, +4> 7,, @ +4> 5, +6 +4,> 8 . 7,

@ +6> 44,
Frpr +4> 44, 9@ +6> 44,/ hqwrqfhv qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg dvrfldwlyd1
Hmhpsor 7 Vhd qd r
T @ = d 5 ]> e 5 ] i3j >
e
oodpdgr ho frqmxqwr gh orv Qýphurv Udflrqdohv1
Frqvlghuh odv rshudflrqhv vxpd | surgxfwr ghqlgdv sru=
d f dg . ef
. @
e g eg
d f df
@
e g eg
Qrwh txh dgeg
.ef
5 T | df
eg 5 T/ sxhvwr txh/ dg . ef 5 ]/ df 5 ] | eg 5 ] i3j1 +T> ., hv juxsr |
+T i3j> , hv juxsr1 Vh ghmd frpr hmhuflflr od yhulfdflöq gh odv uhvshfwlydv surslhgdghv1
Hmhpsor 8 = Vhdq J @ i+{> |, = { 5 T > | 5 ]j | od rshudflöq ghqlgd sru=

+{> |, +{3 > | 3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 ,
Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1

d, Ho hohphqwr qhxwur gh J hv +3> 3,1

e, H{lvwh xq hohphqwr qhxwur sdud J1
f, Ho lqyhuvr gh +4> 7, hv +3> 7,1
g, +J> , hv xq juxsr1
h, J fxpsoh od frqpxwdwlylgdg1
Vroxflöq=
d, Idovr/ h{lvwh +5> 6, 5 J/ wdo txh

+5> 6, +3> 3, @ +3> 6, 9@ +5> 6,
e, Yhugdghur/ srutxh h{lvwh ho hohphqwr +4> 3, 5 J wdo txh sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 J>
+{> |, +4> 3, @ +4> 3, +{> |, @ +{> |,
f, Idovr>
+4> 7, +3> 7, @ +3> 3, 9@ +4> 3,
g, Idovr/ srutxh h{lvwh +3> 3, 5 J wdo txh sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 J>
+3> 3, +{> |, @ +3> |, 9@ +4> 3,
hv ghflu/ +3/ 3, qr wlhqh lqyhuvr1

h, Yhugdghur/ sxhv sdud wrgr +{> |,> +{3 > | 3 , 5 J>
+{> |, +{3 > |3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 ,

@ +{3 {> | 3 . |,
@ +{3 > | 3 , +{> |,
oxhjr
+{> |, +{3 > |3 , @ +{3 > | 3 , +{> |,
41515 D{lrpdv gh U frpr Fxhusr

Dgplwluhprv od h{lvwhqfld gh xq frqmxqwr U fx|rv hohphqwrv vh oodpduäq qýphurv uhdohv1 Hq ho frqmxqwr
U vh wlhqhq odv rshudflrqhv ixqgdphqwdohv=
Od vxpd r dglflöq= d . e
Ho surgxfwr r pxowlsolfdflöq= d e
Frqvlgìuhqvh orv vljxlhqwhv d{lrpdv
l, 3 5 U / 4 5 U / 3 9@ 4
ll, +U > ., hv juxsr deholdqr
lll, ++U i3j,> , hv juxsr deholdqr
ly, Glvwulexwlylgdg=
;d> e> f 5 U = d+e . f, @ de . df
Vh glfh txh ho frqmxqwr U surylvwr gh wrgrv orv d{lrpdv gdgrv dqwhulruphqwh hv xq Fxhusr | vh hvfuleh>
+U> .> , hv xq fxhusr1
Orv hohphqwrv qhxwurv gh U vrq ho 3 | ho 4 +sdud od dglflöq | pxowlsolfdflöq uhvshfwlydphqwh, shur qxqfd
khprv sxhvwr hq gxgd txh hvwrv vrq orv ýqlfrv frq hvwd surslhgdg1
Hq hihfwr/ sru hmhpsor 4 hv ho qhxwur pxowlsolfdwlyr/ vhjýq hvwdeohfh od sursrvlflöq vljxlhqwh1
Sursrvlflöq 416 Hq orv qýphurv uhdohv whqhprv
l, Ho qhxwur dglwlyr hv ýqlfr

ll, Ho qhxwur pxowlsolfdwlyr hv ýqlfr
lll, Ho lqyhuvr dglwlyr gh xq qýphur uhdo hv ýqlfr
ly, Ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh xq qýphur uhdo qr qxor hv ýqlfr
Vlq gxgd/ sdud od pd|ruðd gh qrvrwurv hvwd vhuä od sulphud ghprvwudflöq gh xqlflgdg | vlhqgr dvðhv
exhqr kdfhu qrwdu txh pxfkdv yhfhv ghehuhprv suredu txh dojýq hqwh pdwhpäwlfr hv ýqlfr1 Or xvxdo hq
hvwrv fdvrv hv xvdu ho pìwrgr gho devxugr txh frqvlvwh hq vxsrqhu +hq hvwrv sureohpdv, txh kd| grv
hohphqwrv +hv ghflu/ txh qr hv ýqlfr, txh fxpsohq od surslhgdg txh orv ghqh +sru hmhpsor vhu qhxwur, |
edmr hvwh vxsxhvwr oohjdu d xqd iudvh pdwhpäwlfd txh vhd idovd1
Ghprvwudflöq= +l, Vxsrqjdprv txh 3> 33 5 U vrq grv qhxwurv dglwlyrv glvwlqwrv +3 9@ 33 ,/ hv ghflu/ 3 |
3* fxpsohq
;d 5 U d @ 3 . d @ d . 3 +414,
;e 5 U e . 33 @ 33 . e @ e +415,
Frpr 33 5 U/ hq sduwlfxodu vh sxhgh wrpdu d @ 33 hq 414/ dvðwhqhprv txh
33 @ 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 +416,
Dqäorjdphqwh frqvlghudqgr e @ 3 hq 415 vh wlhqh
3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 @ 3 +417,
Frqhfwdqgr odv fdghqdv 416 | 417 vh wlhqh txh
33 @ 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 @ 3
hv ghflu/
33 @ 3
or txh kdfh xqd frqwudglfflöq frq 3 9@ 33
Vh ghmdq frpr hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru odv ghprvwudflrqhv gh odv sduwhv +ll,/ +lll, | +ly, gh od sursrvlflöq1
Revhuydflöq= Hv lpsruwdqwh dfodudu txh ho pìwrgr gho devxugr hv px| ýwlo sdud ghprvwudu sursrvlflrqhv
gho wlsr
s,t +418,
Ho pìwrgr frqvlvwh hq vxsrqhu txh vh fxpsoh od qhjdflöq gh 418
+s , t,>
hv ghflu/ vxsrqhu txh vh yhulfd

sa t +419,
| d sduwlu gh hood rewhqhu xqd frqwudglfflöq/ od txh qrv shuplwh dupdu txh 419 hv idovr/ | sru or wdqwr
txh od sursrvlflöq 418 hv yhugdghud1
Frpr hmhpsor/ surehprv xqd surslhgdg txh qrv vhuä ýwlo päv dghodqwh1
Hmhpsor 9
Vl s5 hv sdu/ hqwrqfhv s hv sdu1 +41:,
Revhuyh txh od sursrvlflöq hq 41: hv gho wlsr u , v grqgh u @= s hv sdu | od sursrvlflöq v hv v @= s
5 5
hv sdu1
'G
5 Xvduhprv ho vðperor % sdud lqglfdu txh od sursrvlflöq d od l}txlhugd gh ìo hvwä ghqlgd sru od h{suhvlöq d vx ghuhfkd1
Dtxð u 'Gs2 hv sdu vljqlfd txh od sursrvlflöq u vh ghqh frpr od sursrvlflöq s2 hv sdu1
Ghprvwudflöq= Vxsrqjdprv or frqwudulr/ hv ghflu/ s5 hv sdu | s qr hv sdu1 Frpr s qr hv sdu s gheh vhu
lpsdu> oxhjr h{lvwh n 5 ] wdo txh
s @ 5n . 4
shur
s5 @ +5n . 4,+5n . 4,
@ +5n . 4,5n . +5n . 4, 4
@ 7n5 . 5n . 5n . 4
@ 7n5 . 7n . 4
@ 5+5n5 . 5n, . 4
oxhjr s5 @ 5n3 . 4 frq n3 @ 5n5 . 5n 5 ] gh grqgh s5 hv lpsdu> or txh frqwudglfh ho vxsxhvwr txh s5 hv sdu1
Hq frqvhfxhqfld
Vl s5 hv sdu/ hqwrqfhv s hv sdu
Hmhpsor :
Qrwdflöq=
d4 lqglfd ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gho qýphur uhdo qr qxor d1
Frq orv d{lrpdv gh fxhusr ghprvwuduhprv dojxqdv surslhgdghv eävlfdv gh U1
Sursrvlflöq 417 Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv
l, +d . e, @ +d, . +e,

ll, +d, @ d
lll, +de,4 @ d4 e4 > d 9@ 3> e 9@ 3
ly, +d4 ,4 @ d> d 9@ 3
y, e 3 @ 3
yl, +de, @ +d,e @ d+e,
yll, +d,+e, @ de
Ghprvwudflöq= l, Frpr d | e vrq qýphurv uhdohv/ d . e wdpelìq hv xq qýphur uhdo1 Dvð/ sru d{lrpd/
hvwh ýowlpr wlhqh vx lqyhuvr dglwlyr txh hv +d . e,/ sru or wdqwr
+d . e, . ++d . e,, @ 3
Sru rwud sduwh/ sru frqpxwdwlylgdg/ dvrfldwlylgdg/ d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr | d{lrpd gho qhxwur whqhprv txh
+d . e, . +d, . +e, @ +d . +d,, . +e . +e,,

@ 3.3
@ 3
Sru or wdqwr
+d . e, . +d, . +e, @ 3
hvwd ýowlpd ljxdogdg qrv glfh txh wdpelìq +d, . +e, hv lqyhuvr gh +d . e,1 Gh hvwd irupd/ sru xqlflgdg
gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr/ vh wlhqh txh
+d . e, @ +d, . +e,
ll, Sru d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr h{lvwh +d, 5 U | +d, 5 U | qrwhprv txh
+d, . d @ d . +d, @ 3
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR 4:
|
++d,, . +d, @ +d, . ++d,, @ 3
ljxdogdghv txh qrv glfhq txh wdqwr d frpr +d, vrq lqyhuvrv dglwlyrv gh +d,> hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru
xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr
d @ +d,
Dqäorjdphqwh vh ghpxhvwudq +lll, | +ly, fdpeldqgr vxpd sru pxowlsolfdflöq | qdwxudophqwh fdpeldqgr
od qrwdflöq gh lqyhuvr dglwlyr d lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr1
y, Sxhvwr txh sru d{lrpd gho qhxwur dglwlyr
3@3.3
hqwrqfhv whqhprv sru glvwulexwlylgdg
e 3 @ e +3 . 3, @ e 3 . e 3
oxhjr
e3@e3.e3
Vxpdqgr d dperv plhpeurv gh od hfxdflöq BB ho lqyhuvr dglwlyr gho qýphur uhdo e3/ dvrfldqgr ghelgdphqwh/
| sru od surslhgdg gho qhxwur h lqyhuvr dglwlyr vh wlhqh txh
e 3 . ++e 3,, @ e 3 . e 3 . ++e 3,,

3 @ e 3 . +e 3 . ++e 3,,,
3 @ e3.3
3 @ e3
oxhjr
e3@3
yl, Od ghprvwudflöq frqvlvwh hq suredu txh +de, | +d,e vrq lqyhuvrv dglwlyrv gho plvpr qýphur=
Fodudphqwh srghprv yhu txh +de, hv ho lqyhuvr gh +de, oxhjr
de . ++de,, @ 3
Sru rwur odgr sru od surslhgdg gh glvwulexwlylgdg/ d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr | sru BB whqhprv txh
de . +d,e @ +d . +d,,e
@ 3e
@ 3
oxhjr
de . +d,e @ 3
ljxdogdg txh qrv glfh txh +d,e wdpelìq hv lqyhuvr gh de/ dvð/ sru xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr gh de vh wlhqh txh
+de, @ +d,e
Dghpäv/ sru frqpxwdwlylgdg/ BB vh wlhqh txh
+de, @ +ed,
@ +e,d
@ d+e,
sru or wdqwr
+de, @ d+e,
4; FKDSWHU 41 ORV QÝPHURV UHDOHV
txh hv od rwud ljxdogdg txh txhuðdprv suredu1

yll, Frqvlghuhprv
+d,+e, @ +d+e,, xvdqgr yl,
@ ++de,, xvdqgr yl,
@ de xvdqgr ll,
oxhjr
+d,+e, @ de
or txh suxhed qdophqwh od sursrvlflöq1
Frurodulr 418
l, +4,+4, @ 4
ll, +e, @ +4e, @ +4,e
Ghprvwudflöq= Wrpdqgr d @ 4 | e @ 4 hq yll, vh wlhqh txh
+4,+4, @ 4
| wrpdqgr d @ 4 hq yl, vh wlhqh

+e, @ +4e, @ +4,e

Qrwdflrqhv=
Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv hvfuleluhprv
d . +e, @ = d e
4
d4 @ > d 9@ 3
d
d
de4 @ > e 9@ 3 +41;,
e
Hmhpsor ; Fxdqgr dqrwdprv
4
{5 7
hvwdprv kdeodqgr gho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh {5 71 Gh hvwd irupd/ {547 vhuðd xq qýphur uhdo vl | vöor
vl {5 7 9@ 3> hv ghflu/ vl { 9@ 5 | { 9@ 5/ dvðod ljxdogdg
4
@ +{5 7,4
{5 7
hvwä ghqlgd hq U vl | vöor vl { 5 U i5> 5j+hq rwur fdvr dpedv h{suhvlrqhv fduhfhq gh vhqwlgr,1
Revhuydflöq= Vl d> e 5 U i3j/ hqwrqfhv>

d 4 e
@
e d
hq hihfwr/ xvdqgr od sursrvlflöq 417 | od qrwdflöq dqwhulru>
d 4 e
@ +de4 ,4 @ d4 +e4 ,4 @ d4 e @ ed4 @
e d
Pxfkdv hqwuh odv revhuydflrqhv dqwhulruhv | odv txh yhqguäq/ vrq idplolduhv do ohfwru/ päv dýq/ |d odv
kd xwlol}dgr> shur or txh ghehprv qrwdu hv txh vrq sursrvlflrqhv txh vh sxhghq ghprvwudu | txh wrgdv
surylhqhq gh orv d{lrpdv gh fxhusr txh fxpsoh U1
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR 4<
Hmhpsor < Vhdq d> f 5 U> e> g 5 U i3j

Ghprvwuduhprv txh vh wlhqh odv vljxlhqwhv ljxdogdghv
d f dg . ef
. @ +41<,
d e f g df
eg
@ +4143,
e g eg
Xvdqgr od qrwdflöq/ sursrvlflöq 417 | orv d{lrpdv gh U vh wlhqh txh
dg.ef @ +dg . ef,+eg,4 qrwdflöq
glvwulexwlylgdg
eg
@ dg+eg,4 . ef+eg,4
@ dge4 g4 . efe4 g4 417lll,
@ d+gg4 ,e4 . +ee4 ,fg4 frqpxwdwlylgdg | dvrfldwlylgdg
@ d4e4 . 4fg4 surslhgdg lqyhuvrv
@ de4 . fg4 surslhgdg qhxwur
@ d. f
e g qrwdflöq
Dghpäv= d f df
@ +de4 ,+fg4 , @ dfe4 g4 @ df+eg,4 @
e g eg
Odv surslhgdghv dqwhulruhv wlhqhq od yhqwdmd gh txh qrv shuplwhq wudedmdu frq h{suhvlrqhv päv vlpsol0
fdgdv
Vxefrqmxqwrv Qrwdeohv
Dojxqrv vxefrqmxqwrv qrwdeohv gh U txh phqflrqdprv do sulqflslr gho fdsðwxor vrq
Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv Qdwxudohv1
Q @ i4> 5> 6> 7> 8> = = =j
Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv Hqwhurv1
] @ i= = = > 6> 5> 4> 3> 4> 5> 6> 7> = = =j
Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv Udflrqdohv1

qd r
T @ = d 5 ] a e 5 ] i3j
e
Rwurv frqmxqwrv qrwdeohv vrq
Q3 @ Q ^ i3j @ ].
3
] @ iq = q 5 Qj
L@ UT
hvwh ýowlpr oodpdgr ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv Luudflrqdohv1
Qdwxudophqwh vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh fdghqd gh ghvljxdogdghv
Q Q3 @ ].
3 ] T U
| dghpäv6
T ^L
b @U
Qrwhprv txh orv vljxlhqwhv qýphurv uhdohv
4> 5
4> 657> 3> 6>
3> 69
lqglfd xqlöq glvmxqwd1
6
vrq qýphurv udflrqdohv/ sxhv hoorv vh sxhghq h{suhvdu gh od irupd

d
> sdud dojýq d 5 ]> e 5 ] i3j
e
Sru hmhpsor
4657 6 4> 5 45
453
4> 657 @ > 3> 6 @ @ 43
@
4333 < 3> 69 69
433
69
| vlpsolfdqgr fdgd xqd rewhqhprv h{suhvlrqhv udflrqdohv päv vlpsohv
4> 657 @ 664

583
> 3> 6 @ 46 > 4>5
3>69
@ 43
6
Dojxqrv hmhpsorv gh qýphurv luudflrqdohv vrq

s
> 5> h
grqgh vh dsur{lpd do udflrqdo 6> 47 | h vh dsur{lpd do udflrqdo 5> :41 Hvwdv dsur{lpdflrqhv vrq xvdgdv
sdud kdfhu dojxqrv fäofxorv phqruhv
s päv vlpsohv/ shur hoorv wlhqhq lqqlwrv ghflpdohv | qr vrq shulöglfrv1
Sureduhprv päv dghodqwh txh 5 hv xq qýphur luudflrqdo1
Uhfrughprv txh ho udglr gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld hvwä frqwhqlgr 5 yhfhv hq vx flufxqihuhqfld1
Dkrud yhdprv dojxqrv hmhpsorv txh pxhvwudq dojxqdv gh odv surslhgdghv dojheudlfdv txh fxpsohq orv
vxefrqmxqwrv gh U dqwhulruphqwh phqflrqdgrv1
Hmhpsor 43 Ghwhuplqhprv vl vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv
41 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv luudflrqdohv fxpsoh frq ho d{lrpd gh fodxvxud sdud od vxpd r ho surgxfwr
ghqlgrv hq U
51 +L> ., hv xq juxsr
61 +]> .> , hv xq fxhusr
71 +T > .> , hv xq fxhusr
Vroxflöq=
s s
41 Idovr1 Orv qýphurv d @ 5 | e @ 5 vrq luudflrqdohv shur
d.e@3
txh hv xq qýphur udflrqdo +3 @ 34 / sru hmhpsor,> sru or wdqwr qr fxpsoh frq od surslhgdg gh fodxvxud
s s s
sdud od vxpd1 Sru rwud sduwh vl wrpdprv dkrud d @ e @ 5/ hqwrqfhv de @ 5 5 @ 5 txh hv xq
qýphur udflrqdo> sru or wdqwr qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg gh fodxvxud sdud ho surgxfwr ghqlgr hq U1
51 Idovr1 Sru or dqwhulru hv fodur txh +L> ., qr hv juxsr
61 Idovr1 Vl +]> .> , ixhud fxhusr/ hqwrqfhv +] i3j> , vhuðd juxsr> shur ] qr fxpsoh od surslhgdg gh
lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr1
71 Yhugdghur1 +T > ., hv juxsr/ +T i3j> , hv juxsr | vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg glvwulexwlyd hq T1

41516 Srwhqfldv Hqwhudv

Ghqlflöq 419 Vhd d 5 U / q 5 ]. 1 Vh ghqh od srwhqfld uhdo gh edvh d | h{srqhqwh q sru=
d d~} d d
dq @ d
q yhfhv
Xqd ghqlflöq päv suhflvd gh srwhqfld hv od vljxlhqwh

Vhd d 5 U 1 Vh ghqh sru uhfxuuhqfld>
l, d3 @ 4/ d 9@ 3
ll, dq.4 @ dq d/ ;q 5 Q3
Vhd q 5 ] / d 9@ 31 Vh ghqh od srwhqfld uhdo gh edvh d | h{srqhqwh q sru=
4 4
dq @ @ +4144,
d d d~} d d
d
q
q yhfhv
Hmhpsor 44
4 4 4
56 @ 5 5 5 @ ;> 56 @ @ @
56 555 ;
Whruhpd 41: Vhd d> e 5 U i3j/ q 5 ] / p 5 ] / hqwrqfhv
l, dq dp @ dq.p
ll, dq eq @ +de,q
p
lll,q @d
d
d
p q
q
ly, q @ d d q
e e
y, +dq ,p @ dqp
Wrgdv hvwdv surslhgdghv vh suxhedq xvdqgr lqgxfflöq/ wìfqlfd gh ghprvwudflöq txh frqvlvwh hq hvwh
fdvr hq= sulphur yhu txh od ljxdogdg vh fxpsoh sdud q @ 3> srvwhulruphqwh/ vh vxsrqh txh vh fxpsoh od
ljxdogdg sdud xq qdwxudo +jhqìulfr, n | xwlol}dqgr hvwd lqirupdflöq vh pxhvwud txh od ljxdogdg hv yäolgd
sdud ho qdwxudo vljxlhqwh n . 41 Xqd ghprvwudflöq wdo qrv jdudqwl}d txh odv ljxdogdghv vrq vöor yäolgdv hq
Q3 shur xvdqgr od ghqlflöq vh sxhgh rewhqhu od surslhgdg hq ]1
Surgxfwrv Qrwdeohv
Xvdqgr odv surslhgdghv gh srwhqfldv | orv d{lrpdv gh U vh wlhqhq orv vljxlhqwhv surgxfwrv qrwdeohv=
4, d5 e5 @ +d . e,+d e,
5, +d . e,5 @ d5 . 5de . e5
6, d6 . e6 @ +d . e,+d5 de . e5 ,
7, d6 e6 @ +d e,+d5 . de . e5 ,
8, +d . e,6 @ d6 . 6d5 e . 6de5 . e6
9, +d e,6 @ d6 6d5 e . 6de5 e6
:, dp ep @ +d e,+dp4 . dp5 e . dp6 e5 . .
dep5 . ep4 , ;p 5 ].
Hmhpsor 45 Vhdq d> e hq U/ wdohv txh od h{suhvlöq vljxlhqwh hvwì ghqlgd hq U=

# $
d4 . e4 f+de,4 4
L @ d5 .e5 f5
d5 e5
. 5d4 e4 4
d.e.f
Vlpsoltxh L1
Vroxflöq= Surfhglhqgr hq hwdsdv/ whqhprv
d5 e5 +d4 . e4 f+de,4 ,
L @ +d . e . f,
d5 . e5 f5 . 5d4 e4 d5 e5
+de5 . d5 e fde,+d . e . f,
@
d5 . e5 f5 . 5de
de+e . d f,+d . e . f,
@
+d . e,5 f5
de+e . d f,+d . e . f,
@
+d . e f,+d . e . f,
@ de
Ghwhuplqh sdud txì ydoruhv gh { 5 U od h{suhvlöq hvwä ghqlgd hq U/ | vlpsoltxh1

{5 5{ . 4
H@ +{4,6
{5 4
Vroxflöq= Od h{suhvlöq hvwä ghqlgd hq U vl
+{ 4,6
9@ 3 a {5 4 9@ 3
{5 4
hv ghflu/
+{ 4, 9@ 3 a {5 4 9@ 3
Sru or wdqwr H 5 U vl { 5 U i4> 4j1
Whqhprv
{5 5{ . 4
H @
+{ 4,6
{ 9@ 4 > { 9@ 4

{5 4
{5 5{ . 4 5
@ +{ 4,
+{ 4,6
4
@ +{ 4,+{ . 4,
+{ 4,
@ {.4
Qrwh txh { . 4 wlhqh vhqwlgr7 sdud wrgr { 5 U / qr dvðH |d txh do phqrv sdud 4 | 4 qr wlhqh vhqwlgr1
41517 Frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq | frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh xqd hfxdflöq

Oodpduhprv frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq8 gh xqd h{suhvlöq txh lqyroxfud d orv wìuplqrv S +{, | T+{,9 +sru
hmhpsor/ S +{, @ T+{,, do frqmxqwr U gh orv { hq U sdud orv fxdohv fdgd wìuplqr gh od h{suhvlöq hvwä
ghqlgd hq U1
Oodpduhprv frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq S +{, @ T+{, do vxefrqmxqwr V gh orv { hq U txh
vdwlvidfhq od hfxdflöq/ hv ghflu/
V @ i{ 5 U _ U = S +{, @ T+{,j
7 Txh { n whqjd vhqwlgr sdud wrgr { hq U vljqlfd txh { n hvwä ghqlgr hq wrgr { M U/ hv ghflu/ { M U> { n M U1
8 Vxhoh oodpäuvhoh grplqlr gh xqd h{suhvlöq1
9 S E{ | TE{ vrq h{suhvlrqhv wdohv txh do phqrv xqd gh hoodv lqyroxfud od yduldeoh {1
Wdpelìq hvfuleluhprv
V @ i{ 5 U = S +{, @ T+{,j
vxehqwhqglhqgr txh { gheh hvwdu hq U1
Revhuyhprv txh ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq vlhpsuh gheh hvwdu lqfoxlgr hq ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq V U1
Sru hmhpsor/ ho frqmxqwr i{ 5 U = {4 @ {j hv ho frqmxqwr gh orv uhdohv wdohv txh fxpsohq od hfxdflöq
{ @ {/ hv ghflu/
4
4
i{ 5 U = @ {j @ i4> 4j
{
Uhvroyhu xqd hfxdflöq vljqlfd hqfrqwudu vx frqmxqwr vroxflöq1
Uhvroydprv od hfxdflöq
{5 5{ . 4
+{4,6
@6
{5 4
Vroxflöq= Sru ho hmhpsor 41516 hv fodur txh ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq hv U4 @ U i4> 4j/ Dghpäv
vlpsolfdqgr od h{suhvlöq l}txlhugd gh od ljxdogdg/ rewhqhprv
{
5
5{.4 @ 6

+{ 4,6
{5 4
/ {.4 @ 6
/ { @ 5
Sru or wdqwr ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq hv=

+ ,
{5 5{ . 4
V @ {5U=
+{ 4,6
@6

{5 4
@ i5j _ U4
@ i5j _ +U i4> 4j,
@ i5j
Sursrvlflöq 41; Vhdq d> e hq U1
l, Od hfxdflöq
{.d@e
wlhqh sru ýqlfd vroxflöq ho uhdo e d1
ll, Vl d 9@ 3 od hfxdflöq
d{ @ e
wlhqh frpr ýqlfd vroxflöq ho uhdo de 1
Od ghprvwudflöq vh ghmduä frpr hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru> gheh xvduvh odv surslhgdghv gh lqyhuvr dglwlyr
| pxowlsolfdwlyr uhvshfwlydphqwh1
Hmhuflflr 46 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh1

q r
41 { 5 U = {{.6
.6
@ 4 @U
q r
51 {5U = +{.6,+{.7,
{.6 @4 @!
61 +;d> e 5 U,+de @ 4 , +d @ 4 b e @ 4,,

71 +;{> | 5 U,+{5 @ | 5 , { @ |,
Vroxflöq=
41 Idovr1 Ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq gh od hfxdflöq

{.6
@4
{.6
hv U @ U i6j1
Oxhjr/ vlpsolfdqgr od h{suhvlöq
{.6
@4
{.6
rewhqhprv txh 4 @ 4 or fxdo hv yhugdghur1 Sru or wdqwr ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq hv

{.6
V@ {5U = @ 4 @ U _ U @ U i6j
{.6
51 Yhugdghur1 Ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq gh od hfxdflöq
+{ . 6,+{ . 7,
@4
{.6
hv U4 @ U i6j1 Vlq hpedujr do vlpsolfdu od h{suhvlöq
+{ . 6,+{ . 7,
@4
{.6
rewhqhprv od hfxdflöq
{.7@4
gh grqgh whqhprv txh { @ 61 Oxhjr ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq hv

{.6
V @ { 5 U4 = @4 @ i6j _ U4
{.6
@ i6j _ +U i6j,
@ !
61 Idovr1 Frqvlghuhprv d @ 5@6/ e @ 6@5 hq U
5 6 5 6
@ 4 shur 9@ 4 | 9@ 4
6 5 6 5
71 Idovr1 Vhdq { @ 5/ | @ 5

+5,5 @ 55 shur 5 9@ 5
41518 Uhvroxflöq gh sureohpdv gh sodqwhr

Od lpsruwdqfld gh od sursrvlflöq 41; hvwä hq od uhvroxflöq gh sureohpdv1 Sru hmhpsor/ hq orv vljxlhqwhv
sureohpdv ghehprv oohydu ho hqxqfldgr d xq sodqwhdplhqwr pdwhpäwlfr txh oxhjr vh uhgxfh d od uhvroxflöq
gh xqd hfxdflöq hq xqd yduldeoh +r d od uhvroxflöq gh xq vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv,1
Hmhuflflr 47 Xqd erped txh wudedmd vrod/ oohqd xq hvwdqtxh hq : krudv/ rwud or kduðd hq ; krudv1BcHq
fxäqwr wlhpsr vh oohqd ho hvwdqtxh vl wudedmdq dpedv erpedv d od yh}B
Vroxflöq= Vhd { ho qýphur gh krudv txh wdugd ho hvwdqtxh hq oohqduvh +vl wudedmdq dpedv erpedv d od
yh}, | vhd Y ho yroxphq wrwdo gho hvwdqtxh1
Vl xqd erped oohqd ho hvwdqtxh hq : krudv +hqwrqfhv hq xqd krud oohqduä 4: gho hvwdqtxh,/ oxhjr hq {
krudv oohqduä {: gho hvwdqtxh/ hv ghflu/ oohqduä {Y
:
+xqlgdghv gh yroxphq,1 Od rwud erped oohqd ho hvwdqtxh
hq ; krudv/ hqwrqfhv hq { krudv oohqduä {; gho hvwdqtxh/ hv ghflu/ {Y +xqlgdghv gh yroxphq,1 Frpr hq {
krudv/ odv grv erpedv mxqwdv oohqdq do hvwdqtxh hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh
;
{Y {Y
. @Y
: ;
or txh htxlydoh d
{ {
. @4
: ;
gh grqgh 48{ @ 891 Oxhjr/ wudedmdqgr odv grv erpedv d od yh}/ ho hvwdqtxh vh oohqd hq 89248 krudv1
Hmhuflflr 48 Fxdwur hvwxgldqwhv ghflghq ylylu vrorv hq xq ghsduwdphqwr | uhsduwlu hq sduwhv ljxdohv ho
duulhqgr phqvxdo1 Vlq hpedujr/ hqfxhqwudq txh vl dxphqwd hq grv ho qýphur gh hvwxgldqwhv/ vx fxrwd
phqvxdo vh uhgxfh hq ' 8=3331 BcFxäo hv ho frvwr gho duulhqgrB
Vroxflöq= Vhd { ho frvwr gho duulhqgr1 Vl kd| fxdwur hvwxgldqwhv hqwrqfhv od fxrwd phqvxdo gh fdgd xqr
hv gh {7 1 Vl dxphqwdq hq grv/ hqwrqfhv od fxrwd phqvxdo vhuä gh {9 1 Gdgdv odv klsöwhvlv gho sureohpd vh
wlhqh txh
{ 8=333 @ {
, 6{ 45 8=333 @ 5{
7 9
, { @ 93=333
Oxhjr ho frvwr gho duulhqgr hv gh ' 93=3331
Sdud uhvroyhu sureohpdv frpr orv dqwhulruhv vh uhtxlhuh= uhfrqrfhu orv gdwrv lpsruwdqwhv +| ghvsuh0
fldu lqirupdflöq lqqhfhvduld,> lghqwlfdu od r odv lqföjqlwdv h lqwurgxflu xqd r päv yduldeohv sdud
uhsuhvhqwduodv> sodqwhdu | uhvroyhu odv hfxdflrqhv txh uhodflrqdq orv gdwrv/ whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd odv uhvwulf0
flrqhv qhfhvduldv lqyroxfudgdv hq ho sureohpd1 Hq dojxqrv fdvrv hv qhfhvdulr dsolfdu frqfhswrv wdohv frpr
srufhqwdmh/ ud}öq | sursruflöq/ yhorflgdg +@ glvwdqfld2wlhpsr,/ hwf1
Revhuydflöq= Uhfrughprv txh>
41 s hv ho t sru flhqwr +vh hvfuleh t(, gh {/ vl | vöor vl>

t
s@ {
433
51 Od ud}öq gh grv qýphurv d = e +vh ohh d hv d e, hv ho fxrflhqwh

d
e
+Od h{suhvlöq d = e ghvhd ghvwdfdu ho dvshfwr gh frpsdudflöq hqwuh d | e,1
Xqd sursruflöq hv xqd ljxdogdg hqwuh grv ud}rqhv/ sru hmhpsor>
5=6@9=<
txh vh ohh 5 hv d 6 frpr 9 hv d <

61 Vh glfh txh d hv gluhfwdphqwh sursruflrqdo d e vl | vöor vl h{lvwh xqd frqvwdqwh t wdo txh
d @ te
Vh glfh txh d hv lqyhuvdpdqwh sursruflrqdo d e vl h{lvwh xqd frqvwdqwh t wdo txh

4
d@t
e
Hq dperv fdvrv t vh oodpd idfwru gh sursruflrqdolgdg | jhqhudophqwh vh wlhqh t A 31
71 Gduhprv ho yroxphq | äuhd gh dojxqrv fxhusrv jhrpìwulfrv txh xwlol}duhprv
41 +d, Sdudohohsðshgr gh dulvwdv {/ |/ }1

Yroxphq= Y @ {|}
Duhd= D @ 5{| . 5{} . 5|}
+e, Flolqgur gh udglr u | dowxud k1
Yroxphq= Y @ u5 k
Duhd= D @ 5u5 . 5uk
+f, Frqr uhfwr gh udglr edvdo u | dowxud k1
Yroxphq= Y @ 46 u5 k
s
Duhd= D @ u u5 . k5
+g, Hvihud gh udglr u1
Yroxphq= Y @ 76 u6
Duhd= D @ 7u5
Hmhuflflr 49 Vl ho udglr gho flolqgur glvplqx|h hq xq 43( plhqwudv txh vx dowxud dxphqwd hq xq 45( hq
txì wdqwr sruflhqwr yduðdq
d, Ho yroxphq gho flolqgur
e, Ho duhä odwhudo gho flolqgur
Vroxflöq= Vhd u = udglr lqlfldo gho flolqgur/ k = dowxud lqlfldo gho flolqgur
d, Vl ho udglr glvplqx|h hq xq 43( hqwrqfhv ho qxhyr udglr uq vhuä
uq @ u +3> 4,u @ 3> 45k @ 4> 45k
oxhjr ho qxhyr yroxphq vhuä Yq
Yq @ uq 5 kq @ +3> <u,5 +4> 45k, @ 3> <3:5u5 k @ u5 k 3> 3<5;u5 k
hvwr hv/ ho yroxphq glvplqx|h hq 3> 3<5;u5 k xqlgdghv> hv ghflu/ glvplqx|h hq <> 5;(
e, Ho äuhd gho flolqgur vhuä
Dq @ 5uq kq @ 5+3> <u,+4> 45k, @ 4> 33; 5uk @ 5uk . 3> 33; 5uk
oxhjr ho äuhd odwhudo dxphqwd hq 3> ;(1
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR 5:
Hmhuflflr 4: Hq xqd suxhed gh pdwhpäwlfdv/ ho 45( gh orv hvwxgldqwhv gh xqd fodvh qr uhvroylö xq sure0
ohpd/ ho 65( or uhvroylö frq dojxqrv huuruhv | orv 47 hvwxgldqwhv uhvwdqwhv rewxylhurq od vroxflöq fruuhfwd1
ÁFxäqwrv hvwxgldqwhv kdeðd hq od fodvhB
Vroxflöq= Vhd { ho qýphur gh hvwxgldqwhv/ hqwrqfhv

45
{ qr uhvroylhurq ho sureohpd
433
65
{ uhvroylhurq frq dojxqrv huuruhv ho sureohpd
433
47 = uhvroylhurq ho sureohpd fruuhfwdphqwh
Oxhjr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh hfxdflöq
45 65
{. { . 47 @ {
433 433
gh grqgh
89{ @ 4733>
hv ghflu/
4733
{@ @ 58
89
oxhjr kdeðd 58 hvwxgldqwhv hq od fodvh1
Hmhuflflr 4; Xqd wlhqgd gh dqwlj hgdghv frpsuö grv pxheohv hq ' 558=333 | ghvsxìv orv yhqglö | rewxyr
xq ehqhflr gho 73(1 ÁFxäqwr sdjö sru fdgd pxheoh vl ho sulphur ghmö xq ehqhflr gho 58( | ho vhjxqgr
xq ehqhflr gho 83(B
Vroxflöq= Vhd { shvrv +hq plohv, or txh oh kd frvwdgr ho sulphu pxheoh hqwrqfhv ho vhjxqgr or frpsuö hq
+558 {, plo shvrv
Ho sulphur glr xq ehqhflr gho 58(/ oxhjr vh yhqglö hq
+{ . 3> 58{, plo shvrv>
hv ghflu/ 4> 58{ plo shvrv1

Ho vhjxqgr glr xq ehqhflr gho 83(/ oxhjr vh yhqglö hq
4> 83+558 {, plo shvrv
Sru klsöwhvlv/ od wlhqgd frpsuö orv grv pxheohv hq 558 plo shvrv | rewxyr xq ehqhflr wrwdo gho 73(/
oxhjr orv grv pxheohv vh yhqglhurq hq
4> 73 558 @ 648 plo shvrv1
Dvð/ rewhqhprv od hfxdflöq

4> 58{ . 4> 83+558 {, @ 648
gh grqgh
3> 58{ @ 55> 8
oxhjr
{ @ <3
Ho sulphu pxheoh vh yhqglö hq ' <3=333 | ho vhjxqgr hq ' 468=3331
Revhuydflöq= Ho wdqwr sru flhqwr gh ehqhflr vh fdofxod hq uhodflöq frq ho suhflr gh frvwr +wrpdgr frpr
433(,1
Hmhuflflr 4< Orv gläphwurv gh grv flolqgurv vrq hqwuh vðfrpr 6 = 7 | vxv dowxudv frpr 8 = 91 BcTxì wdqwr
sru flhqwr gho yroxphq gho pd|ru gh hoorv hv ho yroxphq gho phqruB
Vroxflöq= Vhdq g4 > g5 orv gläphwurv gh orv flolqgurv | k4 > k5 vxv uhvshfwlydv dowxudv1 Sru klsöwhvlv gho
sureohpd whqhprv odv vljxlhqwhv uhodflrqhv>
g4 6 k4 8
@ > @ +4145,
g5 7 k5 9
Dghpäv od iöupxod gho yroxphq gh xq flolqgur hv
Y @ u5 k
grqgh u hv ho udglr gho flolqgur | k od dowxud> dghpäv
g @ 5u
grqgh g hv ho gläphwur gho flolqgur1

Frq wrgr or dqwhulru whqhprv txh
5
Y @ g k
7
| sdud fdgd flolqgur
Y4 @ 7 g54 k4 Y5 @ 7 g55 k5
Shur gh 4145 whqhprv
g4 @ 67 g5 | k4 @ 89 k5
oxhjr
< 58 78 5 78
Y4 @ g5 k5 @ g5 k5 @ Y5
7 49 9 <9 7 <9
dvð/
78
Y4 @ Y5
<9
Oxhjr Y4 hv ho 79> ;:8( gh Y5 1
Xqd surslhgdg txh qrv vhuä px| ýwlo hq od uhvroxflöq gh hfxdflrqhv hv od vljxlhqwh1
Sursrvlflöq 41< Vhdq d> e 5 U
de @ 3 +, d @ 3 b e @ 3 +4146,
Ghprvwudflöq= +,,: Vxsrqjdprv d 9@ 3> hqwrqfhv h{lvwh d4 5 U wdo txh
de @ 3 , d4 de @ d4 3
, 4e @ 3
, e @ 3
+ + , Hv fodur txh vl d @ 3 b e @ 3 hqwrqfhv de @ 3> oxhjr
+;d> e 5 U,+de @ 3 / d @ 3 b e @ 3,

Revhuyhprv txh od surslhgdg dqwhulru qr hv yäolgd hq fxdotxlhu frqmxqwr frq rshudflrqhv gh vxpd |
pxowlsolfdflöq1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuhprv ho frqmxqwr gh pdwulfhv

d e
P5 +U, @ = d> e> f> g 5 U
f g
: Sru htxlydohqfld oöjlfd hvwd lpsolfdqfld hq 4146 vh sxhgh hvfulelu Es i t j v/ txh hv htxlydohqwh Es2 ; t i v | hvwr
ýowlpr hv or txh xvduhprv hq hvwd sduwh gh od ghprvwudflöq1
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR 5<
edmr od rshudflöq gh surgxfwr ghqlgd sru

3
d e d e3 dd3 . ef3 de3 . eg3
@
f g f3 g3 fd3 . gf3 fe3 . gg3
Vhdq
4 3 3 3
D@ | E@
3 3 3 4
Hv fodur txh
3 3
DE @
3 3
shur D 9@ 3 | E 9@ 31 Or txh vðvh fxpsoh hv txh
D @ 3 b E @ 3 , DE @ 3
Od surslhgdg 4146 qrv shuplwh uhvroyhu dojxqdv hfxdflrqhv1 Sru hmhpsor uhvroydprv hq U od vljxlhqwh
hfxdflöq
+{ . 4,+{ 4, @ 3
Hv fodur txh
+{ . 4,+{ 4, @ 3 / +{ 4 @ 3, b +{ . 4 @ 3,
gh grqgh ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq V hv
V @ i{ 5 U = +{ . 4,+{ 4, @ 3j @ i4> 4j
Dqäorjdphqwh vh sxhgh uhvroyhu ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd
Hmhpsor 53 Od vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq

{5 @ 58
hv i8> 8j
Vroxflöq=
Hq hihfwr>
{5 @ 58 / {5 58 @ 3
/ +{ 8,+{ . 8, @ 3
/ {8@3 b {.8@3
/ { @ 8 b { @ 8
Hmhuflflr 54 Grv shuvrqdv vdohq vlpxowäqhdphqwh gh grv flxgdghv D | E | ydq xqd hq gluhfflöq gh od
rwud1 Od sulphud shuvrqd fdplqd 5 np2ku päv gh sulvd txh od vhjxqgd | oohjd d E xqd krud dqwhv txh od
vhjxqgd oohjxh d D1 Vl D | E glvwdq 57 np ÁFxäqwrv nloöphwurv uhfruuh fdgd xqd gh odv shuvrqdv hq xqd
krudB +D|xgd= yhorflgdg@glvwdqfld2wlhpsr,1
Vroxflöq= Vhd y np2ku od yhorflgdg gh od sulphud shuvrqd SD / hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh od vhjxqgd

shuvrqd SE vhuä gh +y 5, np2ku
Od shuvrqd SD wdugduä w4 @ 57
y krudv | SE wdugduä w5 @ y5 krudv
57
Frpr SE oohjd xqd krud päv wdugh txh SD / hqwrqfhv>
w5 @ w4 . 4 , y5 y
57 57
@ 4
, 57y 57+y 5, @ +y 5,y
, y5 5y 7; @ 3
, +y ;,+y . 9, @ 3
, y@; b y @ 9
Shur y A 3/ dvð/ y @ ; np2ku1 Oxhjr od glvwdqfld txh uhfruuh SD hq xqd krud hv gh
g4 @ y 4 @ ; np
| SE uhfruuh
g5 @ +y 5, 4 @ 9 np
Hmhuflflr 55 Xq wuhq uäslgr ixh reoljdgr d ghwhqhuvh 49 plqxwrv hq xq glvfr urmr1 Sdud uhfxshudu hvwh
wlhpsr/ yldmö hq xq wudpr gh ;3 nloöphwurv 43np2ku päv uäslgr txh or qrupdo1 BcFxäo hv od yhorflgdg
qrupdo gho wuhqB
Vroxflöq= Vhd y np2ku od yhorflgdg suhylvwd sru ho wuhq +grqgh y A 3,1 Od yhorflgdg uhdo ixh gh
+y . 43, np2ku
Ho wlhpsr suhylvwr hud gh

;3
w4 @ ku
y
shur uhdophqwh ixh
;3
w5 @ ku
y . 43
Sru klsöwhvlv whqhprv txh
49
w4 w5 @ >
93
hv ghflu/
y y.43 @
;3 ;3 49
93
/ +y . 43,;3 ;3y @ 7
48
y+y . 43,
/ y5 . 43y 6=333 @ 3
/ +y 83,+y . 93, @ 3
/ y @ 83 b y @ 93
shur y A 3 oxhjr
y @ 83
| od yhorflgdg qrupdo gho wuhq ixh gh 83 np2ku1
Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv khprv uhvxhowr hfxdflrqhv hq xqd yduldeoh1 Frq iuhfxhqfld/ hv qhfhvdulr
uhvroyhu grv r päv hfxdflrqhv vlpxowäqhdphqwh hq grv r päv yduldeohv/ hv ghflu/ vlvwhpdv gh hfxdflrqhv1
Hmhpsor 56 Uhvroydprv ho vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv
{ 6| @ 5
8{ . | @ 5
Vroxflöq= Pxowlsolfdqgr sru 6 od vhjxqgd hfxdflöq | vxpäqgrvhod d od sulphud vh rewlhqh od hfxdflöq
49{ @ 7
gh grqgh { @ 47 1 Vxvwlwx|hqgr hvwh ydoru hq fxdotxlhud gh odv grv hfxdflrqhv vh rewlhqh | @ 67 1

Oxhjr od vroxflöq gho vlvwhpd hv
{ @ 47 > | @ 67
r ho sxqwr +{> |, @ +4@7> 6@7,
Od lqwhusuhwdflöq jhrpìwulfd gh hvwd vroxflöq hv ho sxqwr gh lqwhuvhfflöq gh odv uhfwdv fx|dv hfxdflrqhv
vrq { 6| @ 5 | 8{ . | @ 5 frpr vh pxhvwud hq od vljxlhqwh jxud
Hmhuflflr 57 Xq flhuwr qýphur gh hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq xqd uhvlghqfldo1 Vl vh xelfdudq grv
hvwxgldqwhv sru kdelwdflöq hqwrqfhv txhgduðdq 5 hvwxgldqwhv vlq slh}d1 Vl vh xelfdudq 6 hvwxgldqwhv sru
kdelwdflöq hqwrqfhv vreuduðdq 5 slh}dv1 Á Fxäqwdv kdelwdflrqhv glvsrqleohv kd| hq od uhvlghqfldo | fxäqwrv
hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq hoodB
Vroxflöq= Vhdq { = qýphur gh hvwxgldqwhv | = qýphur gh kdelwdflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv srghprv uhsuhvhqwdu ho

sureohpd phgldqwh odv hfxdflrqhv
{ 5| @ 5
{ 6+| 5, @ 3
ghvshmdqgr { gh od sulphud hfxdflöq | uhhpsoä}dqgroh hq od vhjxqgd/
|@; { @ 4;
Sru or wdqwr kd| ; kdelwdflrqhv | 4; hvwxgldqwhv1

Hmhuflflr 58 Xqd fkdsd uhfwdqjxodu gh hvwdôr gh shuðphwur <9 fp vh xvd sdud kdfhu xqd fdmd vlq wdsd1
Sdud hoor vh uhfruwd xq fxdgudgr gh 7 fp gh odgr hq fdgd hvtxlqd | vh xqhq orv erughv/ +yhu jxud dqwhulru,1
ÁFxäohv vrq odv glphqvlrqhv gh od fkdsd vl ho yroxphq gh od fdmd hv gh :9;B fp6 =
Vroxflöq= Vhdq { @= orqjlwxg gh od fkdsd hq fhqwðphwurv | @= dqfkr gh od fkdsd hq fhqwðphwurv/ hqwrqfhv

od fdmd wlhqh odv glphqvlrqhv vljxlhqwhv +yhu jxud yhujxud dqwhulru,=
orqjlwxg = +{ ;, fp
dqfkr = +| ;, fp
dowxud = 7 fp
Sru klsöwhvlv/ yroxphq | shuðphwur vrq>
7+{ ;,+| ;, @ :9;

5{ . 5| @ <9
or txh htxlydoh d
+{ ;,+| ;, @ 4<5
{.| @ 7;
Ghvshmdqgr | hq od vhjxqgd hfxdflöq | uhhpsod}dqgr hq od sulphud rewhqhprv
{5 7;{ . 845 @ 3
hv ghflu
+{ 65,+{ 49, @ 3
gh grqgh
{ @ 65 b { @ 49
qrwh txh vl { @ 65/ hqwrqfhv | @ 49 | vl { @ 49/ hqwrqfhv | @ 651
Frpr { hv od orqjlwxg> odv glphqvlrqhv gh od fkdsd vrq 65 fp 49 fp1
Hmhuflflr 59 Xq reuhur kdfh xq flhuwr qýphur gh slh}dv lgìqwlfdv hq xq wlhpsr ghwhuplqdgr1 Vl kxelhud
khfkr 43 slh}dv päv fdgd gðd/ kdeuðd whuplqdgr ho wudedmr frpsohwr hq 7 45 gðdv dqwhv gh or suhylvwr/ | vl
kxelhvh khfkr 8 slh}dv phqrv fdgd gðd kdeuðd wdugdgr 6 gðdv päv gh or suhylvwr1 ÁFxäqwdv slh}dv kl}r |
hq fxäqwr wlhpsrB
Vroxflöq= Vxsrqjdprv txh ho reuhur kdfh { slh}dv hq | gðdv1 Hqwrqfhv surgxfh {| slh}dv sru gðd/ sru
klsöwhvlv/ vl kxelhud uhdol}dgr {| . 43 slh}dv / kdeuðd frpsohwdgr ho wudedmr hq | 7 45 gðdv1 Oxhjr frpr
7 45 @ <5 whqhprv
{ <
. 43 | @{
| 5
Od rwud frqglflöq gh od hfxdflöq hv
{
8 +| . 6, @ {=
|
Dvð/ rewhqhprv ho vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd
43| <5 {| @ 78
8| . 6 {| @ 48
gh grqgh
{
@ 83
|
oxhjr/ | @ 5: { @ 4=6831
Hmhuflflr 5: Grv reuhurv wlhqhq txh kdfhu xq wudedmr frqvlvwhqwh hq phfdql}du xq orwh gh slh}dv lgìqwlfdv1
Ghvsxìv txh ho sulphur kd wudedmdgr gxudqwh : krudv | ho vhjxqgr gxudqwh 7 krudv/ kdq frpsohwdgr 8< gho
wrwdo gho wudedmr1 Vl vljxlhudq wudedmdqgr orv grv d od yh} gxudqwh 7 krudv päv/ ohv txhgduðd sru kdfhu 4;
4
gho wudedmr1 Á Fxäqwr wdugduðd fdgd xqr hq kdfhu ho wudedmr frpsohwrB
Vroxflöq= Vxsrqjdprv txh ho sulphu rshudulr/ wudedmdqgr vror/ hv fdsd} gh frpsohwdu ho wudedmr hq {
krudv/ | ho vhjxqgr hq | krudv1 Hqwrqfhv hq xqd krud ho sulphur kdfh {4 gho wudedmr frpsohwr | ho vhjxqgr
| 1 Sru klsöwhvlv
4
4 4 8
: .7 @
{ | <
Frpr ghvsxìv wudedmdq mxqwrv rwudv 7 krudv/ kduäq { . | gho wudedmr/ txh hv ljxdo d
7 7

8 4 :
4 . @
< 4; 4;
sru or wdqwr whqhprv od hfxdflöq

7 7 :
. @
{ | 4;
Uhvwäqgrod gh od sulphud/ rewhqhprv
6 6
@
{ 4;
gh grqgh { @ 4;1 Hqwrqfhv
4 4
@ h | @ 57
| 57
Oxhjr ho sulphur wdugd 4; krudv | ho vhjxqgr 57 krudv hq kdfhu ho wudedmr frpsohwr1
Hmhuflflr 5; Vh kd gh wudqvsruwdu 9<3 wrqhodgdv gh phufdqfðdv ghvgh xq pxhooh d xqd hvwdflöq gh ihu0
urfduulo phgldqwh 8 fdplrqhv gh 6 wrqhodgdv | 43 fdplrqhv gh xqd wrqhodgd | phgld1 Hq srfdv krudv/
orv fdplrqhv kdq wudqvsruwdgr 58279 gh odv phufdqfðdv1 Sdud frpsohwdu ho wudqvsruwh d wlhpsr/ vh kd gh
oohydu odv phufdqfðdv uhvwdqwhv hq xq odsvr 5 krudv phqru txh ho |d wudqvfxuulgr1 Vh frpsohwö ho wudqv0
sruwh judfldv d txh orv frqgxfwruhv gh orv fdplrqhv frphq}durq d kdfhu xq yldmh sru krud päv txh dqwhv1
Ghwhuplqh fxäqwdv krudv wdugdurq hq wudqvsruwdu wrgdv odv phufdqfðdv | wdpelìq ho qýphur gh yldmhv sru
krud txh vh kdfðd do sulqflslr vdelhqgr txh orv fdplrqhv gh xqd | phgld wrqhodgd kdfhq xq yldmh päv sru
krud txh orv fdplrqhv gh 6 wrqhodgdv ; 1
Vroxflöq= Vxsrqjdprv txh od sulphud sduwh gh odv phufdqfðdv/ txh dvflhqgh d

58
9<3 @ 6:8 wrqhodgdv
79
vh wudqvsruwd hq { krudv kdflhqgr fdgd fdplöq gh 6 wrqhodgdv | yldmhv sru krud1 Hqwrqfhv fdgd fdplöq gh
xqd | phgld wrqhodgd kduä | . 4 yldmhv sru krud1 Sru klsöwhvlv/ od sduwh uhvwdqwh gh phufdqfðdv +hv ghflu/
9<306:8@648 wrqhodgdv, vh wudqvsruwö hq { 5 krudv/ kdflhqgr orv fdplrqhv gh 6 wrqhodgdv | . 4 yldmhv
sru krud | orv fdplrqhv gh xqd | phgld wrqhodgdv +| . 4, . 4 @ | . 5 yldmhv sru krud1 Rewhqhprv dvðho
vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv
8 6{| . 43 65 {+| . 4, @ 6:8

8 6+{ 5,+| . 4, . 43 65 +{ 5,+| . 5, @ 648
Vlpsolfdqgr whqhprv
5{| . { @ 58
5{| . 6{ 7| @ 5:
; Vh gheh vxsrqhu txh wrgrv orv fdplrqhv ledq frpsohwdphqwh fdujdgrv hq fdgd yld mh1
gh grqgh
5{ 7| @ 5
oxhjr 5| @ { 41 Vxvwlwx|hqgr hq od sulphud hfxdflöq rewhqhprv {5 @ 58/ hv ghflu< / { @ 81 Od sulphud
sduwh gh odv phufdqfðdv vh wudqvsruwö hq 8 krudv | od vhjxqgd sduwh hq 8 5 @ 6 krudv1
Qrwd=
Wrgdv odv phufdqfðdv vh wudqvsruwdurq hq ; krudv> do sulqflslr/ orv fdplrqhv gh wuhv wrqhodgdv kdfðdq 5
yldmhv sru krud | orv gh xqd | phgld wrqhodgdv/ 6 yldmhv sru krud1
Hmhuflflr 5< Xqd lqgxvwuld wlhqh xq hqfdujr gh ;43 duwðfxorv | rwud gh <33 duwðfxorv hq ho plvpr shulrgr
gh wlhpsr1 Od sulphud kd frpsohwdgr ho shglgr 6 gðdv dqwhv gho sod}r suhylvwr | od vhjxqgrv 9 gðdv dqwhv1
BcFxäqwdv duwðfxorv surgxfh do gðd fdgd lqgxvwuld/ vdelhqgr txh od vhjxqgd surgxfh sru gðd 7 duwðfxorv
päv txh od sulphudB
Vroxflöq= Vhd { od surgxfflöq gh duwðfxorv glduld gh od sulphud lqgxvwuld/ hqwrqfhv od vhjxqgd surgxfh
{.7 duwlfxorv sru gðd1 Od sulphud kd frpsohwdgr vx shglgr hq ;43{ gðdv/ oxhjr ho wlhpsr gdgr sdud fxpsolu
ho shglgr kd vlgr ;43{ . 6 gðdv1 Dqäorjdphqwh whqhprv txh {.7 . 9 hv ho wlhpsr dvljqdgr d od vhjxqgd
<33
lqgxvwuld/ shur ho wlhpsr dvljqdgr d dpedv odv lqgxvwuldv hv ho plvpr/ oxhjr

;43 <33
.6@ .9
{ {.7
gh grqgh { @ 531 Hv ghflu/ od sulphud lqgxvwuld surgxfh 53 duwlfxorv | od vhjxqgd 57 duwlfxorv sru gðd1
Hmhuflflr 63 Kdoodu xq qýphur gh grv fliudv vdelhqgr txh ho qýphur gh xqlgdghv h{fhgh hq fxdwur do
qýphur gh od ghfhqdv | txh ho surgxfwr gho qýphur ghvhdgr sru od vxpd gh vxv gljlwrv hv ljxdo d 8:91
Revhuydflöq= Vl xq qýphur d wlhqh q gljlwrv d3 > d4 > d5 > dq4 / rughqdgrv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd
hqwrqfhv
d @ dq4 43q4 . . d4 43 . d3
Vroxflöq= Vhd { ho gljlwr gh od xqlgdghv/ | ho gljlwr gh od ghfhqdv hqwrqfhv sru klsöwhvlv vh wlhqh od
hfxdflöq
{@|.7 +4147,
dghpäv ho qýphur ghvhdgr hv 43| . { oxhjr
+43| . {,+{ . |, @ 8:9 +4148,
Sru 4147 | 4148
+44| . 7,+5| . 7, @ 8:9

:3
+, 44+| 7,+| . ,@3
44
:3
+, | @ 7b| @
44
shur | A 3/ oxhjr | @ 71 Sru or wdqwr ho qýphur exvfdgr hv 7;1
416 D{lrpdv gh Rughq

D frqwlqxdflöq gduhprv xq frqmxqwr gh d{lrpdv txh irupd sduwh gh od fdudfwhul}dflöq gh orv qýphurv
uhdohv1 Hvwrv d{lrpdv qrv shuplwhq rughqdu orv qýphurv uhdohv +| dýq srghu judfdu hvwh rughq hq xqd
uhfwd,1
Dgplwlprv od h{lvwhqfld gh xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U txh ghqrwdprv sru U. / fx|rv hohphqwrv vh oodpdq
qýphurv uhdohv srvlwlyrv | txh vh fdudfwhul}dq sru orv d{lrpdv=
< Gh {2 ' 2D vh rewlhqh { ' D r { ' 3D shur { lqglfd krudv oxhjr { gheh vhu srvlwlyr1
4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ 68
D{lrpd l, Fodxvxud gh od vxpd

Vl d> e 5 U. / hqwrqfhv d . e 5 U.
D{lrpd ll, Fodxvxud gho surgxfwr
Vl d> e 5 U. / hqwrqfhv de 5 U.
D{lrpd lll, Wulfrwrpðd
Sdud fdgd qýphur uhdo vöor xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv sursrvlflrqhv hv yhugdghud
d 5 U. > d @ 3> d 5 U.
Hq edvh d orv d{lrpdv dqwhulruhv ghprvwuduhprv odv vljxlhqwhv surslhgdghv=

Sursrvlflöq 4143 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv uhdohv fxpsoh
l, d 5 U i3j , d5 5 U.
ll, d 5 U. , d4 5 U.
lll, d e 5 U. a e f 5 U. , d f 5 U.
ly, e d 5 U. / +e . f, +d . f, 5 U.
y, e d 5 U. a f 5 U. , ef df 5 U.
yl, e d 5 U. a f 5 U. , df ef 5 U.
Ghprvwudflöq=
l, Vl d 5 U i3j hqwrqfhv sru D{lrpd lll,
d 5 U. b d 5 U.
Vl d 5 U. hqwrqfhv sru D{lrpd ll, d d 5 U. / hv ghflu/

d 5 U. , d5 5 U.
Vl d 5 U. hqwrqfhv sru D{lrpd ll, +d, +d, 5 U. shur sru sursrvlflöq 417 yll/ +d,5 @ d5 /
oxhjr d5 5 U. 1 Qrwhprv txh hq sduwlfxodu vl d @ 4/ hqwrqfhv 45 @ 4 5 U.
ll, Ghprvwuduhprv hvwd surslhgdg sru ho pìwrgr gho devxugr1
Vhd d 5 U. 1 Vxsrqjdprv txh d4 95 U. / hqwrqfhv sru D{lrpd lll,
d4 @ 3 b +d4 , 5 U.
Vxsrqjdprv txh d4 @ 3 hqwrqfhv d d4 @ 3 shur sru surslhgdg gh lqyhuvr d d4 @ 4> hvwr hv xqd
frqwudglfflöq | sru or wdqwr d4 9@ 31
Vxsrqjdprv txh +d4 , 5 U. 1 Frpr d 5 U. whqhprv txh sru D{lrpd ll, txh +d4 , d @ 4 5 U.
txh hv wdpelìq xqd frqwudglfflöq sxhv 4 5 U. 1 Frpr hq dperv fdvrv rewhqhprv xqd frqwudglfflöq/
qr vh sxhgh gdu qlqjxqd gh odv grv srvlelolgdghv/ sru or wdqwr/ d4 5 U. > dvð/ vh wlhqh txh ho lqyhuvr
pxowlsolfdwlyr gh xq qýphur srvlwlyr hv wdpelìq xq qýphur srvlwlyr1
lll,
d e 5 U. a e f 5 U.
, +d e, . +e f, 5 U. sru D{lrpd l,
, d . +e . e, f 5 U. dvrfldwlylgdg
, d . 3 f 5 U. lqyhuvr dglwlyr
, d f 5 U. qhxwur dglwlyr
ly,
e d 5 U.
/ e d . 3 5 U. qhxwur dglwlyr
/ e d . f f 5 U. lqyhuvr dglwlyr
/ +e . f, . +d f, 5 U. dvrfldwlylgdg frqpxwdwlylgdg
/ +e . f, +d . f, 5 U. glvwulexwlylgdg
y,
e d 5 U. a f 5 U.
, +e d,f 5 U. sru D{lrpd ll,
, ef df 5 U. glvwulexwlylgdg
yl,
e d 5 U. a f 5 U.
, +e d,+f, 5 U. sru D{lrpd ll,
, +ef, +df, 5 U. glvwulexwlylgdg
, df ef 5 U.
Vh ghqh ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv uhdohv qhjdwlyrv frpr
U @ id 5 U = d 5 U. j
Qrwhprv txh U 9@ > sxhv 4 5 U gdgr txh 4 5 U. 1 Dqäorjdphqwh vh ghqh ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv
uhdohv qr qhjdwlyrv frpr
U.3 @ U ^ i3j
.
Qrwd= Sru D{lrpd lll, vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh ljxdogdg grqgh orv frqmxqwrv vrq glvmxqwrv grv d grv
U @ U. ^ i3j ^ U
Ghqlflöq 4144 Gluhprv txh d hv pd|ru txh e ö e hv phqru txh d vl | vöor vl
d e 5 U. +4149,
| hvfuleluhprv hvwr lqglvwlqwdphqwh frpr
dAe r frpr e ? d=
Gluhprv txh d hv pd|ru r ljxdo txh e vl d hv pd|ru txh e r d hv ljxdo d e/ hv ghflu
dAebd@e
Hvfuleluhprv hvwr lqglvwlqwdphqwh frpr
de r e d=
Dvð/ vh wlhqh
d e +, d A e b d @ e
Dqäorjdphqwh/ gluhprv txh d hv phqru r ljxdo txh e vl d hv phqru txh e r d ljxdo txh e1 Hvfuleluhprv
lqglvwlqwdphqwh hq hvwh fdvr
de r ed
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
de/d?ebd@e
4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ 6:
Frq od qrwdflöq dqwhulru whqhprv txh=
d 5 U. / dA3
d 5 U / d?3
| odv surslhgdghv ghprvwudgdv dqwhulruphqwh vh sxhghq hvfulelu gh od vljxlhqwh irupd
Frurodulr 4145 Vhdq d> e> f 5 U
l, d 5 U i3j , d5 A 31
ll, d A 3 , d4 A 3
lll, d A e a e A f , d A f
ly, e A d / e . f A d . f
y, e A d a f A 3 , ef A df
yl, e A d a f ? 3 , ef ? df
Qrwdflöq=
def/deaef
Orv Lqwhuydorv gh U=
Vhdq d> e 5 U1 frq43 d e Vh ghqhq
^d> e^ @ i{ 5 U = d { ? ej
`d> e` @ i{ 5 U = d ? { ej
`d> e^ @ i{ 5 U = d ? { ? ej
^d> e` @ i{ 5 U = d { ej
`4> d` @ i{ 5 U = { dj
`4> d^ @ i{ 5 U = { ? dj
^d> 4^ @ i{ 5 U = { dj
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frqmxqwr ydfðr,1
Hmhpsor 64
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43 Dojxqrv gh hvwrv lqwhuydorv sxhghq vhu ho frqmxqwr ydfðr1
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Whruhpd 4146 44
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d A e> d @ e> d ? e
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Sursrvlflöq 4147 Hqwuh grv udflrqdohv h{lvwh do phqrv xq udflrqdo1
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s?u?t
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t
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lqglfdgd päv dedmr1
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d @ eq
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d @ eq
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d @ e5n @ +en ,5
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s
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s 41 H{dpsoh
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s s s
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s s
d:. :d
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d : 3 a : d 3 a d : 9@ 3
oxhjr
d : a d : a d 9@ :
hv ghflu/
d 5 ^:> 4^_` 4> :` _ +U i:j, @ !
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s
6{@ {4
s
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oxhjr ho frqmxqwr
s uhvwulfflöq hv U @ ^4> 4^1
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s
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s
5 @ 7
or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflöq1

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ho plvpr vljqr1
Hmhuflflr 68 Ghwhuplqdu ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq | ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq

s s
8{ . 4 @ 5{ 5 . 5
s s
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U @ i{ 5 U = 8{ . 4 3 a 5{ 5 3j @ ^4> 4^
Dkrud uhvroydprv od hfxdflöq s s

8{ . 4 @ 5{ 5 . 5
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vrq srvlwlyrv, s s s
+ 8{ . 4,5 @ + 5{ 5,5 . 7 5{ 5 . 7
or txh htxlydoh d s
6{ 4 @ 7 5{ 5
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s rsidovhgdg gh od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflöq=
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s
8{ . 4
s hv 5 ö elhq 6
5{ 5
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1
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s
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s
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s s s
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s s s
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51 Yhugdghur1
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61 Idovr1 Sru or dqwhulru hv fodur txh
s
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Gh od hfxdflöq +4, rewhqhprv=
vl { @ 4/ hqwrqfhv @ 45 >
vl { @ 4/ hqwrqfhv @ 65 1
Sru or wdqwr orv sxqwrv
S4 +{> |> , @ 4> 3> 45
S5 +{> |> , @ 4> 3> 65
vdwlvidfhq ho vlvwhpd 4156
ll, Dkrud vxsrqjdprv txh @ 51 Vxvwlwx|hqgr hq +4, rewhqhprv txh
4
{@ =
5
Oxhjr gh +6, vh wlhqh txh

5
4
. |5 4 @ 3
5
gh grqgh
6
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7
hv ghflu/ # s $# s $
6 6
| |. @3
5 5
sru or wdqwr s6 s6
|@ 5 b |@ 5
Hq frqvhfxhqfld/ whqhprv txh= s
S6 +{> |> , @ 45 > 56 > 5
s
S7 +{> |> , @ 45 > 56 > 5
vdwlvidfhq 4156
Oxhjr ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gho vlvwhpd 4156 hv=
+ # s $ # s $,
4 6 4 6 4 6
V@ 4> 3> > 4> 3> > > >5 > > >5
5 5 5 5 5 5
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+4, 7{ @ {
+5, <| @ |
+6, } @ } +4157,
+7, {5 . | 5 . } 5 @ 4
7 <
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{+7 , @ 3
gh grqgh
{@3 b @7 +4158,
l, Vxsrqjdprv sulphur txh { @ 31 Hqwrqfhv hq +7, uhvxowd
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<
shur sru +5, whqhprv
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hv ghflu
|@3 b @<
l4, Vl | @ 3/ hqwrqfhv/ vxvwlwx|hqgr hq 4159/ vh wlhqh
}5 @ 4
or txh lpsolfd txh

} @ 4 b } @ 4
Oxhjr/ gh od hfxdflöq +6,/
}+4 , @ 3
gh grqgh vh wlhqh txh

}@3 b @4
shur } 9@ 3/ oxhjr @ 4
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S4 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4,

S5 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4,
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}@3
| vxvwlwx|hqgr hq 4159 vh wlhqh txh
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<
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| @ 6 b | @ 6
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S6 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 6> 3> <,
S7 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 6> 3> <,
wdpelìq vrq vroxflrqhv gho vlvwhpd 41571
ll, Ilqdophqwh frqvlghuhprv @ 7 gh 4158/ hqwrqfhv gh +5, | +6, vh wlhqh txh
|@3 a }@3
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7
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S9 +{> |> }> , @ +5> 3> 3> 7,
vrq wdpelìq vroxflrqhv gho vlvwhpd 4157
Dvð/ |d txh vh frqvlghudurq wrgrv orv fdvrv/ ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gho vlvwhpd hv
V @ iS4 > S5 > S6 > S7 > S8 > S9 j
Hmhuflflr 76 Uhvxhoyd ho vlvwhpd>
+4, | . 5} . |} @ 3
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+415:,
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Grqgh Y hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd frqrflgd1
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| { . }+| {, @ 3
idfwrul}dqgr sru +| {, whqhprv

+| {,+4 . }, @ 3
gh grqgh
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l, Vxsrqjdprv txh 4 . } @ 3/ hqwrqfhv
@ }4 |d txh } 9@ 3 +415<,
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4
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ll, Vxsrqjdprv dkrud
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s s6 5Y
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s s 6
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txh hv htxlydohqwh d
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;{|} @ 65{5 +4167,
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45 @ |5
or txh lpsolfd
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s s s s s
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or lps ruwdqwh hv qr frphwhu ho wðslfr huuru gh ghmdu dojýq fdvr vlq dqdol}du1
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s s
s s 7 6 5 6
{ @ 6> | @ 5 6> }@ > @
6 6
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ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru,
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s
7 6 7s
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6 6 6
s
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s s
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hv luudflrqdo,1 s
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s s
5@
t
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t @ 5 / t5 @ 5
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sdu | sru 41: t wdpelìq hv sdu1
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s
pä{lpr/ gh hvwd irupd 5 qr sxhgh vhu xq qýphur udflrqdo1 Dvðkhprv rewhqlgr ho lpsruwdqwh uhvxowdgr=
s
5 hv luudflrqdo +4168,
s s
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vx lqyhuvr dglwlyr 5 gheh vhu udflrqdo or txh frqwudglfh 41681 s
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Hq irupd vlplodu d 4168 srghprv ghprvwudu txh 7 9s hv luudflrqdo1
s
BcFöpr srghprv ghwhuplqdu fxäo gh orv luudflrqdohv 5 r 7 9 hv phqruB
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Sursrvlflöq 414:
l, Vhdq d> e> f> g 5 U.

d ? e a f ? g , df ? eg
ll, Vhdq q 5 Q / d> e 5 U.

d ? e / dq ? eq
Ghprvwudflöq=
l, Uhfrughprv txh
d ? e a f A 3 , df ? ef
f ? g a e A 3 , ef ? eg
oxhjr
df ? ef a ef ? eg , df ? eg
sru or wdqwr
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ll, Sdud suredu hvwd sursrvlflöq ghprvwuduhprv hq sulphu oxjdu txh
d ? e , dq ? eq
| oxhjr sureduhprv od lpsolfdflöq hq ho rwur vhqwlgr1

Gh +l, hv fodur txh
d ? e , d ? e a d ? e , d5 ? e5 =
Lqgxfwlydphqwh vh sxhgh suredu txh d ? e , dq ? eq 1
Dkrud vxsrqjdprv txh
dq ? eq +4169,
frq d> e 5 U. ghprvwuhprv txh d ? e
Vhd
O @ +dq4 . dq5 e . dq6 e5 . . deq5 . eq4 ,
hqwrqfhv
dq eq @ +d e,O
frpr d> e 5 U. / hv fodur txh O 5 U. / oxhjr O4 5 U. 1 Sru rwud sduwh frqvlghudqgr 4169 dq eq ? 3/
hv ghflu
+d e,O ? 3
shur O4 A 3/ oxhjr +d e,OO4 ? 3/ gh grqgh
de?3
dvð/
dq ? eq , d ? e ;d> e 5 U.

s s
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s s s s
5 ? 7 9 / + 5,7 ? + 7 9,7
/ 55 ? 97
7 7
/ 7?9
Frpr od ghvljxdogdg 7 ? 9 hv yhugdghud vh wlhqh txh

s s
5? 9
7
wdpelìq hv yhugdghud1
Frurodulr 414; Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. > q 5 Q

s s
d ? e +, q d ? e
q
s s s s
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oxhjr sru od sursrvlflrq 414: vh wlhqh
s s s s
d ? e +, + q d,q ? + e,q +, q d ? e
q q
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41 +;d> e 5 U,+d ? e , d5 ? e5 ,
51 +;d> e 5 U,+d5 ? e5 , d ? e,
61 +;q 5 Q,+;d> e 5 U,+dq ? eq , d ? e,
71 +;d 5 U,+d d5 ,
81 +;d 5 U. ,+ d4 ? 4,
91 +;d> e 5 U. ,+d ? e , d5 ? e5 ,
:1 +;d> e 5 U i3j,+d ? e , d4 A 4e ,
;1 +;d> e 5 U. ,+d ? e , d4 A 4e ,
<1 +;d> e 5 U. ,+ d.
4 ? 4,
e d
431 +;d> e 5 U. ,+ de
4 ? 4,
d
Vroxflöq=
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51 Idovr1 H{lvwhq d @ 5/ e @ 6 wdohv txh d5 ? e5 shur d 9? e1
61 Idovr1 H{lvwhq q @ 7/ d @ 5 | e @ 6 wdohv txh 57 ? +6,7 shur 5 9? 6
71 Idovr1 H{lvwh d @ 4 5 U wdo txh d 9 d5
5
81 Idovr1 H{lvwh d @ 46 5 U. wdo txh d4 9? 4
91 Yhugdghur1 Hvwh hv xq fdvr sduwlfxodu gh od sursrvlflöq 414: ll,/ shur uhshwluhprv od ghprvwudflöq
sdud q @ 51
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sxhv d> e 5 U. / oxhjr/
+d e,+d . e, ? 3>
gh grqgh/
d5 e5 ? 3>
sru or wdqwr/
d5 ? e5

:1 Idovr1 H{lvwhq d @ 5/ e @ 4 wdohv txh d ? e shur d4 9A 4e
;1 Yhugdghur1 Vhd d> e 5 U. / hqwrqfhv de A 3 gh grqgh de
4 A 31 Frpr d ? e vh wlhqh txh

4 4 4 4 4 4
d ?e , ? , A
de de e d d e
<1 Yhugdghur1 Vhdq d> e 5 U. / hqwrqfhv d . e 5 U. | sxhvwr txh
d.eAd
sru od sduwh ;, vh wlhqh txh

4 4
?
d.e d
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431 Idovr1 H{lvwhq d @ 5/ e @ 4
7 hq U. shur= de
4 9? 4 sxhv 4 @ 5 | 4 @
d de d
4
5
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ghvljxdogdghv vh yhulfdq1
Sursrvlflöq 414< Vhdq d> e 5 U
l, de A 3 / +d A 3 a e A 3, b +d ? 3 a e ? 3,
ll, de ? 3 / +d A 3 a e ? 3, b +d ? 3 a e A 3,
Dqwhv gh hqwudu hq od ghprvwudflöq h{solfduhprv or txh vh kduä hq hood hq wìuplqrv oöjlfrv= Od sursrvl0
flöq l, vh sxhgh hvfulelu
s / +t b v,
grqgh odv sursrvlflrqhv vrq
s = de A 3
t = dA3aeA3
v = d?3ae?3
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^s , +t b v,` a ^s + +t b v,` +416:,
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txh
s , +t b v,
|
s + +t b v,
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de A 3/ l1h1/ de 5 U. | d wlhqh grv srvlelolgdghv +vhu srvlwlyr r qhjdwlyr, srghprv vhsdudu od ghprvwudflöq
hq grv vxe fdvrv
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d4 +de, @ e 5 U. > hq frqvhfxhqfld/
de 5 U. , d 5 U. a e 5 U. >
sru or wdqwr47
de A 3 , d A 3 a e A 3
4 7 Dtxðkd| ydulrv sdvrv edvdgrv hq htxlydohqfldv oöjlfdv txh qr kdq vlgr h{solflwdgrv> s ru hmhpsor/
Es 2 Es i t C s 2 t1
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d4 +de, @ e 5 U 1 Hq frqvhfxhqfld
de 5 U. , d 5 U a e 5 U >
hv ghflu/
de A 3 , d ? 3 a e ? 3
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de A 3 , +d A 3 a e A 3, b +d ? 3 a e ? 3,
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+d 5 U. a e 5 U. , , de 5 U.
|
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de 3 / ^+d 3 a e 3, b +d 3 a e 3,`
|
de 3 / ^+d 3 a e 3, b +d 3 a e 3,`
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| ^+d / e, / + d / e,`1
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|
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41
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/ +{ 3 a { 4, b +{ 3 a { 4,
/ { 3b{ 4
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51 Od ghvljxdogdg |4 A 4 wlhqh vljqlfdgr hq U vl | 9@ 31 Oxhjr
4 4
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|
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4
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|
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| 4b| ? 3
71
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{| {
vh fxpsoh sdud=
+{ A 3 a | A 4, b +{ A 3 a | ? 3, b +{ ? 3 a 3 ? | ? 4,
Hq uhdolgdg or txh khprv khfkr hq ho hmhpsor 79 dqwhulru hv uhvroyhu lqhfxdflrqhv hq xqd r päv
yduldeohv1
41617 Lqhfxdflrqhv
Vhd U ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq +yhu vhfflöq 41517, gh odv h{suhvlrqhv S +{,/ T+{,1
Uhvroyhu xqd lqhfxdflöq hq od yduldeoh { hv hqfrqwudu ho vxefrqmxqwr V gh orv { hq U txh vdwlvidfhq od
ghvljxdogdg +r lqhfxdflöq,1
S +{, ? T+{, r S +{, T+{, +416;,
Gluhprv txh V @ i{ 5 U = S +{, ? T+{,j r vlpsohphqwh V @ i{ 5 U = S +{, ? T+{,j +vxehqwhqglhqgr

txh { gheh hvwdu U,1 hv ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq 416;1
Gluhprv txh grv lqhfxdflrqhv vrq htxlydohqwhv vl wlhqhq ho plvpr frqmxqwr vroxflöq1
49 Ho huuru päv frpýq do wuded mdu hq hvwd ghvljxdogdg hv pxowlsolfdu s ru |/ sxhv qr vh vde h vl | hv qhjdwlyr r s rvlwlyr1 Xqd
pxowlsolfdflöq wdo ghe huðd kdfhuvh ed mr frqglflrqhv h{suhvdv | s ru or wdqwr vh ghe huðd frqvlghudu wrgrv orv fdvrv s rvleohv1
Hmhpsor 7: Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq

4
A4 +416<,
|
hv

4
V @ |5U = A4
|
@ i| 5 U = 3 ? | ? 4j
Hmhpsor 7; Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq

{5 4 +4173,
hv
V @ i{ 5 U = {5 4j
@ i{ 5 U = 4 { 4j
Hmhpsor 7< Uhvroyhu odv vljxlhqwhv lqhfxdflrqhv

41 {{ 4
.8 3
51 {.5
{ {4 {5
{5 7 {.5
61 {.6
{ 5
71 ++65{,+{.8,
{5 58,+{.4, A 3
Vroxflöq=
41 Uhvroydprv od lqhfxdflöq
{4
3
{.8
Qrwhprv txh { . 8 9@ 3/ hv ghflu/ ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq BB hv
U4 @ i{ 5 U = { . 8 9@ 3j @ U i8j
Sru rwud sduwh=
{4 3 / +{ 4 3 a { . 8 A 3, b +{ 4 3 a { . 8 ? 3,
{.8
/ +{ 4 a { A 8, b +{ 4 a { ? 8, +4174,
/ { 4 b { ? 8
Sru or wdqwr

{4
V4 @ {5U= 3
{.8
@ U4 _ i{ 5 U = { 4 b { ? 8j
@ ` 4> 8^^^4> 4^
Qrwd=
.8 3 gdgd hq 4174 vh sxhgh uhvxplu hq od vljxlhqwh wdeod>
Od uhvroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq {{4
{ 5`4> 8^ { @ 8 { 5`8> 4^ {@4 `{ 5 4> 4^

{4 0 0 3 .
{.8 0 3 . .
{4
{.8 . <2 0 3 .
Grqgh ho vljqr . lqglfd hq txì lqwhuydorv ho idfwru fruuhvsrqglhqwh d od od hv srvlwlyr | ho vljqr 0
hq txì lqwhuydor hv qhjdwlyr1 Sru hmhpsor/ gh od sulphud od vh wlhqh txh ho idfwru { 4 hv srvlwlyr
hq ho lqwhuydor `4> 4^ | qhjdwlyr hq ` 4> 8` | hq ` 8> 4^/ +hv ghflu/ hq ` 4> 4^,1 Gh od ýowlpd od
.8 hv qr qhjdwlyd hq orv lqwhuydorv ` 4> 8^ | ^4> 4^> oxhjr od vroxflöq
vh rewlhqh txh od h{suhvlöq {{ 4
gh od lqhfxdflöq
{4
3
{.8
hv ` 4> 8^^^4> 4^1
Hq pxfkrv fdvrv/ orv idfwruhv lqyroxfudgrv hq xqd lqhfxdflöq gho wlsr dqwhulru vrq päv gh grv | sru
hoor hv iuhfxhqwh xvdu od wdeod dqwhulru hq od uhvroxflöq1
{ {4 {5
5 +4175,
{.5 { 7 {.5
Dperv plhpeurv gh od ghvljxdogdg wlhqhq vljqlfdgr hq U vl
{ . 5 9@ 3 a {5 7 9@ 3>
hv ghflu/ ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq 4175 hv
U4 @ i{ 5 U = { . 5 9@ 3 a { 5 9@ 3j @ U i5> 5j
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq=

{ {4 {5

{ . 5 {5 7 {.5
{ {4 {5
/ 3
{ . 5 +{ . 5,+{ 5, { . 5
{+{ 5, +{ 4, +{ 5,5
/ 3
+{ 5,+{ . 5,
{6
/ 3 +4176,
+{ 5,+{ . 5,
Dkrud frqvlghuhprv od wdeod sdud od uhvroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq 41761
{ 5 `4> 5^ { @ 5 { 5 `5> 5^ {@5 { 5 `5> 6^ {@6 { 5 `6> 4^

{6 0 0 0 3 .
{5 0 0 3 . .
{.5 0 3 . . .
{6
+{5,+{.5, 0 <2 . <2 0 3 .
Vh wlhqh gh od ýowlpd od txh

{6
3
+{ 5,+{ . 5,
hq orv lqwhuydorv ` 4> 5^ | `5> 6` oxhjr od vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq 4175 hv
V5 @ U4 _ +` 4> 5^^`5> 6`, @` 4> 5^^`5> 6`
{.6
5 +4177,
{
Ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq 4177 hv
U4 @ i{ 5 U = { 9@ 3j @ U i3j
Sru rwud sduwh/

{.6 {.6
5 / 53
{ {
{ . 6 5{
/ 3
{
6{
/ 3
{
/ +6 { 3 a { A 3, b +6 { 3 a { ? 3,
/ +{ 6 a { A 3, b +{ 63 a { ? 3,
/ +3 ? { 6, b I
/ 3?{6
Oxhjr
V6 @`3> 6` _ U4 @`3> 6`
Uhvroydprv
+6 5{,+{ . 8,
A3 +4178,
+{5 58,+{ . 4,
Ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq 4178 hv
U4 @ i{ 5 U = {5 58 9@ 3 a { . 4 9@ 3j @ U i8> 4> 8j
Frpr {5 58 @ +{ 8,+{ . 8,/ hqwrqfhv od lqhfxdflöq 4178 hv htxlydohqwh d

+65{,
+{8,+{.4, A3 frq { 5 U4
Frqvlghudqgr od wdeod
6 6 6 > 8
{ 5 `4> 4^ { @04 { 5 4> 5 {@ 5 {5 5 { @8 { 5 `8> 4^
6 5{ . . 3 0 0
{8 0 0 0 3 .
{.4 0 3 . . .
+65{,
+{8,+{.4, . <2 0 3 . <2 0
Rewhqhprv txh
+6 5{,
A3
+{ 8,+{ . 4,
hq ` 4> 4^^` 65 > 8^/ shur { 5 U4 oxhjr ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh 4178 hv
6
V7 @ +` 4> 4^^` > 8^, _ U4
5
6
@ ` 4> 8^^` 8> 4^^` > 8^
5
Qrwd= Qrwhprv txh odv vljxlhqwhv sursrvlflrqhv vrq idovdv
s
41 +;{ 5 U.
3 ,+ { {,
s
51 +;{ 5 U,+;| 5 U. ,+{ | , {5 |,
Hq hihfwr>
Sdud 4, h{lvwh { @ 4 5 U.3/ wdo txh
7 u
4 4 4
@ 9
7 5 7
s
Sdud 5, h{lvwhq { @ 5 5 U/ | @ 5 5 U. wdohv txh 5 5 shur
+5,5 @ 7 9 5
Sru or dqwhulru/ srghprv revhuydu txh sdud uhvroyhu xqd lqhfxdflöq gho wlsr=
s
S +{, T+{,
r gho wlsr s
S +{, T+{,
qr srghprv hohydu do fxdgudgr vlq kdfhu odv uhvwulfflrqhv qhfhvduldv/ sdud dvhjxudu txh rewhqhprv lq0
hfxdflrqhv htxlydohqwhv1 Ghehprv revhuydu txh dojxqdv yhfhv vh gheh dqdol}du fdvrv glvwlqwrv1
Hmhuflflr 83 Uhvroydprv od lqhfxdflöq

s
{4 {5 4 +4179,
Vroxflöq= Ghehprv sulphudphqwh kdfhu odv uhvwulfflrqhv qhfhvduldv
U4 @ i{ 5 U = {5 4 3j
@ i{ 5 U = { 4 b { 4j
@ ` 4> 4` ^ ^4> 4^
Sulphu fdvr=
Vxsrqjdprv txh { 4 ? 3 | { 5 U4 / hv ghflu/
{ 5 F4 @` 4> 4`
s
Sxhvwr txh { 4 ? 3 | txh {5 4 3 sdud wrgr { 5 F4 / hv fodur txh od ghvljxdogdg 4179 vh fxpsoh
sdud wrgr { 5 F4 > oxhjr V4 @` 4> 4` hv od vroxflöq hq hvwh fdvr1
Vhjxqgr fdvr=
Vxsrqjdprv txh { 4 3 | { 5 U4 / hv ghflu
{ 5 F5 @ ^4> 4^
Gdgr txh dperv plhpeurv gh od ghvljxdogdg vrq qr qhjdwlyrv hq F5 / srghprv hohydu do fxdgudgr> dvð/
s
{ 4 {5 4
, +{ 4,5 {5 4
/ {5 5{ . 4 {5 4
/ 5{ . 5 3
/ {4
Oxhjr od vroxflöq hq hvwh fdvr hv

V5 @ ^4> 4^_F5 @ ^4> 4^
\ qdophqwh od vroxflöq wrwdo hv
VW @ V4 ^ V5 @` 4> 4` ^ ^4> 4^
Revhuyhprv txh hq ho vljxlhqwh hmhpsor qr vh gd ho sulphu fdvr gho hmhpsor hqwhulru1
Hmhpsor 84 Uhvroydprv s
{5 { 5 {
Vroxflöq= Kdflhqgr odv uhvwulfflrqhv qhfhvduldv whqhprv=
U5 @ i{ 5 U = {5 { 3j
| frpr
{5 { 3 / {+{ 4, 3
/ {4b{3
vh wlhqh txh
U5 @` 4> 3` ^ ^4> 4^@ U`3> 4^
Qrwhprv txh hq hvwh wlsr gh lqhfxdflöq qr vh sxhgh gdu ho fdvr txh
{.5?3
sxhv s s
{5 { 5 { / {5 { { . 5
| s
{5 { 3
sdud wrgr { 5 U5 1 Dvðsdud srghu hohydu do fxdgudgr ghehprv h{ljlu txh { . 5 3/ hv ghflu/
{ 5 a { 5 U5
Sru or wdqwr vl { 5 F4 @ ^5> 3` ^ ^4> 4^ whqhprv>

s
{5 { { . 5
/ {5 { +{ . 5,5
/ {5 { {5 . 7{ . 7
/ 8{ 7
7
/ {
8
oxhjr ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh hvwd lqhfxdflöq hv
7 7
V@^ > 4^_F4 @ ^ > 3` ^ ^4> 4^
8 8
Khprv ylvwr txh od ghvljxdogdg
s
{ { +417:,
qr vh fxpsoh sdud wrgr { 5 U. 3 1 Hqwrqfhv Bcsdud txì ydoruhv gh { 5 U. vh fxpsohB Hvwr htxlydoh d
suhjxqwdu Bcfxäo hv ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq 417:B
Sdud uhvroyhu 417:/ sulphudphqwh ghehprv uhvwulqjlu qxhvwud h{suhvlöq d
U4 @ i{ 5 U = { 3j @ U.
3
Frpr dperv plhpeurv gh od lqhfxdflöq vrq qr qhjdwlyrv/ srghprv hohydu do fxdgudgr hq dperv odgrv=
s
{{
/ { {5
/ { {5 3
/ {4b{3
oxhjr/ ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq hv
V @ +` 4> 3` ^ ^4> 4^, _ U4 @ i3j ^ ^4> 4^
Hv fodur txh s
{ ? { ;{ 5`4> 4^
Uhfrughprv txh hvwd ýowlpd h{suhvlöq qr hv yäolgd sdud { 5 ^3> 4`1
Hq sduwlfxodu/ od ghvljxdogdg s
{5 . | 5 ? {5 . | 5
vöor vh fxpsoh vl {5 . | 5 A 4
41618 Od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr

Sdud uhvroyhu lqhfxdflrqhv hq txh dsduh}fdq idfwruhv gh od irupd d{5 . e{ . f frq d> e> f 5 U / d 9@ 3
qhfhvlwdprv frqrfhu dojxqdv surslhgdghv gh od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr1
Xqd hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr hq od yduldeoh { hv xq h{suhvlöq gho wlsr
d{5 . e{ . f @ 3 frq d> e> f 5 U> d 9@ 3 +417;,
Xwlol}dqgr odv surslhgdghv gh U/ dqdolfhprv odv srvleohv vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflöq 417;

Vlq sìuglgd gh jhqhudolgdg/ vxsrqjdprv txh d A 3
d{5 . e{ . f @ 3
e f
/ {5 . { . @ 3
d d
5 5
5 e e e f
/ { . {. . @3
d 5d 5d d
e e5 f
/ +{ . ,5 @ 5
5d u 7d d u
e e5 7df e e5 7df
/ {. @ b { . @
5d 7d5 5d 7d5
u u
e e 7df
5 e e5 7df
/ {@ . b { @
5d 7d5 5d 7d5
Hvwdv h{suhvlrqhv hvwäq elhq ghqlgdv hq U vl | vöor vl
e5 7df 3
Ghqlflöq 4153 Oodpduhprv glvfulplqdqwh gh od hfxdflöq 417; d od h{suhvlöq
@ e5 7df
Vh wlhqh ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd
Whruhpd 4154 Frqvlghudqgr od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr 417; vh wlhqh txh=
l, Vl A 3/ hqwrqfhv od hfxdflöq 417; wlhqh grv vroxflrqhv r udðfhv uhdohv +glihuhqwhv,
{4 @ e.s > {5 @ e

s
5d 5d
ll, Vl @ 3/ hqwrqfhv od hfxdflöq 417; wlhqh xqd vroxflöq r udð} hq U +r grv udðfhv ljxdohv,
e
{4 @ {5 @
5d
lll, Vl ? 3/ hqwrqfhv od hfxdflöq 417; qr wlhqh vroxflrqhv hq U1

Revhuydflöq= Hvwr hv/ vl oodpdprv V do frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq 417;/ vh wlhqh l, Vl A 3> V @
i{4 > {5 j1 ll, Vl @ 3> V @ i{4 j/ lll, Vl ? 3> V @ !1
Hmhpsor 85 Frqvlghuhprv od hfxdflöq>
6{5 5{ 4 @ 3
Sxhvwr txh @ +5,5 . 45 @ 49 A 3/ hqwrqfhv od hfxdflöq wlhqh grv vroxflrqhv uhdohv
{4 @ 5.s49 @ 4 {5 @ 5s49 @ 4
9 9 6
Hmhpsor 86 Od hfxdflöq
{5 5{ . 4 @ 3
wlhqh xqd udð} uhdo +r grv udðfhv ljxdohv,
{4 @ {5 @ 4
sxhv @ 3
Hmhpsor 87 Vlq hpedujr od hfxdflöq
{5 . { . 4 @ 3
qr wlhqh udðfhv uhdohv sxhv @ 6 ? 3
Revhuydflöq= Hv qhfhvdulr hqidwl}du txh od hfxdflöq 417; wlhqh vroxflöq hq U vl | vöor vl
@ e5 7df 3
Hmhuflflr 88 Frpsohwh orv vljxlhqwhv hqxqfldgrv +fruuhfwdphqwh,=
41 Vl od uhfwd | @ 6 { . e fruwd d od sduäerod |5 @ 45{ hq xq vror sxqwr hqwrqfhv e @ =========
5
51 Od uhfwd gh hfxdflöq | @ e hv wdqjhqwh d od sduäerod | @ {5 9{ . ; vl e @ ===========
61 Vl od uhfwd | @ 5{ . e fruwd d od fxuyd 5+{ 4,5 |5 @ 4 hq grv sxqwrv glihuhqwhv hqwrqfhv e 5 =========
71 Od sursrvlflöq
+ . 4,{5 7{ . + 4, A 3 ;{ 5 U
hv yhugdghud vl | vöor vl 5 ===========
Vroxflöq=
41 Vl od uhfwd | @ 6 { . e fruwd d od sduäerod |5 @ 45{ hq xq vror sxqwr hqwrqfhv ho vlvwhpd
5
+4, 65 { . e @ |
5 c
+5, | @ 45{
wlhqh ýqlfd vroxflöq1 Uhhpsod}dqgr +4, hq +5, vh wlhqh od hfxdflöq
6
{ . e,5 @ 45{
+
5
txh htxlydoh d od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr hq od yduldeoh {1
< 5
{ . +6e 45,{ . e5 @ 3 +417<,
7
Oxhjr ho sureohpd htxlydoh d hqfrqwudu e 5 U wdo txh od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr whqjd xqd ýqlfd
vroxflöq1
Sdud hvwr ho glvfulplqdqwh gh od hfxdflöq 417< gheh vhu fhur oxhjr
@ +6e 45,5 <e5 @ 3
gh grqgh e @ 5 Vl od uhfwd | @ 6 { . e fruwd d od sduäerod |5 @ 45{ hq xq vror sxqwr hqwrqfhv e @ 51
5
51 Hvwh sureohpd hv htxlydohqwh do hmhuflflr dqwhulru/ sxhv vl od uhfwd | @ e hv wdqjhqwh d od sduäerod

| @ {5 9{.;/ hqwrqfhv od uhfwd | sduäerod vh fruwdq hq xq vror sxqwr1 Sru frqvljxlhqwh ho sureohpd
hv htxlydohqwh d ghwhuplqdu e hq U wdo txh od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr
{5 9{ . ; e @ 3
whqjd ýqlfd vroxflöq1 Dvð

@ 69 7+; e, @ 3
gh grqgh e @ 4
Qrwd=
Ho ohfwru txh frqrfh ho frqfhswr gh ghulydgd vh kdeuä gdgr fxhqwd txh hvwh sureohpd uhvxowd px|
vlpsoh/ vl xwlol}dprv hvh frqfhswr1
61 Hq hvwh fdvr/ whqhprv txh ho vlvwhpd
5{ . e @ |
5+{ 4,5 |5 @ 4
gheh whqhu grv vroxflrqhv uhdohv glihuhqwhv/ oxhjr od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr
5+{ 4,5 +5{ . e,5 @ 4
txh htxlydoh d
5{5 . +7 . 7e,{ . e5 4 @ 3
gheh fxpsolu txh vx glvfulplqdqwh vhd pd|ru txh fhur/ hv ghflu/
@ +7 . 7e,5 ;+e5 4, A 3
+, e5 . 7e . 6 A 3
+, +e . 4,+e . 6, A 3
+, +e . 4 A 3 a e . 6 A 3, b +e . 4 ? 3 b e . 6 ? 3,
+, e A 4 b e ? 6
+, e 5` 4> 6^^` 4> 4^
sru or wdqwr e 5 U ^6> 4`
71 Od lqhfxdflöq
+ . 4,{5 7{ . 4 A 3
vh yhulfd sdud wrgr { hq U vl | vöor vl ho glvfulplqdqwh gh od hfxdflöq dvrfldgd
+ . 4,{5 7{ . 4 @ 3
hv phqru txh fhur frq 4 A 3/ hvwr hv/
@ 49 7+ . 4,+ 4, ? 3 a 4 A 3
+, 5 8 A 3 a A 4
s s
+, + 8,+ . 8, A 3 a A 4
s
+, A 8
s
Sru or wdqwr 5` 8> 4^1
Hmhuflflr 89 Ghwhuplqh sdud txì ydoruhv uhdohv gh n odv udðfhv gh od hfxdflöq
+n 6,{5 5n{ . 9n @ 3
vrq uhdohv1
Vroxflöq=
41 Vxsrqjdprv n 9@ 6/ hq hvwh fdvr od hfxdflöq hv gh vhjxqgr judgr1 Odv udðfhv vhuäq uhdohv vl
@ +5n,5 7+n 6,9n 3

/ 7n5 57n+n 6, 3
/ 7n+4; 8n, 3
/ +n 3 a 4; 8n 3, b +n 3 a 4; 8n 3,
4;
/ 3n
8
oxhjr
4;
n 5 ^3> ` i6j
8
51 Vxsrqjdprv dkrud txh n @ 6/ hqwrqfhv whqhprv od hfxdflöq
9{ . 4; @ 3
gh grqgh rewhqhprv { @ 6 5 U
Dvð/ khprv ghwhuplqdgr txh odv udðfhv gh od hfxdflöq BB vhuäq uhdohv vl
4;
n 5 ^3> `
8
Hmhuflflr 8: Frqvlghudqgr ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru/ Áedmr txì frqglflrqhv odv udðfhv vhuäq srvlwlydvB
Vroxflöq= Gho whruhpd dqwhulru hv fodur txh vl {4 | {5 vrq odv udðfhv uhdohv gh od hfxdflöq 417; vh wlhqh
txh
{4 . {5 @ de a {4 {5 @ df
Oxhjr odv udðfhv vhuäq srvlwlydv vl
{4 . {5 A 3 a {4 {5 A 3>
hv ghflu/
e a
d A3 d A3
f
Hq ho fdvr gh od hfxdflöq BB whqhprv
41 Vl n @ 6 hqwrqfhv { @ 6 A 3
51 Vl n 9@ 6/ hqwrqfhv odv udðfhv vhuäq srvlwlydv vl
5n 9n
A 3a A3
n6 n6
8 ` i6j1 Uhvroylhqgr odv lqhfxdflrqhv hq BB rewhqhprv n 5`6> 8 `1

frq n 5 ^3> 4; 4;
Hq frqvhfxhqfld odv udðfhv vhuäq uhdohv | srvlwlydv vl

4;
n 5`6> `
8
Revhuydflöq= Hv fodur txh odv udðfhv {4 | {5 vhuäq qhjdwlydv vl
{4 . {5 @ de ? 3 a {4 {5 @ df A 3
Sru rwud sduwh/ frqrflhqgr odv udðfhv {4 | {5 / srghprv idfwrul}du od h{suhvlöq d{5 . e{ . f gho vljxlhqwh
prgr=

5 5 e f
d{ . e{ . f @ d { {.
d d
@ d+{5 +{4 . {5 ,{ . {4 {5 ,
@ d+{ {4 ,+{ {5 ,
Hvwd idfwrul}dflöq qrv idflolwd od uhvroxflöq gh lqhfxdflrqhv1
Hmhpsor 8; Uhvroydprv od lqhfxdflöq
{5 4
A3
5{5 ;{ . 9
Vroxflöq=
Hv fodur txh
{5 4 +{ 4,+{ . 4,
A3/ A3
5{ ;{ . 9
5 5+{ 4,+{ 6,
| ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq BB hv
U4 @ U i4> 6j
Dkrud uhvroyhu od lqhfxdflöq BB htxlydoh d uhvroyhu

{.4
A 3 hq U4 =
5+{ 6,
Vh wlhqh=
{.4
A 3 / +{ . 4 A 3 a { 6 A 3, b +{ . 4 ? 3 a { 6 ? 3,
5+{ 6,
/ { A 6 b { ? 4
/ { 5` 4> 4^^`6> 4^
Sru or wdqwr ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq BB hv
V @ +` 4> 4^^`6> 4^, _ U4

@ U ^4> 6`
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Ghprvwudflöq= Frpr m d . e m 3/ m d m 3/ m e m 3> vh wlhqh
m d . e mm d m . m e m / +m d . e m,5 +m d m . m e m,5
Oxhjr edvwd ghprvwudu txh
+m d . e m,5 +m d m . m e m,5
5 3 Hqwhqghuhprv sru dfrwdu vxshulruphqwh xqd h{suhvlöq/ ho hqfrqwudu xq qýphur r xqd h{suhvlöq uhdo pd|ru r ljxdo d
od gdgd1 Dqäorjdphqwh vh ghqh dfrwdu lqihulruphqwh+yhu ghqlflöq 415: päv dghodqwh,

4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ :<
shur
+m d . e m,5 @ +d . e,5
@ d5 . 5de . e5
@ m d m5 .5de. m e m5
m d m5 .5 m de m . m e m5
@ m d m5 .5 m d mm e m . m e m5
@ +m d m . m e m,5
Sru or wdqwr/
+m d . e m,5 +m d m . m e m,5

Revhuyhprv txh/ vhjýq ho whruhpd dqwhulru
4
mdm.mem 4
md.em ;d> e 5 U> d . e 9@ 3
Gh od ghvljxdogdg wuldqjxodu vh ghgxfh dghpäv od vljxlhqwh surslhgdg
Frurodulr 4159 Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv
m d m m e mm d e m
Hq hihfwr/
m d m@m d e . e mm d e m . m e m
oxhjr
m d m m e mm d e m
Hq edvh d hvwd surslhgdg srghprv ghprvwudu lpsolfdflrqhv wdohv frpr od vljxlhqwh=
4 4 4 48
m{. m? , ?
6 43 m 5{ 4 m 55
Vroxflöq=
4 4 4 4
m{. m? / 5m{. m?
6 43 6 8
5 4
/ m 5{ . m?
6 8
5 4
/ m 5{ 4 . 4 . m?
6 8
8 4
/ m . 5{ 4 m?
6 8
shur/ sru frurodulr dqwhulru/ vh wlhqh txh
8 8
m m m 5{ 4 m?m . +5{ 4, m
6 6
or txh lpsolfd txh
8 4
m 5{ 4 m?
6 8
hv ghflu/
4 8
m 5{ 4 m?
8 6
or txh htxlydoh d
55
m 5{ 4 mA
48
;3 FKDSWHU 41 ORV QÝPHURV UHDOHV
| qdophqwh rewhqhprv or exvfdgr

4 48
?
m 5{ 4 m 55
fxdqgr { 9@ 41
5 Hq frqvhfxhqfld
4 4 4 48
m{. m? , ?
6 43 m 5{ 4 m 55
Revhuyhprv txh hvwd lpsolfdflöq wdpelìq sxhgh sureduvh xvdqgr ho whruhpd 4157 gh od vljxlhqwh irupd=
4 4 4 4 4 4
m{. m? / ?{. ? 2 . + ,
6 43 43 6 43 6
4 4 4 4
/ ?{?
43 6 43 6
46 :
/ ?{?
63 63
46 :
/ ? 5{ ?
48 48
5; 55
/ ? 5{ 4 ?
48 48
5; 55
/ A +5{ 4, A
48 48
5; 55
, Am 5{ 4 mA
48 48
48 4 48
/ ? ?
5; m 5{ 4 m 55
4 48
, ?
m 5{ 4 m 55
Hmhpsor 9: 54 Xvdqgr odv surslhgdghv phqflrqdgdv surehprv txh odv vljxlhqwhv ghvljxdogdghv vrq yhu0
gdghudv sdud orv qýphurv uhdohv { h | lqglfdgrv1
s
41 m { m {5 . | 5 / ;{> | 5 U
51 m{|m {5 . | 5 ;{> | 5 U
s 5 s
61 m{m.m|m m | m/ ;{> | 5 U i3j
{ m|m
71 s m{|
.|5 m { m/ ;{> | 5 U i3j
m
5{
s 7 6
81 m{m/ ;{> | 5 U i3j
{ .5{ | .{5 |5
m{m.m|m
91 s m|{|5 m 5 m | m/ ;{> | 5 U +{> |, 9@ +4> 3,1
+{4, .|
Vroxflöq=
41 s s
m { m@ {5 {5 . |5 >
Qrwh= Gh or dqwhulru hv fodur txh
4 4
s
{ .|
5 5 m { m
5 4 Hq ho fxuvr gh fäofxor hq yduldv yduldeohv yhuhprv txh odv surslhgdghv | ghvljxdogdghv dqwhulruhv vrq px| ýwlohv hq ho
fäofxor gh oðplwhv1
4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ ;4
51 Sdud wrgr {> | hq U vh wlhqh

s s
m{m {5 . |5 > m|m {5 . | 5
oxhjr
s s
m{|m @ m{mm|m {5 . | 5 {5 . | 5 @ {5 . | 5 =
Revhuyh txh qr hv flhuwr m{|m +{ . |,5 sdud wrgr {> | 5 U
61 s s s s s
{5 m | m {5 m | m m{m m|m m{m m|m s
@ @ @ m|m
m{m.m|m m{m.m|m m{m.m|m m{m
Qrwh
m { m . m | mm { m> ;{> | 5 U
| gh hvwr vh rewlhqh od vljxlhqwh ghvljxdogdg px| xwlol}dgd
4
m{m.m|m 4
m{m > ;{> | 5 U i3j
71
m {| m m {| m m { mm | m
s @ @m { m
{5 . | 5 m|m m|m
81
s s
{7 . 5{6 | . {5 |5 {5 +{5 . 5{| . |5 ,
@
m{m.m|m m{m.m|m
s
m { m +{ . |,5
@ +4197,
m{m.m|m
Dqdolfhprv orv vljxlhqwhv fdvrv
+d, Vxsrqjdprv txh { . | 9@ 31 Hqwrqfhv sru od ghvljxdogdg wuldqjxodu hv fodur txh
4 4

m{m.m|m m{.| m
dghpäv/ s
+{ . |,5 @m { . | m
oxhjr/
s
m { m +{ . |,5 m { mm { . | m
@m { m
m{m.m|m m{.| m
+e, Vl { . | @ 3 frq {> | 5 U i3j1 Hqwrqfhv hv fodur sru 4197 txh

s
{7 . 5{6 | . {5 | 5
@3
m{m.m|m
|
3 m { m
Dvð/ gh d, | e, vh wlhqh od ghvljxdogdg shglgd

91 +d, Vxsrqjdprv txh { 9@ 4
m |{ | m m |{ | m m | mm { 4 m
s s @ @m | m
+{ 4, . |
5 5 +{ 4,5 m{4m
+e, Vl { @ 4> | 9@ 3/ vh wlhqh od ghvljxdogdg txh htxlydoh d 3 m|m/ od fxdo hv yhugdghud1

Sru or wdqwr gh +d, | +e, vh wlhqh od ghvljxdogdg1
Dojxqrv gh orv huuruhv päv iuhfxhqwhv txh vh frphwhq do dfrwdu h{suhvlrqhv uhdohv sru rwudv frqvlvwhq
hq xwlol}du ghvljxdogdghv txh qr vh fxpsohq hq orv frqmxqwrv gdgrv1 Sru hmhpsor/ od sursrvlflöq
s
m{m.m|m m{m.m|m ;{> | 5 U i3j
m{|m m{|m
qr hv yhugdghud/ hv ghflu/
s
qr dfrwd vxshulruphqwh d vhjýq yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflöq
m{|m m{|m
m{m.m|m m{m.m|m
Qrwhprv txh s
m{|m m{|m s
m{m.m|m m{m.m|m / m {| m m {| m
Vlq hpedujr s
m {| m m {| m
vöor vh fxpsoh vl m {| m 4 r m |{ m@ 31
Dqäorjdphqwh qr hv flhuwr txh
s| 5 s |5 ;{> | 5 U i3j
5 5
m{m { .|5 { .|5
Hv fodur txh hvwd ghvljxdogdg htxlydoh d
4
m{m 4 frq { 9@ 3
| hvwr vh fxpsoh vl | vöor vl m { m 4/ hv ghflu/ { 4 b { 4
417 D{lrpd gho Vxsuhpr

Ilqdophqwh suhvhqwduhprv ho ýowlpr d{lrpd gh orv qýphurv uhdohv/ d{lrpd txh qrv shuplwh ghflu txh orv
qýphurv uhdohv frpsohwdq wrgrv orv hvsdflrv hq xqd uhfwd vl vrq uhsuhvhqwdgrv hq wdo irupd1
Hq sulphu oxjdu yhdprv txì hqwhqghprv sru xq frqmxqwr dfrwdgr1
Ghqlflöq 415: Vhd D U / D 9@ >/ u 5 U 1 Gluhprv txh
l, u hv xqd Frwd Vxshulru gh D vl | vöor vl=
du > ;d 5 D
hv ghflu/ u hv frwd vxshulru gh D vl u hv pd|ru r ljxdo txh fxdotxlhu hohphqwr gh D1
ll, u hv xqd Frwd Lqihulru gh D vl vöor vl=
du > ;d 5 D
hv ghflu/ u hv phqru r ljxdo txh fxdotxlhu hohphqwr gh D1

4171 D[LRPD GHO VXSUHPR ;6
Vl h{lvwh frwd vxshulru +lqihulru, sdud xq frqmxqwr D/ vh glfh txh D hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh +lqihul0
ruphqwh,
Vl D hv dfrwdgr vxshulru h lqihulruphqwh vh glfh txh D hv dfrwdgr1
Vl D @ ! gluhprv txh D hv dfrwdgr1+Or fxdo sxhgh vhu ghprvwudgr,
Hmhpsor 9; D @` 4> 8` hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh/ sxhv>

H{lvwh u @ 8 5 U wdo txh d 8 sdud wrgr d 5 D/ shur qr hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh/ sxhv qr h{lvwh
u 5 U wdo txh/ sdud wrgr d 5 D> u d
Revhuyhprv txh fxdotxlhu u 5 ^8> 4^ hv xqd frwd vxshulru sdud D1 Oxhjr ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv
vxshulruhv gh D hv ^8> 4^1
Hq fdpelr E @` 5> 4^ hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh shur qr dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh1 Ho frqmxqwr gh
frwdv lqihulruhv gh E hv ho frqmxqwr ` 4> 5`1
Gh or dqwhulru/ hv fodur txh ho frqmxqwr F @ ^5> 8` hv dfrwdgr
Dvlplvpr/ ho frqmxqwr
G @ i{ 5 U = {5 ? 45j
hv dfrwdgr sxhvwr txh s s s
{5 ? 45 /m { m? 45 / 45 ? { ? 45>
hv ghflu/ s s
G @` 45> 45^
s s
grqgh ` 4> 45` hv ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv lqihulruhv | ho frqmxqwr ^ 45> 4^ hv ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv
vxshulruhv1 Vlq hpedujr ho frqmxqwr>
H @ i{ 5 ] = {5 ? 45j
qr wlhqh orv plvprv frqmxqwrv gh frwdv vxshulruhv h lqihulruhv txh G/ hq hihfwr/
s s
H @ ]_` 45> 45^@ i6> 5> 4> 3> 4> 5> 6j
oxhjr H wdpelìq hv dfrwdgr shur ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv vxshulruhv gh H hv ` 4> 6` | ho gh frwdv vxshulruhv
gh H hv ^6> 4^1
Hmhuflflr 9< Vhdq

q r s
D@ {5U= 4.m5{6m
m{.8m ? 4 > E @ { 5 U =m { 6 m {5 4
Ghwhuplqh vl orv frqmxqwrv D/ E / D _ E/ D ^ E vrq dfrwdgrv | hqfxhqwuh/ vl h{lvwhq/ ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv

vxshulruhv h lqihulruhv hq fdgd fdvr1
Vroxflöq=
Hq ho hmhuflflr 95 rewxylprv txh
4
D @` > :^
6
Hvwh frqmxqwr hv dfrwdgr lqihulru | vxshulruphqwh> dvð/ D hv xq frqmxqwr dfrwdgr1
Ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv lqihulruhv gh D hv ` 4> 64 ` | ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv vxshulruhv hv ^:> 4^1
Dghpäv hq ho hmhuflflr 96 ghwhuplqdprv txh
8
E @ ^ > 4^>
6
ho fxdo hv xq frqmxqwr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh/ shur qr hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh/ oxhjr E qr hv dfrwdgr1
Ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv lqihulruhv gh E hv ` 4> 86 `
Frpr D @` 64 > :^ | E @ ^ 86 > 4^/ hqwrqfhv
8
D _ E @` > :`
6
|
4
D ^ E @` > 4^
6
Oxhjr D _ E hv dfrwdgr1 Ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv vxshulruhv gh D _ E hv ^:> 4^ | ho gh frwdv lqihulruhv hv
` 4> 86 `1 Vlq hpedujr E qr hv dfrwdgr sxhv qr hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh1 Ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv lqihulruhv
gh D ^ E hv ` 4> 46 ^1
Ghqlflöq 415; Vhd D U / D 9@ >
l, Vl D hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh/ gluhprv txh O 5 U hv ho Vxsuhpr gh D vl | vöor vl O hv xqd frwd

vxshulru gh D/ |/ sdud fxdotxlhu frwd vxshulru { gh D vh wlhqh txh
O {=
Hv ghflu/ O hv od phqru gh odv frwdv vxshulruhv gh D1 Vh dqrwduä
vxs D @ O
ll, Vl D hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh/ gluhprv txh O 5 U hv ho Lqpr gh D vl | vöor vl O hv xqd frwd lqihulru
gh D/ |/ sdud fxdotxlhu frwd lqihulru { gh D vh wlhqh txh
O {=
Hv ghflu/ O hv od pd|ru gh odv frwdv lqihulruhv gh D1

Vh dqrwduä
lqi D @ O
Hmhpsor :3 Frpr D @` 64 > :^ hv xq frqmxqwr dfrwdgr/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwhq
vxs D @ :> lqi D @ 4

6
Vlq hpedujr> E @` 4> 86 ` qr hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh/ oxhjr qr h{lvwh lqi E/ shur h{lvwh vxs E sxhv
E hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh/ vxs E @ 86 1
D{lrpd gho Vxsuhpr=

Wrgr vxefrqmxqwr D gh U qr ydfðr | dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh wlhqh vxsuhpr ho fxdo hv xq hohphqwr gh U1
Xvdqgr ho d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr/ vh sxhgh ghprvwudu txh= Wrgr vxefrqmxqwr D gh U qr ydfðr | dfrwdgr
lqihulruphqwh wlhqh ðqpr/ ho fxdo hv xq hohphqwr gh U1
Dxqtxh hq pxfkrv fdvrv qr vh yh fodudphqwh fxäo hv ho vxsuhpr gh xq frqmxqwr/ ho d{lrpd qrv dvhjxud
vx h{lvwhqfld1
Hmhpsor :4 Frqvlghuhprv D ho frqmxqwr gh wrgdv odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d

s
5/ hv ghflu/
D @ i4> 7> 4> 74> 4> 747> 4> 7475> = = =j
frpr D U / D 9@ ! | D hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh +sru hmhpsor 4> 8 5 U hv frwd vxshulru,/ hqwrqfhv sru
d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr/ h{lvwh vxs D ho fxdo hv xq hohphqwr gh U1
4171 D[LRPD GHO VXSUHPR ;8
Qrwd= Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru s

vxs D @ 5
Hmhpsor :5 Vhd
q
D@ {5U={@ >q 5 Q
q.4
Hv fodur txh D U | D 9@ >/ dghpäv
q.4 ? 4
q
;q 5 Q>
hv ghflu/ { ? 4 sdud wrgr { 5 D1 Oxhjr D hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh | sru d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr/ h{lvwh
vxs D1 Frqvlghudqgr glvwlqwrv ydoruhv gh q 5 Q srghprv frqmhwxudu txh=
vxs D @ 4 +4198,
Ho khfkr txh U vdwlvidjd orv d{lrpdv gh fxhusr/ gh rughq | gho vxsuhpr vh h{suhvd glflhqgr txh hv xq
fxhusr rughqdgr | frpsohwr1
Hmhuflflr :6 Vhd D U / D 9@ ! | dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh1 Suxheh txh vxs D hv ýqlfr
Vroxflöq= Sru d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr hv fodur txh h{lvwh vxs D1 Vhd O @ vxs D1 Vxsrqjdprv txh vxs D qr
hv ýqlfr/ hv ghflu/ vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh O3 5 U wdo txh O 9@ O3 |
O3 @ vxs D
hqwrqfhv O | O3 vrq frwdv vxshulruhv gh D1 Sru ghqlflöq gh vxsuhpr whqhprv txh=

Vl O @ vxs D/ hqwrqfhv O O3 / shur vl O3 @ vxs D/ hqwrqfhv O3 O/ hqwrqfhv O @ O3 txh hv xqd
frqwudglfflöq1
Gh irupd dqäorjd vh suxhed txh ho ðqpr gh D hv ýqlfr vl D hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh1
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv shuplwh/ hqwuh rwudv frvdv/ ghprvwudu od frqmhwxud khfkd hq 4198 gho hmhpsor
:5
Whruhpd 415< Vhd D U> D 9@ !/
l, Vhd O frwd vxshulru gh D1 Hqwrqfhv
O @ vxs D / ;% A 3> <{ 5 D = { A O %
ll, Vhd O frwd lqihulru gh D1 Hqwrqfhv
O @ lqi D / ;% A 3> <{ 5 D = { ? O . %
Ghprvwudflöq= l, +,, Sru ghprvwudu txh
O @ vxs D , ;% A 3> <{ 5 D = { A O %
Sru ho pìwrgr gho devxugr= Vxsrqjdprv txh
+O @ vxs D, a +<% A 3,+;{ 5 D,+{ O %, +4199,
| rewhqjdprv xqd frqwudglfflöq1 Sru 4199/ h{lvwh % A 3 wdo txh
{ O %> ;{ 5 D +419:,
Hqwrqfhv sru ghqlflöq gh frwd O % hv frwd vxshulru gh D shur O @ vxs D +od pd|ru gh odv frwdv
vxshulruhv,/ oxhjr O O % gh grqgh % 3/ txh frqwudglfh % A 31
l, ++, Qxhydphqwh xvdprv ho pìwrgr gho devxugr1 Vhd O frwd vxshulru gh D1 Sru ghprvwudu
+; % A 3,+<{ 5 D,+{ A O %, , O @ vxs D
Vxsrqjdprv txh
+; % A 3,+<{ 5 D,+{ A O %, a O 9@ vxs D
Vl O 9@ vxs D/ vlhqgr O frwd vxshulru gh D/ hqwrqfhv O qr hv od phqru gh odv frwdv vxshulruhv/ hv ghflu/
h{lvwh O3 frwd vxshulru gh D wdo txh
O3 ? O
oxhjr h{lvwh % A 3 wdo txh
O3 . % @ O +419;,
Shur/ sru klsöwhvlv/ h{lvwh { 5 D wdo txh
{AO % +419<,
Sru 419; | 419< vh wlhqh txh
{ A O3 frq { 5 D
or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflöq/ sxhv O3 hv frwd vxshulru gh D1

Dqäorjdphqwh vh ghpxhvwud txh vl O hv frwd lqihulru gh D
O @ lqi D / ; % A 3> <{ 5 D = { ? O . %
Hq edvh do whruhpd dqwhulru/ ghprvwuduhprv txh ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv qdwxudohv qr hv dfrwdgr1
Hvwr qrv shuplwluä d vx yh} suredu ho lpsruwdqwh whruhpd 4164
Sursrvlflöq 4163 Q qr hv dfrwdgr1
Ghprvwudflöq= Vxsrqjdprv or frqwudulr/ hv ghflu/ txh Q hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh1 Hqwrqfhv/ sru

d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr h{lvwh vxs Q @ O frq O 5 U 1 Oxhjr sru ho whruhpd 415< whqhprv=
; % A 3> <q 5 Q> q A O %
Hq sduwlfxodu/ frqvlghuhprv % @ 4 A 3> hqwrqfhv h{lvwh q 5 Q wdo txh
q A O 4>
hv ghflu>
q.4AO
shur q . 4 5 Q / or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflöq |d txh O @ vxs Q 1
Whruhpd 4164 +Surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd1, Wrgr qýphur uhdo sxhgh vhu vreuhsdvdgr sru xq qýphur
qdwxudo1 Hv ghflu
;{ 5 U> <q 5 Q = { ? q +41:3,
Ghprvwudflöq= Vxsrqjdprv or frqwudulr hvwr hv/ dvxpdprv txh
<{ 5 U> ;q 5 Q = { q
Hv fodur txh { hv frwd vxshulru gh Q +sru ghqlflöq gh frwd vxshulru,> oxhjr Q hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh/
or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflöq
4171 D[LRPD GHO VXSUHPR ;:
Revhuydflöq= Xqd yhuvlöq htxlydohqwh gh od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd hv od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflöq

4
; % A 3> <q 5 Q = ? % +41:4,
q
Hq hihfwr
Vhd % A 3 | frqvlghuhprv ho uhdo 4 / hqwrqfhv sru
% 41:3/ h{lvwh q 5 Q wdo txh
4
qA
%
gh grqgh hv fodur txh
4
? %
q
+Ho dujxphqwr sxhgh uhyhuwluvh,
Ho vljxlhqwh hmhpsor pxhvwud xqd dsolfdflöq gh od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd1
Hmhpsor :7 Surehprv txh vl

q
D@ {q 5 U = {q @ >q 5 Q
q.4
hqwrqfhv
vxs D @ 4
Vroxflöq= Sulphur sureduhprv txh O @ 4 hv frwd vxshulru gh D/ | vhjxqgr txh O @ 4 hv od phqru gh
wrgdv/ hv ghflu/
; % A 3> <{q 5 D = {q A O %
41 Hv fodur txh
q ? q . 4 ;q 5 Q
oxhjr
q .4 ? 4
q
;q 5 Q>
hv ghflu/
{q ? 4 ;q 5 Q
Sru or wdqwr O @ 4 hv frwd vxshulru gh D1
51 Revhuyhprv txh suredu od h{lvwhqfld gh {q 5 D wdo txh
{q ? 4 % ; % A 3
htxlydoh d suredu od h{lvwhqfld gh q 5 Q wdo txh
.4 ? 4 % ;%A3
q
q
Vhd % A 31 Frqvlghuhprv ho uhdo 4 % 1

% Sru od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd/ h{lvwh q 5 Q wdo txh
4 %
qA
%
shur
4 %
qA / q %A4 %
%
/ qAqq %.4 %
/ q A +q . 4,+4 %,
q
/ A4 %
q.4
;; FKDSWHU 41 ORV QÝPHURV UHDOHV
Hq frqvhfxhqfld
q
+; % A 3,+<{q @ 5 D,+{q A 4 %,
q.4
Oxhjr
vxs D @ 4
Surehprv txh vl
4
D @ i{q 5 U = {q @ > q 5 Qj
q
hqwrqfhv
lqi D @ 3
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s txh dxqtxh T hv xq fxhusr rughqdgr | ghqvr hq U/ T qr oohqd od uhfwd uhdo/
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71 Ghpxhvwuh txh/ vl d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv
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41815 Sureohpdv gh Sodqwhr

41 Xq flhuwr qýphur gh shuvrqdv wlhqh txh sdjdu d sduwhv ljxdohv xq wrwdo gh ' :5=3331 Vl kxelhud wuhv
shuvrqdv phqrv hqwrqfhv fdgd xqd ghehuðd frqwulexlu frq ' 7=333 päv1 BcFxäqwdv shuvrqdv vrqB
51 Vhvhqwd hmhpsoduhv gho sulphu yroxphq gh xq oleur | :8 hmhpsoduhv gho vhjxqgr yroxphq fxhvwdq xq
wrwdo gh ' 738=3331 Vlq hpedujr/ xq ghvfxhqwr gho 48( hq ho sulphu yroxphq | gh xq 43( hq ho
vhjxqgr yroxphq uhgxfluä ho suhflr wrwdo d ' 688=8331 Ghwhuplqh ho suhflr gh fdgd yroxphq1
s
61 Od klsrwhqxvd gh xq wuläqjxor uhfwäqjxor plgh 6 8 phwurv1 Ghwhuplqh orv fdwhwrv vdelhqgr txh
fxdqgr vh dxphqwd xqr hq xq 7336 ( | ho rwur hq xq 6 ( od vxpd gh vxv orqjlwxghv ydoh 47 phwurv1
83
71 Grv vdfrv frqwlhqhq 473 nlorjudprv gh kdulqd1 Vl vdfdprv ho 45> 8( gh od kdulqd gho sulphu vdfr | od
hfkdprv hq ho vhjxqgr dperv whqguäq od plvpd fdqwlgdg1 BcFxäqwrv nlorv gh kdulqd wlhqh fdgd vdfrB
81 Grv iäeulfdv D | E vh frpsurphwhq d vhuylu xq shglgr hq 45 gðdv1 Ghvsxìv gh grv gðdv od iäeulfd
D flhuud sdud kdfhu xqdv uhsdudflrqhv/ plhqwudv txh od iäeulfd E vljxh ixqflrqdqgr qrupdophqwh1
Vdelhqgr txh E wlhqh xq uhqglplhqwr gho 533
6 ( gho uhqglplhqwr gh D/ ghwhuplqh hq fxäqwrv gðdv vh
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91 Xq olqjrwh gh dohdflöq freuh0}lqf txh shvd 57 nlorjudprv vh vxphujh hq djxd | slhugh 59
hq shvr1 Ghwhuplqh od fdqwlgdg gh freuh | gh }lqf hq od dohdflöq/ vdelhqgr txh hq ho djxd ho freuh
< ( | ho }lqf : ( gh vx shvr1
slhugh 433 433
:1 Hqfxhqwuh xq qýphur gh grv fliudv vdelhqgr txh ho frflhqwh txh vh rewlhqh do glylgluoh sru ho surgxfwr
gh vxv gðjlwrv hv ljxdo d ;6 |/ dghpäv/ txh od glihuhqfld txh vh rewlhqh hqwuh ho qýphur exvfdgr | ho
qýphur txh vh rewlhqh do lqyhuwlu ho rughq gh orv grv gðjlwrv txh or irupdq hv 4;1
;1 Ghwhuplqh xq qýphur gh grv fliudv vdelhqgr txh ho qýphur gh xqlgdghv h{fhgh hq grv do qýphur gh
ghfhqdv | txh ho surgxfwr gho qýphur ghvhdgr sru od vxpd gh vxv gðjlwrv hv 4771
<1 Grv wuhqhv vdohq do plvpr wlhpsr gh odv hvwdflrqhv D | E vhsdudgdv 933 np | yldmdq xqr do hqfxhqwur
gho rwur1 Ho sulphu wuhq oohjd d E wuhv krudv dqwhv gh txh ho vhjxqgr oohjxh d D1 Ho sulphu wuhq
uhfruuh 583 np hq ho plvpr wlhpsr hq txh ho vhjxqgr uhfruuh 533 np1 Hqfxhqwuh od yhorflgdg gh
fdgd wuhq1
431 Xq yldmhur txh yd d wrpdu vx wuhq kd fxelhuwr 6/8 np hq xqd krud | vh gd fxhqwd txh d hvd yhorflgdg
oohjduä xqd krud wdugh1 Hqwrqfhv uhfruuh ho uhvwr gh od glvwdqfld d od yhorflgdg gh 8 np2k | oohjd 63
plqxwrv dqwhv gh txh vdojd ho wuhq1 Ghwhuplqh od glvwdqfld txh whqðd txh uhfruuhu1
4181 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV <4
441 Od glvwdqfld hqwuh D | E sru dxwrslvwd hv 4< np1 Xq flfolvwd vdoh gh D hq gluhfflöq d E d xqd
yhorflgdg frqvwdqwh1 Xq frfkh vdoh gh D 48 plqxwrv päv wdugh hq od plvpd gluhfflöq1 Do fder gh 43
plqxwrv dofdq}d do flfolvwd | frqwlqýd kdvwd E/ grqgh gd od yxhowd | do fder gh 83 plqxwrv ghvsxìv
gh kdehu dedqgrqdgr D hqfxhqwud sru vhjxqgd yh} do flfolvwd1 Ghwhuplqh odv yhorflgdghv gho flfolvwd
| gho frfkh1
451 Xq wuhq fruuhr vdoh gh od hvwdflöq D d odv 8 gh od pdguxjdgd hq gluhfflöq gh od hvwdflöq E d 413;3
np gh glvwdqfld1 D odv ; gh od pdôdqd vdoh gh E xq wuhq hq gluhfflöq gh D | yldmd 48 np2k päv
dsulvd txh ho wuhq fruuhr1 BcFxäqgr vh hqfrqwuduäq vdelhqgr txh ho sxqwr gh hqfxhqwur hv ho sxqwr
phglr hqwuh D | E B
461 D glvwd :; np gh E1 Xq flfolvwd vdoh gh D hq gluhfflöq gh E1 Xqd krud ghvsxìv/ rwur flfolvwd vdoh gh
E hq gluhfflöq d D | yd 7 np2k päv uäslgr txh ho sulphur1 Vh hqfxhqwudq d 69 np gh E1 BcFxäqwr
kdfh txh kd vdolgr fdgd xqr | fxäohv vrq vxv yhorflgdghvB
471 Xqd edqghmd uhfwdqjxodu gh 53 fp <3 fp 58 fp +sdudohohsðshgr uhfwdqjxodu, vh xvduä sdud
kdfhu qhjdwlyrv irwrjuäfrv1 Ho djxd oohjd d wudyìv gh xq wxer gh jrpd | vdoh d wudyìv gh rwur sdud
pdqwhqhu do djxd hq djlwdflöq1 Vh qhfhvlwdq 8 plqxwrv phqrv sdud ydfldu od edqghmd d wudyìv gho
vhjxqgr wxer txh hq oohqduod phgldqwh ho sulphur/ frq ho vhjxqgr fhuudgr1 Vl vh deuhq dperv wxerv/
od edqghmd frpsohwd vh ydflduä hq xqd krud1 Hqfxhqwuh od fdqwlgdg gh djxd txh ghmd sdvdu fdgd wxer
hq xq plqxwr1
481 Grv wudedmdgruhv/ xqr gh orv fxdohv hpslh}d d wudedmdu xqr | phglr gðdv ghvsxìv txh ho rwur/ sxhghq
frpsohwdu xq wudedmr hq : gðdv1 Vl fdgd xqr gh hoorv klflhud ho wudedmr lqglylgxdophqwh/ ho sulphur
kdeuðd qhfhvlwdgr 6 gðdv päv txh ho vhjxqgr txh hpsh}ö ghvsxìv1 BcFxäqwrv gðdv wdugduä fdgd reuhur
hq uhdol}du ho wudedmr lqglylgxdophqwhB
491 Grv pätxlqdv shuirudgrudv gh wýqhohv wudedmdqgr hq orv grv h{wuhprv gh xq wýqho wlhqhq txh frpsoh0
wdu od shuirudflöq hq 93 gðdv1 Vl od sulphud pätxlqd kdfh ho 63( gho wudedmr dvljqdgr/ | od vhjxqgd
6 (/ hqwrqfhv dpedv shuiruduäq 93 phwurv gh wýqho1 Vl od sulphud pätxlqd kd uhdol}dgr 6 gho wud0
ho ;3 5
edmr dvljqdgr d od vhjxqgd/ | od vhjxqgd 3/6 gho wudedmr dvljqdgr d od sulphud/ hqwrqfhv od sulphud
pätxlqd qhfhvlwduðd 9 gðdv päv txh od vhjxqgd1 Ghwhuplqh fxäqwrv phwurv gh wýqho shuirud fdgd
pätxlqd sru gðd1
4:1 Grv fxdguloodv gh ihuuryldulrv wudedmdqgr frqmxqwdphqwh whuplqdq xqd uhsdudflöq gh od vhfflöq gh
xqd yðd hq 9 gðdv1 Sdud kdfhu ho 73( gho wudedmr/ od sulphud fxdgulood vrod qhfhvlwduðd grv gðdv päv
6 ( gho wudedmr frpsohwr1 Ghwhuplqh
gh or txh od vhjxqgd fxdgulood vrod qhfhvlwduðd/ sdud uhdol}du 73
fxäqwrv gðdv wdugduðd fdgd fxdgulood hq uhsdudu od vhfflöq frpsohwd sru vhsdudgr1
4;1 Grv reuhurv mxqwrv frpsohwdq xqd flhuwd wduhd hq ; krudv1 Wudedmdqgr lqglylgxdophqwh/ ho sulphu
reuhur srguðd kdfhu ho wudedmr 45 krudv päv dsulvd txh or srguðd kdfhu ho vhjxqgr1 BcFxäqwdv krudv
wdugduðd fdgd reuhur hq kdfhu lqglylgxdophqwh ho wudedmrB
4<1 Grv wxehuðdv wdugdq 9 krudv hq oohqdu xqd slvflqd1 Xqd vrod od oohqduðd 8 krudv päv ghsulvd txh od
rwud1 BcFxäqwr wdugduä fdgd wxehuðd vrod hq oohqdu od slvflqdB
531 Grv uxhgdv hvwäq jludqgr dfflrqdgdv sru xqd fruuhd vlq q> od päv shtxhôd gd 733 uhyroxflrqhv sru
plqxwr päv txh od judqgh1 Hvwd gd 8 uhyroxflrqhv hq xq odsvr gh wlhpsr txh hv xq vhjxqgr pd|ru
txh ho qhfhvdulr sdud txh od päv shtxhôd gh 8 uhyroxflrqhv1 BcFxäqwdv uhyroxflrqhv sru plqxwr gd
fdgd xqdB
541 Grv prwruhv gh frpexvwlöq lqwhuqd vh vrphwlhurq d xq hqvd|r gh uhqglplhqwr | vh hqfrqwuö txh xqr
gh hoorv kdeðd frqvxplgr 933 judprv gh frpexvwleoh plhqwudv txh ho rwur/ txh kdeðd ixqflrqdgr 5
krudv phqrv/ frqvxplö 6;7 judprv1 Vl ho sulphu prwru frqvxplhud od plvpd fdqwlgdg gh frpexvwleoh
sru krud txh ho vhjxqgr | ho vhjxqgr or plvpr txh ho sulphur/ hqwrqfhv dperv prwruhv frqvxpluðdq
od plvpd fdqwlgdg gh frpexvwleoh gxudqwh ho plvpr shuðrgr gh ixqflrqdplhqwr txh dqwhv1 BcFxäqwr
frpexvwleoh frqvxph sru krud fdgd prwruB
551 Fxdwur juýdv gh sxhuwr lgìqwlfdv vh xvdq sdud fdujdu xq edufr1 Fxdqgr oohydq 5 krudv wudedmdqgr/
vh srqhq d wudedmdu frq hoodv 5 juýdv päv gh phqru fdsdflgdg/ frq or txh vh frpsohwd od fdujd hq
6 krudv1 Vl kxelhudq hpsh}dgr d wudedmdu wrgdv mxqwdv/ vh kdeuðd frpsohwdgr od fdujd hq 7/8 krudv1
Ghwhuplqh ho wlhpsr +hq krudv, qhfhvdulr sdud txh uhdolfh ho wudedmr frpsohwr xqd juýd vrod gh odv
päv srwhqwhv | xqd juýd vrod gh odv gh phqru srwhqfld1
561 Xq hvwdqtxh frq flhuwd fdqwlgdg gh djxd wlhqh irupd gh frqr lqyhuwlgr1
Do djuhjduoh 43 olwurv/ ho qlyho gh djxd vxeh hq xq 53(1 Vl od edvh gho frqr ixhvh uhgxflgd hq 73(/
pdwhqlhqgr od plvpd dowxud uhvxowduðd xq frqr txh hvwduðd oohqr frq od fdqwlgdg gh djxd lqlfldo1
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hq xq frplhq}r1
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ho frqmxqwr gh oleurv gh xqd eleolrwhfd | H hv ho frqmxqwr gh hqwhurv srvlwlyrv1 D fdgd oleur { hq G oh
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gh i frqwhqjd do uhfruulgr gh i1
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q r
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5151 GRPLQLR \ UHFRUULGR 434
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6
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m 5{ 4 m .{
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r elhq/ htxlydohqwhphqwh/
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5151 GRPLQLR \ UHFRUULGR 436
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5 4
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uhodflöq txh qr or vhd1 Sru hmhpsor yhprv txh hq od jxud txh vljxh/ od juäfd qr ghqh xqd ixqflöq |
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41 Ixqflöq Olqhdo= hv xqd ixqflöq gh od irupd
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5161 UHSUHVHQWDFLÖQ JUÄILFD 438
frq p> e 5 U/ txh wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd xqd uhfwd1 Vx xelfdflöq hq U U ghshqgh gh
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51 Ixqflöq Fxdguäwlfd= hv xqd ixqflöq gh od irupd
i = U $ U
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ghshqgh gh orv ydoruhv gh d | @ e5 7df +yhu vhfflöq 41618,1
y 50 y 50
37.5 37.5
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12.5 12.5
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Revhuydflöq= Sdud judfdu xqd sduäerod hv frqyhqlhqwh frqrfhu +vl h{lvwhq, odv lqwhuvhfflrqhv frq
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5161 UHSUHVHQWDFLÖQ JUÄILFD 43:
1Qrwh dghpäv txh/ vl d ? 3/ ho pä{lpr ydoru txh wrpd od ixqflöq | @ d{5 . e{ . f hv | @ 7d | vh
dofdq}d fxdqgr { @ 5ed 1 Dqäorjdphqwh vl d A 3/ ho pðqlpr gh od ixqflöq wdpelìq vh dofdq}d hq ho
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61 Ixqflöq Ydoru Devroxwr=
i = U $ U
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hvwd ixqflöq wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq od juäfd gh od jxud1
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71 Ixqflöq Udð} Fxdgudgd=

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91 Ixqflöq Udð} Fýelfd=
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s
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Wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd od jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd1
:1 Ixqflöq Sduwh Hqwhud=
i = U $ U
{ $ ^{`
grqgh ^{` uhsuhvhqwd do pd|ru hqwhur phqru r ljxdo txh { | wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd od jxud
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;1 Ixqflöq H{srqhqfldo=
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grqgh h 5> :41 Ho uhfruulgr gh hvwd ixqflöq hv U. 1 +Od hvwxglduhprv frq päv ghwdooh hq od vhfflöq
519 ,> jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd
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vhq = U $ U
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frv = U $ U
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txh wlhqhq frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd od jxud vljxh | txh vhuäq hvwxgldgdv päv dghodqwh1
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431 Ixqflöq klsìuerod htxloäwhud= Hv xqd ixqflöq gh od irupd
f
|@ .n grqgh k> n 5 U> f 5 U i3j
{k
frq grplqlr U ikj +pxfkdv yhfhv vh hvfuleh +| n,+{ k, @ f,/ fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd hv xqd
klsìuerod htxloäwhud1 +yhu vljxlhqwh jxud ,
Hq sduwlfxodu/ od juäfd gh | @ {4 | od juäfd gh | @ {4 vrq odv vljxlhqwhv
441 Ixqflöq sduäerod vhplfýelfd+r jdylrwd,

i = U $ U
s
{ $ {
6 5
fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd hv od jxud l}txlhugd vljxlhqwh
451 Ixqflöq yrofäq

i = U i3j $ U
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fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd hvwd hq od jxud dqwhulru d od ghuhfkd
Gdgd od juäfd gh xqd ixqflöq i/ ho grplqlr gh hood fruuhvsrqgh d od vrpeud r sur|hfflöq gh od juäfd
vreuh ho hmh krul}rqwdo +hmh R[,/ | ho uhfruulgr gh i fruuhvsrqgh d od sur|hfflöq vreuh ho hmh yhuwlfdo +hmh
R\ ,1
Gh hvd irupd ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq Udð} Fxdgudgd hv U. 3 1 Odv ixqflrqhv Vhqr | Frvhqr wlhqhq frpr
uhfruulgr ^04/4`> ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflöq gho Ydoru Devroxwr hv U.3 / od ixqflöq Sduwh Hqwhud wlhqh frpr
uhfruulgr d ]1 Ilqdophqwh/ ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflöq Klsìuerod Htxloäwhud hv U inj1
Hq edvh d odv juäfdv gdgdv dqwhulruphqwh srghprv judfdu rwudv ixqflrqhv1
Hmhpsor ;8 Judtxhprv od ixqflöq
i = ^4> .4^ $ U
s
{ $ {4
Sdud hoor wrpduhprv frpr uhihuhqfld od juäfd gh od ixqflöq udð} fxdgudgd +jxud BB0e,1 Ho grplqlr
G @ ^4> .4^ vh xelfd hq ho hmh { gh prgr txh od fxuyd vh wudvodgd kdfld od ghuhfkd frphq}dqgr gh 41 Qrwh
txh vl { @ 4 hqwrqfhv i +{, @ 3 oxhjr/ vh wlhqh ho juäfr vljxlhqwh
d od l}txlhugd
Hq fdpelr vl frqvlghudprv od ixqflöq
i = ^4> .4^ $ U
s
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hqwrqfhv od fxuyd vh wudvodgd kdfld duuled sxhv od lpdjhq gh { @ 4 hv i+4, @ 5 | vh rewlhqh ho juäfr
ghuhfkr gh od jxud dqwhulru1
Dvð/ frqrflhqgr od juäfd gh i +{, xqr sxhgh rewhqhu od juäfd gh k+{, @ i+{ . d, | y+{, @ i +{, . d/
txh fruuhvsrqgh / hq ho fdvr gh od ixqflöq k+{,/ d pryhu kdfld od l}txlhugd r ghuhfkd od juäfd gh i+{, |
hq ho fdvr gh od ixqflöq y+{,/ vxelu r edmdu od juäfd gh i+{, +yhu jxudv vljxlhqwhv 7 1,
7 Slhqvh txh od juäfd gh od ixqflöq i E{ hvwä khfkd gh xq dodpeuh uðjlgr/ ho fxdo vh sxhgh wrpdu | pryhu1
Hmhpsor ;9 Judtxhprv od ixqflöq

i = U $ U
{ $ 5{
6
Hq hvwh fdvr wrpduhprv frpr uhihuhqfld od ixqflöq sduwh hqwhud1

Qrwh txh 56 { 5 ^3> 4^/ vl | vöor vl/ 56 { @ 3/ hv ghflu/

5 5
3 { ? 4 +, { @3
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6 5
3{? +, { @3
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5
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5 5
4 { ? 5 +, { @4
6 6
oxhjr/

6 5
{ ? 6 +, { @4
5 6

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5 5
q { ? q . 4 +, { @q
6 6
hv ghflu/

6 6 5
q { ? +q . 4, +, { @q
5 5 6
Od juäfd gh od ixqflöq dqwhulru dsduhfh hq ho judfr l}txlhugr gh odv jxudv vljxlhqwh

Hmhpsor ;: Judtxhprv od ixqflöq
i = U $ U
{ $ m { 4 m . m 5{ . 6 m
Suhyldphqwh hvfuledprv od ixqflöq sru sduwhv1 Gh od wdeod rewhqhprv orv vljqrv gh { 4 | 5{ . 6 txh
qdophqwh qrv gdq od irupd txh wrpdq orv ydoruhv devroxwrv m { 4 m | m 5{ . 6 m hq orv lqwhuydorv txh
vh vhôdod=
`4> 6@5` `6@5> 4` `4> 4^

{4 0 0 .
5{ . 6 0 . .
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i+{, @m { 4 m . m 5{ . 6 m @ +{ 4, . ++5{ . 6,,

@ 6{ 5
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i +{, @m { 4 m . m 5{ . 6 m @ +{ 4, . +5{ . 6,

@ {.7
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i+{, @m { 4 m . m 5{ . 6 m @ +{ 4, . +5{ . 6,
@ 6{ . 5
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? 6{ 5 { 65
i+{, @ 6
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=
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fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd vh pxhvwud hq od jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd
Hmhpsor ;; Judtxhprv od ixqflöq

i+{, @ ^{`. m { 4 m
hq ho lqwhuydor ^4> 5^1
Vroxflöq= Lqwhusuhwhprv d i frpr xqd ixqflöq ghqlgd sru sduwhv1 Sdud hvwr frqvlghuhprv orv vljxlhqwhv
fdvrv1
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^{` @ 4 | m { 4 m @ +{ 4,
oxhjr/
i+{, @ 4 { . 4 @ {
^{` @ 3 | m { 4 m @ +{ 4,
oxhjr/
i +{, @ 3 { . 4 @ 4 {
^{` @ 4 | m{4m @ {4
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i +{, @ 4 . { 4 @ {
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? { vl 4 { ? 3
i+{, @ 4{ vl 3 { ? 4
=
{ vl 4 { ? 5
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4
|@
m{m 4
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4 fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflöq
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ghqlgd sru sduwhv> 4
{4 { 3 frq { 9@ 4
i +{, @ 4 { ? 3 frq { 9@ 4
{4
Vhd { ? 3 frq { 9@ 41 Hqwrqfhv/ vhjýq od juäfd gh od klsìuerod htxloäwhud/ od uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd
gh | @ {44 hv ho judfr l}txlhugr vljxlhqwh
Vhd { 3 frq { 9@ 4 hqwrqfhv sru od ud}öq dqwhulru/ od uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd gh | @ {

4 +hv od jxud
4
ghuhfkd dqwhulru,
Oxhjr xqlhqgr odv juäfdv rewhqhprv od juäfd gh | @ m{m 4 +gdgd hq jxud vljxlhqwh,1
4
Hmhuflflr <3 Frpsohwh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv1

41 Od ixqflöq i +{, @ m{ 4 ghqlgd hq U i4j fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflöq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 11111111111
4m
fx|d juäfd hv 1111111111111111111111111
51 Od ixqflöq j+{, @ 5^{`m{m ghqlgd hq ` 5> 5^ fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflöq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111
fx|d juäfd hv 1111111111111111111111111
61 Od ixqflöq k+{, @ m{5 4m 4 ghqlgd hq U fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflöq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111
fx|d juäfd hv 1111111111111111111111111

m{m { 4
71 Od ixqflöq o+{, @ fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflöq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111 fx|d juäfd
m {4 m { A 4
hv 1111111111111111111111111
s
m{m 7 m{m 7
81 Od ixqflöq t+{, @ s fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflöq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111 fx|d
7 m{m m{m ? 7
juäfd hv 1111111111111111111111111
Vroxflöq=
41
51
5161 UHSUHVHQWDFLÖQ JUÄILFD 44:
61
71
81
51614 Udðfhv phgldqwh juäfdv

Vh vdeh txh odv udðfhv gh od hfxdflöq
d{5 . e{ . f @ 3 +514,
fruuhvsrqghq juäfdphqwh d od lqwhuvhfflöq gh od sduäerod | @ d{5 . e{ . f frq ho hmh R[/ fx|d hfxdflöq
hv | @ 3/ hv ghflu/ fruuhvsrqgh d od+v, vroxflöq+hv, gho vlvwhpd1
| @ d{5 . e{ . f
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vh uhgxfh d hqfrqwudu od lqwhuvhfflöq gh odv juäfdv gh odv ixqflrqhv | @ { > | @ {4
+yhu jxud vljxlhqwh,
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Hmhpsor <4 Od hfxdflöq m{m frv { @ 3 wlhqh vöor 5 udðfhv uhdohv1

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5161 UHSUHVHQWDFLÖQ JUÄILFD 44<
Hmhpsor <5 Od hfxdflöq

{6 h{ @ 3
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Hmhpsor <6 Od hfxdflöq {5 . 43 frv { @ 3 wlhqh 7 udðfhv uhdohv +jxud ghuhfkd dqwhulru,
Hmhpsor <7 Od hfxdflöq h{ vhq{ @ 3 wlhqh lqqlwdv vroxflrqhv | wrgdv qhjdwlydv/ frpr vh sxhgh yhu hq
ho judfr vljxlhqwh1
4 y 4 y
2 2
0 0
-7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
x x
-2 -2
Hmhpsor <8 Ilqdophqwh/ od hfxdflöq

h{ . 4 vhq{ @ 3
qr wlhqh vroxflöq uhdo frpr vh yh hq od juäfd gh od jxud ghuhfkd dqwhulru
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Sru hmhpsor uhvroydprv od vljxlhqwh lqhfxdflöq phgldqwh juäfdv1
Hmhpsor <9 Uhvroydprv od lqhfxdflöq s

{4 5{ . 4
Frqvlghuhprv odv fxuydv gh odv ixqflrqhv>
s
|@ 5{ . 4 h | @{4
txh dsduhfhq hq od jxud

Hv fodur txh sdud { 5 ^ 45 > 7` orv ydoruhv txh wrpd od h{suhvlöq | @ { 4 vrq phqruhv r ljxdohv d orv
s
ydoruhv txh wrpd od h{suhvlöq | @ 5{ . 41 Sru or wdqwr/ od vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq hv ^ 45 > 7`1
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/ yhprv txh od vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq
s 4
{?
{
s
hv ho lqwhuydor `3> 4^/ sxhvwr txh od juäfd gh od ixqflöq | @ { hvwä edmr od juäfd gh od ixqflöq | @ {4
vöor hq `3> 4^1
Hmhuflflr <: Uhvxhoyd juäfdphqwh

s
{?{
s
Vroxflöq= sJudfdqgr odv ixqflrqhv | @ { h | @ { +yhu jxud l}txlhugd vljxlhqwh, rewhqhprv txh od
ixqflöq | @ { wrpd ydoruhv phqruhv txh | @ { vöor vl { A 41
Sru or wdqwr/ V @`4> 4^
Hmhuflflr <; Uhvxhoyd juäfdphqwh

s
6
{ {5 3
s
Vroxflöq= Judfdqgr odv ixqflrqhv | @ 6 { h | @ {5 +jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd,/ rewhqhprv txh ho
frqmxqwr vroxflöq hv V @ ^3> 4`
Hmhuflflr << Ghshqglhqgr gh od whfqrorjðd xvdgd sdud ideulfdu { plohv xqlgdghv gh xq duwðfxor/ vh wlhqh
grv srvlelolgdghv gh jdqdqfld do yhqghu glfkrv duwðfxorv +frqvlghuh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv r prghorv txh
uhsuhvhqwdq od jdqdqfld/ jxud vljxlhqwh,=
| @ ;{ {5 > | @ 6{
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xwlolgdg uhvshfwr do sulphu prghorB
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wrpd ydoruhv pd|ruhv txh | @ ;{ {5 vl 8 ? { ? :/ oxhjr ho vhjxqgr prghor suhglfh pd|ru xwlolgdg txh
ho sulphu prghor sdud { hqwuh 8 | : plo xqlgdghv1
517 Dsolfdflrqhv gh Ixqflrqhv/ Prghodflöq

Frq ho remhwr gh xwlol}du orv uhvxowdgrv gho fäofxor glihuhqfldo h lqwhjudo hq od uhvroxflöq gh sureohpdv
frqfuhwrv/ pxfkdv yhfhv hv qhfhvdulr whqhu fodur ho frqfhswr gh ixqflöq | sru vxsxhvwr/ vhu fdsd} gh
lghqwlfdu ho sureohpd frq xqd ixqflöq frqfuhwd/ txh vh oodpd prghodu pdwhpäwlfdphqwh/ |d txh frq od
pdqlsxodflöq pdwhpäwlfd gh hood/ vh sxhgh rewhqhu od lqirupdflöq uhtxhulgd1
Ho hmhpsor vljxlhqwh qrv gd xq fdvr frqfuhwr gh wdo sureohpäwlfd1
Od srwhqfld vxplqlvwudgd d xq flufxlwr sru xqd ixhu}d hohfwurprwul} ljxdo d 65 Yrowlrv | uhvlvwhqfld
lqwhuqd gh 5 Krpv hv 65{ 5{5 Yrowv grqgh { hv od fruulhqwh phglgd hq Dpshulrv1
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Dtxðqrv slghq ho ydoru pä{lpr txh wrpd od ixqflöq
i+{, @ 65{ 5{5 >
txh wlhqh frpr juäfd od sduäerod | @ 65{ 5{5 +yhu jxud txh vljxh,/
| fx|r ydoru pä{lpr hvwä hq ho yìuwlfh/ hv ghflu/ ho ydoru

pä{lpr gh od ixqflöq hv i +;, @ 65 +;, 5 +;,5 @ 45;1
Hq hvwh fdvr ho sureohpd ixh uhvxhowr iäflophqwh judfldv d txh frqwäedprv frq od ixqflöq/ r/ phmru
glfkr/ frq od iöupxod1
Hq jhqhudo xqd ixqflöq sxhgh h{suhvduvh gh orv vljxlhqwhv prgrv=
4, Phgldqwh xq hqxqfldgr= Od orqjlwxg gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld hv 5 yhfhv ho udglr gh hood1

5, Phgldqwh xqd wdeod gh ydoruhv=
u 3 4 4 6
5 5
F 3 6=47 9=5; 45=9
6, Phgldqwh xqd iöupxod/ hfxdflöq=

F @ 5u
Qxhvwur remhwlyr hq hvwd vhfflöq hv oohydu hqxqfldgrv gh sureohpdv d iöupxodv +ixqflrqhv, txh qrv
shuplwdq wudedmdu pdwhpäwlfdphqwh1
Vl odv yduldeohv { h | hvwäq uhodflrqdgdv gh prgr txh vlhpsuh txh vh dvljqh xq ydoru d {/ vh sxhgd
ghwhuplqdu xq ydoru fruuhvsrqglhqwh |/ vh glfh txh | ghshqgh gh {> gh dooðtxh uhfledq orv qrpeuhv=
5171 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQHV/ PRGHODFLÖQ 456
{ yduldeoh lqghshqglhqwh
| yduldeoh ghshqglhqwh
Dojxqrv hmhpsorv txh pxhvwudq odv yduldeohv ghshqglhqwh h lqghshqglhqwh vrq=
4, Ho äuhd D gh xq fðufxor ghshqgh gho udglr u

5, Od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh od yhjhwdflöq ghshqgh gho wlhpsr
6, Ho suhflr gh xq duwðfxor ghshqgh gh od rihuwd | gh od ghpdqgd
7, Ho iudqtxhr srvwdo kdvwd xq ghvwlqr gdgr ghshqgh gho shvr +| gho yroxphq, gho sdtxhwh
Pxfkdv yhfhv orv sdshohv gh odv yduldeohv lqghshqglhqwhv frq odv yduldeohv ghshqglhqwhv vrq lqwhufdp0
eldeohv/ sru hmhpsor/
F @ 5u
txh qrv gd od orqjlwxg F gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld fxdqgr frqrfhprv ho udglr u/ shur wdpelìq sxhgh vhu ylvwr
frpr
F
u@
5
sdud ho fdvr hq txh vh qrv gì od orqjlwxg F gh od flufxqihuhqfld | txlvlìudprv fdofxodu vx udglr1
Hq orv vljxlhqwhv hmhuflflrv oohjduhprv d xqd ixqflöq/ txh vh rewlhqh gho hqxqfldgr gho sureohpd/ fru0
uhvsrqglhqgr hvwh wlsr gh hmhuflflr d or txh vh hqwlhqgh sru prghodflöq pdwhpäwlfd1 Ho grplqlr gh od
ixqflöq rewhqlgd vh gheh uhvwulqjlu d odv frqglflrqhv gho sureohpd frqvlghudqgr grqgh wlhqh vhqwlgr od ydul0
deoh xwlol}dgd/ rewhqlhqgr xq qxhyr grplqlr txh oodpduhprv grplqlr gho sureohpd | or ghqrwduhprv
GrpS +i ,1
Sru hmhpsor= Vxsrqjdprv txh { lqglfd od orqjlwxg gh xq odgr gh xqd fdmd | od ixqflöq D+{, @ {+43{,
uhsuhvhqwd ho äuhd gh od fdmd1
Hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq +pludgd qr hq ho frqwh{wr gho sureohpd, hv U/ shur frqvlghudqgr
D+{, frpr äuhd | whqlhqgr suhvhqwh txh { hv xqd orqjlwxg hqwrqfhv ghehprv dvhjxuduqrv gh txh
{A3 | 43 { A 3
gh grqgh 3 ? { ? 43/ oxhjr ho grplqlr gho sureohpd hv GrpS +D, @`3> 43^1
Hmhuflflr 433 Od frpsdôðd gh duulhqgr gh dxwrv Mlpìqh}%/ duulhqgd dxwrpöylohv Fkhyhwwh d ' 431833
sru gðd | 73 shvrv sru nloöphwur uhfruulgr/ plhqwudv txh od frpsdôðd Dudqfleld% duulhqgd ho plvpr wlsr
gh dxwr d ' ;1<33 sru gðd | d 93 shvrv sru nloöphwur1
d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qýphur gh nloöphwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gðd/ hqfxhqwuh odv ixqflrqhv FD +{,/ FM +{, txh
uhsuhvhqwdq ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu xq Fkhyhwwh hq od frpsdôðd Dudqfleld% | Mlpìqh}% uhvshfwlyd0
phqwh1
e, BcFxäqwrv nloöphwurv vh gheh uhfruuhu hq ho gðd sdud txh frqyhqjd duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od frpsdôðd
Mlpìqh}%B Hqwuhjxh vl hv srvleoh xqd vroxflöq juäfd1
Vroxflöq= d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qýphur gh nloöphwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gðd/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu
xq Fkhyhwwh hq fdgd frpsdôðd hv>
FM +{, @ 43833 . 73{> FD +{, @ <;33 . 93{ frq { 3
e, Frqylhqh duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od frpsdôðd Mlpìqh}% fxdqgr ho frvwr vhd phqru txh ho gh od frpsdôðd
Dudqfleld/ oxhjr ghehprv uhvroyhu
FD +{, A FM +{,
or txh htxlydoh d
<;33 . 93{ A 43833 . 73{
gh grqgh 68 ? {1 Hv ghflu/ frqylhqh duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od frpsdôðd Mlpìqh}% vl vh uhfruuhq päv gh 68

nloöphwurv1
Dkrud yhdprv xqd vroxflöq juäfd sdud ho sureohpd1
Frqvlghuhprv odv uhfwdv | @ 43833 . 73{ h | @ <;33 . 93{ txh uhsuhvhqwdq d odv ixqflrqhv FM > FD
uhvshfwlydphqwh Revhuydqgr jxud txh vljxh/ yhprv txh orv ydoruhv gh od ixqflöq FM +{, vrq phqruhv txh
orv gh od ixqflöq FD +{, vl { A 681
Hmhuflflr 434 Ho lpsxhvwr W d od yhqwd gh flhuwrv duwðfxorv +wd{deoh, hv gh 4; ( vreuh ho ydoru { gho
duwðfxor1 Vl W | { hvwäq gdgrv hq shvrv1
d, H{suhvh W hq ixqflöq gh {1
e, Fdofxoh W +533, | W +8=98,1
Vroxflöq= d, W +{, @ 433

4; { frq { A 31
e, W +533, @ 433 533 @ 69 | W +8=98, @
4; 4;
433 8=98
Hmhuflflr 435 Vl ho iudqtxhr hq ho vhuylflr gh fruuhrv gh X1V1D1 hv gh ; fhqwdyrv sru rq}d r iudfflöq gh
rq}d/ { hv ho shvr gh od fduwd +hq rq}dv, h | uhsuhvhqwd ho iudqtxhr uhtxhulgr sdud wdo fduwd/ h{suhvh | hq
ixqflöq gh {1
Vroxflöq= { sxhgh vhu xq qýphur hqwhur gh rq}dv/ r elhq sxhgh vhu dojxqdv rq}dv päv iudfflöq gh rq}d1
Hq ho sulphu fdvr ho iudqtxhr vhuä vlpsohphqwh
|+{, @ 3=3;{ @ 3=3;^{`
shur hq ho vhjxqgr fdvr ho iudqtxhr vhuä
|+{, @ 3=3;+^{` . 4,
sru or wdqwr/
3=3;+^{` . 4, { 5 U. ].
|+{, @
3=3;{ { 5 ].
r frq { 5 U.
|+{, @ 3=3;+^{` ^^{` {`,
wdpelìq
|+{, @ 3=3; m ^{` m
Hmhuflflr 436 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq vlor hq irupd floðqgulfd uhpdwdgr sru xqd eöyhgd vhplhviìulfd frpr
vh lqglfd hq od jxud
d, H{suhvh ho yroxphq gho vlor hq ixqflöq gh u | k1
e, H{suhvh ho äuhd gho vlor hq ixqflöq gh u | k1
f, Vl ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflöq sru phwur fxdgudgr hv ho greoh hq od eöyhgd | ho vxhor frpsdudgr frq od
sduwh floðqgulfd | ho yroxphq gho vlor hv Y3 ^p6 `/ h{suhvh ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflöq F frpr ixqflöq gh
u | hqfxhqwuh GrpS +F,1
Vroxflöq= d, Frpr ho yroxphq gh od vhplhvihud hv 56 u6 | ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hv u5 k vh wlhqh txh ho
yroxphq gho vlor hv ho yroxphq gh od eöyhgd päv ho yroxphq gho flolqgur
5
Y @ u6 . u5 k
6
e, Frpr ho äuhd gho whfkr +vhplhvihud, hv 5u5 / ho äuhd gh odv sduhghv +flolqgur, hv 5uk | ho äuhd gho
vxhor +fðufxor, hv u5 / vh wlhqh txh ho äuhd wrwdo gho vlor hv
D @ 5u5 . 5uk . u5
f, Ho frvwr wrwdo gh frqvwuxfflöq gho vlor hvwä gdgr sru od vxpd gh orv frvwrv gh frqvwuxfflöq gh od
eöyhgd/ odv sduhghv | ho vxhor1 Vl o hv ho frvwr sru phwur fxdgudgr gh frqvwuxfflöq gh od sduwh floðqgulfd
+sduhghv,/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr wrwdo gh frqvwuxfflöq hvwä gdgr sru xqd ixqflöq txh ghshqgh gh k | u
F @ +5u5 ,+5o, . +5uk,o . +u5 ,+5o,=
Shur ho yroxphq gho vlor hv mr/ Y3 / sru or wdqwr

5
Y3 @ u6 . u5 k
6
dvð/ ghvshmdqgr k

Y3 56 u6
k@ +516,
u5
| sru or wdqwr ho frvwr gdgr ghshqglhqgr vrodphqwh gh u hv

Y3 5
F @ 9u5 o . 5uo u
u5 6
t
grqgh u A 3 | k A 3 shur sru 516 k vhuä srvlwlyr vl Y3 56 u6 A 3 / frq u A 3 gh grqgh 3 ? u ? 6 6Y3 1
5
Oxhjr/ ho grplqlr gho sureohpd hv u
6 6Y3
GrpS +i , @`3> ^
5
Hmhuflflr 437 Frqvlghuh U xq uhfwäqjxor +DEFG, frq vxv odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv/ lqvfulwr hq od holsvh
<{5 . 7| 5 @ 691 Vhd } od glvwdqfld hqwuh xq odgr yhuwlfdo gh U | ho hmh | +yhu jxud ,
d, Ghwhuplqh ho äuhd gh U frpr xqd ixqflöq gh }/ D+},1

e, ÁSdud txì ydoruhv gh }/ wlhqh D+}, vhqwlgr hq hvwh sureohpdB
Vroxflöq= d, Vhd F ho yìuwlfh gho uhfwäqjxor U xelfdgr hq ho sulphu fxdgudqwh F @ +}> |,/ hqwrqfhv orv
odgrv gho uhfwäqjxor vrq m DE m@ 5} | m EF m@ 5|1 Sru or wdqwr/ ho äuhd gh U hv D @ 5}5| @ 7}|1 Shur F
shuwhqhfh d od holsvh/ dvð txh vxv frrughqdgdv vdwlvidfhq od hfxdflöq <{5 . 7| 5 @ 69/ gh grqgh/ ghvshmdqgr
|/ vh wlhqh s s
| @ 45 69 <} 5 b | @ 45 69 <} 5
s
frpr | hv xqd glvwdqfld/ hqwrqfhv | @ 65 7 } 5 | sru or wdqwr ho äuhd gh U qrv txhgd
6s s
D @ 7} 7 } 5 @ 9} 7 } 5
5
s
e, Od ixqflöq D+}, @ 9} 7 } 5 wlhqh xq grplqlr pdwhpäwlfr
+Grp+D, @ i} = 7 } 5 3j, shur ho grplqlr gho sureohpd hv GrpS +D, @`3> 5^/ |d txh } hv xqd
glvwdqfld+| sru or wdqwr gheh vhu srvlwlyd,
Hmhuflflr 438 Od frqfxuuhqfld phgld hq xq flqh hq ho txh od hqwudgd ydoh ' 4533 hv gh 433 shuvrqdv1
Ho hpsuhvdulr wlhqh exhqdv ud}rqhv sdud fuhhu txh fdgd yh} txh vh uhgxfh ho suhflr hq ' ;3/ ho qýphur gh
hvshfwdgruhv dxphqwd hq 531
5171 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQHV/ PRGHODFLÖQ 45:
d, Ghwhuplqh od uhfdxgdflöq U hq ixqflöq gho suhflr s1

e, BcTxì suhflr | qýphur gh hvshfwdgruhv surgxfluäq pd|ru wdtxloodB
f, BcFxäo hv od uhfdxgdflöq pä{lpd sru vhvlöqB
Vroxflöq= d, Vhd q hv ho qýphur gh hvshfwdgruhv | s ho suhflr gh od hqwudgd/ hqwrqfhv od uhfdxgdflöq vhuä
U @ qs
Vhd o ho qýphur gh yhfhv txh vh uhgxfh ho suhflr hq ' ;3/ oxhjr ho suhflr s hvwduä gdgd sru
s @ 4533 ;3o grqgh o 5 Q +517,
Dghpäv/ sru fdgd yh} txh vh uhgxfh ho suhflr/ ho qýphur gh hvshfwdgruhv dxphqwd hq 53/ oxhjr
q @ 433 . 53o
shur sru 517/ o @ 4533s

;3
Sru or wdqwr
4533 s
U+s, @ 433 . 53 s
;3
grqgh s 5 i4533 ;3o = o 5 Qj_`3> 4533`
Od ixqflöq U+s, hv htxlydohqwh d>

4533 s
U+s, @ 433 . 53 s
;3
e, Frpr U+s, hv od sduäerod gh od jxud
od pä{lpd uhfdxgdflöq vh hqfxhqwud fxdqgr ho suhflr hv s @ ;33 | frq xqd wdtxlood q @ 733 ;33
7 @
733 533 @ 5331
f, Od uhfdxgdflöq pä{lpd sru vhvlöq hv ' 493=3331
Hmhuflflr 439 Xq fdpshvlqr wlhqh glqhur sdud frpsudu 4933 phwurv gh dodpeuh gh sýdv/ | ghvhd fhufdu
frq fxdwur kheudv gh dodpeuh xq whuuhqr uhfwdqjxodu hq vx suhglr1 Vl { uhsuhvhqwd xq odgr gho uhfwäqjxor
d, Ghwhuplqh od ixqflöq D+{, äuhd gho whuuhqr fhufdgr frq hvwh dodpeuh hq wìuplqrv gh {1
e, Hqfxhqwuh odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr fhufdgr gh pd|ru äuhd1
Vroxflöq= d, Vl { h | vrq orv odgrv gho uhfwäqjxor/ vh wlhqh txh ho äuhd gho whuuhqr fhufdgr hv
D+{, @ {| frq { A 3 > | A 3
| ho dodpeuh hpsohdgr sdud hvwh uhfwäqjxor vhuä
7+5{ . 5|,
txh gheh vhu ljxdo d od fdqwlgdg gh dodpeuh glvsrqleoh1 Dvð=
7+5{ . 5|, @ 4933

{ . | @ 533
| @ 533 {
Sru or wdqwr ho äuhd txhgd vöor frpr ixqflöq gh {
D+{, @ +533 {,{
grqgh GrpS +D, @`3> 533^1

e, \d txh D+{, @ +533 {,{ hv xqd sduäerod/ frpr od gh od jxud vljxlhqwh vh wlhqh txh ho äuhd pä{lpd
vh rewlhqh fxdqgr { @ 433/ sru or wdqwr odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr fhufdgr vrq gh 433 sru 433 pwv1
Hmhuflflr 43: Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd irupd xq uhfwäqjxor gh 93 slhv gh odujr | 63 slhv gh dqfkr1 Vx
surixqglgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 7 d < slhv hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 73 slhv | ghvsxìv frqwlqýd
do plvpr qlyho orv uhvwdqwhv 53 slhv/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud txh pxhvwud xqd vhfflöq wudqvyhuvdo1 Vl
od slvflqd vh kd oohqdgr ghvgh ixhud dofdq}dqgr xq qlyho k hq ho odgr päv surixqgr/ ghwhuplqh ho yroxphq
Y +k, gho djxd hq ixqflöq gh od dowxud k1
5171 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQHV/ PRGHODFLÖQ 45<
Vroxflöq= Sulphu fdvr1 Vxsrqjdprv sulphur txh 3 ? k ? 81 Fodudphqwh whqhprv txh
Y +k, @ Y4 +k, . Y5 +k,
grqgh
Y4 +k, @ 53 k 63
Sdud Y5 +k, frqvlghuhprv od jxud

grqgh
63k|
Y5 +k, @
5
shur sru ho whruhpd gh Wkdohv whqhprv txh

8 k
@
73 |
or txh lpsolfd txh
| @ ;k
oxhjr/
63k+;k, 573k5
Y5 +k, @ @ =
5 5
Sru or wdqwr/ vxpdqgr dperv yroýphqhv
Y +k, @ 933k . 453k5
Vhjxqgr fdvr1 Vxsrqjdprv dkrud txh < k 8 | frqvlghuhprv od jxud

Whqhprv txh
Y +k, @ Y4 +k, . Y5 +k, . Y6 +k,
grqgh
Y4 +k, @ 53 63 k @ 933k
Y5 +k, @ 738563 @ 9333
5 @ 6333
Y6 +k, @ +k 8, 73 63 @ 4533+k 8,
sru or wdqwr/
Y +k, @ 933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8,
| qdophqwh

933k . 453k5 vl 3 ? k ? 8
Y +k, @
933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8, vl 8 k <
Hmhuflflr 43; Ghwhuplqh xqd ixqflöq txh uhsuhvhqwh ho yroxphq gh xq flolqgur lqvfulwr hq xqd hvihud gh
udglr d +frpr hq od jxud , hq ixqflöq gh vx dowxud1
Vroxflöq= Vhdq u | k udglr | dowxud gho flolqgur uhvshfwlydphqwh1

Vdehprv txh ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hvwä gdgr sru od iöupxod Y @ u5 k +txh ghshqgh gh odv yduldeohv
u | k,/ shur/ sru whruhpd gh Slwäjrudv/ whqhprv
5
k
d5 @ . u5 =
5
Oxhjr/ ghvshmdqgr u5 | uhhpsod}dqgr hq od iöupxod gho yroxphq/ whqhprv
5
5 k
Y +k, @ +d ,k
5
5
grqgh GrpS +Y , @`3> 5d^/ sxhvwr txh k A 3 | d5 k5 A 3> gh grqgh 3 ? k ? 5d1
Hmhuflflr 43< Xq flfolvwd wlhqh txh kdfhu xq yldmh gh g npv/ hq xq wlhpsr ghwhuplqdgrv1 Fdofxod txh
gheh yldmdu d Y npv@kuv1 Shur vdoh 6 plqxwrv wdugh | yldmd d 4 npv@kuv päv ghsulvd/ | oohjd d wlhpsr1
Ghwhuplqdu od yhorflgdg suhylvwd Y hq ixqflöq gh od glvwdqfld g1
Vroxflöq= Vxsrqjdprv txh ho flfolvwd yldmded d xqd yhorflgdg gh y np2ku> hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg exvfdgd
vhuä Y @ +y 4, np2ku1 Ho flfolvwd yldmö uhdophqwh gy krudv plhqwudv txh ho wlhpsr suhylvwr hud gh y
g
4
krudv1 Sru klsöwhvlv
6
y4 y @ 93
g g
yg+y4,g 4
+y4,y @ 53
53yg 53+y 4,g @ +y 4,y
53yg 53gy . 53g @ y5 y
y5 y 53g @ 3
Frpr g A 3 | y A 3 whqguhprv txh s
4. 4 . ;3g
y+g, @
5
shur od yhorflgdg exvfdgd hv Y +g, @ y+g, 4/ sru or wdqwr
s
4 . ;3g 4
Y +g, @
5
Hmhuflflr 443 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xqd fdmd frq wdsd gh edvh fxdgudgd frq äuhd qr pd|ru gh 433fp5 frpr
od gh od jxud / gh yroxphq 585fp6 1 Vl ho frvwr gh od wdsd hv ' 5 sru fp5 / od edvh ' 8 sru fp5 | ho gh orv
odgrv hv gh ' 6 sru fp5 / h{suhvh ho frvwr F frpr ixqflöq gh { | GrpS +F,1
Vroxflöq= Sru klsöwhvlv vh vdeh txh ho yroxphq gh od fdmd hv gh 585fp6 > oxhjr
{5 | @ 585 +518,
frq { A 3/ | A 3 | {5 4331
Ho frvwr gh od wdsd hv ' 5 sru fp5 1 Od wdsd wlhqh {5 fp5 / oxhjr ho frvwr gh od wdsd hv ' 5{5 1
Ho frvwr gh od edvh hv ' 8 sru fp5 | od edvh wlhqh {5 fp5 / oxhjr ho frvwr gh od edvh hv ' 8{5 1
Ilqdophqwh/ ho frvwr gh orv odgrv hv ' 6 sru fp5 | fdgd odgr wlhqh {|fp5 / oxhjr ho frvwr gh od edvh hv
' 6+7{|, @ ' 45{|1
Dvð/ ho frvwr wrwdo gh od fdmd hv=
F @ 5{5 . 8{5 . 45{| +519,
shur sru 518/
585
|@
{5
uhhpsod}dqgr hq 519 rewhqhprv od ixqflöq shglgd
585
F+{, @ :{5 . 45{ grqgh GrpS +F, @`3> 43`
{5
Hmhuflflr 444 Vl ho udglr edvdo u gh xq frqr flufxodu uhfwr dxphqwd hq xq {(/ plhqwudv txh vx dowxud k
glvplqx|h hq xq 53(/ irupxoh xqd ixqflöq hq wìuplqrv gh { txh shuplwd rewhqhu hq txì srufhqwdmh yduðdq=
d, ho äuhd edvdo gho frqr1
e, ho yroxphq gho frqr1
Hq sduwlfxodu/ vl ho udglr dxphqwd hq 48(/ Bchq txì srufhqwdmh yduðdq ho äuhd edvdo | ho yroxphq gho
frqrB +Vöor ghvduurooduhprv or uhodwlyr do äuhd,1
Vroxflöq= d, Vl ho udglr edvdo dxphqwd hq {( hqwrqfhv ho qxhyr udglr vhuðd

{ {
uQ @ u . u @ 4. u
433 433
oxhjr ho äuhd edvdo vhuðd
{ 5 5
5
De @ uQ @ 4. u
433
{ { 5
@ 4. . u5
83 433
{ 5
{
@ u5 . . u5
83 433
Dvð/ ho äuhd edvdo dxphqwduðd

{ { 5
. u5 xqlgdghv/
83 433
hv ghflu/ dxphqwduðd
{ { 5
. 433 sru flhqwr
83 433
Oxhjr od ixqflöq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho srufhqwdmh gh dxphqwr gho äuhd edvdo hv
{ 5
{
D+{, @ . 433 frq { A 3
83 433
Hq sduwlfxodu/ vl ho udglr dxphqwd hq xq 48( hqwrqfhv ho srufhqwdmh gh dxphqwr gho äuhd hv D+48,1
51714 Surjudpdflöq Olqhdo

Hq orv vljxlhqwhv sureohpdv gh prghodflöq pdwhpäwlfd/ vh frqvlghudq ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv8 gho wlsr
} @ i+{> |, @ d{ . e|
vxmhwdv d uhvwulfflrqhv gh ghvljxdogdghv1
Hmhpsor 445 Xqd lqgxvwuld pdqxidfwxuhud surgxfh elflfohwdv | prwrqhwdv/ fdgd xqd gh odv fxdohv gheh
surfhvduvh d wudyìv gh grv fhqwudohv gh pätxlqdv D | E1 Od fhqwudo D wlhqh xq pä{lpr gh 453 krudv
glvsrqleohv | od fhqwudo E srvhh xq pä{lpr gh 4;3 krudv glvsrqleohv1 Od pdqxidfwxud gh xqd elflfohwd
uhtxlhuh 9 krudv hq od fhqwudo D | 6 krudv hq od fhqwudo E> od pdqxidfwxud gh xqd prwrqhwd uhtxlhuh gh 7
krudv hq od fhqwudo D | 43 krudv hq od fhqwudo E1 Vdelhqgr txh ho ehqhflr sru elflfohwd hv gh ' 78 | sru
prwrqhwd hv gh ' 88 irupxohprv xq prghor pdwhpäwlfr txh shuplwd rewhqhu ho qýphur gh elflfohwdv | gh
prwrqhwdv txh vh ghehuäq ideulfdu sdud rewhqhu xq ehqhflr pä{lpr1
Vroxflöq= Vhdq { h | odv yduldeohv txh uhsuhvhqwdq odv fdqwlgdghv gh elflfohwdv | prwrqhwdv uhvshfwl0
ydphqwh | vhd } od jdqdqfld txh uhvxowd do yhqghu { elflfohwdv h | prwrqhwdv1 Ho remhwlyr hv hvfrjhu orv
ydoruhv gh { h | gh pdqhud txh vh pd{lplfh od fdqwlgdg
} @ 78{ . 88| +51:,
vxmhwd d od uhvwulfflöq fruuhvsrqglhqwh d od fhqwudo D
9{ . 7| 453
8 Xqd ixqflöq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv frq grplqlr D i G D \ U2 3 | hq D h{lvwh xq ýqlfr hohphqwr } M U wdo txh } ' i E{> | +Yhu Dsìqglfh F,1
| od uhvwulfflöq fruuhvsrqglhqwh d od fhqwudo E
6{ . 43| 4;3
Frpr { h | vrq fdqwlgdghv gh yhkðfxorv hqwrqfhv ghehprv h{ljlu wdpelìq
{3 a |3
Oxhjr ho prghor pdwhpäwlfr fruuhvsrqglhqwh do sureohpd hv
Pd{ } @ 78{ . 88|
vxmhwd d 9{ . 7| 453 +51;,

6{ . 43| 4;3
{ 3
| 3
Qrwd= Hvwh hv xq sureohpd gh surjudpdflöq olqhdo1 Ho sureohpd jhqhudo gh surjudpdflöq olqhdo wudwd
gh pd{lpl}du r plqlpl}du +hv ghflu/ rswlpl}du, xqd ixqflöq olqhdo gh yduldv yduldeohv oodpdgd ixqflöq
remhwlyr +hfxdflöq 51: hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru, vxmhwd d xq frqmxqwr gh hfxdflrqhv olqhdohv r ghvljxdogdghv
olqhdohv oodpdgdv uhvwulfflrqhv +hfxdflrqhv h lqhfxdflrqhv hq 51; gho hmhpsor dqwhulru,1
Sdud xqd ixqflöq olqhdo gh grv yduldeohv
i+{> |, @ d{ . e|
ho sureohpd srghprv uhvroyhuor jhrpìwulfdphqwh1 Hq hihfwr/ hq hvwh fdvr ho sureohpd vöor wlhqh grv
yduldeohv gh ghflvlöq | sru or wdqwr vöor grv glphqvlrqhv/ sru or txh srghprv xvdu xq surfhglplhqwr
juäfr sdud uhvroyhuor1 Hvwh surfhglplhqwr lqfox|h od frqvwuxfflöq gh xqd juäfd gh grv glphqvlrqhv frq
{ h | hq orv hmhv1 Ho sulphu sdvr hv lghqwlfdu orv ydoruhv gh +{> |, shuplwlgrv sru odv uhvwulfflrqhv> dvð/
sdud ho sureohpd dqwhulru/ vh judfdq odv uhfwdv
9{ . 7| @ 453
6{ . 43| @ 4;3
{ @ 3
| @ 3
rewhqlhqgr od uhjlöq idfwleoh U hq od jxud
Ho sdvr qdo hv vhohfflrqdu/ ghqwur gh hvwd uhjlöq/ ho sxqwr +{> |, txh pd{lpl}d ho ydoru gh } @ 78{.88|1
Hvwh sdvr vh yxhoyh dxwrpäwlfr ghvsxìv gh xq srfr gh suäfwlfd/ shur sdud ghvfxeulu hq txì vh ixqgd0
phqwd ydoh od shqd lqwhqwdu dojxqrv ydoruhv sru suxhed | huuru1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuhprv } @ ;431 Vl vh
glexmd od uhfwd 78{ . 88| @ ;43 vh sxhgh yhu +hq od jxud , txh h{lvwhq pxfkrv sxqwrv vreuh hvwd uhfwd txh
hvwäq ghqwur gh od uhjlöq U1 Sru or wdqwr ghehprv lqwhqwdu xq ydoru pd|ru sdud }/ sru hmhpsor/ } @ <331
Judfdqgr od uhfwd 78{ . 88| @ <33 yhprv qxhydphqwh txh h{lvwhq lqqlwrv sxqwrv vreuh hvwd uhfwd txh
hvwäq ghqwur gh od uhjlöq U/ gh pdqhud txh ho pä{lpr ydoru shuplvleoh gh } gheh vhu sru or phqrv <331
Qrwhprv txh vl vh gd xq ydoru päv judqgh d }/ od uhfwd txhgduä päv duuled r päv dohmdgd gho ruljhq txh
od sulphud | txh wrgdv hvwdv uhfwdv vrq sdudohodv1
Hvwh hv ho surfhglplhqwr gh suxhed | huuru txh vöor qhfhvlwd txh vh judtxhq xqd idplold gh uhfwdv
sdudohodv txh frqwhqjdq do phqrv xq sxqwr gh od uhjlöq idfwleoh | txh vh holmd od txh hvwì päv dohmdgd gho
ruljhq +hq od gluhfflöq hq txh fuhfhq orv ydoruhv gh },1 Glfkd uhfwd sdvd sru ho sxqwr +43> 48, frpr vh
lqglfd hq od jxud | od hfxdflöq txhgd
78{ . 88| @ 6 43 . 88 48 @ 45:8
Sru or wdqwr od vroxflöq txh exvfäedprv hv=
{ @ 43> | @ 48> } @ 45:8
hv ghflu/ ideulfdu 43 elflfohwdv | 48 prwrqhwdv rewhqlhqgr xq ehqhflr gh ' 45:81

Ghvsxìv gh xq srfr gh suäfwlfd/ vh sxhgh dsolfdu xq pìwrgr päv vhqfloor txh frqvlvwh hq glexmdu vöor
xqd gh hvwdv uhfwdv sdud hvwdeohfhu od shqglhqwh | oxhjr pryhu ylvxdophqwh hvwd uhfwd sdudohod d vðplvpd1
Hmhuflflr 446 Xq kruwlfxowru ghvhd ph}fodu ihuwlol}dqwh txh sursruflrqh xq pðqlpr gh 48 xqlgdghv gh
srwdvd/ 53 xqlgdghv gh qlwudwrv | 57 xqlgdghv gh irvidwrv1 Glvsrqh gh grv pdufdv gh ihuwlol}dqwhv1 Od
pdufd 4 sursruflrqd 6 xqlgdghv gh srwdvd 4 gh qlwudwrv | 6 gh irvidwrv> vx frvwr hv gh 453 göoduhv +od
xqlgdg,1 Od pdufd 5 sursruflrqd 4 xqlgdg gh srwdvd 8 gh qlwudwrv | 5 gh irvidwrv> vx frvwr hv gh 93 göoduhv
+od xqlgdg,1
Irupxoh xq prghor pdwhpäwlfr txh shuplwd rewhqhu od frpelqdflöq gh ihuwlol}dqwhv gh phqru frvwr txh
vdwlvidjd odv hvshflfdflrqhv ghvhdgdv1
Vroxflöq= Vhdq
{ +xqlgdghv, od fdqwlgdg gh ihuwlol}dqwh +Pdufd 4,

| +xqlgdghv, od fdqwlgdg gh ihuwlol}dqwh +Pdufd 5,
Hqwrqfhv ho remhwlyr hv plqlpl}du od ixqflöq=
} @ 453{ . 93|
vxmhwd d odv uhvwulfflrqhv=
41 Fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d odv qhfhvlgdghv gh srwdvd1
6{ . | 48
51 Fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d odv qhfhvlgdghv gh qlwudwrv1
{ . 8| 53
61 Fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d odv qhfhvlgdghv gh irvidwrv1
6{ . 5| 57
Fodudphqwh/ dghpäv
{3 |3
Oxhjr ho prghor pdwhpäwlfr shglgr hv
Plq } @ 453{ . 93|

vxmhwr d
6{ . | 48
{ . 8| 53
6{ . 5| 57
{ 3
| 3
Judfdqgr odv uhfwdv
6{ . | @ 48
{ . 8| @ 53
6{ . 5| @ 57
{ @ 3
| @ 3
rewhqhprv od uhjlöq U gh od jxud
Sru rwud sduwh d sduwlu gh od ixqflöq remhwlyr/ frq f frqvwdqwh/ vh wlhqh txh
f
|@ 5{
93
gh grqgh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd f @ 453{ . 93| hv p @ 51 Frqvlghudqgr od uhfwd +frq shqglhqwh
p @ 5, päv fhufdqd do ruljhq/ txh sdvh sru do phqrv xq sxqwr gho frqmxqwr U/ whqhprv txh ho sxqwr
öswlpr hv
{ @ 5> | @ <
hv ghflu/ 5 xqlgdghv gh ihuwlol}dqwh Pdufd 4 | < xqlgdghv gh ihuwlol}dqwh Pdufd 51
Hmhuflflr 447 Xqd hglwruldo sodqhd xvdu xqd vhfflöq gh vx sodqwd sdud surgxflu grv wh{wrv D | E1 Od
jdqdqfld hv gh ' ; sru ho wh{wr D | ' 8 sru ho wh{wr E1 Ho wh{wr D uhtxlhuh gh 7 krudv sdud lpsulplu |
gh 9 krudv sdud hqfxdghuqdu | hpsdvwdu1 Ho wh{wr E uhtxlhuh gh 8 krudv sdud lpsulplu | gh 6 krudv sdud
hqfxdghuqdu | hpsdvwdu1 Vl vh glvsrqh gh 533 krudv sdud lpsulplu | gh 543 krudv sdud hqfxdghuqdu |
hpsdvwdu | vl sru or phqrv vh ghehq surgxflu 53 wh{wrv1
41 Irupxoh xq prghor pdwhpäwlfr txh shuplwd rewhqhu ho ehqhflr pä{lpr1
51 Ghwhuplqh ho qýphur öswlpr gh fdgd wh{wr txh gheh surgxflu od hglwruldo | vx fruuhvsrqglhqwh jdqdq0
fld1
61 BcFxäqwdv krudv vh xvdq sdud lpsulpluB

5171 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQHV/ PRGHODFLÖQ 46:
71 BcFxäqwdv krudv vh xvdq sdud hqfxdghuqdu | hpsdvwduB

81 Vl vh djuhjd od uhvwulfflöq= Od surgxfflöq gho wh{wr E gheh vhu sru or phqrv ho 83( gh od surgxfflöq
gho wh{wr D1BcTxì sxhgh ghflu gho öswlprB
91 Vl vh glvsrqh gh 9 krudv päv sdud lpsulplu | od jdqdqfld sru fdgd wh{wr vh uhgxfh hq ' 3/35 Bctxì
sxhgh ghflu gho öswlprB +QR frqvlghuh od uhvwulfflöq lpsxhvwd hq 8,1
Vroxflöq= 4,= Vhdq
{= qýphurv gh wh{wrv D1
|= qýphurv gh wh{wrv E1
Irupxodflöq gho sureohpd=

Pd{ } @ ;{ . 8|
vxmhwr d
7{ . 8| 533
9{ . 6| 543
{ 53
| 3
5, Judfdqgr odv uhfwdv
7{ . 8| @ 533
9{ . 6| @ 543
{ @ 53
| @ 3
rewhqhprv od uhjlöq U gh od jxud l}txlhugd
Frqvlghudqgr od uhfwd +frq shqglhqwh p @ ;8 , päv ohmdqd do ruljhq/ txh sdvh sru do phqrv xq sxqwr
gho frqmxqwr U/ whqhprv txh ho sxqwr öswlpr hv
{ @ 58> | @ 53
frq } @ 633
6, | 7, Uhhpsod}dqgr od vroxflöq öswlpd hq od uhvwulfflöq gh lpsuhvlöq whqhprv txh vh xvdurq 7 58 .
8 53 @ 533 krudv sdud lpsulplu/ hv ghflu/ wrgdv odv krudv glvsrqleohv sdud wdo hihfwr1 Frqvlghudqgr od
uhvwulfflöq gh hqfxdghuqdflöq | hpsdvwh/ rewhqhprv txh vh xvdurq odv 543 krudv glvsrqleohv sdud hvwd
wduhd1
8, Do djuhjdu od uhvwulfflöq
5| { 3
rewhqhprv od uhjlöq U4 txh pxhvwud od jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd1

gh grqgh hv fodur txh ho öswlpr qr fdpelö/ hv ghflu/ od vroxflöq öswlpd vljxh vlhqgr
{ @ 58> | @ 53
frq } @ 6331
9, Vl vh glvsrqhq gh 9 krudv päv sdud lpsulplu | od jdqdqfld sru fdgd wh{wr vh uhgxfh hq ' 3/35 od
irupxodflöq pdwhpäwlfd vhuðd
Pd{ } @ :> <;{ . 7> <;|
vxmhwr d
7{ . 8| 539
9{ . 6| 543
{ 53
| 3
od juäfd fruuhvsrqglhqwh d hvwh prghor vh hqfxhqwud hq od jxud
gh grqgh od vroxflöq öswlpd hv
{ @ 57> | @ 55> } @ :> <; 57 . 7> <; 55 @ 634> 3;
Oxhjr od jdqdqfld dxphqwd hq ' 4> 3;
518 Dojheud gh Ixqflrqhv

Xwlol}dqgr ixqflrqhv hohphqwdohv
s |d frqrflgdv/ vh sxhgh ideulfdu qxhydv ixqflrqhv> sru hmhpsor xvdqgr odv
ixqflrqhv i+{, @ vhq{/ j+{, @ { vh sxhgh frqvwuxlu od ixqflöq
s
k+{, @ vhq{ . {
Xqd gh odv frvdv txh gheh hvshflfduvh dtxðhv ho grplqlr gh k+{,/ | hv qdwxudo shqvdu hq xq frqmxqwr
wdo txh fdgd vxpdqgr hvwì ghqlgr hq U> dvðho grplqlr gh k+{, gheh vhu d or päv Grpi _ Grpj1
Hq ho fdvr dqwhulru vh xvö od rshudflöq . +vxpd,/ wdpelìq vh srguðd kdehu xvdgr od rshudflöq +pxo0
wlsolfdflöq,/ glylvlöq/ hwf1
Ghqlflöq 516 Hq jhqhudo vxsrqjdprv txh i | j vrq grv ixqflrqhv | vhd G @ Grpi _Grpj/ hqwrqfhv vh
ghqhq qxhydv ixqflrqhv +frq grplqlr G, frqvwuxlgdv hq edvh d rshudflrqhv hqwuh vxv lpäjhqhv uhvshfwlydv=
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 46<
d, Od vxpd gh i | j ghqrwdgd sru i . j | ghqlgd sru=
i . j = G $ U
{ $ i+{, . j+{,
e, Od glihuhqfld gh i | j ghqrwdgd sru i j | ghqlgd sru=
i j = G $ U
{ $ i+{, j+{,
f, Ho surgxfwr gh i | j ghqrwdgr sru i j | ghqlgr sru=
i j = G $ U
{ $ i+{,j+{,
g, Ho fxrflhqwh i | j ghqrwdgr sru ij | ghqlgr sru=
i @j = G3 $ U
{ $ i +{,@j+{,
grqgh
G3 @ i{ 5 G = j+{, 9@ 3j
s
Hmhpsor 448 Vhdq i +{, @ +5 {,6 / j+{, @m { 5 m1 Ghwhuplqhprv
s od vxpd/ od glihuhqfld/ ho surgxfwr
| ho fxrflhqwh gh i | j1 Vroxflöq= Qrwhprv txh i +{, @ 5 { m 5 { m1 Ho grplqlr gh i hv ho lqwhuydor
` 4> 5` | ho grplqlr gh j hv U/ sru or wdqwr od lqwhuvhfflöq gh vxv grplqlrv hv ` 4> 5` | odv ixqflrqhv
txh vh uhtxlhuhq hvwäq gdgdv sru
s
+i . j,+{, @ s5 { m 5 { m . m { 5 m { 5
+i j,+{, @ s5 { m 5 { m m { 5 m { 5
+ij,+{, @ s 5 {+5 {,5 {5
5{m5{m
+i @j,+{, @
s m{5m
@ 5{ {?5
Qrwh txh vl j hv xqd ixqflöq frqvwdqwh wdo txh j+{, @ f sdud wrgr { | vl i hv fxdotxlhu ixqflöq/ hqwrqfhv
fi ghqrwd ho surgxfwr gh j | i /
+fi,+{, @ fi +{,> ;{ 5 Grpi
Hmhpsor 449 Vhdq i | j odv ixqflrqhv txh vh ghqhq d frqwlqxdflöq

;
? 4> { 4
{ . 4> 5 ? { ? 3
s
i+{, @ j+{, @ 5> 4 ? { 8
{> 3{?7 = s
{ 4> { A 8
+yhu jxud ,
Ghwhuplqh i . j/ i j/ i j/ i@j | dghpäv judiðtxhodv1
Vroxflöq= Hv fodur sru od ghqlflöq txh

i
Grp+i . j, @ Grp+i j, @ Grp+ij, @ Grp sxhv j+{, 9@ 3
j
@ Grpi _ Grpj
@ @` 5> 7^_U @` 5> 7^
Sxhvwr txh i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv sru sduwhv ghehprv dqdol}du orv srvleohv fdvrv gh dfxhugr d odv
lqwhuvhfflrqhv srvleohv gh grplqlrv1
41 Vhd { 5` 5> 3^_` 4> 4`/ hv ghflu/ { 5` 5> 4`/ hqwrqfhv
i +{, @ { . 4> j+{, @ 4
oxhjr/
+i . j,+{, @ i +{, . j+{, @ { . 5
+i j,+{, @ i +{, j+{, @ {
+i j,+{,
@ i +{,j+{, @ { . 4
i +{,
j @ ij++{{,, @ { . 4
51 Vhd { 5` 5> 3^_` 4> 8`/ hv ghflu/ { 5` 4> 3^/ hqwrqfhv
i +{, @ { . 4> j+{, @ 5
oxhjr/
+i . j,+{, @ i +{, . j+{, @ { . 6
+i j,+{, @ i +{, j+{, @ { 4
+i j,+{,
@ i +{,j+{, @ 5{ . 5
i +{,
j @ ij++{{,, @ {.4
5
61 Vhd { 5 ^3> 7^_` 4> 8`/ hv ghflu/ { 5 ^3> 7^/ hqwrqfhv

s
i +{, @ {> j+{, @ 5
oxhjr/ s
+i . j,+{, @ i+{, . j+{, @ s{ . 5
+i j,+{, @ i+{, j+{, @s { 5
+i j,+{,
@ i+{,j+{, @ 5 {
s
i +{,
j @ ij++{{,, @ 5{
Hq frqvhfxhqfld= ;
? {.5 5 ? { 4
+i . j,+{, @ { . 6 4 ? { ? 3
= s
{.5 3{?7
;
? { 5 ? { 4
+i j,+{, @ { 4 4 ? { ? 3
= s
{5 3{?7
;
? { . 4 5 ? { 4
+i j,+{, @ 5{ . 5 4 ? { ? 3
= s
5 { 3{?7
;
? { . 4 5 ? { 4
i {.4 4 ? { ? 3
+{, @
j = s5{
5
3{?7
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 474
+juäfdv hq jxudv vljxlhqwhv,
51814 Frpsrvlflöq gh ixqflrqhv

Ghqluhprv xqd qxhyd ixqflöq txh vh frqvwux|h d sduwlu gh rwudv grv ixqflrqhv i | j shur/ hq hvwh fdvr/
qrv edvduhprv hq odv surslhgdghv dojheudlfdv gho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd1
Ghqlflöq 517 Vhdq D/ E | F frqmxqwrv gh qýphurv uhdohv1 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq gh D hq E | vhd j xqd
ixqflöq gh F hq G/ hv ghflu/
i j
D $ E a F $ G
Vl Uhfi _ F 9@ >/ hv ghflu/ ho uhfruulgr gh i | ho grplqlr gh j wlhqhq hohphqwrv hq frpýq/ hqwrqfhv hv

srvleoh xvdu i | j sdud ghqlu xqd ixqflöq gh D4 D hq G
Wdo ixqflöq vh ghqrplqd frpsrvlflöq gh j frq i/ | vh ghqrwd sru j i | vh ghqh sru=
j i = D4 $ G
{ $ j+i +{,,
grqgh Grp+j i, @ D4 @ i{ 5 D = i +{, 5 Fj/ vl Uhfi _ Grpj 9@ >/ hv ghflu/
Grp+j i , @ D4 @ i{ 5 Grpi = i +{, 5 Grpj _ Uhfij

+yhu hq jxud ,1
9
Hq sduwlfxodu vl Uhfi Grpj/ hqwrqfhv Grp+j i , @ Grpi1
Hmhuflflr 44: Vhdq

i = ^4> 4^$ U
s
{ $ {4.5
|
j = U $ U
{ $ +{ 5,5
Ghwhuplqhprv j i 1
Vroxflöq= Sxhvwr txh Uhfi U @ Grpj/ hqwrqfhv Grp+j i, @ ^4> 4^ |

s s
+j i,+{, @ j+i +{,, @ j+ { 4 . 5, @ + { 4 . 5 5,5 @ { 4
oxhjr/
j i = ^4> 4^$ U
{ $ { 4
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv i j1 Hq hvwh fdvr ghehprv ghwhuplqdu Uhfj1 Fodudphqwh
Uhfj @ ^3> 4^ | Uhfj 9 Grpi / vlq hpedujr Uhfj _ Grpi @ ^4> 4^9@ > oxhjr1
Grp+i j, @ i{ 5 Grpj = j+{, 5 Grpi j

@ i{ 5 U = +{ 5,5 5 ^4> 4^j
Shur
+{ 5,5 5 ^4> 4^ +, +{ 5,5 4
+, m { 5 m 4
+, {6 b {4
oxhjr/
@ ` 4> 4` ^ ^6> 4^
@ U`4> 6^
Dghpäv/ s
+i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @ i++{ 5,5 , @ +{ 5,5 4 . 5
9 Dojxqrv wh{wrv srqhq frpr frqglflöq qhfhvduld Uhfi \ Grp j sdud ghqlu od frpsxhvwd j i shur frpr vh yh hvwh hv xq
fdvr sduwlfxodu gh od ghqlflöq gdgd dtxð1

oxhjr/
i j = U`4> 6^$ s
U
{ $ +{ 5,5 4 . 5
Qrwh txh i j 9@ j i/ hv ghflu/ qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg gh frqpxwdwlylgdg sdud od frpsrvlflöq gh
ixqflrqhv1 Vlq hpedujr vh yhulfd od dvrfldwlylgdg
+i j, k @ i +j k,
Hq ho hmhpsor vljxlhqwh vh yhulfd hvwd ljxdogdg hq xq fdvr

s s
Hmhuflflr 44; Vhdq i+{, @ { . 4 5/ j+{, @ {5 4 | k+{, @ {5 ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq vxv grplqlrv
pä{lprv1 Ghwhuplqh +i j, k | i +j k,1
Vroxflöq= Fodudphqwh vh yh txh Grpk @ U/ Uhfk @ U. 3 / Grpj @`4> 4^ / Uhfj @ U3 / Grpi @ ^4> 4^1
F .
Sdud kdfhu od frpsxhvwd hv dsursldgr kdfhu ho gldjudpd gh od jxud vljxlhqwh
Grp+j k, @ i{ 5 U = {5 5` 4> 4^F j

@ i{ 5 U = {5 4j
@ ` 4> 4^F
s
Grp+i j, @ i{ 5` 4> 4^F = s{5 4 5 ^4> 4^j
@ i{ 5` 4> 4^F = {5 4 4j
@ ` 4> 4^F
Grp++i j, k, @ i{ 5 Grpk = {5 5 Grp+i j,j

@ i{ 5 U = {5 5` 4> 4^F j
@ i{ 5 U = {5 4j
@ ` 4> 4^F
Grp+i +j k,, @ i{ 5 Grp+j k, s = +j k,+{, 5 Grpij
@ i{ 5` 4>s4^F = {7 4 5 ^4> 4^j
@ i{ 5 U = {7 4 4j
@ ` 4> 4^F
Dvð/ vh wlhqh txh wdqwr +i j, k frpr i +j k, vrq ixqflrqhv frq ljxdo grplqlr hq hvwh fdvr1
Dkrud d qlyho gh iöupxodv fdofxohprv ++i j, k,+{,1 Frpr
s
+i j,+{, @ i+ ss{ 4,
5
@ {5 4 . 4 5
whqhprv txh
+i j, k,,+{, @ +i ss j,+{5 ,
@ {7 4 . 4 5
Sru rwud sduwh hq ho fäofxor gh +i +j k,,+{, whqhprv
+i +j k,,+{, @ is++j k,+{,,
@ t+j k,+{, . 4 5
s
@ +k+{,,5 4 . 4 5
ss
@ {7 4 . 4 5
Dvð/
i +j k, @ +i j, k
|d txh wlhqhq ljxdo grplqlr/ uhfruulgr | uhodflöq +iöupxod, txh odv ghqh1
Hq orv gldjudpdv vljxlhqwhv vh ylvxdol}dq orv sdvrv khfkrv hq ho ghvduuroor1
U $ U. ` 4> 4^F $ U.
k j i
3 > 3 > ^4> 4^$ ^5> 4^
Sdud i +j k,
` 4> 4^F $ U.
jk i
3 > ^4> 4^$ ^5> 4^
i +jk,
` 4> 4^F $ ^5> 4^
| sdud +i j, k
U $ U.
k i j
3 > ` 4> 4^F $ ^5> 4^
i j,k,
` 4> 4^F $ ^5> 4^
+
Hmhuflflr 44< Vhdq s 5

{ 4> { A 4 { > {A3
i+{, @ j+{, @
{6 > {4 5{ . 4> { 3
Ghwhuplqh i j | j i 1
Vroxflöq= Hq sulphu oxjdu ghwhuplqhprv +j i,+{,1
s
j+ { 4,> { A 4
+j i ,+{, @ j+i+{,, @
j+{6 ,> {4
s
Shur od ixqflöq j wlhqh glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl { 4 | { vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh fhur1 Frpr
s
6
{ 4 A 3/ sdud wrgr { A 4 vh whqguä txh

s s
j+ { 4, @ + { 4,5 > vl { A 4
Shur {6 wlhqh grv frpsruwdplhqwrv hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 4`/ d vdehu/ {6 A 3 vl { 5`3> 4` | {6 3 vl
{ 5` 4> 3`1 Dvð/ ; s
? + { 4,5 > { A 4
+j i,+{, @ +{6 ,5 > { 5`3> 4`
=
5+{6 , . 4> { 3
Ilqdophqwh fdofxohprv +i j,+{,

i +{5 ,> {A4
+i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @
i +5{ . 4,> { 4
Shur od ixqflöq i wlhqh wdpelìq glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl {5 | 5{ . 4 vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh
xqr1 Fodudphqwh {5 A 4 vl { A 4 | 3 ? {5 4 vl 3 ? { 41 Sru rwur odgr 5{ . 4 4 vl { 31 Frq wrgd
hvwd lqirupdflöq whqhprv txh
; 5 6
s , >
? +{ 3?{4
+i j,+{, @ {5 4> { A 4
=
+5{ . 4,6 > { 3
51815 Ixqflrqhv Fuhflhqwhv | Ghfuhflhqwhv

D frqwlqxdflöq gduhprv xqdv ghqlflrqhv txh qrv vhuäq ýwlohv sdud uhvroyhu lqhfxdflrqhv/ |d txh hoodv
wlhqhq txh yhu frq or txh vxfhgh do dsolfdu xqd ixqflöq d dperv odgrv gh xqd lqhfxdflöq/ sru hmhpsor
hohydu do fxdgudgr1
Ghqlflöq 518 Xqd ixqflöq i = D $ E vh glfh fuhflhqwh hq D/ vl hv yhugdghud od vljxlhqwh lpsolfdflöq=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, i +y,,>
ghfuhflhqwh hq D=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, i +y,,>
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq D=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, ? i +y,,>
hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq D=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, A i +y,,=
Hv ghflu/ xqd ixqflöq i vhuä hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl lqylhuwh ho rughq/ hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl
frqvhuyd ho rughq1
Hmhpsor 453 Od ixqflöq i +{, @ p{ . e hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl p hv qhjdwlyr1 Hq hihfwr/ vhdq

x> y 5 U/ hqwrqfhv
x ? y , px A py
, px . e A py . e
, i +x, A i+y,
Fodudphqwh/ i hv fuhflhqwh vl p A 31 Vl p @ 3 vh wlhqh od ixqflöq frqvwdqwh i +{, @ e txh hv fuhflhqwh
| ghfuhflhqwh d od yh}1
Juäfdphqwh vh lqwhusuhwd frpr vljxh= Xqd ixqflöq vhuä hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl hvwdqgr sdudgr hq
fxdotxlhu sxqwr gh od juäfd gh od ixqflöq vh frplhq}d d fdplqdu vreuh od juäfd hq od gluhfflöq srvlwlyd gho
hmh R[/ qhfhvduldphqwh vh frplhq}d d vxelu hq ho juäfr1 Hq ho fdvr gh fuhflhqwh vöor vh sxhgh dvhjxudu
txh qr edmd1
1
s
Hmhpsor 454 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ { hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv sdud wrgr {> | 5 U.
s s
{ ? | , { ? |=
Hq jhqhudo=
s
Hmhpsor 455 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ q { frq q 5 Q hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1
Hq hihfwr hq od vhfflöq gh qýphurv uhdohv vh sureö sru ho frurodulr 414; txh
s s
+;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , q { ? q |,
Hmhpsor 456 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ ^{` hv fuhflhqwh1

Hq hihfwr
+;{> | 5 U,+{ ? | , ^{` ^|`,
shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv vl { @ 4> | @ 4> 8
{ ? | shur ^{` @ ^|` @ 4

Hmhpsor 457 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5 U. wdo txh { ?
| hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 > shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U/ sxhvwr txh h{lvwhq { @ 5 5 U/ | @ 4 5 U
wdohv txh { ? | shur {5 9? | 5 =
Sru rwud sduwh/ qrwhprv txh od ixqflöq i +{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5
U wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 oxhjr {5 A | 5 / hv ghflu/
.
+;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , i +{, A i+|,,
Sursrvlflöq 519 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwhv wdohv txh Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv j i
hv xqd ixqflöq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq Grpi 1
Ghprvwudflöq= Hv fodur txh vl Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1

Vhd {> | 5 Grpj i wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv/ gdgr txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh whqhprv
i +{, ? i+|,
| sxhvwr txh j wdpelìq hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv
j+i +{,, ? j+i +|,,
hq frqvhfxhqfld
{ ? | , +j i,+{, ? +j i ,+|,

Hmhuflflr 458 Suxheh txh vl i hv xqd ixqflöq fuhflhqwh hq G hqwrqfhv i hv xqd ixqflöq ghfuhflhqwh hq
G1
Vroxflöq= Vhd {> | 5 G wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv i+{, i+|, sxhv i hv fuhflhqwh/ pxowlsolfdqgr sru 4 vh
wlhqh
i +{, i +|,
hq frqvhfxhqfld
{ ? | , i+{, i+|,
Sru or wdqwr i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq G1
41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh Grpi _ Grpj 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv
Uhf+i . j, @ Uhfi ^ Uhfj=
51 Vhdq i / j | k ixqflrqhv wdohv txh G @ Grpi @ Grpj @ Grpk 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv
+i . j,k @ i k . jk hq G
k+i . j, @ ki . kj hq G
61 Vl Uhfk _ Grp+i . j, 9@ > | G @ Grp+i . j, k/ hqwrqfhv
+i . j, k @ i k . j k hq G
71 Vhd G @ Grpj _ Grpk 9@ >1 Vl Uhf+j . k, Grpi / hqwrqfhv
+i +j . k,,+{, @ +i j,+{, . +i k,+{,> ;{ 5 G
81 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghfuhflhqwhv hq U hqwrqfhv i j hv ghfuhflhqwh hq U1

5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 47:
91 Vl i hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> d` | hq `d> 4^ hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh hq U
:1 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq frq grplqlr G h Lg od ixqflöq lghqwlgdg: / hqwrqfhv
i Lg @ Lg i @ i
;1 Vhd i ixqflöq/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh j ixqflöq wdo txh
j i @ Lg> ;{ 5 Grpi
Vroxflöq=
41 Idovr1 Vhdq/ sru hmhpsor/
i = U $ U j = ^4> 4^$ U
s
{ $ 4 { $ {4
ixqflrqhv1 Uhfi @ i4j/ Uhfj @ ^3> 4^1 Oxhjr
Uhfi ^ Uhfj @ ^3> 4^î4j
Sru rwud sduwh/

U
i . j = ^4> 4^$ s
{ $ {44
fx|r uhfruulgr hv ^4> 4^1
51 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G/ hqwrqfhv/
++i . j,k,+{, @ +i . j,+{,k+{,

@ +i+{, . j+{,,k+{,
@ i+{,k+{, . j+{,k+{,
@ +ik,+{, . +jk,+{,
@ +ik . jk,+{,
oxhjr/
++i . j,k,+{, @ +i k . jk,+{, ;{ 5 G
gh grqgh
+i . j,k @ i k . jk
Dqäorjdphqwh vl { 5 G>
+k+i . j,,+{, @ k+{,+i . j,+{,
@ k+{,+i+{, . j+{,,
@ k+{,i +{, . k+{,j+{,
@ +ki,+{, . +kj,+{,
@ +ki . kj,+{,
oxhjr/
+k+i . j,,+{, @ +ki . kj,+{, ;{ 5 G
gh grqgh
k+i . j, @ ki . kj hq G
: Hq uhdolgdg ho vðperor Lg hvwä ghqrwdqgr ho frqfhswr gh ixqflöq lghqwlgdg / shur jhqhudophqwh vhuäq ixqflrqhv glvwlqwdv/
ghshqglhqgr gho Grplqlr gh ghqlflöq1 Dvðkd| LgU / Lgdf>o hwf1

61 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G/ hqwrqfhv>
++i . j, k,+{, @ +i . j,+k+{,,

@ i +k+{,, . j+k+{,,
@ +i k,+{, . +j k,+{,
@ +i k . j k,+{,
oxhjr/
++i . j, k,+{, @ +i k . j k,+{, ;{ 5 G
gh grqgh
+i . j, k @ i k . j k hq G
71 Idovr1 Frqvlghuh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
i +{, @ { . 4 j+{, @ {5 k+{, @ 5{
hqwrqfhv Grp+j . k, @ Grpj _ Grpk @ U 9@ > | Uhf+j . k, U @ Grpi / dghpäv
+i +j . k,,+{, @ i ++j . k,+{,,

@ i +j+{, . k+{,,
@ i +{5 . 5{,
@ {5 . 5{ . 4
Shur +i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @ {5 . 4 | +i k,+{, @ i+k+{,, @ 5{ . 4/ oxhjr/
+i j,+{, . +i k,+{, @ {5 . 5{ . 5>
sru or wdqwr
i +j . k, 9@ i j . i k
81 Idovr1 Odv ixqflrqhv i | j wdo txh

i +{, @ j+{, @ {
vrq ghfuhflhqwhv hq U/ vlq hpedujr
i j+{, @ i+j+{,, @ i +{, @ {
ixqflöq fuhflhqwh1
91 Idovr1 Vhd
{ vl { 5` 4> 4`
i+{, @
{6 vl { 5`4> 4^
i+{, @ { hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 4` | i +{, @ { 6 hv fuhflhqwh hq `4> 4^1
Vlq hpedujr i qr hv fuhflhqwh ` 4> 4`^`4> 4^@ U sxhv +sru hmhpsor,/ h{lvwh { @ 3 5 U/ | @ 5 5 U
wdohv txh { ? | shur 3 @ i +{, 9? i +|, @ 41
:1 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G
+i Lg,+{, @ i +Lg+{,, @ i +{, ;{ 5 G
|
+Lg i ,+{, @ Lg+i+{,, @ i +{, ;{ 5 G
oxhjr/
i LgG @ LgUhf i i @ i
ö
i Lg @ Lg i @ i
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 47<
;1 Idovr1 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq ghqlgd sru
i = U $ U
{ $ 4
| vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh xqd ixqflöq j wdo txh Uhfi Grpj | j i @ Lg/ hqwrqfhv
+j i,+{, @ {> ;{ 5 Grpi @ U
Vl { @ 4 vh wlhqh txh
+j i,+4, @ j+i +4,, @ j+4, @ 4
Vl { @ 5/ vh wlhqh txh
+j i ,+5, @ j+i+5,, @ j+4, @ 5>
hv ghflu/ j+4, wlhqh grv ydoruhv 4 | 5 gh grqgh j qr hv ixqflöq/ or txh frqwudglfh ho vxsxhvwr1
Dqäorjdphqwh/ vl i hv ixqflöq gh D hq E qr qhfhvduldphqwh h{lvwh xqd ixqflöq j wdo txh
i j @ LgE > ;{ 5 Grpj=
Vlq hpedujr/ edmr flhuwdv frqglflrqhv hv srvleoh txh hvwr rfxuud/ hv ghflu/ txh sdud xqd ixqflöq i gh D
hq E h{lvwd j gh E hq D +oodpdgd od ixqflöq lqyhuvd gh i, wdo txh
i j @ LgE
|
j i @ LgD
Yhuhprv päv dghodqwh txh xqd ixqflöq wlhqh lqyhuvd vl | vöor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1
Ho frqfhswr gh lq|hfwlylgdg ; lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho uhfruulgr gh i oh fruuhvsrqgh xqd ýqlfd
suhlpdjhq hq ho grplqlr gh i 1 Ho gh hsl|hfwlylgdg lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd oh
fruuhvsrqgh sru or phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq/ hq rwudv sdodeudv/ ho frqmxqwr gh lpäjhqhv gh i +uhfruulgr gh i ,
gheh vhu ljxdo do frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd1
Ghqlflöq 51: Xqd ixqflöq i = D $ E vh glfh lq|hfwlyd vl | vöor vl
+;x> y 5 D,+i+x, @ i +y, , x @ y,
Hmhpsor 45: Vhd i od ixqflöq ghqlgd sru
i = U i4j $ U
{ $ 5{{.4
4
Surehprv txh i hv xqd ixqflöq lq|hfwlyd1
Vroxflöq= Hq hihfwr= Vhdq x> y 5 U i4j wdohv txh i +x, @ i+y,1 Vh wlhqh=
i +x, @ i +y,
, 5x.4
x4 @ 5y .4
y4
, +5x . 4,+y 4, @ +5y . 4,+x 4,
, 5xy 5x . y 4 @ 5yx 5y . x 4
, x @ y
oxhjr/
i +x, @ i +y, , x @ y> ;x> y 5 U i4j
; Rwur qrpeuh xwlol}dgr hq od olwhudwxud frpr vlqöqlpr gh lq|hfwlyd hv 404 +vh ohh xqr d xqr ,1
Hmhuflflr 45; Vhd i od ixqflöq ghqlgd sru
i = U $ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
Ghwhuplqh vl i hv xqd ixqflöq lq|hfwlyd
Vroxflöq= i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ hq hihfwr i+4, @ i +5, @ 6/ shur 4 9@ 51 Hv ghflu d | @ 6 5 Uhfi oh

fruuhvsrqghq grv suhlpäjhqhv= 4/051 Revhuyhprv od juäfd gh i hq ho sulphu juäfr vljxlhqwh
Qrwhprv txh do wud}du xqd uhfwd krul}rqwdo/ ìvwd sxhgh fruwdu d od fxuyd hq grv sxqwrv +h{fhswr hq
| @ 6@7 d txlhq vöor oh fruuhvsrqgh od suhlpdjhq {@0425,
Fodudphqwh vh revhuyd txh vl vh uhvwulqjh od ixqflöq do lqwhuydor ^4@5> 4^ ö do lqwhuydor ` 4> 4@5`/
hqwrqfhv vh rewlhqhq ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv/ hv ghflu/
i = ^4@5> 4^$ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
|
i = ` 4> 4@5^$ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv +juäfrv fhqwudo | ghuhfkr gh jxud dqwhulru uhvshfwlydphqwh,1
Ghwhuplqhprv dqdoðwlfdphqwh hq txì lqwhuydor i hv lq|hfwlyd Vhdq x> y 5 U wdo txh i+x, @ i+y,1 vh
wlhqh=
i +x, @ i+y,
+, x5 . x . 4 @ y 5 . y . 4
+, x5 y 5 @ y x
+, +x y,+x . y, . +x y, @ 3
+, +x y,+x . y . 4, @ 3
+, x@y b y.x.4@3
Qrwhprv txh x @ y a x . y . 4 @ 3/ vl x @ y @ 4@51
Exvfduhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr gh i hq ho fxdo vh fxpsod=
x @ y | x . y . 4 9@ 3 ;x> y 5 G i 45 j
Qrwhprv txh
x @ y a x . y . 4 9@ 3
, x @ y a +x . y . 4 A 3 b x . y . 4 ? 3,
, +x @ y a x . y . 4 A 3, b +x @ y a x . y . 4 ? 3,
, 5x . 4 A 3 b 5x . 4 ? 3
, x A 4@5 b x ? 4@5
shur 4@5 shuwhqhfh do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg1 Oxhjr/ srghprv frqvlghudu frpr grplqlrv gh lq|hfwlylgdg=
G @` 4> 4@5`
r elhq
G @ ^4@5> 4^
Dvð/
i mG = ^4@5> 4^$ U i mG = ` 4> 4@5` $ U

{ $ {5 . { . 4 { $ {5 . { . 4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv frpr |d vh ylr juäfdphqwh<
Hmhuflflr 45< Ghpxhvwuh txh i = U $ U

{ $ {6
hv xqd ixqflöq lq|hfwlyd1
Vroxflöq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ U wdohv txh i+x, @ i +y,

vh wlhqh
i +x, @ i +y,
+, x6 @ y6
+, x y6 @
6
3
+, +x y,+x . xy . y5 , @
5
3
+, x@y b x5 . xy . y5 @ 3
Shur ho glvfulplqdqwh gh od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr x5 . xy . y5 hq od yduldeoh x/ hv
@ y5 7y5 @ 6y 5 ? 3> ;y 5 U i3j
oxhjr/
x5 . xy . y5 A 3> ;x> y 5 U i3j
Sru or wdqwr x @ y1
Rwud irupd gh yhu txh x5 . xy . y5 9@ 3 hv
4 6
x5 . xy . y5 @ +x . y,5 . y 5 A 3 ;x> y 5 U i3j
5 7
Hmhuflflr 463 Ghwhuplqh vl
j = U $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{.8
hv lq|hfwlyd1 Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor kdfhu odv uhvwulfflrqhv qhfhvduldv sdud txh or vhd1
Vroxflöq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpj @ U wdohv txh j+x, @ j+y,

vh wlhqh vxfhvlydphqwh=
j+x, @ j+y,
+, x
x5 .8 @ y
y5 .8
+, x+y . 8,
5
@ y+x5 . 8,
+, xy5 . 8x @ yx5 . 8y
+, xy5 yx5 @ 8y 8x
+, xy+y x, @ 8+y x,
+, xy+y x, 8+y x, @ 3
+, +y x,+xy 8, @ 3
+, x@y b xy 8 @ 3
Revhuyhprv txh j qr hv 404 +lq|hfwlyd,/ sxhv j+4, @ j+8, @ 4@9 | 4 9@ 81
< iG
lqglfd i uhvwulqjlgd do grplqlr G 1
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr grqgh j vhd lq|hfwlyd1 Qrwhprv txh
x@y a xy @ 8
vl s s
x@y@ 8 b x@y@ 8
Sdud ghwhuplqdu ho grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg vh gheh yhulfdu
x @ y a xy 9@ 8= Dkrud elhq=
x @ y a xy 9@ 8 +, x @ y a +xy A 8 b xy ? 8,
+, +x @ y a xy A 8, b +x @ y a xy ? 8,
+, x5 A 8sb x5 ? 8 s
+, m x mAs 8 b m x m?s 8 s s
+, +x A 8 b s x ? s 8, b + 8 ? sx asx ? 8,
+, x 5` 4> 8^^` 8> 4^ b x 5` 8> 8^
s s
Shur 8 | 8 shuwhqhfhq do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg/ oxhjr/
s s
j4 = ^ 8> 8` $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{.8
| s s
j5 =` 4> 8` ^ ^ 8> 4^ $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{.8
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv1
Revhuyhprv ho juäfr gh j hq
Hmhuflflr 464 Vhdq i = D $ E | j = E $ F ixqflrqhv | k @ j i1 Ghpxhvwuh txh vl i | j vrq

lq|hfwlydv/ hqwrqfhv k wdpelìq hv lq|hfwlyd1
Vroxflöq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpk wdohv txh k+x, @ k+y,1 Ghehprv ghprvwudu txh x @ y
k+x, @ k+y,
+, +j i,+x, @ +j i,+y,
+, j+i+x,, @ j+i +y,,
Frpr j hv 404 vh wlhqh hqwrqfhv txh i+x, @ i +y,/ | vlhqgr i lq|hfwlyd/ uhvxowd txh x @ y or txh ghpxhvwud
od sursrvlflöq
Hmhuflflr 465 Vhdq i = D $ E | j = E $ F ixqflrqhv | k @ j i 1 Ghpxhvwuh txh vl k hv lq|hfwlyd/

hqwrqfhv i wdpelìq or hv1 Vroxflöq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ D wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y,1 Ghehprv qxhydphqwh
ghprvwudu txh x @ y1 Frpr i+x, @ i +y, | j hv ixqflöq whqguhprv txh j+i+x,, @ j+i +y,, gh grqgh
k+x, @ k+y,/ shur frpr k hv 404 vh wlhqh txh x @ y1
Sursrvlflöq 51; Vl i hv xqd ixqflöq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r elhq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ hqwrqfhv
i hv lq|hfwlyd1
Ghprvwudflöq= Vlq sìuglgd gh jhqhudolgdg +v1s1j1,/ vxsrqjdprv txh i hv xqd ixqflöq hvwulfwdphqwh
fuhflhqwh/ hv ghflu/
+;x> y 5 Grpi ,+x ? y , i +x, ? i +y,, +51<,
| vxsrqjdprv dghpäv txh i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwluäq x> y 5 Grpi wdohv txh
i +x, @ i+y, a x 9@ y
gh grqgh
xAybx?y
or txh frqwudglfh 51<1 Od ghprvwudflöq hv dqäorjd vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ txhgd sdud ho ohfwru
uhsurgxfluod1
Qrwh txh ho uhfðsurfr gh od sursrvlflöq dqwhulru qr hv flhuwr1 Xqd ixqflöq lq|hfwlyd qr hv qhfhvduldphqwh
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuh od ixqflöq | @ 4@{ uhsuhvhqwdgd
sru od juäfd gh od klsìuerod htxloäwhud> hvwd ixqflöq hv lq|hfwlyd shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ql
hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Ghqlflöq 51< Xqd ixqflöq i = D $ E vh glfh hsl|hfwlyd r vreuh|hfwlyd vl | vöor vl Uhfi @ E1
Hmhpsor 466 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflöq i ghqlgd sru
i = U. $ U s
{ $ i +{, @ {
3
Hvwd ixqflöq qr hv hsl|hfwlyd/ sxhv Uhfi @ U. 9@ U1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl vh uhvwulqjh ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd d
U. / hqwrqfhv
3
i = U. $ U.
3
s
{ $ i +{, @ {
3 3
vðhv xqd ixqflöq hsl|hfwlyd1
Revhuyh txh xqd ixqflöq i = D $ Uhfi hv vlhpsuh hsl|hfwlyd1
Hmhpsor 467 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflöq i ghqlgd sru
i = ` 4> 4^$ U
{ $ i+{, @ s {5
4
4
Uhvwulqmdprv grplqlr | uhfruulgr gh prgr txh i vhd lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1
Vroxflöq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @` 4> 4^ wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y,

vh wlhqh=
i +x, @ i +y,
, s44 x5 @ s44y5
s s
+, 4 y5 @ 4 x5
+, +y x,+x . y, @ 3
+, x@y b x.y @3
Qrwhprv txh vl x @ 3 hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd txh x @ y a y . x @ 31
Hv fodur txh orv lqwhuydorv gh lq|hfwlylgdg gh i vrq ^3> 4^ | ` 4> 3`/ hv ghflu/ odv ixqflrqhv
i4 = ` 4> 3` $ U i5 = ^3> 4^$ U

{ $ i+{, @ s {5
4
4
{ $ i+{, @ s {5
4
4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv1
Hmhpsor 468 Frqvlghuhprv i5 | ghwhuplqhprv vx uhfruulgr1

Vhd { 5 ^3> 4^ h | 5 U wdo txh | @ i +{,/ vh wlhqh=
| @ i +{,
+, | @ s4 4
{5 |A3
+, | 5 @ 4{5
4
5 4
+, {5 @ | |5
dkrud elhq/ frpr { 5 ^3> 4^/ hqwrqfhv

t 5
3 | 4 ? 4
|5 frq | 5 4 3
5
+, 3 |5 ? 4
| 4
+, 3 | 5 4 ? |5
+, 3 | 5 4 ? |5
+, 3 | 5 4 a |5 4 ? | 5
+, 4 | 5 a 4 ? 3
+, |5 4
shur | A 3/ oxhjr/ | 41
Dvð/
i = ^3> 4^$ ^4> 4^
{ $ i +{, @ s {5 4
hv xqd ixqflöq lq|hfwlyd | vreuh|hfwlyd

4
Ghqlflöq 5143 Xqd ixqflöq i = D $ E vh glfh el|hfwlyd vl | vöor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | vreuh|hfwlyd1
Hmhpsor 469 Odv ixqflrqhv vljxlhqwhv vrq el|hfwlydv
i = U. $ U s
{ $ i +{, @ {
3 3
j = U $ U.
{ $ j+{, @ {5
3 3
k = U $ U
{ $ k+{, @ {6
o = U $ U s
{ $ o+{, @ 6 {
Qrwh txh/ sdud i | j/ vh fxpsoh=
+i j,+{, @ i+j+{,, @ i +{
s,
5
@ {5
@ m{m @ +{, @ { ;{ 5 U
3
| s s
+j i,+{, @ j+i +{,, @ j+ {, @ + {,5 @ { ;{ 5 U.
3
hv ghflu/
i j @ LgU a j i @ LgU.
3 3
Dqäorjdphqwh sdud k | o
+k o,+{, @ { > +o k,+{, @ { ;{ 5 U
gh grqgh
k o @ o k @ LgU
Odv ixqflrqhv txh fxpsohq frq hvwd surslhgdg vh glfhq lqyhuwleohv/ vhjýq vh h{solfd d frqwlqxdflöq1
Surslhgdg 5144 Vl i = D $ E hv el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh xqd ýqlfd i 4 gh E hq D wdo txh
d, i i 4 @ LgE | i 4 i @ LgD
e, +i 4 ,4 @ i
Od ixqflöq i 4 gh od sursrvlflöq dqwhulru hv ýqlfd | sxhgh ghqluvh gluhfwdphqwh frpr vljxh=
Ghqlflöq 5145 Vl i = D $ E hv xqd ixqflöq el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflöq lqyhuvd gh i vh ghqh

frpr
i 4 = E $ D
| $ { @ i 4 +|,
grqgh
| @ i +{, r { @ i 4 +|,
Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru od lqyhuvd gh i hv j | od lqyhuvd gh k hv o1 Uhfðsurfdphqwh od lqyhuvd gh j hv i | od
lqyhuvd gh o hv k1 Revhuyhprv odv juäfdv gh i | j 43 hq od jxud

Sdud rewhqhu i 4 gh xqd ixqflöq i el|hfwlyd ghehprv ghvshmdu { gh od hfxdflöq | @ i +{,/ frpr vh
h{solfd hq orv vljxlhqwhv hmhpsorv1
Hmhpsor 46: Hq ho hmhpsor 467 ylprv txh od ixqflöq
i = ^3> 4^$ ^4> 4^

{ $ i+{, @ s {5
4
4
hv el|hfwlyd | rewxylprv txh>

| @ it+{,
+, { @ | |
5 4
5
oxhjr/ v
|5 4
{ @ i 4 +|, @
|5
Sru or wdqwr
i 4 = ^4> 4^$ ^3> 4^ t 5
| $ i 4 +|, @ | 4
|5
43 Gdgd od juäfd gh i hq xqd krmd wudqvsdudqwh/ sdud frqrfhu od juäfd gh vx lqyhuvd edvwd urwdu orv hmhv hq eD frqwud
uhorm | gdu yxhowd od krmd | pludu sru ghwuäv od jxud> hvwd ýowlpd fruuhvsrqghuä d od juäfd gh od lqyhuvd gh i 1
Hv frvwxpeuh uhvhuydu od ohwud { sdud orv hohphqwrv gho grplqlr gh xqd ixqflöq/ oxhjr/ or dqwhulru vh hvfuleh
i 4 = ^4> 4^$ ^3> 4^ t

{ $ i 4 +{, @ {5 4
{5
Hmhuflflr 46; Vhdq
i = U. $ ^4> 4^s j = U $ U
{ $ i +{, @ { 4 { $ j+{, @ { . 8
3
ixqflrqhv1
d, Suxheh txh i hv el|hfwlyd | ghwhuplqh i 4 1

e, Hqfxhqwuh xqd ixqflöq/ k wdo txh k i @ j1
Vroxflöq= d1l, Sureduhprv txh i hv lq|hfwlyd1

Vhd x> y 5 U. wdo txh i+x, @ i +y, hqwrqfhv=
s s
3
s 4 @
x ys 4
+, x @ y
+, x @ y
Oxhjr i+x, @ i +y, , x @ y> ;x> y 5 U.

ll, Vhd { 5 U. h | 5 ^4> 4^ wdo txh | @ i+{, hqwrqfhv
3
s
3
| @ s{ 4
+, |.4 @ { > |.43
+, +| . 4,5 @ {
od h{suhvlöq +| . 4,5 hvwä ghqlgd sdud wrgr | hq U/ shur | . 4 3/
Uhfi @ ^4> 4^
Sru or wdqwr i hv hsl|hfwlyd1

Dvðsru +l, | +ll, i hv el|hfwlyd1
i 4 = ^4> 4^$ U.
{ $ i 4 +{, @ +{ . 4,5
3
e, Sxhvwr txh Uhfi 4 @ U. Grpj hqwrqfhv h{lvwh j i 4 1 Oxhjr/ sdud ghvshmdu k dsolfdprv i 4 d
od ljxdogdg k i @ j/
3
hv ghflu/
ki @ j
+, k +i i 4 , @ j i 4
+, k Lg @ j i 4
+, k @ j i 4 =
Sru or wdqwr Grpk @ Grpj i 4 @ Grpi 4 @ ^4> 4^ |
k+{, @ j+i 4 +{,, @ j++{ . 4,5 , @ +{ . 4,5 . 8
k = ^4> 4^$ U
{ $ +{ . 4,5 . 8
Hmhuflflr 46< Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq Yhugdghudv r Idovdv
41 Vl j hv lqyhuwleoh/ hqwrqfhv j 4 @ 4j +grqgh 4 lqglfd od ixqflöq frqvwdqwh 4,1

5191 ODV IXQFLRQHV H[SRQHQFLDOHV \ ORJDUÐWPLFDV 48:
51 Vl j = D $ E hv lqyhuwleoh/ hqwrqfhv
j j4 @ j 4 j
61 Vl i = D $ E | j = E $ F vrq ixqflrqhv lqyhuwleohv/ hqwrqfhv j i hv wdpelìq lqyhuwleoh |
+j i ,4 @ i 4 j4
Vroxflöq=
41 Idovr1 Od ixqflöq j ghqlgd sru

j = U. $ U
s3
.
{ $ {
3
hv lqyhuwleoh |
j 4 = U. $ U.
{ $ {5
3 3
vlq hpedujr/
j +{, @ j+{, @
4 4
s{ >
4
;{ 5 U.
oxhjr
4
j 4 9@
j
51 Idovr1 Frqvlghuhprv od el|hfflöq
j= U.
^4> 4^$ s
{ $ {4
3
| vx lqyhuvd
j 4 = U. $ ^4> 4^
{ $ {5 . 4
3
+j j4 ,+{, @ { ;{ 5 U.
3
hq fdpelr
+j 4 j,+{, @ { ;{ 5 ^4> 4^
oxhjr/ j j 4 9@ j4 j srutxh wlhqhq glvwlqwrv grplqlrv1
61 Yhugdghud1 Vx frpsuredflöq txhgd gh hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru1
519 Odv ixqflrqhv H{srqhqfldohv | Orjduðwplfdv

Frqvlghuhprv ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd=
Vl xqd edfwhuld hq flhuwr fxowlyr vh gxsolfd hq fdgd krud | ho qýphur gh edfwhuldv txh kdeuðd do lqlfldu
ho h{shulphqwr hv xqd/ hqwrqfhv ho qýphur i+q, gh edfwhuldv txh kd| hq ho fxowlyr ghvsxìv gh q krudv hv
i +q, @ 5q
Qrwh txh od h{suhvlöq dqwhulru hv xqd ixqflöq fx|r grplqlr hv Q/ hv ghflu
i = Q $ U
q $ 5q
Txhuhprv h{whqghu od ixqflöq i d xqd ixqflöq päv jhqhudo/ frq grplqlr U1 Shur/ Bctxì vhqwlgr wlhqh
h{whqghu d od h{suhvlöq 5{ frq { 5 UB
Vdehprv txh vl { 5 Q/ hqwrqfhv
5{ @ 5 5 5 +{ yhfhv,
Vl { 5 ] / { 5 ]. / hqwrqfhv
4
5{ @ {
5
q 5 T/ hqwrqfhv
Vl { @ p
s
5{ @ 5p
q
s s
Shur vl { 95 T/ hv ghflu/ { hv xq luudflrqdo/ sru hmhpsor/ { @ 5/ Bctxì vljqlfdgr
s wlhqh 5 5 B
Frqvlghuhprv odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d 5 | iruphprv ho frqmxqwr
D @ i54>7 > 54>74 > 54>747 > 54>7475 > = = =j
Sxhvwr txh D hv xqs5frqmxqwr dfrwdgr/ hqwrqfhv sru d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr h{lvwh VxsD1
Vhd VxsD @= 5 1
Hq jhqhudo vl e A 3 | { 5 U/ vh ghqh
e{ =@ Vxsie{3 >{4 > e{3 >{4 {5 > e{3 >{4 {5 {6 > = = =j vl e A 4
|
e{ =@ Lqiie{3 >{4 > e{3 >{4 {5 > e{3 >{4 {5 {6 > = = =j vl 3 e 4
grqgh {3 > {4 > {3 > {4 {5 > {3 > {4 {5 {6 > vrq odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d { 5 U1
Oxhjr srghprv ghqlu od ixqflöq=
i = U $ U
{ $ 5{
Od uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd gh hvwd ixqflöq hv xqd fxuyd gh wud}dgr frqwlqxr/ frpr vh yh hq ho judfr
ghuhfkr vljxlhqwh
Dqäorjdphqwh/ j ghqlgd frpr
j = U $ U
{ $ + 45 ,{
vh uhsuhvhqwd juäfdphqwh sru od fxuyd gh wud}dgr frqwlqxr/ frpr vh sxhgh yhu hq ho juäfr ghuhfkr
dqwhulru/ fx|r uhfruulgr hv U. 1
Hq jhqhudo srghprv ghqlu od ixqflöq h{srqhqfldo hq edvh e frq e A 3 frpr
5191 ODV IXQFLRQHV H[SRQHQFLDOHV \ ORJDUÐWPLFDV 48<
h{se = U $ U
{ $ e{
fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd hvwä hq od jxud
Qrwh txh vl e A 4 od ixqflöq h{se hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh | vl 3 ? e ? 4/ od ixqflöq h{se hv

hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Hq dperv fdvrv hv lq|hfwlyd | vx uhfruulgr hv U. 1
Revhuyhprv txh od fxuyd qr fruwd ho hmh {/ hv ghflu/ qr fruwd d od uhfwd | @ 31
Gluhprv txh od uhfwd | @ 3 hv xqd dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo gh od ixqflöq | @ e{ 1 Hvwr vljqlfd txh vl
e A 4 | { ghfuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh/ odv lpäjhqhv | @ e{ wlhqghq d fhur1
Hq hvwh fdvr hvfuleluhprv>
Vl { $ 4/ hqwrqfhv e{ $ 3
Hq fdpelr vl 3 ? e ? 4 | { fuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh/ hqwrqfhv odv lpäjhqhv | @ e{ wlhqghq d fhur1

Hq hvwh fdvr hvfuleluhprv
Vl { $ 4/ hqwrqfhv e{ $ 3
Hmhuflflr 473 Judtxh od ixqflöq
| @ 4 h{
Vroxflöq= Revhuyhprv od juäfd gh | @ h{ | gh | @ h{

1
Hq hvwh fdvr e @ 4h ? 41
Dvð/ | @ 4h{ hv xq wudvodflöq gh | @ h{ frpr vh pxhvwud hq od jxud
Qrwh txh od dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo gh | @ 4 h{ hv dkrud | @ 4/ sxhv vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv 4 h{ $ 4

5191 ODV IXQFLRQHV H[SRQHQFLDOHV \ ORJDUÐWPLFDV 494
Hmhpsor 474 Ghwhuplqh od juäfd gh od ixqflöq
| @ de{ . f
sdud orv glihuhqwhv ydoruhv srvleohv gh d/ e | f hq U
Vroxflöq= Frqvlghuduhprv glvwlqwrv fdvrv txh vh pxhvwudq hq odv juäfdv
10 10
-4 -2 2 x 4 -4 -2 2 x 4
0 0
-10 -10
-20 -20
-30 -30
d ? 3> e A 4> f A 3 d ? 3> e A 4> f ? 3

Surslhgdg 5146 Vl d 5 U. / e 5 U. | {> | 5 U/ hqwrqfhv

l, d{ d| @ d{.|
ll, d{ e{ @ +de,{
lll, +d{ ,| @ d{|
{
ly, de @ de{
{
Hmhpsor 475 Uhvroydprv odv vljxlhqwhv hfxdflrqhv h{srqhqfldohv

41 8{ 6{4 @ 6{.4 8{4
51 5{.4 . 7{ @ ;3
Vroxflöq=
41
8{ 6{4 @ 6{.4 8{4 +, 8{ . 8{4 @ 6{.4 {4
. 64
+, 8 4. 8 @6 6. 6
{ 4 {
+, 8{ 9 @ 6{ 43
8{8 865
+, @ 65
8 { 8 5
6{
+, @ 6
+, { @ 5
6
oxhjr/ V @ i5j1
51 Frqvlghuhprv ho fdpelr gh yduldeohv x @ 5{ / hqwrqfhv
5{.4 . 7{ @ ;3 +, 5{.4 . 7{ ;3 @ 3
+, 5 5{ . +5{ ,5 ;3 @ 3
+, x5 . 5x ;3 @ 3
+, +x . 43,+x ;, @ 3
+, x @ 43 b x @ ;
Iljxuh 514= | @ vlqk+{, / | @ frvk+{,
oxhjr/ V4 @ i43> ;j/ shur x A 3/ oxhjr/ V @ i;j/ oxhjr/

5{ @ ;
gh grqgh { @ 6
Od edvh h{srqhqfldo gh xvr päv iuhfxhqwh hv h1 Sru vx xvr wdq h{whqvr/ d od ixqflöq i +{, @ h{ vh oh
oodpduä ixqflöq h{srqhqfldo1
Hq edvh d hvwd ixqflöq srghprv ghqlu od vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv=
Ghqlflöq 5147 Vh ghqh od ixqflöq vhqr klshueöolfr frpr>
vhqk = U $ U
{ {
{ $ h 5h
| frvhqr klshueöolfr frpr>
frvk = U $ U
{ {
{ $ h .5h
Odv juäfdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv vrq odv txh vh pxhvwudq hq od jxud
Khprv ylvwr txh vl e 9@ 4 od ixqflöq h{se hv xqd ixqflöq lq|hfwlyd frq uhfruulgr U. / oxhjr/ od ixqflöq
h{se = U $ U.
{ $ e{
e txh ghqrplqduhprv od ixqflöq orjdulwpr hq edvh e |

hv el|hfwlyd1 Sru or wdqwr h{lvwh vx lqyhuvd h{s4
hvfuleluhprv
h{s
e @ orje
4
hv ghflu/ od ixqflöq orjdulwpr hq edvh e vh ghqh frpr

orje = U. $ U
{ $ orje +{, @ |
grqgh
| @ orje +{, +, { @ e|
Hmhpsor 476 41 orj5 +7, @ 5 sxhv 55 @ 71

51 orj5 + 47 , @ 5 sxhv 55 @ 47 1
61 orj 45 +7, @ 5 sxhv + 45 ,5 @ 71
Od uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd gh od ixqflöq orjdulwpr hv od txh pxhvwud od jxud

Revhuydflöq=
41 Vl e A 4/ hqwrqfhv orje hv xqd ixqflöq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1

51 Vl 3 ? e ? 4/ hqwrqfhv orje hv xqd ixqflöq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Dghpäv gh od juäfd hv fodur
txh
61 Vl e A 4 | { A 4/ hqwrqfhv orje +{, A 31
71 Vl e A 4 | 3 ? { ? 4/ hqwrqfhv orje +{, ? 31
81 Vl 3 ? e ? 4 | 3 ? { ? 4/ hqwrqfhv orje +{, A 31
91 Vl 3 ? e ? 4 | { A 4/ hqwrqfhv orje +{, ? 3
Hvwd hv xqd exhqd lqirupdflöq sdud uhvroyhu dojxqdv lqhfxdflrqhv | judfdu ixqflrqhv uhodflrqdgdv frq
ixqflrqhv orjduðwplfdv1 Sru hmhpsor/ ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq
s
orj 45 +{, orj5 +{, . { 4 +5143,
hv ho lqwhuydor ^4> 4^1 Hq hihfwr/ orv wìuplqrv hq + 5143, wlhqhq vljqlfdgr hq U vl { A 3 | { 4/ hv ghflu/
{ 5 ^4> 4^ | frpr> s
orj5 +{, 3 | { 4 3
sdud { 4/ hqwrqfhv s
orj5 +{, . { 4 3 ;{ 5 ^4> 4^
Sru rwud sduwh
orj 45 +{, 3
sdud { 4/ hq frqvhfxhqfld/ od ghvljxdogdg 5143 vh fxpsoh sdud wrgr
{ 5 ^4> 4^ oxhjr
V @ ^4> 4^
Revhuyhprv txh hq { @ 3 od ixqflöq orje +{, qr hvwä ghqlgd1 Gluhprv txh od uhfwd { @ 3 hv xqd
dvðqwrwd yhuwlfdo sdud od ixqflöq1
Xqd dvðqwrwd yhuwlfdo { @ {3 qrv lqglfd txh sdud { fhufdqrv d {3 odv lpäjhqhv i+{, fuhfhq r ghfuhfhq
lqghqlgdphqwh1
Hq dojxqrv fdvrv/ sdud judfdu dsur{lpdgdphqwh od fxuyd txh uhsuhvhqwd d xqd ixqflöq/ hv vxflhqwh
ghwhuplqdu ho grplqlr/ odv dvðqwrwdv/ odv lqwhuvhfflrqhv frq orv hmhv gh frrughqdgdv/ | hq txì lqwhuydorv od
ixqflöq hv srvlwlyd +qhjdwlyd,1 Sru hmhpsor
Judtxhprv od ixqflöq | @ i+{,/ grqgh
| @ orj 56 mm { . 5 m 8 m
Vroxflöq= Ghwhuplqhprv ho grplqlr
Grpi @ i{ 5 U =mm { . 5 m 8 mA 3j
@ i{ 5 U =mm { . 5 m 8 m9@ 3j
@ i{ 5 U = { 9@ 6 a { 9@ :j
Oxhjr
Grpi @ U i:> 6j
Odv dvðqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv gh od ixqflöq sdvdq sru dtxhoorv sxqwrv grqgh ho dujxphqwr gho orjdulwpr hv fhur/
oxhjr/ odv dvðqwrwdv vrq odv uhfwdv
{ @ 6> { @ :
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv odv lqwhuvhfflrqhv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv
Vl | @ 3/ hqwrqfhv
orj 56 mm { . 5 m 8 m@ 3
gh grqgh
mm { . 5 m 8 m@ 4
or txh htxlydoh d
m { . 5 m 8 @ 4 b m { . 5 m 8 @ 4
+, m { . 5 m@ 9 b m { . 5 m@ 7
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whqhprv txh ho ydoru uhvxowdqwh gh hvwh surfhvr hv 3/ d glihuhqfld gho juäfr ghuhfkr gh od jxud dqwhulru
txh qrv pxhvwud txh ho plvpr surfhvr uhdol}dgr d xq sxqwr {3 A 4/ wlhqgh d xq ydoru lqqlwdphqwh judqgh1
Yhd Xg1 txh rfxuuh hq rwud fdvrv wdohv frpr {3 5` 4> 3^> {3 ? 4> {3 @ 4/ hwf1
Ho surfhvr dqwhulru vh sxhgh ghvfulelu phgldqwh xqd ixqflöq gh Q hq U
{ = Q $ U
q $ {+q, @ {q
4;8
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grqgh q lqglfd odv yhfhv txh vh kd dsolfdgr od ixqflöq i+{, | {q lqglfd od uhvxowdqwh/ hv ghflu/
{4 @ i+{3 ,
{5 @ i+i+{3 ,, @ i 5 +{3 ,
{6 @ i+i+i+{3 ,,, @ i 6 +{3 ,
{7 @ i+i+i+i+{3 ,,,, @ i 7 +{3 ,> = = = > hwf1
Yroylhqgr d od qrwdflöq gh ixqflrqhv/ hvwd vxfhvlöq hv=

{ = Q $ U
q $ 5
4
q
dvð orv hohphqwrv gh od vxfhvlöq vrq
4 4 4 4 4
> > > > >
5 7 9 ; 43
Ho gìflpr wìuplqr hv 53
4
/ ho fxduwr wìuplqr hv 4; / ho q0ìvlpr wìuplqr hv 54q 1
Vl q hv vxshu judqgh% BcFhufd gh txì ydoru vh hqfxhqwud {q B

Hmhpsor 487 +{q ,4 @ q 4 1 Hq h{whqvr od vxfhvlöq hv
q@4 q.4 q@4
4 5 6 7 8
> > > > >
5 6 7 8 9
Ho txlqwr wìuplqr hv 89 1 Vl q hv vxshu judqgh% BcFhufd gh txì ydoru vh hqfxhqwud {q B
Hmhpsor 488 Hq od vxfhvlöq s s
4> 5> 6> 5>
s
ho txlqwr wìuplqr hv 8
Bc {q vh dfhufd d xq qýphur uhdo fxdqgr q hv judqgrwhB
Hmhpsor 489 Pxfkdv yhfhv odv vxfhvlrqhv vrq ghqlgdv hq irupd uhfxuvlyd/ sru hmhpsor
Vhd {3 5`3> 4^ vh ghqh
{4 @ {3
{q @ {5q4 vl q A 4
Vl txhuhprv hvwd vxfhvlöq frpr xq olvwdgr/ ghehprv fdofxodu {5 > {6 > {7 > hwf1
Sru hmhpsor ho fxduwr wìuplqr hv
{7 @ +{6 ,5 @ ++{5 ,5 ,5 @ +++{4 ,5 ,5 ,5 @ +++{3 ,5 ,5 ,5 @ {;3
Dvð od vxfhvlöq hv
{3 > {53 > {73 > {;3 > {49
3
> {65
3
>
Vl {3 @ 4
od vxfhvlöq hv
4 4 4 4 4 4
5
> > > > > >

5 7 ; 49 65 97
BcD txì ydoru wlhqgh% {q vl {3 @ 45 B
Od uhvsxhvwd wdpelìq ixh gdgd hq od jxud I} ghuhfkd1
Hmhpsor 48: Vhd +{q ,4

q@4 ghqlgd uhfxuvlydphqwh sru
{4 @ 4
{q @ vhq+{q4 , vl q A 4
Phgldqwh od wìfqlfd juäfd gdgd do lqlflr yhd d txh ydoru vh dfhufd {q fxdqgr q hv judqgh +hv ghflu/
judtxh | @ { h | @ vhq+{,1 Uhfxhugh txh 4 ? 5 ,1
Bc Txì rfxuuh vl {4 @ 4 vh fdpeld sru {4 @ 43B
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615 Vxfhvlrqhv
Ghqlflöq 614 Xqd vxfhvlöq gh qýphurv uhdohv4 hv xqd ixqflöq fx|r grplqlr hv ho frqmxqwr gh orv
qýphurv qdwxudohv r vxefrqmxqwr G gh Q gh od irupd G @ ^d> 4^_Q | vx uhfruulgr hv xq vxefrqmxqwr
gh orv uhdohv1
Vh hvfuleh> { = Q $ U r { = G $ U
q $ {+q, @ {q q $ {+q, @ {q
Uhfrughprv txh xqd ixqflöq hv hq sduwlfxodu xqd uhodflöq> dvð xqd vxfhvlöq { hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh
Q U/ hv ghflu/ od vxfhvlöq { hv ho frqmxqwr
i+4> {+4,,> +5> {+5,,> +6> {+6,,> +q> {+q,,> j
shur d fdpelr gh hvwr vh dqrwd vlpsohphqwh
{4 > {5 > {6 > {7 >
grqgh {q lqglfd ho ydoru gh {+q, oodpdgr q0ìvlpr wìuplqr

Qrwdflöq= Rwudv irupdv uhvxplgdv gh dqrwdu vxfhvlrqhv vrq=
+{q ,4
q@4 > i{q j4
q@4 > +{q ,q4 > i{q jq4 >
r h{wuhpdqgr od vlpsolfdflöq vh dqrwd vlpsohphqwh +{q ,> i{q j
4 4
Hmhpsor 48; +{q ,4 q@4 @ 5q q@4 /
Revhuydflöq= Qr vh gheh frqixqglu xqd vxfhvlöq frq vx uhfruulgr1 Hq ho fdvr gh od vxfhvlöq +{q , @ +4,q /
hv ghflu/ od vxfhvlöq 4> 4> 4> 4> 4> 4> wlhqh frpr uhfruulgr ho frqmxqwr i4> 4j @ Uhf+{,1 Xqd vxfhvlöq
vlhpsuh wlhqh lqqlwrv wìuplqrv/ ho txlqwr wìuplqr gh hvwd hv 04/ ho ghflpr wìuplqr hv 41
Ghqlflöq 615 Gluhprv txh xqd vxfhvlöq +{q , hv dfrwdgd vl vx uhfruulgr hv xq frqmxqwr dfrwdgr/ l1h1/
<N 5 U wdo txh ;q 5 Q> m{q m ? N=
Dqäorjdphqwh vh ghqh vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh | dfrwdgd lqihulruphqwh1
Ghqlflöq 616 Gluhprv txh xqd vxfhvlöq +{q , hv fuhflhqwh vl hood frpr ixqflöq hv fuhflhqwh/ hv ghflu/
{4 {5 {6 {7
Dqäorjdphqwh vh ghqh hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ ghfuhflhqwh/ hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1

Gh xqd pdqhud päv irupdo
41 +{q , hv xqd vxfhvlöq fuhflhqwh vl | vöor vl
+;q 5 G,+{q {q.4 ,
51 +{q , hv xqd vxfhvlöq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl | vöor vl
+;q 5 G,+{q ? {q.4 ,
61 +{q , hv xqd vxfhvlöq ghfuhflhqwh vl | vöor vl
+;q 5 G,+{q {q.4 ,

4 Hq ho fdvr gh xqd vxfhvlöq gh qýphurv frpsohmrv vh fdpeld U sru F
4;; FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLÖQ
71 +{q , hv xqd vxfhvlöq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl | vöor vl
+;q 5 G,+{q A {q.4 ,
Gluhprv txh xqd vxfhvlöq +{q , hv prqöwrqd vl | vöor vl hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh
Ghqlflöq 617 Vhd +nq ,4 q@4 xqd vxfhvlöq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh gh qýphurv qdwxudohv | vhd +{q ,q@4 xqd
4
vxfhvlöq duelwuduld gh qýphurv uhdohv/ od frpsxhvwd { n/ hv ghflu/ +{nq ,q@4 hv oodpdgd vxevxfhvlöq gh
4
+{q ,4
q@4
Hmhpsor 48< Od vxfhvlöq + q4 , hv dfrwdgd sxhv h{lvwh n @ 4 5 U wdo txh sdud wrgr q 5 Q vh wlhqh> m q4 m 41
Sru rwud sduwh + q4 , hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh+prqöwrqd,1 Hq hihfwr=
Hv fodur txh sdud wrgr q 5 Q> q ? q . 4 hqwrqfhv sru surslhgdg gh orv qýphurv uhdohv vh wlhqh
4 4
A
q q.4
oxhjr ;q 5 Q > {q A {q.4
Hmhpsor 493 Od vxfhvlöq +q,4 q@4 qr hv dfrwdgd sxhv qr h{lvwh n hq U wdo txh mqm N +Uhfrugdu txh ho
frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv qdwxudohv Q qr hv dfrwdgr,1
Vlq hpedujr hv fodur txh +q, hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ sxhv
;q 5 Q > q ? q . 4
Hmhpsor 494 +{q ,4 q@4 @ + q.4 ,q@4 hv xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd +4 hv xqd frwd vxshulru, | prqöwrqd/ +hvwulf0
q 4
wdphqwh fuhflhqwh,1
Hmhpsor 495 +{q ,4 q@4 @ + q.6 ,q@4 hv xqd vxfhvlöq qr dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh vöor lqihulruphqwh/ {q hv
q5 4
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 496 +{q , @ + +54,q , hv xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd/ qr hv prqöwrqd | wlhqh d + 494q5 ,4
q@4 frpr vxe0
q
vxfhvlöq |d txh od vxfhvlöq gh qýphurv qdwxudohv +;q ,q@4 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1 Frqvlghudqgr od
5 4
vxfhvlöq +6q,4
q@4 vh wlhqh txh + 9q ,q@4 wdpelìq hv xqd vxevxfhvlöq gh {q 1
+4,
6q
4
41 Wrgd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd hv pöqrwrqd1

51 Wrgd vxfhvlöq pöqrwrqd hv dfrwdgd1
61 Od vxfhvlöq + +q4, , hv prqöwrqd1
q
s
71 Od vxfhvlöq +q, hv xqd vxevxfhvlöq gh + q,1
Vroxflöq=
41 Idovr1 Od vxfhvlöq ++4,q , hv dfrwdgd shur qr hv fuhflhqwh ql ghfuhflhqwh1

51 Idovr1 Od vxfhvlöq +q, hv fuhflhqwh oxhjr hv prqöwrqd shur qr hv dfrwdgd1
61 Idovr1 Vhd {q @ hqwrqfhv {4 @ 4> {5 @ 45 > {6 @ 1

+ 4,
q
4
q 6
71 Oxhjr {4 ? {5 shur {5 A {6 1 Dvð{q qr hv fuhflhqwh ql ghfuhflhqwh sru or wdqwr qr hv prqöwrqd1

s
81 Yhugdghur1 Vhd {q @ q | vhd nq @ q5 1 Fodudphqwh +nq , hv xqd vxfhvlöq gh qdwxudohv fuhflhqwh |
s
+{ n,+q, @ {+nq , @ {+q5 , @ q5 @ q
oxhjr ++{ n,q , @ +q,q hv xqd vxevxfhvlöq gh +{q ,1

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Revhuydflöq= Revhuydu txh xqd vxfhvlöq +|q , hv xqd vxevxfhvlöq gh xqd vxfhvlöq +{q , vl +|q , hvwäq
lqfoxlgrv5 hq orv wìuplqrv gh od vxfhvlöq +{q , | dghpäv h{lvwh xqd vxfhvlöq +nq , gh qdwxudohv fuhflhqwh wdo
txh +{ n,+q, @ |q 1
Dojxqdv vxfhvlrqhv gh lqwhuìv hq fxuvrv srvwhulruhv vrq odv txh hvwxglduhprv hq orv vljxlhqwhv hmhpsorv1
Hmhpsor 498 Vl u 5 `3> 4^ hqwrqfhv od vxfhvlöq +{q , @ +uq , hv dfrwdgd | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
Ghprvwudflöq= Vhd u 5`3> 4^ | q 5 Q1 Frpr u A 3 hqwrqfhv uq A 3/ oxhjr +uq , hvwä dfrwdgd lqihulruphqwh
sru 31 Rfxsdqgr ho khfkr txh od ixqflöq h{srqhqfldo h{su hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vh wlhqh txh=
q A 3 , uq ? u3
hv ghflu uq ? 41 Hq frqvhfxhqfld +uq , hvwä dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh sru 41

Sru ho plvpr dujxphqwr vh wlhqh txh=
q ? q . 4 , uq.4 ? uq
Sru or wdqwr +uq , hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 499 Vl u A 4 hqwrqfhv +uq , hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ shur qr hv dfrwdgd1
Ghprvwudflöq= Vhd q 5 Q> u A 4
q ? q . 4 , h{su +q, ? h{su +q . 4,

, uq ? uq.4
oxhjr +uq , hv hvfwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1

Dkrud sureduhprv txh +uq , qr hv dfrwdgd vl u A 4 +Sru pìwrgr gho devxugr,1
Vxsrqjdprv txh +uq , hv dfrwdgd oxhjr/ h{lvwh n 5 U. wdo txh
uq n ;q 5 Q
shur
uq n +, uq uorju +n,
+, q orju +n,
Dvð
q orju n ;q 5 Q
gh grqgh orju +n, hv frwd vxshulru gho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv qdwxudohv/ or fxdo hv xqd frqwudglfflöq +sxhv
Q qr hv dfrwdgr,1
Revhuydflöq= Rwud irupd gh suredu txh +uq , qr hv dfrwdgr +vl u A 4, hv od vljxlhqwh=
Frpr d vh sxhgh hvfulelu d @ 4 . k frq k A 3/ whqhprv sru ho ghvduuroor gho elqrplr txh=
dq @ +4 . k,q @ 4 . qk . . qkq4 . kq
| frpr wrgrv orv vxpdqgrv vrq srvlwlyrv rewhqhprv od ghvljxdogdg gh Ehuqrxool
dq A 4 . qk > ;q
frpr od vxfhvlöq +4 . qk,4

q@4 qr hv dfrwdgd/ wdpsrfr or hv +{q , @ +d , sxhv +{q , hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
q
Hq edvh d od vxfhvlöq dqwhulru ghqdprv xqd qxhyd vxfhvlöq=
5 shqvdgr frpr uhfruulgr gh od vxfhvlöq
4<3 FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLÖQ
Hmhpsor 49: Gdgr u 5 `3> 4^/ vh ghqh od vxfhvlöq 6

+{q , uhfxuvlydphqwh frpr vljxh
{3 @ 4
{q @ {q4 . uq > q 4
dvð od vxfhvlöq hv
4> 4 . u> 4 . u . u5 > 4 . u . u5 . u6 >
S
Ho q0ìvlpr wìuplqr hv {q @ 4 . u . u5 . . uq @ ql@3 ul txh fruuhvsrqgh d od vxpd gh q . 4 wìuplqrv
gh xqd surjuhvlöq jhrpìwulfd gh ud}öq u/ dvð txh
4 uq.4
{q @ > ;q 5 Q
4u
Revhuydflöq= Od ljxdogdg dqwhulru vh sxhgh suredu sru lqgxfflöq1 Fodudphqwh vh yh txh +{q , hv
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh | hv dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh sru 4
4
u1
Frpr fdvr sduwlfxodu gh od vxfhvlöq dqwhulru wrphprv u @ 45 > ho wìuplqr q0ìvlpr qrv txhgd
4 4 4 4 4 4 5q4.4 4
{q @ 4 . . . . .. q @ @ 5+4 q.4 , ? 5
5 7 ; 49 5 4 54
5
txlìq hv dfrwdgd sru 5/ hv ghflu/ m{q m ? 5 sdud wrgr q1
Hmhpsor 49; Xqd vxfhvlöq px| xwlol}dgd hq fäofxor hv od vxfhvlöq txh wlhqh frpr q0ìvlpr wìuplqr d
4 4 4 4
{q @ 4 . . . ..
4$ 5$ 6$ q$
q@4 hv fodudphqwh fuhflhqwh1 Hood hv dfrwdgd frpr vh sxhgh yhu hq od ghvljxdogdg
+{q ,4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
{q @ 4 . . . . . ?4.4. . . . . q4 ? 4 . 5 @ 6
4$ 5$ 6$ q$ 5 55 555 5
|d txh hvwd ýowlpd vxfhvlöq hv dfrwdgd +frpr vh ylö dqwhulruphqwh,1
Hmhpsor 49< Vhd +|q ,4 q@4 od vxfhvlöq txh wlhqh frpr wìuplqr jhqhudo +hv ghflu/ q0ìvlpr wìuplqr, |q @
+4 . q4 ,q 1
Sru ho ghvduuroor gh Elqrplr gh Qhzwrq vh wlhqh txh
4 q+q 4, 4 5
@ 4 . q+ , .
|q + , .
q 5$ q
q+q 4,+q 5,+q 6, +6,+5,+4, 4 q
. + ,
q$ q
4 4 4 4 5
@ 4 . 4 . +4 , . +4 ,+4 , .
5$ q 6$ q q
4 4 5 6 q4
. +4 ,+4 ,+4 , +4 ,
q$ q q q q
Revhuyhprv txh wrgrv orv idfwruhv gh orv vxpdqgrv gho wìuplqr |q vrq srvlwlyrv/ dghpäv vh wlhqh/ hq
fdgd vxpdqgr/ txh ho idfwru txh dfrpsdôd n4$ hv phqru txh 4/ dvð frpsdudqgr vxpdqgr sru vxpdqgr frq
od vxfhvlöq {q gho hmhpsor dqwhulru/ rewhqhprv txh
|q ? {q ;q 5 Q
| frpr +{q ,4q@4 hv dfrwdgr/ vh wlhqh txh +|q ,q@4 hv wdpelìq dfrwdgd1
4
Bc Hv +|q ,q@4 xqd vxfhvlöq fuhflhqwh B
4
s
Hmhpsor 4:3 Od vxfhvlöq +}q ,4 q@4 @ q hv ghfuhflhqwh d sduwlu gh xq q3 dsursldgr | fodudphqwh hv
q
dfrwdgd lqihulruphqwh sru fhur/ wdpelìq vh sxhgh yhu txh hv dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh frpsdudqgrod frq
+|q ,4
q@4
6 Qr fdpeld od ghqlflöq vl vh wrpd Q ö Qf hq od ghqlflöq gh vxfhvlöq
6161 OÐPLWH GH XQD VXFHVLÖQ 4<4
616 Oðplwh gh xqd Vxfhvlöq

Hq hvwd vhfflöq fodulfduhprv ho vljqlfdgr gh {q vh dfhufd d O%> O 5 U1 Yhdprv orv vljxlhqwhv hmhpsorv
dq @ q4 vh dfhufd d 3
eq @ + 45 ,q . 4 vh dfhufd d 4
fq @ +4,q vh dfhufd d 4 | d 04
Sq
gq @ l@3
4
5l
vh dfhufd d 5
hq @ q6 vh dfhufd d lqqlwr
Sdud hvwr qhfhvlwdprv ho frqfhswr gh yhflqgdg
Ghqlflöq 618 Vhd s 5 U1 Xqd yhflqgdg r yhflqgdg delhuwd gho sxqwr s hv vlpsohphqwh xq frqmxqwr/
txh frqwlhqh d s/ gho wlsr
Ys>% @ i{ 5 Um m{ sm ? %j > grqgh % 5 U. =
Ghvduuroodqgr od lqhfxdflöq txh ghqh d Ys>% whqhprv txh od yhqflgdg Ys>% hv ho lqwhuydor delhuwr txh
wlhqh frpr fhqwur7 d s/ hv ghflu/
Ys>% @`s %> s . %^
Hmhpsor 4:4 Vl s @ 5/ vrq yhflqgdghv gh 5/ orv lqwhuydorv `4/ 6^> `41</ 514^> `41<<<<</ 5133334^ | hq
jhqhudo `5 %> 5 . %^ uhsuhvhqwd wrgdv odv yhflqgdghv gh 5/ edvwd wrpdu % 5 U. 1 Hq ho sulphu hmhpsor % @ 4/
ghvsxhv % @ 3=4 | hq ho ýowlpr % @ 3=333341
Hvwd ýowlpd yhflqgdg fruuhvsrqgh do wlsr gh yhqflgdghv txh xvduhprv1 Od lghd hv wrpdu % shtxhôr
+vxshu shtxhôr,
Ghqlflöq 619 Vhd O 5 U | +{q ,4 q@4 xqd vxfhvlöq gh qýphurv uhdohv/ gluhprv txh {q frqyhujh d O
fxdqgr q wlhqgh d lqqlwr r txh ho oðplwh gh {q hv O/ fxdqgr q wlhqgh d lqqlwr r vlpsohphqwh {q
frqyhujh d O vl vh wlhqh txh sdud fxdotxlhu yhflqgdg gh O> YO>% / txh vh wrph +hv ghflu/ dýq txh % vhd
vxshu shtxhôr%, vlhpsuh txhgduä vöor xqd fdqwlgdg qlwd gh wìuplqrv gh od vxfhvlöq ixhud gh od yhflqgdg
YO>% +| sru or wdqwr wrgrv orv rwurv lqqlwrv wìuplqrv txhgdq dghqwur,1
Qrwdflöq=
olp { @ O ö olp {q @ O ö {q $ O
q$4 q 4 q$4
Hq rwudv sdodeudv> olpq$4 {q @ O vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh O/ YO>% / h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh d sduwlu gh
Q +hv ghflu/ sdud q A Q , orv wìuplqrv {q shuwhqhfh d YO>%
Hq ho fdvr gh vxfhflrqhv fuhflhqwhv r ghfuhflhqwhv vh dqrwd
{q ( O {q ) O
q$4 q$4
Sdud srghu wudedmdu frq od ghqlflöq dqwhulru oohyhprv hvdv iudvhv d xq ohqjxdmh päv irupdo
Frpr od yhflqgdg YO>% hvwä ghwhuplqdgd sru %/ ghflu/ fxdotxlhu yhflqgdg htxlydoh d ghflu ;%> % A 31
7 Vh sxhgh ghqlu yhflqgdg gh s frpr lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d s/ qr vlhqgr qhfhvduldphqwh ho sxqwr s ho fhqwur gh
ìo1 Dpedv ghqlflrqhv vrq htxlydohqwhv1 Suxìehor

Iljxud Q
Xqd fdqwlgdg qlwd gh wìuplqrv txhgdq dixhud%> +yhu jxud Q,> vxsrqjdprv txh {q4 > {q5 > {q6 > > {qn
frq q4 ? q5 ? q6 ? q7 ? ? qn vrq orv wìuplqrv rughqdgrv txh txhgduäq ixhud gh YO>% / hqwrqfhv or
txh rfxuuh hv txh orv wìuplqrv vljxlhqwhv gh {qn / hv ghflu/ {qn .4 > {qn .5 > {qn .6 > hwf1 wrgrv hvwäq hq ho
lqwhulru gh od yhflqgdg YO>% 1
Dvð whqhprv txh kd| xq ðqglfh/ +hq hvwh fdvr qn , wdo txh vl wrpdprv xq wìuplqr {q frq ðqglfh q pd|ru
txh hvh qn / hvwh wìuplqr shuwhqhfh d YO> %
Hv qdwxudo shqvdu txh vl % A od fdqwlgdg gh wìuplqrv gh od vxfhvlöq txh txhgdq dixhud gh YO> hv
pd|ru/ suredeohphqwh/ d od fdqwlgdg gh wìuplqrv txh txhgdq ixhud gh YO> % / sru or wdqwr ho ðqglfh qn
phqflrqdgr dqwhulruphqwh/ d sduwlu gho fxdo wrgrv orv wìuplqrv gh od vxfhvlöq txhgd hq YO> hv pd|ru txh
ho rewhqlgr sru YO> % 1 Hvwr qrv loxvwud od ghshqghqfld gho qn gh od yhqflgdg YO> % lqglfdqgr hvwr sru qn + %,1
Uhvxplhqgr wrgr or dqwhulru qrv txhgd=
; %> % A 3 <Q + %, 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q + %, vh wlhqh {q 5 YO> %
r htxlydohqwhphqwh=
olp { @ O +, ; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q , m{q Om ? %
q$4 q
Ghqlflöq 61: Xqd vxfhvlöq txh wlhqh oðplwh vh glfh frqyhujhqwh | hq fdvr frqwudulr/hv ghflu/ vl qr
wlhqh oðplwh/ vh glfh glyhujhqwh
Hmhpsor 4:5 Od vxfhvlöq frqvwdqwh +f, hv frqyhujhqwh d f/ sxhv olpq$4 f @ f
Od vxfhvlöq +5q , hv glyhujhqwh/ sxhv qr h{lvwh olpq$4 5q / |d txh sru ho hmhpsor dqwhulru whqhprv txh
hv fuhflhqwh | qr dfrwdgd1
Hmhpsor 4:6 Uhfrughprv od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd txh vdwlvidfhq orv qýphurv uhdohv1
4
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh 3 ? ? %=
Q
Frq hvwd surslhgdg vh sxhgh suredu txh od vxfhvlöq +{q ,4 q@4 @ + 5q . 4,q@4 hv frqyhujhqwh |d txh
4 4
olpq$4 {q @ 41 Sdud suredu hvwd ýowlpd ljxdogdg ghehprv wrpdu % A 3 duelwudulr +|d txh hv ; % A 3, |
sdud hvh qýphur uhdo ghehprv hqfrqwudu xq Q wdo txh vl q A Q vh whqjd txh
4
m{q 4m ? %> or txh htxlydoh d % ? ? %
5q
frpr 54q A 3/ ghehprv suhrfxsduqrv gh suredu txh 3 ? 54q ? % shur frpr 54q ? q4 / vl orjudprv suredu txh
3 ? q4 ? % d sduwlu gh xq Q +hv ghflu/ vl q A Q , rewhqhprv od ghvljxdogdg exvfdgd
Sru ghprvwudu= olpq$4 {q @ 41

Sru surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd whqhprv
4
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh 3 ? ? %
Q
sru or wdqwr
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q
3 ? 54q ? q4 ? Q4 ? %
Dvð
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q> % ? 54q ? %
txh hv htxlydohqwh8 d
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q +q A Q , m{q 4m ? %,
Dqäorjdphqwh vh suxhed txh olpq$4 qk
4
@ 3/ vl k 5 U i3j1
Hmhpsor 4:7
olp uq @ 3 frq 3 ? u ? 4
q$4
\d txh 3 ? u ? 4> 4u A 4> sru or wdqwr h{lvwh k A 3 wdo txh 4u @ 4 . k/ oxhjr whqhprv
4
@ +4 . k,q @ 4 . qk . . kq qk
uq
Dvð/
4 4
uq @
4 . qk . . kq qk
Frpr olpq$4 qk
4
@ 3 vh wlhqh txh
4
; % A 3 <Q wdo txh q A Q , 3 ? ? %
qk
Gh hvwd irupd
4
; % A 3 <Q +ho plvpr dqwhulru, wdo txh q A Q , muq 3m ? ? %
qk
Hmhpsor 4:8 Ghpxhvwuh
5q 8
olp @5
q$4 q . 4
Ghprvwudflöq= Whqhprv txh ghprvwudu txh

5q 8
+;% A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+;q 5 Q,+q A Q , 5 ? %,
q.4
Dqwhv gh frphq}du frq od ghprvwudflöq ghwhuplqhprv xq uhdo dsursldgr do fxdo dsolfduoh od surslhgdg
dutxlphgldqd1
Qrwhprv txh
5q 8 5q 8 5q 5 : : :

q.4 5@

@
q . 4 @ q . 4 ? q +614,
q.4
Gdgr % A 3/ txhuhprv suredu txh h{lvwh xq qdwxudo Q wdo txh sdud fxdotxlhu q 5 Q frq q A Q / vh
whqjd txh
5q 8

q.4 4 ?%
+615,
8 Qrwh txh % hv duelwudulr/ s hur vh slhqvd vlhpsuh txh hv s htxhôr/ % ' vhuðd px| judqgh
Hv fodur sru +614, txh= vl h{lvwh Q wdo txh q: ? % sdud q A Q / whqguhprv od ghvljxdogdg +615,1 Sru or
wdqwr exvtxhprv wdo Q1
Revhuyhprv txh q: ? % htxlydoh d :% ? q1 Hqwrqfhv gdgr % A 3/ frqvlghuhprv ho uhdo :% | xvdqgr od
surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd ghprvwuduhprv +BB,1
Ghprvwudflöq= Vhd % A 3/ hqwrqfhv sru surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh Q A :% 1
Vhd q 5 Q wdo txh q A Q / shur Q A :% / oxhjr q A :% / or txh htxlydoh d q: ? % shur

: : 5q 8 :
? |
5 @
q.4 q q.4 q.4

8
sru or wdqwr 5qq.4 5 ? q: ? %= Dvð/ khprv suredgr +BB,1
Hmhpsor 4:9 Ghpxhvwuh

4
olp @3
q$4 qs@t
gdgr s> t 5 ]. 1
Sru ghprvwudu
4
+;% A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+;q 5 Q,+q A Q , s@t ? %,
q
Ghprvwudflöq= Vhd % A 3/ hqwrqfhv frqvlghuhprv ho uhdo + 4% ,t@s
Sru surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh
4
Q A + ,t@s +616,
%
Vhd q 5 Q wdo txh q A Q hqwrqfhv sru +616,
4
q A + ,t@s
%
gh grqgh
4
% A + ,s@t sdud q A Q
q
Dvð sdud % A 3 gdgr hqfrqwudprv Q wdo txh vl q A Q vh wlhqh
4
+ ,s@t ? %
q
Sru frqvljxlhqwh olpq$4 qs@t
4
@ 31
Hmhpsor 4:: Od vxfhvlöq +{q ,4 q@4 @ ++4, ,q@4 glyhujh |d txh vl wrpdprv od yhflqgdg Y4> 47 /hv ghflu/
q4
O @ 4 | % @ 7 / ghmd lqqlwrv wìuplqrv gh od vxfhvlöq ixhud gh hood +orv wìuplqrv frq ðqglfh q lpsdu,> or
plvpr rfxuuh frq Y4> 47 yhu jxud QQ
4
Iljxud QQ
Frq hvwh plvpr hmhpsor yhprv od qhfhvlgdg gh ghprvwudu txh ho oðplwh gh xqd vxfhvlöq hv ýqlfr sru
hvr xvdprv ho% | qr orv%1
Whruhpd 61; +Xqlflgdg gho Oðplwh, Ho oðplwh gh xqd vxfhvlöq +{q ,4

q@4 hv ýqlfr/ hv ghflu/
olp {q @ d a olp {q @ e , d @ e
Ghprvwudflöq= Surfhghuhprv sru ho devxugr/ hvwr vljqlfd txh vxsrqguhprv txh d 9@ e | oohjduhprv d
xqd frqwudglfflöq1
Hvhqfldophqwh kduhprv or plvpr txh hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru1 Frpr d 9@ e vh wlhqh txh ho qýphur
mdem 9@ 3 | srvlwlyr1 \d txh olp { @ d/ sdud % @ mdem h{lvwh xq Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q> { 5 Y >
q q d> %
sru rwud sduwh vh wlhqh txh olp {q @ e/ dvð sdud ho plvpr % h{lvwh xq P 5 Q wdo txh q A P> {q 5 Ye> % 1
7 7
Qrwh txh Yd> % _ Ye> % @ ! +frpr hq od jxudQQ frq d @ 4 | e @ 4,/ shur vl wrpdprv q wdo txh
q A Q a q A P vh wlhqh txh {q 5 Yd> % a {q 5 Ye> % / hv ghflu/ {q 5 Yd> % _ Ye> % / dvð Yd> % _ Ye> % 9@ !/ or
fxdo qrv oohyd d xqd frqwudglfflöq1

Hvwh whruhpd hv px| ýwlo sdud prvwudu txh xqd vxfhvlöq hv glyhujhqwh/ sru hmhpsor
q@4 @ +4, +6 . q ,q@4 glyhujh

+{q ,4 q 4 4
q@4 @ +vhq+ ; q,,q@4 glyhujh

+{q ,4 4
Whruhpd 61< Vl od vxfhvlöq +{q , frqyhujh d O hqwrqfhv wrgd vxevxfhvlöq gh hood wdpelìq frqyhujh d O1
Qrwhprv txh hv xq whruhpd gho wlsr s , t

Ghprvwudflöq= Vhd +{nq , xqd vxevxfhvlöq gh +{q ,1
Frpr nq hv xqd ixqflöq fuhflhqwh hq Q vh wlhqh
4 n4 n5 n6 nq frq q nq
Sru or wdqwr/ frpr olpq$4 {q @ O vh wlhqh txh
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q = q A Q , {q 5 YO> %
oxhjr
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q = nq A q A Q , {nq 5 YO> %
Dvð
olp { @ O
n$4 nq

Frurodulr 6143 Vl olpq$4 {q @ d hqwrqfhv sdud wrgr n 5 Q olpq$4 {q.n @ d
Or txh glfh ho frurodulr hv txh sdud hvwxgldu od frqyhujhqfld gh xqd vxfhvlöq qr lpsruwd or txh rfxuud
frq orv sulphurv wìuplqrv +orv n sulphurv wìuplqrv,
Hmhpsor 4:; Od vxfhvlöq

q
5 q 4333
{q @ 4
q q A 4333
frqyhujh d fhur +sru Frurodulr 6143,1
Dsolfduhprv ho whruhpd dqwhulru/ hq irupd gluhfwd/ sdud rewhqhu ho oð plwh gh vxfhvlrqhv hq orv hmhpsorv
txh vljxhq
Hmhpsor 4:< + 5q4 5 ,4

q@4 frqyhujh d fhur |d txh hood hv xqd vxevxfhvlöq gh + 5q ,q@4 1
4 4
Hmhuflflr 4;3 Fdofxodu ho

q5
q5 . 4
olp
q$4 q5
vl vh vdeh txh olpq$4 +4 . q4 ,q @ O1
5 q5 q5 q q5 r
Vroxflöq= \d txh qq.45 @ 4 . q45 | 4 . q45 irupd xqd vxevxfhvlöq gh +4 . q4 ,q
+wrpdqgr q5 frpr od ixqflöq fuhflhqwh, hqwrqfhv
q5
q5 . 4
olp @O
q$4 q5
Revhuydflöq= Xqd frqvhfxhqfld gho whruhpd hv txh vl xqd vxfhvlöq wlhqh grv vxevxfhvlrqhv frqyhujhqwhv
d oðplwhv glvwlqwrv/ hqwrqfhv od vxfhvlöq lqlfldo qr wlhqh oðplwh |d txh vh frqwudglfh od xqlflgdg gho oðplwh
Hmhpsor 4;4 Od vxfhvlöq

3 vl q hv lpsdu
{q @ q
q.5 vl q hv sdu
qr hv frqyhujhqwh/ sxhv od vxevxfhvlöq {5q irupdgd sru orv wìuplqrv gh oxjdu sdu frqyhujh d 4/ vlq hpedujr
od vxevxfhvlöq {5q.4 irupdgd sru orv wìuplqrv gh oxjdu lpsdu frqyhujh d 31
Dqäorjdphqwh vh wlhqh
Hmhpsor 4;5 Od vxfhvlöq ++4,q , qr frqyhujh sxhv h{lvwhq odv vxevxfhvlrqhv +{5q , @ +4, | +{5q.4 , @
+4, txh frqyhujhq d 4 | 4 uhvshfwlydphqwh1
Revhuyh txh vl +{nq , $ O qr vh wlhqh qhfhvduldphqwh txh +{q , $ O1 Hvwr vh sxhgh ylvxdol}du frq
q@4 @ +vhq+ 5 ,,q@4 1 Od vxevxfhvlöq +{5q ,q@4 frqyhujh d 3 shur +{q ,q@4 glyhujh1
+{q ,4 q 4 4 4
Dvð srghprv qrwdu txh ho whruhpd dqwhulru hv gh od irupd s , t | qr s +, t1 Xq whruhpd gho plvpr
wlsr hv ho vljxlhqwh1
Whruhpd 6144 Wrgd vxfhvlöq frqyhujhqwh hv dfrwdgd
Ghprvwudflöq= Vhd +{q ,4 q@4 frqyhujhqwh d O/ sdud % @ 4 h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q vh wlhqh txh
{q 5 YO>4 +hv ghflu/ O 4 ? {q ? O . 4,1
Vhdq
@ pd{i{4 > {5 > {6 > > {Q 4 > {Q > O . 4j
|
@ plqi{4 > {5 > {6 > > {Q 4 > {Q > O 4j
dvð sdud wrgr q 4 vh wlhqh {q 5 ^> ` sru or wdqwr ho frqmxqwr i{q = q 5 Qj hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh
q@4 hv dfrwdgd1
sru h lqihulruphqwh sru sru or wdqwr +{q ,4

Ho vljxlhqwh hmhpsor pxhvwud/ txh ho whruhpd 6144 hv vöor gh od irupd s , t1
Hmhpsor 4;6 Vhd +{q ,4 q@4 @ +frv + ; , . 7 ,q@4 od vxfhvlöq +{q ,q@4 hv dfrwdgd +dfrwdgd vxshulru0
+4, 4 4
q
q
phqwh sru 7 h lqihulrphqwh sru 7 , shur qr hv frqyhujhqwh1
8 8
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd hv lpsruwdqwh | vx ghprvwudflöq vh dsr|d ixhuwhphqwh hq ho d{lrpd gh frpsohwlwxg

gh orv qýphurv uhdohv1
Ho whruhpd päv elhq hv gh h{lvwhqfld gho oðplwh gh xqd vxfhvlöq gdgd/ d glihuhqfld gh orv whruhpdv txh
shuplwhq fdofxodu xq oðplwh1 Shur wlhqh lpsruwdqfld frqrfhu hvwh whruhpd |d txh sxhgh ydolgdu dojýq oðplwh
rewhqlgr frpsxwdflrqdophqwh/ |d txh ho oðplwh rewhqlgr hv ýqlfr | fxdotxlhu vxevxfhvlöq wlhqh ho plvpr
oðplwh1
6171 FÄOFXOR GH OÐPLWHV 4<:
Whruhpd 6145 Whruhpd frqyhujhqfld prqöwrqd=

Wrgd vxfhvlöq prqöwrqd dfrwdgd hv frqyhujhqwh
Ghprvwudflöq= Uhfrughprv txh prqöwrqd sxhgh vljqlfdu fuhflhqwh/ ghfuhflhqwh/ hwf1
q@4 xqd vxfhvlöq fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd +dqäorjr sdud orv rwurv fdvrv/ frpr ghfuhflhqwh/ hwf,/ dvð
Vhd +{q ,4
{4 {5 {6 {q {q.4
Vhd @ vxs+D, grqgh D @ i{q = q 5 Qj1
Sru fdudfwhul}dflöq gh vxsuhpr gh D vh wlhqh txh sdud wrgr % A 3 h{lvwh xq hohphqwr gh D> {Q wdo txh
% ? {Q
shur vl q A Q vh wlhqh {Q {q +fuhflhqwh, | {q + @ vxs D,1 Dvð ; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q /
% ? {Q {q ? . %>
hv ghflu/
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+q A Q , {q 5 Y> % ,
or txh vljqlfd txh olpq$4 {q @
Revhuydflöq= Vl +{q , hv ghfuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd lqihulruphqwh hqwrqfhv olp {q @ grqgh @ lqii{q =
q 5 Qj
Vl +{q , hv fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh hqwrqfhv olp {q @ grqgh @ vxsi{q = q 5 Qj1
Hmhpsor 4;7 Od vxfhvlöq +{q ,4
q@4 frq
4 4 4
{q @ 4 . . . .
4$ 5$ q$
hv fodudphqwh fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh sru 6 +dqdol}dgd hq ghwdooh dqwhulruphqwh,/ sru or wdqwr
+{q , frqyhujh d dojýq ydoru O1
Xvh od fdofxodgrud sdud yhu fxdo vhuðd ho ydoru gh O1
Hmhpsor 4;8 Od vxfhvlöq +|q ,4
q@4 frq
4 q
|q @ +4 . ,
q
hv fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd sru 6 sru or wdqwr olpq$4 |q @ V+h{lvwh,1
Xvh od fdofxodgrud sdud rewhqhu V1 Bc Txh uhodflöq h{lvwh hqwuh V | O +O gho hmhpsor dqwhulru,1
617 Fäofxor gh oðplwhv

Orv whruhpdv txh yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflöq vrq sulqflsdophqwh xwlol}dgrv sdud fdofxodu oðplwhv
Whruhpd 6146 +Fhur Dqltxlod, Vhd olpq$4 {q @ 3 h +|q ,4
q@4 xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv olpq$4 {q |q @
3
Sru ghprvwudu txh
; % A 3 <Q + %, 5 Q wdo txh q A Q , m{q |q m ? %
Ghprvwudflöq= Frpr +|q ,4q@4 hv dfrwdgd/ h{lvwh n 5 U wdo txh m|q m ? n> ;q 5 Q1
.
Dghpäv frpr +{q ,4

q@4 frqyhujh d 3 vh wlhqh txh
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q+ %,> m{q m ? %

Oxhjr/ vl m{q m ? % hqwrqfhv m{q |q m ? %n/ sru or wdqwr> gdgr % A 3 edvwd wrpdu % @ n% | sdud hvwh
ydoru whqhprv txh h{lvwh Q wdo txh q A Q , m{q m ? % / dvð m{q |q m ? nm{q m ? %1
n
Sru or wdqwr/
; % A 3 <Q @ Q + % , wdo txh q A Q , m{q |q m ? %
n

4<; FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLÖQ
Hmhpsor 4;9 Xq hmhpsor grqgh vh sxhgh xwlol}du hvwh ýowlpr whruhpd hv hq od vxfhvlöq
4 q{
i}q j @ i +frv + 5 ,,j
q q . 53
grqgh { hv mr1
Hvwd vxfhvlöq wlhqh frpr idfwruhv d odv vxfhvlrqhv i{q j @ i q4 j | i|q j @ ifrv + q5q{ ,j txh vdwlvidfhq
odv klsöwhvlv gho whruhpd/ dvð txh }q $ 31
.53
Hmhpsor 4;: Ghprvwudu

vhq+q,
olp @3
q$4 q
Hq hihfwr olpq$4 q4 @ 3 | ivhq+q,j hv dfrwdgd/ oxhjr sru whruhpd gho fhur dqltxlod whqhprv od gh0
prvwudflöq1
Dsduhqwhphqwh hvwh ýowlpr whruhpd hv vöor dsolfdeoh sdud fäofxor gh oðplwhv txh vhdq fhur/ shur qr hv
dvð sru od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflöq1
Sursrvlflöq 6147
olp { @ O +, olp +{q O, @ 3
q$4 q q$4
Hmhpsor 4;; Vl d 5 `3> 4^ hqwrqfhv olpq$4 +4 . d . . dq , @ 44 d
Ghprvwudflöq= Frpr 4 . d . . dq @ 44dd
q.4
sru or wdqwr olpq$4 +4 . d . . dq , @ olpq$4 44dd

q.4
Xvdqgr od sursrvlflöq dqwhulru/ od ghprvwudflöq frqvlvwh hq suredu txh
4 dq.4 4
olp + ,@3
q$4 4 d 4d
Shur
4 dq.4 4 dq.4 4
@ @ dq.4 + ,
4d 4d 4d 4d
| frpr
4
olp dq.4 @ 3 | + , hv xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd/
q$4 4d
vh wlhqh
4 dq.4 4
olp + ,@3
q$4 4 d 4d
4
olp +4 . d . d5 . . dq , @
q$4 4d
Whruhpd 6148 +Dojheud gh Oðplwhv, Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl olpq {q @ d | olpq |q @ e1 Hqwrqfhv
4, olpq +{q . |q , @ olpq {q . olpq |q @ d . e

5, olpq +{q |q , @ olpq {q olpq |q @ d e
6, olpq + {|qq , @ olp q {q @ d vl e 9@ 3 a | 9@ 3> ;q
olpq |q e q
5*, olpq +{q , @ olpq {q @ d> 5 U
+Edvwd wrpdu od vxfhvlöq frqvwdqwh +,4
q@4 hq 5 | vh rewlhqh od ljxdogdg,
4*, olpq +{q |q , @ olpq {q olpq |q @ d e
+Edvwd wrpdu @ 4 hq 5* | oxhjr xvdu 4 sdud rewhqhu od ljxdogdg,
6171 FÄOFXOR GH OÐPLWHV 4<<
Vl elhq hv flhuwr txh ho whruhpd vh uhhuh d ljxdogdghv/ gheh whqhuvh hq phqwh txh ho whruhpd wdpelìq
kdeod gh od frqyhujhqfld gh odv vxfhvlrqhv +{q . |q ,4 q@4 > +{q |q ,q@4 / hwf/ hv ghflu/ ho whruhpd vh uhhuh d od
4
h{lvwhqfld gh orv oðplwhv sxhvwrv d od l}txlhugd gh odv ljxdogdghv | dghpäv vh uhhuh do ydoru txh frqyhujhq1
Ghprvwudflöq= +4, Oðplwh gh od vxpd1 Frpr {q $ d hv ghflu/
; %d A 3 <Qd wdo txh q A Qd , m{q dm ? %d
Frpr |q $ e> ; %e A 3 <Qe wdo txh q A Qe , m|q em ? %e

; % A 3 +wöpdqgr %d @ %e @ 5% , <Q @ pd{iQd > Qe j wdo txh
q A Q , m{q dm ? %d a m|q em ? %e =
Sru rwud sduwh m{q . |q +d . e,m @ m+{q d, . +|q e,m m{q dm . m|q em1 Dvð vh wlhqh/ sru or
dqwhulru/ txh vl q A Q
m{q . |q +d . e,m ? %d . %e @ %
Sru or wdqwr/ ; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh q A Q , m{q . |q +d . e,m ? %=
+5, Oðplwh gho surgxfwr1 Sdud prvwudu 5 xvduhprv whruhpd | sursrvlflöq dqwhulru/ dvð frpr od ljxdogdg
{q |q de @ {q |q {q e . {q e de
@ {q +|q e, . +{q d,e
q@4 hv frqyhujhqwh/ hood hv dfrwdgd1 Od vxfhvlöq frqvwdqwh +e,q@4 wdpelìq hv dfrwdgd1

Frpr +{q ,4 4
Sru sursrvlflöq dqwhulru olpq +|q e, @ 3 | olpq +{q d, @ 3= Sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod | oðplwhv gh
od vxpd
olpq$4 +{q |q de, @ olpq$4 {q +|q e, . olpq$4 +{q d,e
@ 3.3
@ 3
Dvð
olp +{ | , @ de
q$4 q q
+6, Oðplwh gho fxrflhqwh1 Frqvlghuhprv od ljxdogdg
{q d e{q d|q 4
@ @ +e|q d{q ,
|q e e|q e|q
| ho khfkr txh + |q4 e ,4

q@4 hv xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd1
Sru +5*, olpq$4 +e{q d|q , @ ed de @ 3 vh wlhqh txh
{q d
olp + ,@3
q$4 |q e
Hmhpsor 4;< Fdofxohprv ho oðplwh gh od vxfhvlöq +{q ,4

q@4 grqgh {q @ 8q5 .q 1
q5 .5
Frpr
q5 . 5 q5 . 5 4 . q55
5 5
{q @ 5 @ 8qq5 qq @
8q . q q5 . q5 8 . q4
| |d txh olpq$4 +4 . q55 , @ 4 | olpq$4 +8 . q4 , @ 8

vh wlhqh txh
olp+4 . q55 , 4
olp {q @ @
q olp+8 . q ,
4
8
533 FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLÖQ
Revhuyhprv txh sdud fdofxodu hvwh oðplwh/ qr srghprv xvdu gluhfwdphqwh od sduwh +6, gho whruhpd
dqwhulru sxhv qr h{lvwhq orv oðplwhv olpq$4 8q5 . q | olpq$4 q5 . 51 +Hq hvwh fdvr whqhprv txh
olpq$4 8q5 . q @ 4 | olpq$4 q5 . 5 @ 4 shur 4 95 U1
Hq jhqhudo/ vh sxhgh ghprvwudu xvdqgr ho dojheud gh oðplwhv txh=
dn qn . dn4 qn4 . . d3 dn
4, olp @
q$4 en qn . en4 qn4 . . e3 en
+hq hvwh fdvr pxowlsolfdqgr sru 44@q

@qn ,1
n

dn qn . dn4 qn4 . . d3 3 vl o A n
5, olp @
q$4 eo qo . eo4 qo4 . . e3 qr h{lvwh vl o ? n
q 5 r
Hmhpsor 4<3 Od vxfhvlöq qq6 .4 .5
frqyhujh d 31
Vroxflöq=
q5 . 4 q5 . 4 4@q6
olp 6 @ olp 6
q$4 q . 4 q$4 q . 5 4@q6
4@q . 4@q6
@ olp
q$4 4 . 5@q6
olpq$4 +4@q . 4@q6 , 3
@ @ @3
olpq$4 +4 . 5@q ,
6
4
oxhjr olpq$4 qq6 .4

5
.5
@ 31
Hmhuflflr 4<4 Ghpxhvwuh txh olpq$4 qq5 .5 qr h{lvwh

6
.4
Vroxflöq= +Sru ho pìwrgr gho devxugr,

Vxsrqjdprv txh ho olpq$4 qq5 .5 h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv O 5 U
6
Gdgr txh olpq$4 q5 .4 h{lvwh +sru hmhpsor dqwhulru, hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oðplwhv/
q6 .5 .4
q6 . 5 q5 . 4
olp 5 h{lvwh
q$4 q . 4 q6 . 5
|
q6 . 5 q5 . 4 q6 . 5 q5 . 4
olp 5 6 @ olp 5 olp 6 @O3@3
q$4 q . 4 q . 5 q$4 q . 4 q$4 q . 5
Dvð
q6 . 5 q5 . 4
olp 5 +617,
q$4 q . 4 q6 . 5
Sru rwud sduwh/ hv fodur txh/
q6 . 5 q5 . 4
olp 5 @ olp 4 @ 4 +618,
q$4 q . 4 q6 . 5 q$4
Dvð sru +617, | +618, | sru od xqlflgdg gho oð plwh vh wlhqh txh 3 @ 4 or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflöq1 Od
frqwudglfflöq vh surgxmr do vxsrqhu txh h{lvwðd ho oðplwh/ sru or wdqwr olpq$4 qq5 .5 qr h{lvwh1
6
Fdofxodu
.4
+7,q . 8q
O @ olp
q$4 +7,q.4 . 5+8,q
Vroxflöq=
+ 87 ,q . 4
O @ olp
q$4 +7,+ 87 ,q . 5
6171 FÄOFXOR GH OÐPLWHV 534
Shur olpq$4 + 87 ,q @ 3 sxhv m 87 m ? 4

Oxhjr sru äojheud gh oðplwhv
+ 7 ,q . 4 olpq$4 ++ 87 ,q . 4, 4
O @ olp 87 q @ @
q$4 + 8 , . 5 olpq$4 +7,+ 87 ,q . 5 5
Sursrvlflöq 6149 +Pdqwhqflöq gho vljqr gho oðplwh hq xqd vxfhvlöq , Vl olpq {q @ O/ frq O 5
U. vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q hqwrqfhv {q 5 U.
Ghprvwudflöq= Frpr {q $ O vh wlhqh txh
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q
wdo txh
q A Q , {q 5 YO> % =
Dvð wrpdqgr xq % elhq sduwlfxodu % @ 7 A 3 vh wlhqh txh <Q 5 Q wdo txh {q 5 +O %> O . %, sru or
O
wdqwr vl q A Q vh wlhqh
6O O
3? @ O @ O % ? {q
7 7

Frurodulr 614: Vl {q $ d/ |q $ e | vl vh wlhqh od ghvljxdogdg {q |q d sduwlu gh xq ðqglfh Q3 / hqwrqfhv
olp {q olp |q +r htxlydohqwhphqwh d e,

q q
Frurodulr 614; +Whruhpd gho Dfrwdplhqwr, Vhdq {q }q |q d sduwlu gh xq ðqglfh Q hq dghodqwh1
Vl olp {q @ olp |q @ O hqwrqfhv olp }q @ O
Ghprvwudflöq= Frpr {q $ O/ vh wlhqh txh sdud %4 A 3 h{lvwh Q4 5 Q wdo txh m{q Om ? %4 / sdud
wrgr q A Q4 1
Frpr |q $ O +, ; %5 A 3 <Q5 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q5 hqwrqfhv m|q Om ? %5 /
sru or wdqwr wrpdqgr Q @ pd{iQ4 > Q5 j vh wlhqh vlpxowdqhdphqwh txh vl q A Q
O %4 ? {q ? O . %4 a O %5 ? |q ? O . %5 a {q }q |q
dvð/ xvdqgr od wudqvlwlylgdg gh od ghvljxdogdg vh rewlhqh
O %4 ? {q }q |q ? O . %5 vl q A Q
Wrpdqgr %4 @ %5 @ % +lqlfldophqwh, vh wlhqh txh <Q wdo txh vl q A Q hqwrqfhv m}q Om ? %1 frqfoxvlöq
txh qrv glfh txh
}q $ O

Hmhpsor 4<5 Suredu txh olpq$4 vhq +

q
q, @ 3 xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr
Vroxflöq= Sdud wrgr q 5 Q/ vh wlhqh>

4 vhqq 4
gh grqgh
4 vhqq 4
;q 5 Q
q q q
Frpr olpq$4 q4 @ olpq$4 q @ 3/ hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
4
vhqq
olp @3
q$4 q
Hq jhqhudo/ vh wlhqh>
Hmhpsor 4<6 Vl i{q j hv xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv olpq$4 {qq @ 3
Vroxflöq= Vl i{q j hv xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv h{lvwh N 5 U. wdo txh/ m{q m n> ;q 5 Q
oxhjr>
n {q n ;q 5 Q
or txh lpsolfd
n {q n
;q 5 Q
q q q
Frpr olpq$4 qn @ 3 | olpq$4 q @ 3/ sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh hqwrqfhv txh olpq$4 q @
n {q
3
Fdofxodu
q . vhq +q,
O @ olp
q$4 q +4,q
Vroxflöq=
4 . vhqq+q,
O @ olp
q$4 4 +4,q
q
shur sdud wrgr q 5 Q
4 vhq +q, 4 4 +4,q 4 4

a a olp @ 3=
q q q q q q q
Oxhjr sru ho whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
vhq +q, +4,q
olp @3 olp @3
q$4 q q$4 q
Dvð/ sru äojheud gh oðplwh/
4 . vhqq q 4
O @ olp @ @4
q$4 4 +4,q 4
q
Hmhpsor 4<7 Fdofxodu
q . frv +q,
olp
q$4 6q
Vroxflöq=
5 5q q 5q 5
+ ,q @ q @ + ,q ;q 5 Q
6 6 6q 6q 6
| olpq$4 + 56 ,q @ 3/ hqwrqfhv sru ho whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
q
olp @ 3=
q$4 6q
Sru rwud sduwh
4 frv q 4
q q
6 6 6
dghpäv olpq$4 + 46 ,q @ 3
Oxhjr sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
frv q
olp @3
q$4 6q
Hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru äojheud gh oðplwhv
q . frv q q frv q
olp @ olp q . olp @3
q$4 6q q $4 6 q $4 6q
s s
Hmhpsor 4<8 Fdofxodu olpq$4 {q grqgh {q @ q q . 41
Vroxflöq= s s
s s q. q.4 4
{q @ + q q . 4, s s @s s
q. q.4 q. q.4
oxhjr
4 4
olp { @ olp s s @ olp s s
q$4 q q$4 q . q . 4 q$4 q . q . 4
shur
4 4
3 s s s
q. q.4 q
| olpq$4 s4q @ 3/ oxhjr sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
4
olp s s @3
q$4 q . q . 4
s s
| sru frqvljxlhqwh olpq$4 q q . 4 @ 31
Hmhpsor 4<9 Ghprvwudu = Vl mum ? 4 hqwrqfhv olpq$4 quq @ 3
Vroxflöq= Frqvlghuhprv 3 ? u ? 4
Vhd k @ 4u 4
Sdud q 5/ vh wlhqh
q+q . 4, 5 q+q . 4, 5
+4 . k,q @ 4 . qk . k . . kq k
5 5
Oxhjr
q q 5q
3 ? quq @ @
+4 . k,q q+q 4,@5 q+q 4,
shur
5q 5
olp @ olp @3
q$4 q+q 4, q$4 q 4
Sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
Hmhpsor 4<:
olp quq @ 3
q$4
5, Vhd 4 ? u 3
Sdud wrgr q 5 Q/ vh wlhqh
mumq uq mumq
Frpr olpq$4 qmumq @ 3 sxhv 3 mum ? 4 hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh olpq$4 quq @ 31
Hmhpsor 4<; Uhwrphprv orv hmhpsorv 49; | 49<

{q @ 4 . 4$4 . 5$
4
. q4$
q
|q @ 4 . q4 @ 4 . 4 . 45 +4 q4 , . q4$ +4 q4 ,+ ,+4 q
q ,
4
Frpr |q {q ;q | dpedv frqyhujhq vh wlhqh O5 @ olpq |q olpq {q @ O4 / sru or wdqwr O5 O4 1

Qxhvwur remhwlyr hv suredu txh O4 @ O5 sru or wdqwr vöor qrv idowd yhu txh O4 O5
Sdud s mr od vxfhvlöq +sq ,4
q@4 frq
4 4 4 s4
sq @ 4 . 4 . . +4 ,+ ,+4 ,
5$ s$ q q
frqyhujh +sru rshudwruld gh oðplwhv, do wìuplqr {s fxdqgr q wlhqgh d 41

Shur sdud fdgd s mr vh wlhqh |q sq +sxhvwr txh sq frqwlhqh d orv sulphurv s . 4 sulphurv gh |q ,/
wrpdqgr oðplwh fxdqgr q $ 4 vh rewlhqh/ phgldqwh ho xvr gho frurodulr 614:/ txh O5 {s
Dkrud srghprv kdfhu whqghu s $ 4/ dvð
O5 olp {s @ O4
s$4
sru or wdqwr
O5 O4
Dvð/ odv vxfhvlrqhv +{q ,4
q | +|q ,4
frqyhujhq dpedv do plvpr ydoru/ oodpdgr h +Xvdqgr od fäofxodgrud
q
| fxdotxlhud gh odv vxfhvlrqhv dqwhulruhv ylvxdolfh txh h @ 5=:4;5;4;===,
@4 @4
Revhuydflöq=
n
olp +4 . ,q @ hn
q$4 q
Mxvwlfduhprv vöor hq sduwh9 hvwd revhuydflöq1 Vl n @ 4s > s 5 Q/ od vxfhvlöq vh sxhgh yhu frpr xqd
vxevxfhvlöq gh {p @ +4 . p , |d txh
4 p
n q 4 q 4 sq n
+4 . , @ +4 . , @ ++4 . , , >
q sq sq
grqgh p @ sq | frq d|xgd gho whruhpd 61< srghprv rewhqhu od revhuydflöq
Hmhpsor 4<< Fdofxodu q

d, olpq$4 qq4
.4

e, olpq$4 5q6 q
8q.7
Vroxflöq=
q
q+4 4 , q
d, olpq$4 qq4
.4
@ olpq$4 q+4. q4 ,
q
@
olp 4 q
q$4 +4 q ,
q$4
4 q
olp +4.
q,
4
@ hh4
@ h5
e, olpq$4 q6 q @ olp 5q+4
6 , q
q$4 8q+4. 857qq ,
5
8q.7
+4
6 q
@ olpq$4 + 58 ,q olpqq$4 5q ,
olp
$4 +4. 7 ,q
8q
6
@ 3 h 75
h8
@ 3=
Hmhpsor 533 Vxsrqlhqgr txh od vxfhvlöq +{q ,4

q@4 frqyhujh1 Fdofxodu vx oðplwh/ grqgh od vxfhvlöq {q hv
ghqlgd uhfxuvlydphqwh frpr vljxh
4 d
{4 A 3 {q.4 @ +{q . , d 5 U. >
5 {q
9 Hq ehqhflr gho fäofxor/ khprv ghvduuroodgr hvwd revhuydflöq frpr wìfqlfd gh fäofxor gh oðplwhv gh vxfhvlrqhv1
Vroxflöq= Vl olpq$4 {q @ O 9@ 3 wrpdqgr oðplwh hq dperv odgrv gh od ghvljxdogdg dqwhulru vh wlhqh
olpq {q.4 @ 45 +olpq {q . d

q {q
,
O @ 45 +O . Od ,
olp
s s
dvð Os
5
@ 45 +O5 . d,1 Sru or wdqwr O5 @ d dvð
s O @ d ö O @ d/ shur frpr od vxfhvlöq hv srvlwlyd
O @ d1 Qrwh txh= dýq qr vdehprv s vl {q $ d/ wrgr vh edvö hq od frqyhujhqfld gh {q 1 Sru rwud sduwh vl
{4 kxelhvh vlgr qhjdwlyr {q $ d
s
Hmhpsor 534 Vhd {q @ q d> d 5 U. 1 Srghprv yhu txh {q frqyhujh/ |d txh vl=
d, d A 4 hqwrqfhv {q hv ghfuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd lqihulruphqwh r elhq vl
e, d 5 `3> 4^ hqwrqfhv
s {q hv fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd
s vxshulruphqwh1
Sru or wdqwr q d frqyhujh/
s
hv ghflu/ olpq$4 q d @ O h{lvwh
s
Vl d A 4 O @ lqii q d = q 5 Qj | vl 3 ? d ? 4/ O @ vxsi q d = q 5 Qj=
Sru yhu txh hq dperv fdvrv O @ 4/ fodudphqwh vh yh txh O 9@ 31
s
Frpr {q @ q d @ d q wlhqh frpr vxevxfhvlöq d q+q.4, sru whruhpd 61< whqhprv txh
4 4
s
O @ olp d @ olp d q+q.4,
4
q
q$4 q$4
shur
dq
4
d q+q.4, @ dq d q.4 @
4 4 4
d q.4
4
oxhjr
olpq d q O
4
O @ olp d q+q.4, @ @ @4
4
q$4 olpq d q
4
.4 O
Dvð/ O @ 4
Sru or wdqwr s
olp q
d@4 ;d 5 U.
q$4
s
Hmhpsor 535 Fdofxodu olpq$4 q q1
s
Vroxflöq= Vdehprv txh |q @ q q irupd xqd vxfhvlöq ghfuhflhqwh +d sduwlu gho whufhu wìuplqr, | dfrwdgd
lqihulruphqwh> sru or wdqwr frqyhujh1 s
Vhd O @ olpq$4 |q / fodudphqwh O 4/ frpr 5q 5q hv xqd vxevxfhvlöq gh |q vh wlhqh txh vx oðplwh
wdpelìq hv O
Sru or wdqwr whqhprv
s 4 s sq s
O5 @ olp + 5q,5 @ olp +5q, q @ olp 5 q q q @ olp 5 q q @ 4 O
5q 4
q$4 q$4 q$4

oxhjr O5 @ O/ dvð O @ 4/ sru or wdqwr
s
olp q
q@4
q$4
Sursrvlflöq 614< Vhd s 5 ]. s A 41 Vl olpq$4 {q A 3 hqwrqfhv

s t
olp s {q @ s olp {q
q$4 q$4
Hmhpsor 536 Fdofxodu u
5
olp ;.
6
q$4 q6
Vroxflöq= u u
5 5 s
olp ;. 6 @ olp +; . 6 , @ ; @ 5
6 6 6
q$4 q q$4 q
Hmhpsor 537 Fdofxodu

u
4 q
O @ olp .4. s
q
q$4 q 6
+5q,6 . 5
Vroxflöq= Frpr u
4 4
4 4. 4. q5
q
q q
Sxhvwr txh olpq$4 4 @ olpq$4 +4 . q4 , @ 4/ hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gh1 dfrwdplhqwr
u
4
olp 4. @4
q
q$4 q
Sru rwud sduwh>

q q 4 4
olp s @ olp t @ olp t @
q$4 6 +5q,6 . 5 q$4 6
q ;. 5 q $4 6
; . q56 5
q6
Hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru äojheud gh oðplwhv=
u
4 q 4 6
O @ olp 4. .s @4. @
q
q$4 q 6
+5q,6 . 5 5 5

s
q7 . 6q . 5 q5
O @ olp frv +q$,
q$4 q . q$
Vroxflöq=
s
q7 . 6q . 5 q5 6q . 5
olp @ olp s 7
q$4 q . q$ q$4 + q . 6q . 5 . q5 ,+q . q$,
shur/
6q . 5 6q . 5
3? s ?s
+ q . 6q . 5 . q ,+q . q$,
7 5
q . 6q . 5 . q5
7
dghpäv
olp s 7
6q . 5
t q . q5
6 5
@ olp @3
q$4 q . 6q . 5 . q5 q$4
4 . q66 . q57 . 4
Oxhjr sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr

s
q7 . 6q . 5 q5
olp @3
q$4 q . q$
| frpr od ixqflöq frvhqr hv dfrwdgd vh wlhqh sru whruhpd 6146 txh O @ 3
Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu dojxqrv oðplwhv ixqgdphqwdohv+|d phqflrqdgrv, txh ghehprv whqhu suhvhqwh
sdud ho fäofxor gh rwurv oð plwhv1
6171 FÄOFXOR GH OÐPLWHV 53:
Oðplwhv Ixqgdphqwdohv
41 olpq$4 f @ f> f5U
51 olpq$4 qk
4
@ 3> k5U
61 olpq$4 qs@t
4
@ 3> s 5 ]> t 5 ]
71 olpq$4 uq @ 3> vl mum ? 4
81 olpq$4 vhqqkq @ 3> k5U
s
91 olpq$4 q d @ 4> d 5 U.
s
:1 olpq$4 q q @ 4>
q
;1 olpq$4 4 . q4 @ h>
q
<1 olpq$4 4 . qn @ hn > n 5 U
431 olpq$4 +4 . 4 . 4
5$
. . q4$ , @ h
. 4
6$
441 olpq$4 +4 . u . u5 . . uq , @ 4 4
u > vl mum ? 4
;
? 3 > vl t A s
451 olpq$4 dt qt @ vl t @ s
dsq
s ds
= dt
glyhujh vl t ? s
Rwur oðplwh ixqgdphqwdo txh ghprvwuduhprv päv dghodqwh xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh hqodfh hv
n
olp q vhq+ , @ n n5U
q$4 q
Hmhuflflr 539 Fdofxodu s
q frv+q, 5 vhq+6@q,
olp .
6
q$4 q.7 4@q

s6
Vroxflöq= Vhd dq @ qqfrv+ q, / e @ 5 vhq+6@q,
q 4@q
Fdofxohprv olp dq | olp eq 1 +Gh h{lvwlu/ srghprv dsolfdu dojheud oðplwhv,

.7
Sdud wrgr q 5 Q/ vh wlhqh u

s s
q q 6 4 4
3? ? ? ? s
6 6
q.7 q q5 6
q5
frpr olpq$4 s6 q5
4
@ 3/ hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr
s
q
olp @3
6
q$4 q . 7
| frpr od vxfhvlöq +frv q, hv dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv sru ho whruhpd gho fhur dqltxlod
olp d @ 3
q$4 q
Sru rwud sduwh/ dsolfdqgr ho oðplwh ixqgdphqwdo
olp q vhq+n@q, @ n
q$4
rewhqhprv txh olpq$4 5 vhq+6 4@q
@q, @ 5 olp
q$4 q vhq+6@q, @ 5 6 @ 9 oxhjr olpq$4 eq @ 9 | dsolfdqgr ho
dojheud gh oðplwhv/ vh wlhqh
olp d . eq @ 3 . 9 @ 9
q$4 q
53; FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLÖQ
Hmhuflflr 53: Ghpxhvwuh txh vl olp {q h{lvwh | olp |q qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp {q . |q qr h{lvwh
Vroxflöq= +Sru ho pìwrgr gho devxugr, Vxsrqjdprv txh olp {q . |q h{lvwh1
Gdgr txh olp {q h{lvwh hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oðplwhv>
olp+{q . |q , {q h{lvwh
hv ghflu
olp |q h{lvwh
or txh frqwudglfh ho khfkr txh olp |q qr h{lvwh1
Hmhuflflr 53; Ghwhuplqh vl ho vljxlhqwh oðplwh h{lvwh>
6q q6 . 5
olp s .
q$4 7 q7 . 8 q5 . 4
Vroxflöq= Vhd {q @ s7 q7q | |q @ qq5 .5

6
6
.8 .4
6q 6q 6
olp { @ olp s @ olp s @ olp s @6
q$4 q q$4 7 q7 . 8 q$4 q 7 4 . 8@q7 q$4 7 4 . 8@q7
oxhjr h{lvwh olpq$4 {q 1
Vlq hpedujr sru hmhpsor 4;< olpq$4 |q qr h{lvwh sru frqvljxlhqwh dsolfdqgr ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru
whqhprv txh ho oðplwh gdgr qr h{lvwh1

Hmhuflflr 53< Ghwhuplqh { 5 U i3j wdo txh olpq$4 dqdq.4 ? 4 grqgh/ dq @ qq${q 1
q
Vroxflöq=
dq.4 +q . 4,${q.4 qq m{mqq
@
dq +q . 4,q.4 q${q @ +q . 4,q
hqwrqfhv

dq.4
@ olp m{mq
q

olp
q$4 dq q$4 +q . 4,q
q
q
@ m{m olp
q$4 q . 4
q
4
@ m{m olp
q$4 4 . 4@q
4 4
@ m{m olp @ m{m
q$4 +4 . 4@q,q h
gh grqgh

dq.4 4
olp ? 4 +, m{m ?4
q$4 dq h
+, m{m ? h a { 9@ 3
+, h ? { ? h a { 9@ 3
+, { 5` h> hî3j
Hmhuflflr 543 Ghwhuplqh sdud txì ydoruhv gh { hq U i3j ho oðplwh
:

dq.4
olp
q$4 dq
hv phqru txh 4/ vlhqgr dq @ q45 +{ . 4,q
: Hvwd wìfqlfd hv xvdgd hq or txh vxhoh oodpduvh lqwhuydorv | udglrv gh frqyhujhqfld gh vhulhv gh s rwhqfldv1
6171 FÄOFXOR GH OÐPLWHV 53<
Vroxflöq= Frpr whqhprv

dq.4 4 q5 q5
@ m{ . 4m
dq +q . 4,5 +{ . 4, @
q
+{ . 4,q +q . 4,5
.4
oxhjr

q5 m{ . 4m
olpq$4 dqdq.4 @ olpq$4 +q.4, 5
@ m{ . 4m olpq$4 q5 .5
q5
q.4
@ m{ . 4m 4
Sru or wdqwr
Hmhuflflr 544

olpq$4 dqdq.4 ? 4 +, m{ . 4m ? 4 a { 9@ 4
+, 4 ? { . 4 ? 4 a { 9@ 4
+, 5 ? { ? 3 a { 9@ 4
+, { 5` 5> 3î4j
Hmhuflflr 545 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1
41 Vl idq j hv dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv idq j hv frqyhujhqwh

51 Vl olpq$4 mdq m h{lvwh hqwrqfhv idq j hv frqyhujhqwh
61 Vl idq j hv dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dqq5 @ 3
71 Od vxfhvlöq hv dfrwdgd
+ 5,
q
q .7q
5
81 Wrgd vxfhvlöq frqyhujhqwh hv prqöwrqd1
Vroxflöq=
41 Idovr1 Od vxfhvlöq dq @ vhq+ q

5
, hv dfrwdgd shur qr frqyhujhqwh
51 Idovr1 Vhd dq @ +4,q > mdq m @ 4 olpq$4 mdq m @ 4 shur idq j qr hv frqyhujhqwh1
61 Yhugdghur1 Vl idq j hv dfrwdgd/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh n 5 U. wdo txh mdq m ? n ;q 5 Q1 Oxhjr
n dq n
5 5 > ;q 5 Q
q 5
q q
Sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr/ gdgr txh olpq$4 q5 @ 3/ vh wlhqh
n
dq
olp @3
q$4 q5
71 Yhugdghur1 Od vxfhvlöq dq @ hv frqyhujhqwh1

+ 5,
q
Hq hihfwr>
q .7q
5
+5,q +4,q
olp q @ olp @3
q$4 5 . 7 q q$4 4 . 5q
Sru whruhpd/ wrgd vxfhvlöq frqyhujhqwh hv dfrwdgd
81 Idovr1 Vhd dq @
q / od vxfhvlöq idq j hv frqyhujhqwh shur qr hv prqöwrqd1
+ 4,
q
Hmhuflflr 546 Fdofxodu
+4@q,5 . +5@q,5 . . +q@q,5

olp
q$4 q
Vroxflöq=
+4@q,5 . +5@q,5 . +6@q,5 . . +q@q,5 @ q45 . q5 5 . q6 5 . . qq5
5 5 5
@
5 5
4.5 .6 . q5
.
q5
shur
q+q . 4,+5q . 4,
4 . 55 . 65 . . q5 @
9
+hvwd ýowlpd ljxdogdg vh sxhgh ghprvwudu sru lqgxfflöq,
Oxhjr
olpq$4 +4 @q,5 .+5@q,5 ..+q@q,5 @ olpq$4 q+q.4,+5q.4,

q 9q6
@ olpq$4 5q .6 q5 .q
6
9q6
@ 4
6
4 . 8 . 85 . 86 . . 8q4
O @ olp
q$4 8q . q
Vroxflöq=
Od vxpd 4.8.85 .86 . .8q4 fruuhvsrqgh d xqd vxpd gh xqd surjuhvlöq jhrpìwulfd gh q wìuplqrv
| ud}öq u @ 8/ oxhjr
4 8q
4 . 8 . 85 . 86 . . 8q4 @
48
Sru or wdqwr
48
O @ olpq$4 7+8
q
q .q,
@ olpq$4 ++4 @8q ,4
7,+4.q@8q ,
shur olpq$4 84q @ olpq$4 + 48 ,q @ 3 +sru hmhpsor oðplwhv ixqgdphqwdohv 7,

Sru rwud sduwh frpr q ? 5q / sdud wrgr q
5q q 5q 5 q 5
+ q q q , +, ++ ,q q + ,q ,
8 8 8 8 8 8
Frpr olpq$4 + 58 ,q @ 3/ sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr olpq$4 8qq @ 3
Hq frqvhfxhqfld sru äojheud gh oðplwhv whqhprv O @ 4@71
Hmhuflflr 548 Ghwhuplqh vl od vljxlhqwh vxfhvlöq idq j frqyhujh grqgh

[ q
4
dq @
m @4 . m
q 5
Vroxflöq=
4 4 4 4
dq @ . . .. 5
q5 . 4 q5 . 5 q5 . 6 q .q
Sxhvwr txh q5 . n q5 . 4> ;n 5 Q/ hqwrqfhv
4 4
5 > ;n 5 Q
q5 . n q .4
Sru or wdqwr/
q
3 dq
q .45
Frpr olpq$4 q5q.4 @ olpq$4 4@q @ 3

@ q5 ,
vh wlhqh
4.4 +
olp d @ 3
q$4 q
dvð od vxfhvlöq idq j frqyhujh1
Hmhuflflr 549 Vh ghqh od vxfhvlöq gh qýphurv uhdohv srvlwlyrv +{q , frpr vljxh
s
{4 @ 4 {q.4 @ 6{q > ;q 5 Q
Hvwxglh od frqyhujhqfld gh od vxfhvlöq +{q ,1

s s s
Vroxflöq= Edvwd suredu txh hv dfrwdgd | fuhflhqwh1 {4 @ 4 {5 @ 6 {6 @ 6 6
l, +{q , hv xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh sru 6 Hq hihfwr=
d, q @ 4 {4 @ 4 6
e, Vxsrqjdprv {n 6 +fodudphqwh {n A 3,/ sru ghprvwudu {n.4 6
s s
{n.4 @ 6 {n 6 6 @ 6
Oxhjr sru lqgxfflöq {q 6 > ;q 5 Q

ll, Á +{q , hv fuhflhqwhB
Frpr 6 {n 3
{q +6 {q , @ {5q.4 {5q @ +{q.4 . {q ,+{q.4 {q , 3

Frpr {q.4 . {q A 3 > ;q 5 Q hqwrqfhv {q.4 {q 3 > ;q 5 Q
Sru or wdqwr {q.4 {q > ;q 5 Q
Oxhjr +{q , hv fuhflhqwh1
Sru Whruhpd 6145 h{lvwh olpq$4 {q @ O
Sru or wdqwr
O5 @ olpq$4 {5q.4 @ olpq$4 6 {q @ 6 O
, O5 6O @ 3
, O+O 6, @ 3
,O@3öO@6
shur O A 3/ oxhjr olpq$4 {q @ 6
Hmhuflflr 54: Vhd

{5q 4
i+{, @ olp 5q
q$4 { . 4
Ghwhuplqh od ixqflöq | judtxh1
Vroxflöq= Sdud fdofxodu hvwh oðplwh/ ghehprv dqdol}du sdud orv glvwlqwrv ydoruhv gh {1
Fdvr 41 Vl m{m ? 4 hqwrqfhv olpq$4 {5q @ 3 oxhjr/ sru äojheud gh oðplwhv1
{5q 4 olpq$4 +{5q 4, 4

olp 5q @ @ @ 4
q$4 { . 4 olpq$4 +{5q . 4, 4
Fdvr 51 Vl m{m A 4 hqwrqfhv>

{5q 4 4 {45q
olp 5q @ olp
q$4 { . 4 q$4 4 . {45q
shur olpq$4 {45q @ olpq$4 + {4 ,5q @ 3 sxhv m {4 m ? 4/ oxhjr
{5q 4
olp 5q @4
q$4 { . 4
Fdvr 61 Vl m{m @ 4 hqwrqfhv {5q @ 4

{5q 4
olp 5q @3
q$4 { . 4
Hq frqvhfxhqfld ;
? 4 vl m{m ? 4
i+{, @ 4 vl m{m A 4
=
3 vl m{m @ 4
juäfd gh i+{, hq od jxud
i +{, @ olpq$4 {{5q

5q
4
.4
Hmhuflflr 54; ;
Ghwhuplqdu d 5 U gh prgr txh
+q . 4,d
O @ olp h{lvwh
q$4 +5q5 . d, 67
Vroxflöq=
qd +4. q4 ,d
O @ olpq$4 d 6
+q5 +5. 5 ,, 7
d q4 d
q +4. q ,
@ olpq$4 6 6
q 5 +5. qd5 , 7
4 d
@ olpq$4 qd6@5 q,
+4.
d 6
+5. 7
q5 ,
41 Vl d 6@5 A 3 ho oðplwh qr h{lvwh
51 Vl d 6@5 ? 3 ho oðplwh h{lvwh | ydoh fhur
61 Vl d 6@5 @ 3 sru äojheud gh oðplwh
Hmhuflflr 54<
+4 . q4 , 5 4
6
O @ olp @ 6 @ 5 7
6
q$4 +5 . 6 5 , 67 5
5q
7
; Hvwh sureohpd | ho dqwhulru fruuhvs rqgh d or txh vh oodpd fäofxor gho oðplwh sxqwxdo gh ixqflrqhv/ hq hvwh fdvr i Ed
Fdofxodu
[
q
4
olp
q$4 n+n . 4,
n@4
Vroxflöq=
4 4 4
@
n+n . 4, n n.4
oxhjr dsolfdqgr od surslhgdg whohvfrslfd vh rewlhqh>
[
q
4 [q
4 4 4
@ @4
n+n . 4, n n.4 q.4
n@4 n@4
Dvð/
[
q
4 4
olp @ olp 4 @43@4
q$4 n+n . 4, q$4 q.4
n.4
[
q
olp dun > vl mum ? 4
q$4
n@f
Vroxflöq=
[
q
dun @ duf . duf.4 . . duq
n@f
hvwd vxpdwruld fruuhvsrqgh d od vxpd gh xqd surjuhvlöq jhrpìwulfd/ oxhjr
[
q
duf +4 uqf.4 ,
dun @
4u
n@f
duf duq.4
@
4u 4u
oxhjr sru dojheud gh oðplwhv | gdgr txh olpq$4 uq @ 3/ vh wlhqh
[q
duf duq.4
olp dun @ olp olp
q$4 q$4 4 u q$4 4 u
n@f
duf
@ 3
4u
sru or wdqwr
[
q
duf
olp duq @ =
q$4 4u
n@f
Ghqlflöq 6153 +Oðplwh lqqlwr, Gluhprv txh xqd vxfhvlöq +{q ,4 q@4 wlhqgh d lqqlwr vl sdud wrgr uhdo
srvlwlyr N judqgh/ h{lvwh +qxhydphqwh, Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q vh wlhqhq txh {q A N1
Qrwdflöq= Dqrwduhprv hvwr gh od vljxlhqwh irupd
{q $ .4 ö wdpelìq olp {q @ .4
q$4
q$4
Dqäorjdphqwh whqhprv txh {q $ 4 hv htxlydohqwh d ghflu
q$4
;N 5 U. <Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q , {q ? N
Or sulphur txh ghehprv qrwdu hv txh .4 | 4 qr vrq qýphurv uhdohv/ sru or wdqwr qr vh sxhgh
rfxsdu äojheud gh oðplwh gh hvwh wlsr
Hmhpsor 554 Vhd {q @ q hqwrqfhv olp {q @ .4 hq fdpelr vl {q @ q hqwrqfhv

olpq$4 {q @ 41
Hmhpsor 555 Vhd {q @ dq vl d A 4 d hqwrqfhv {q $ .4
Vroxflöq= Frpr d A 4 vh sxhgh hvfulelu frpr d @ 4 . k frq k A 3/
Hmhpsor 556 Sru ghvduuroor gho elqrplr d od q vh wlhqh dq @ +4 . k,q A 4 . qk
Hmhpsor 557 Vl e A 4 hqwrqfhv olpq$4 orje q @ .4

Vl 3 ? e ? 4 hqwrqfhv orje q @ 41
Srghprv revhuydu gh od juäfd gh | @ orje { +yhu jxud ,
txh d phglgd txh q fuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh odv lpdjhqhv orje q wdpelìq fuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh vlq hp0
edujr/ vl 3 ? e ? 4/ odv lpdjhqhv orje q ghfuhfhq lqghqlgdphqwh1
618 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv

Hmhuflflr 558 Ghpxhvwuh txh
6q 4 6 q5 . q . 4 4 6q5 . 4
l, olp @ ll, olp @ lll, olp 5 @6
q$4 7q . 5 7 q$4 5q5 . q 5 q$4 q . 4
Hmhuflflr 559 Ghpxhvwuh txh orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv qr h{lvwhq
5q5 4 q6
l, olp ll, olp 5
q$4 q . 4 q$4 q . 4
Hmhuflflr 55: Fdofxodu orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv
6 .6q.4 s
4= olpq$4 65qq6 .8 q5 .6 5= olpq$4 q5 . 4 q
6= olpq$4 s q
6 q6 .43 7= olpq$4 6qq
8= olpq$4 vhqq+q, 9= olpq$4 55q
q 5q
.5q
:= olpq$4 +s5,6q.frv
q q ;= olpq$4 5q.vhq +4@q,
8.q
6 vhq.7qm
<= olpq$4 qqm.5 +7, .8
q q
43= olpq$4 +
s s s 7,q.4 .8q
44= olpq$4 q . 5+ q . 6 q 5, 45= olpq$4 frv

5q
q
6181 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV 548
s s q q ,
46= olpq$4 6 q . 4 6 q 47= olpq$4 6q .5q5
5 .vhq +
7 qfrv q s 5
48= olpq$4 qvhq+ q , 49= olpq$4 + 78qq7.9
.8+4,q
,+ q . ;q q,
s s s 5
+ q7 .6q.5q , frv +q$,
4:= olpq$4 q5 . 6q q5 . 5q . 5 4;= olpq$4 q.q$
4<= olpq$4 5qq.4 vhq+ q , .+5q4,
5
53= olpq$4 4.6.8.:. 5q5
54= olpq$4 +7.49.69. .+5q,5, 55= olpq$4 + q45 . q55 . q65 . qq54 ,
q6
56= olpq$4 +q.4,+qq.5,+
6
q.6, 57= olpq$4 ^ 4.6.8.: +5q.4, 5q.4
q.46
.+4, q.4 q.4 5 ..8
q
58= olpq$4 qq . 5 5q .6 59= olpq$4 4.8.8 8.8
5
q
+4,q .6q q .q
Hmhuflflr 55; Fdofxoh oðplwh fxdqgr q $ 4 gh dq +fxdqgr fruuhvsrqgd,

s
4= dq @ + qqvhq
5 4 ,
+q,
5= dq @ t s
q
q q.sq
6= dq @ +5q.6,+6 5q5,+q.4, 7= dq @ q5s
q7 .6q.4
s s
43.q q
vhq +q5 ,
8= dq @ q . 5 q 9= dq @ sq
4
wdq+ ,
5
:= dq @ 5 q ;= dq @ q +vhq q$,
q.5q5
8 q
<= dq @ q$
q 43= dq @ 5q q
Hmhuflflr 55< Fdofxoh oðplwh fxdqgr q $ 4 gh dq +fxdqgr fruuhvsrqgd,
41 Vhd dq @ Sq / grqgh Sq hv ho shuðphwur gh xq sroð jrqr uhjxodu gh q odgrv lqvfulwr hq xqd flufxqihu0
hqfld gh udglr u
51 Vhd dq @ Dq / grqgh Dq hv ho äuhd hqfhuudgd sru ho sroð jrqr gh q odgrv gho sureohpd dqwhulru
61 Vhd dq @ q / grqgh q hv ho äqjxor irupdgr hqwuh orv odgrv dg|dfhqwh gho sroðjrqr uhjxodu gho
sureohpd dqwhulru
71 Vhd dq @ {4 +q, . {5 +q, grqgh {4 +q, | {5 +q, vrq odv vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr
q{5 . e{ . f @ 3 frq e> f frqvwdqwhv | {4 A {5
Hmhuflflr 563 Hvwdeoh}fd ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv
41 Vl +{q , hv xqd vxfhvlöq frq xqd vxevxfhvlöq {qn dfrwdgd/hqwrqfhv hood wdpelìq or hv1
51 Vl +{qn , hv xqd vxevxfhvlöq prqöwrqd fuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv +{q , hv prqrwrqd fuhflhqwh
61 Vl +{qn , hv dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh/ +{q , wdpelìq or hv
71 Vl +m{q m, hv dfrwdgr hqwrqfhv +{q , wdpelìq or hv1
81 Vl +m{q m, hv prqöwrqd hqwrqfhv +{q , wdpelìq or hv1
91 Vl wrgd +{qn , hv dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv +{q , wdpelìq or hv1
:1 Vhd {q |q ;q hqwrqfhv
Vl +{q , hv fuhflhqwh +|q , wdpelìq or hv1
Vl +|q , hv ghfuhflhqwh +{q , wdpelìq or hv1
Vl +|q , hv dfrwdgd/ +{q , wdpelìq or hv1
Vl +{q , hv qr dfrwdgd +|q , wdpelìq qr or hv1
Hmhuflflr 564 Vhd +{q ,4

q@4 ghqlgd uhfxuvlydphqwh sru
4
{4 @ 3 {5 @ 4 {q.5 @ +{q . {q.4 ,
5
hv ghflu/ {q hv ho surphglr gh orv grv dqwhulruhv
d, Fdofxodu {5q | {5q.4 | hvfuleluorv frpr xqd vxpd gh wìuplqrv gh xqd surjuhvlöq jhrpìwulfd1
e, Suredu txh {q hv dfrwdgd +xvdu d,1
f, Fdofxodu olpq$4 {q | mxvwlfdu vx h{lvwhqfld
+D|xgd= {5q $ 5@6/ {5q.4 $ 5@6,
Hmhuflflr 565 Vhdq +{q , | +|q , vxfhvlrqhv frqyhujhqwhv wdo txh
< Q 5 Q a {q |q > ;q A Q Suredu txh olp {q olp |q
+D|xgd= Xvh ho khfkr txh vl olp }q @ O A 3 , q A Q hqwrqfhv olpq$4 {q d
Hmhuflflr 567 Vh ghqh oðplwh lqihulru +olp lqi {q , | oðplwh vxshulru +olp vxs {q , gh xqd vxfhvlöq +{q ,
dfrwdgd/ gh od vljxlhqwh irupd
Vhd Dq ho vljxlhqwh frqmxqwr
Dq @ i{q > {q.4 > {q.5 > j =@ i{n = n qj
Frpr +{q , hv xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd/ ho frqmxqwr Dq wdpelìq or hv | sru d{lrpd gh frpsohwlwxg hq U h{lvwh
vq @ vxs Dq > lq @ lqi Dq
d, Xvdqgr ho khfkr txh

D4 D5 D6
lqgltxh sru txì whruhpd vh wlhqh od frqyhujhqfld gh +vq , | +lq ,
e, Vh ghqh olp vxs {q @ olp vq a olp lqi @ olp lq pxhvwuh txh
olp lqi {q olp vxs {q

f, Vhd {q @ +4.+4, ,
| |q @ vhq+ q
q
,
Fdofxodu olp vxs {q > olp lqi {q > olp vxs |q > olp lqi |q
5 ;
g, Hq txh fdvr vh wlhqh od ljxdogdg hq +e,
Hmhuflflr 568 d, Wrpdu +|q , gho sureohpd dqwhulru/ hqfrqwudu xqd vxevxfhvlöq gh |q frqyhujhqwh +qrwh
txh |q qr frqyhujh,
e, Wrgd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd +{q , srvhh xqd vxevxfhvlöq frqyhujhqwh +Pxhvwuh hvwd dupdflöq, D|xgd=
Sxhgh wrpdu xqd {qn $ olp vxs {q +r olp lqi {q ,
Hmhuflflr 569 Vhd +{q , vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd= Pxhvwuh od htxlydohqfld
+{q , frqyhujh +, olp vxs {q @ olp lqi {q

Fkdswhu 7
Oðplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv
714 Oðplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv

Hq hvwd vhfflöq yhuhprv ho frqfhswr gh duelwuduldphqwh sur{lpr%/ lghd txh |d ixh ghvduuroodgd hq oðplwh
gh vxfhvlrqhv/ hv ghflu/ hq ixqflrqhv gh Q $ U/ od glihuhqfld hq hvwh hvwxglr vhuä sulqflsdophqwh hq ho
grplqlr/ txh hq hvwd rsruwxqlgdg hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U1
Uhfrughprv txh xqd yhflqgdg gh s hv gh od irupd Ys> % @ `s %> s . %^/ grqgh % A 3 +hq jhqhudo xqd
yhflqgdg gh s hv xq delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d s,1
71414 Sxqwr gh Dfxpxodflöq

Ghqlflöq 714 Vhd s 5 U | D U +s qr qhfhvduldphqwh hq D,1
Gluhprv txh s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh D vl wrgd yhflqgdg gh s/ Ys / frqwlhqh dojýq sxqwr
d 5 D glihuhqwh gh s1 Hq qrwdflöq päv irupdo
; % A 3 / +Ys> % isj, _ D 9@ !=
ö
; % A 3 <d 5 D / 3 ? md sm ? %=
Ho frqmxqwr ghulydgr gh D/ ghqrwdgr sru D3 / hv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv gh dfxpxodflöq gh
D/ hv ghflu/
D3 @ is 5 U = s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh Dj=
Hmhpsor 56: Vhd D @ `6> :`1 Frpr wrgd yhflqgdg gh 6 lqwhuvhfwd d D vh wlhqh txh 6 hv xq sxqwr gh
dfxpxodflöq gh D +hv ghflu/ 6 5 D3 ,1 Hq irupd iäflo vh sxhgh yhu txh D3 @ ^6> :`1
Hmhpsor 56; Vhd D @` 4> 5^î7j ^ ^8> :^1 7 qr hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh D sxhv h{lvwh Y @`6> 8^
yhflqgdg gh 7 wdo txh +Y i7j, _ D @ !1
Xqd irupd gh ylvxdol}du orv sxqwrv gh dfxpxodflöq/ hvwä gdgd hq od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflöq
Sursrvlflöq 715 Vhd D U qr ydfðr

s 5 D3 vl | vror vl wrgd yhflqgdg gh s frqwlhqh lqqlwrv sxqwrv gh D
Ghprvwudflöq= + + , Wulyldo
+ , , Vl wrpdprv yhflqgdghv gh od irupd Ys> q4 @ Yq + hv ghflu/ frq % @ q4 ,1 Sdud q @ 4 h{lvwh
{4 5 D _ +Y4 isj, | h{lvwh q5 5 Q wdo txh m{4 sm A q45 1 Sdud q5 h{lvwh {5 5 D _ +Yq5 isj, | h{lvwh
q6 5 Q wdo txh m{5 sm A q46 / hwf1
54:
54; FKDSWHU 71 OÐPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV
Sru xq surfhvr lqgxfwlyr vh sxhgh jdudqwl}du od h{lvwhqfld gh
{4 > {5 > {6 >
wrgrv sxqwrv gh D1
Frurodulr 716 Vhd D U qr ydfðr

s 5 D3 +, <+{q ,4 q@4 > {q 5 D isj | {q $ s
Hvwr vh sxhgh yhu hq od ghprvwudflöq gh od sursrvlflöq dqwhulru
Hmhpsor 56< D @ i q4 = q 5 Qj
Fodudphqwh vh yh txh 3 5 D3 / päv dýq D3 @ i3j
Hmhpsor 573 E @ i +4q+5.9q = q 5 Qj

4, ,q
q 5
E @ i5j
3
Hmhpsor 574 F @ ivhq +{, = 3 ? { ? 7 j @ vhq +`3> @7^,
s
F 3 @ ^3> 55 `
Hmhpsor 575 G @ `6> 7^^`7> :`

G3 @ ^6> :`
Hmhpsor 576 Vhd H @ T hqwrqfhv H 3 @ U/ or plvpr rfxuuh frq I @ L +luudflrqdohv,/ I 3 @ U1 Hvwrv

uhvxowdgrv vh ghehq do khfkr txh wrgr lqwhuydor wlhqh lqqlwrv udflrqdohv/ hq ho sulphu fdvr/ r lqqlwrv
luudflrqdohv/ hq ho vhjxqgr fdvr
Hmhpsor 577 Vhd J @ ]1 Fodudphqwh vh yh txh qlqjýq sxqwr gh ] hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq |d txh
wrpdqgr/ s 5 ]/ yhflqgdg Ys> 47 / hood vöor wlhqh xq sxqwr hq frpýq frq ]/ | vl s 5 U ] vlhpsuh h{lvwh
xqd yhflqgdg txh qr frqwlhqh sxqwrv gh ]1 Oxhjr whqhprv J3 @ !1
Ghqlflöq 717 Xq sxqwr s hq D vh glfh dlvodgr/ vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s/ Ys / wdo txh +Ys isj,_D @ !
Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru ] hvwä irupdgr vöor sru sxqwrv dlvodgrv/ or plvpr rfxuuh frq Q | frq i q4 = q 5 Qj
Revhuydflöq= Vl s 5 D3 / whqhprv od fhuwh}d txh duelwuduldphqwh fhufd gh s vlhpsuh kd| hohphqwrv gh D/
hvwr qr rfxuuh vl s hv xq sxqwr dlvodgr gh D1
71415 Ghqlflöq gh oðplwh gh ixqflrqhv

Ghqlflöq 718 Vhdq s 5 D3 > i = D $ U ixqflöq | O 5 U
Gluhprv txh ho oðplwh gh i+{, hv O fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh O> YO > h{lvwh xqd
yhflqgdg gh s> Ys / wdo txh4
i +Ys isj, @ i ++Ys isj, _ D, YO >
hv ghflu/ orv hohphqwrv duelwuduldphqwh fhufdqrv d s +orv sxqwrv gh od yhqflqgdg Ys ,/ vdoyr ho plvpr s/ txh
vrq wrpdgrv sru i+{, +|d txh ghehq hvwäu hq D @ Grpi , wlhqh vxv lpdjhqhv duelwuduldphqwh fhufdqdv d
O +|d txh ghehq hvwdu hq YO ,
Qrwdflöq=
olp i+{, @ O ö olp i +{, @ O ö i +{, $ O
{$s s
{$s
Od ghqlflöq dqwhulru hv qhfhvdulr hvfuleluod hq xq ohqjxdmh txh qrv shuplwd rshudu frq hood1
Frpr odv yhflqgdghv gh O vrq gh od irupd YO> % / od iudvh sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh O htxlydoh d wrpdu
fxdotxlhu % A 3 ö +; % A 3,> or plvpr rfxuuh frq odv yhflqgdghv gh s/ Ys> / hq hvwh fdvr ho fxdqwlfdgru hq
od ghqlflöq hv h{lvwh/ < A 3
4 Vh hqwlhqgh txh i ED ' i ED K Grp i /|d txh d orv hohphqwrv gh D txh qr hvwdq hq ho Grp i> i ohv kdfh qdgd1
7141 OÐPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV 54<
Sru or dqwhulru whqhprv txh

olp i +{, @ O
{$s
vl | vöor vl
; % A 3 < A 3 / i++Ys> isj, _ D, YO> % +yhu jxud QQ,
Iljxud QQ
Dkrud uhfrugdqgr txh
Ys> @ i{ 5 U = m{ sm ? j | YO> % @ i| 5 U = m| sm ? %j>
vh sxhgh hvfulelu=
Ghqlflöq Wudglflrqdo=
olp i +{, @ O
{$s
vl | vöor vl
+; % A 3,+ < A 3,++3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpi , , mi +{, Om ? %,=
Dvð/ ghprvwudu txh olps i+{, @ O frqvlvwh hq= hqfrqwudu xq A 3 sdud xq % A 3 gdgr +duelwudulr, |
txh yhultxh od lpsolfdflöq
+3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 D, , mi +{, Om ? %
71416 Ghprvwudflöq gh Oðplwh % 1

Hmhuflflr 578 Vhd i+{, @ 6{ . 51 Ghprvwudu txh olp{$4 i+{, @ 8
Vroxflöq= \d txh sdud wrgr % A 3 h{lvwh < +@ 6% , wdo txh
3 ? m{ 4m ? +, 3 ? m{ 4m ? 6%
+, 3 ? 6m{ 4m ? %
+, 3 ? m6{ 6m ? %
+, 3 ? m6{ . 5 8m ? %
+, 3 ? mi+{, 8m a mi+{, 8m ? %
Dvð/
%
; % A 3 < @ / +3 ? m{ 4m ? , mi +{, 8m ? %,=
6
553 FKDSWHU 71 OÐPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV
BcSru txì wrpdprv @ 6% B Sdud txh mxvwdphqwh vh gì od ghvljxdogdg mi+{, 8m ? % | qr rwud

ghvljxdogdg1
Qrwhprv txh= Ho exvfdgr gheh vdwlvidfhu=
i +Y4> i4j, Y8> % ö i +`4 > 4 . ^, `8 %> 8 . %^ +vdoyr i +4, ,
| frpr i+{, hv fuhflhqwh/ gheh vdwlvidfhu
`6+4 , . 5> 6+4 . , . 5^`8 %> 8 . %^ +vdoyr i +4,,
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
8 % 6+4 , . 5 a 6+4 . , . 5 8 . %
gh or fxdo whqhprv
% 6 a 6 %=
Dvð/ sdud % gdgr/ exvfdgr gheh fxpsolu 6% +fxdotxlhu srvlwlyr phqru r ljxdo txh 6% ,
Revhuydflöq= Hq jhqhudo vh wlhqh txh vl i +{, @ d{ . e frq d 5 U i3j | e 5 U | s 5 U/ hqwrqfhv

olp{$s d{ . e @ ds . e1 Hq hvwh fdvr edvwd wrpdu @ md%m |d txh d 9@ 31
Vl d @ 3 vh wlhqh txh olp{$s e @ e1
Hmhuflflr 579 Vhd j+{, @ {{6< / +Yhu jxud päv dedmr,1 Ghprvwudu txh
5
olp j+{, @ 9=
{$6
Vroxflöq= Qrwdu txh Grpj @ U i6j1 Ho oðplwh hv fruuhfwr |d txh or vljxlhqwh hv yhugdghur=
Sdud fdgd % A 3 h{lvwh > @ % wdo txh= 3 ? m{ 6m ? , mj+{, 9m ? %1
Od lpsolfdflöq dqwhulru hv yhugdghud sru od vljxlhqwh fdghqd=
3 ? m{ 6m ? +, 3 ? m{ . 6 9m ? %
+, 3 ? m+{ . 6, {{
6 9m ? % =
6
+, 3 ? mj+{, 9m ? %
| @ { . 6 /j+{, @ {{6<
5
Hmhuflflr 57: Vhd k+{, @ {5 . 51 Ghprvwudu olp{$4 k+{, @ 6

Vroxflöq= Gdgr % A 3 < @ plqi4> 6% j
3 ? m{ 4m ? , m{ 4m ? 6% a m{ 4m ? 4
, m{ 4m ? 6% a m{ . 4m ? 6
, m{ 4mm{ . 4m ? 6 6% @ %
7141 OÐPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV 554
hv ghflu/
3 ? m{ 4m ? , 3 ? m+{ . 4,+{ 4,m ? %
, 3 ? m{5 4m ? %
, 3 ? m{5 . 5 6m ? %
, 3 ? mk+{, 6m ? %
Dvð/ ; % A 3 < @ plqi4> 6% j+3 ? m{ 4m ? , mk+{, 6m ? %,1
Od suhjxqwd qdwxudo hv= Sdud % A 3 BcFxäo wrpdu +föpr vh rewlhqh xq , dsursldgr sdud txh wrgr
txhgh frpr od ghqlflöq wudglflrqdoB Od wìfqlfd frqvlvwh hq exvfdu xqd uhodflöq hqwuh %> / hvwd vh frqvljxh
exvfdgr xqd uhodflöq hqwuh
m{ sm | mi +{, Om
Hq ho hmhpsor 578 vh frqvlghud m{ 4m | m6{ . 5 8m> Gdgr txh m6{ . 5 8m @ m6{ 6m @ 6m{ 4m/ vl
txhuhprv m6{ . 5 8m ? % +hvwr htxlydoh d 6m{ 4m ? %,/ qhfhvlwdprv hqwrqfhv wrpdu m{ 4m ? 6% hv ghflu/
qhfhvlwdprv wrpdu m{ 4m ? frq 6% 1
Hq ho hmhpsor 579 vh frqvlghud m{ 6m | m {{6< 9m1 BcFöpr hvwä uhodflrqdgr m{ 6m frq od vhjxqgd
5
h{suhvlöqB Sdud frqwhvwdu hvwr qhfhvlwdprv wudedmdu frq od vhjxqgd h{suhvlöq

{5 < +{ 6,+{ . 6,
Vl { 9@ 6> m 9m @ m 9m @ m{ . 6 9m @ m{ 6m
{6 {6
Sru or wdqwr/ od vhjxqgd h{suhvlöq hv phqru txh % vl od sulphud wdpelìq or hv/ hv ghflu/ gheh vhu ljxdo
d %1
Hq ho hmhpsor 57: orv wìuplqrv d frpsdudu vrq m{ 4m | m{5 . 5 6m1 Hq hvwh fdvr txhuhprv txh
m{5 . 5 6m @ m{5 4m @ m{ 4mm{ . 4m ? %=
% / hvwh ýowlpr sdvr vxjlhuh txh gheh vhu wrpdqgr frpr % / shur hvwr qr hv
Sru or wdqwr/ m{ 4m ? m{.4m m{.4m
fruuhfwr |d txh hv xq qýphur srvlwlyr | qr xqd ixqflöq gh {1
Hq hvwh fdvr vh dfrwd vxshulruphqwh m{5 . 5 6m | hvd frwd vh kdfh phqru txh % frq dojýq dsursldgr1
Qrwh txh vl @ 4 |
m{ 4m ?
, 4 ? { 4 ? 4
, 4?{.4?6
, m{ . 4m ? 6
Sru or wdqwr m{ 4m ? 4 , m{ 4mm{ . 4m ? 6m{ 4m | vl 6% | d od yh} 4 + @ plqi4> 6% j, vh wlhqh
%
m{ 4m ? a m{ . 4m ? 6
6
Sru or wdqwr
%
m{ 4mm{ . 4m ? 6@ %
6
Hvwd wìfqlfd vh xvd jhqhudophqwh fxdqgr m{ sm dsduhfh vöor frpr xq idfwru hq mi+{, Om | wdo
surfhglplhqwr hv oodpdgr dfrwdplhqwr1
Yhdprv dkrud xq fdvr päv frpsolfdgr sdud xq hvwxgldqwh txh whqjd sureohpdv frq odv ghvljxdogdghv
hqwuh lqyhuvrv1 Ho hmhpsor vh yhuä glihuhqwh do dqwhulru shur vöor xvduhprv od wìfqlfd gh dfrwdplhqwr1
s
Hmhuflflr 57; Ghprvwudu s olp{$3 { @ 31
Qrwhprv txh vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv Grpi @ U. 3
Vroxflöq= Gdgr % A 3/ h{lvwh @ %5 A 3 wdo txh

3 ? m{m ? a { 5 U.
3 +, 3?{?
+, 3 ? { ? %5
s
+, 3? {?%
s
$ {?%
Sru or wdqwr s
+;% A 3,+< A 3,+{ 5 Grpi a 3 ? m{m ? $ m {m ? %,=
s s
Revhuydflöq= Hq jhqhudo/ vh sxhgh ghprvwudu txh vl d 5 U. 3 > olp{$d {@ d
Hmhuflflr 57< L, Ghprvwudu txh olp{$4 {{ 6 @ 5
Ghwhuplqh vl od vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv
5
LL, Gdgr % @ 47 / h{lvwh @ 433

4
wdo txh
{6
3 ? m{ 4m ? , m 5m ? %
{5
LLL, Gdgr % @ 47 / h{lvwh @ 4
6
wdo txh
{6
3 ? m{ 4m ? , m 5m ? %
{5
Vroxflöq= L, Yhdprv frpr vh hqfxhqwud m{ 4m hq m {{
5 5m1
6
Frpr
{6 { 6 5+{ 5, m { . 4m m{ 4m
m 5m @ m m@ @
{5 {5 m{ 5m m{ 5m
hqwrqfhv ghehprv dfrwdu m{ 4
5m
sru xq qýphur
Vl m{ 4m ? 6 vh wlhqh txh=
4
46 ? { 4 ? 4
6
+, 76 ? { 5 ? 56
, 5
6
? m{ 5m ? 7
6
, 4
m{5m ? 6
5
Sru or wdqwr/ gdgr % A 3 < @ plqi 46 > 56% j wdo txh

d, 3 ? m{ 4m ? ? 46 , m{5m ? 55%
4 6
e, 3 ? m{ 4m ? ? 56% , m{ 4m ? 6
Sru or wdqwr sru +d, | +e, whqhprv

mi+{, 5m ? %> vl 3 ? m{ 4m ?
LL, Yhugdghur1
Sru or dqwhulru= Gdgr % @ 47 / h{lvwh @ plqi 46 > 56% j @ plqi 46 > 49 j @ 4
9
wdo txh
{6
3 ? m{ 4m ? , m 5m ? %
{5
| frpr @ 4
433
? 4
9
hqwrqfhv
4 4 {6
3 ? m{ 4m ? ? ,m 5m ? %
433 9 {5
LLL, Idovr1
Vl @ 46 whqhprv
4 5 7
3 ? m{ 4m ? +, 3 ? m{ 4m ? +, { 5` > î4j
6 6 6
dkrud vl % @ 47 / h{lvwh { @ 8
5` 56 > 76 î4j shur m {{
5 5m ?
6
9 %
sxhv
7

8@7 6 4
5 @ 9? 4
8@7 5 6 7
Hmhpsor 583 Ghprvwudu txh olp{$4@6 57{{

.4
4
@ 4
8
Vroxflöq= Qhfhvlwdprv exvfdu ho wìuplqr +idfwru, m{ . 4@6m +r htxlydohqwhphqwh ho wìuplqr m6{.4m , hq

6
7{ . 4 4

5{ 4 8 =
\d txh

7{ . 4 4 53{ . 8 5{ . 4 4;{ . 9 9m6{ . 4m

5{ 4 8 @ 8+5{ 4, @ 8+5{ 4, @ 8m5{ 4m
edvwduä dfrwdu vxshulruphqwh m5{4m / sru xq qýphur srvlwlyr n/ sxhvwr txh vl

4
4
n
m5{ 4m
vh whqguðd
7{ . 4 4 9m7{ . 4m 9n 4;n m6{ . 4m

5{ 4 8 @ 8m5{ 4m 8 m6{ . 4m @ 8 6
dvð/ edvwduðd wrpdu @ 4;n | vh rewhqguðd
8%

m{ . 4@6m ? 986%n a 5{44 n
, m{ . 4@6m m5{44m ? n6 n @ 96

9
%
8 8%
, m{ m
9 6 .4
?%
m { m
85 4

.4 4
, 57{{4
8 ? %
Yhdprv vl hv srvleoh dfrwdu vxshulruphqwh 4

m5{4m sdud { hq xqd yhflqgdg gh 4@61
m{ . 4@6m ? 4 +, 4 ? { . 4@6 ? 4
+, 7@6 ? { ? 5@6
+, 5+7@6, 4 ? 5{ 4 ? 5+5@6, 4
+, 44@6 ? 5{ 4 ? 4@6 ? 44@6
, m5{ 4m ? 44@6
Dvð/ vl m5{ 4m 9@ 3 vh wlhqh m5{44m A 6@44 qr hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh1 Ho sureohpd hq hvwh fdvr hv txh
od yhflqgdg wrpdgd hq wruqr do 4@6 lqfox|h do ydoru { @ 4@5 txlìq dqxod d m5{ 4m1 Od yhflqgdg gheh
h{foxlu d 4@5 | fhufdqr d ìo1
Sru hmhpsor od yhflqgdg gdgd sru 4@43
m{ . 4@6m ? 4@43 , 4@43 ? { . 4@6 ? 4@43

, 5;@48 ? 5{ 4 ? 55@48
, 55@48 ? m5{ 4m ? 5;@48
, 48@5; ? m5{44m ? 48@55
oxhjr vl m{ . 4@6m ? 4@43 , m5{44m ? 48

Gh hvwd irupd/ gdgr % A 3 edvwd wrpdu @ plqi 4;+8%48 , > 43 j |d txh vl ? vh wlhqh
55
4 4
55 43
4 4 48
m{ . 4@6m ? ? , ?
43 m5{ 4m 55
| dghpäv
m{ . 4@6m ? , m{ . 4@6m ? 8%

4;+ 48
55 ,
, m{.4@6m ? 48 8 %
m5{4m @
55 4;+48 55,

4
, 75{{
4 8 ? %
4
Ho dfrwdplhqwr uhdol}dgr hq hvwh sureohpd frqvlvwlö uhdophqwh hq ghwhuplqdu hq txì frqmxqwr vh hq0
fxhqwud ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflöq j+{, @ m5{44m sdud ydoruhv fhufdqrv d 4@61 Dqdol}dqgr ho juäfr gh
j+{,/ sdud xqd yhflqgdg dsursldgd gho 4@6 vh wlhqh qdwxudophqwh txh j+{, vhuä dfrwdgd> vl od yhflqgdg hv
judqgh frpr sdud frqwhqhu d 4@5 qr vhuä dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh j+{, |d txh hv lqqlwdphqwh judqgh fhufd
gh 4@5 +yhu jxud ,
j+{, @ 4
m5{4m
Hmhpsor 584 Ghpxhvwuh txh
olp 8{+{ 6, @ 43

{$5
Vroxflöq= Qxhvwur remhwlyr hv exvfdu m{ 5m hq m8{+{ 6, . 43m1 Frpr
m8{+{ 6, . 43m @ 8m{ 4mm{ 5m>
whqguhprv txh dfrwdu m{ 4m hq xqd yhflqgdg gho sxqwr 51 Yhdprv hvwr juäfdphqwh hq od jxud txh vljxh
j+{, @ m{ 4m
1 grqgh j+{, @ m{ 4m
Qdwxudophqwh txh j+{, hv dfrwdgr/ wrpdqgr xqd yhflqgdg gh 5 gh udglr 4 hv ghflu/ 4 ? { ? 6 vh wlhqh
sru ho juäfr txh
j+4, ? j+{, ? j+6, +, 3 ? j+{, ? 5
hv ghflu/ vl Y @ i{ 5 U = m{5m ? 4j/ hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh= ;{ 5 Y> m{4m ? 5 | m8{+{6,.43m ? 85m{4m1
Gh hvwd irupd/ gdgr % A 3/ h{lvwh ? 43% | ? 4 wdo txh
m{ 5m ? , m{ 4m ? 5 +|d txh ? 4 , { 5 Y ,
m{ 5m ? %,
, m{ 4m ? 43% +|d txh ? 43
m{ 5m ? , m{ 4m ? 5 a m{ 5m ? 43%
Dvð/
m{ 4mm{ 5m ? 5 43% @ 8%
, 8m{ 4mm{ 5m ? %
, m8{+{ 6, . 43m ? %
Sru or wdqwr
; % A 3> < A 3> +m{ 5m ? , m8{+{ 6, . 43m ? %,
71417 Whruhpdv Eävlfrv vreuh Oðplwhv

D frqwlqxdflöq yhuhprv xq whruhpd txh hv xwlol}dgr sdud suredu od qr h{lvwhqfld gh oðplwhv/ ho whruhpd gh
xqlflgdg
Whruhpd 719 +gh xqlflgdg, Ho oðplwh gh xqd ixqflöq +hq xq sxqwr, hv ýqlfr
Vhd D U> i = D $ U ixqflöq > d 5 D3 1 Vl h{lvwh ho oðplwh gh i fxdqgr { $ d hqwrqfhv olp{$d i+{, hv
ýqlfr1 Hv ghflu/
vl olp i+{, @ O4 | olp i +{, @ O5 hqwrqfhv O4 @ O5

{$d {$d
Ghprvwudflöq= Sru ho devxugr1 Vxsrqjdprv O4 9@ O5 / hqwrqfhv srghprv wrpdu yhflqgdghv glvmxqwdv
YO4 | YO5 / hv ghflu YO4 _ YO5 @ !1
Frpr olp{$d i+{, @ O4 / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh d/ Y4 / wdo txh i +Y4 idj _ D, YO4 / sru rwud sduwh
vh wlhqh olp{$d i +{, @ O5 / hqwrqfhv h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh d/ Y5 wdo txh i +Y5 idj _ D, YO5 1
Hv fodur txh E @ D _ +Y5 idj, _ +Y4 idj, 9@ ! +hv lpsrvleoh txh vhd ydfðd od lqwhuvhfflöq |d txh
dpedv vrq yhflqgdghv gh d | d hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh D
i+E, YO4 a i +E, YO5

sru or wdqwr
i+E, YO4 _ YO5 @ !
shur i +E, 9@ ! frqwudglflöq1 Dvð O4 @ O5
Whruhpd 71: 5 Vhd E D U> s 5 E 3 +sru or wdqwr s 5 D3 ,1

Vhd i = D $ U | j @ imE 1 Vl olp{$s i +{, @ O hqwrqfhv olp{$s j+{, @ O1
Uhflsurfdphqwh1 Vl E frqwlhqh xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d s vh wlhqh txh vl olp{$s j+{, @ O
hqwrqfhv olp{$s i+{, @ O1
Ghprvwudflöq= Od ghprvwudflöq gh od sulphud sduwh hv edvdgd hq whruðd gh frqmxqwr1

Vl olp{$s i +{, @ O vh wlhqh txh sdud wrgd yhflqgdg YO gh O h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg Ys gh s wdo txh
i++Ys isj, _ D, YO
sru or wdqwr wdpelìq vh wlhqh

j++Ys isj, _ E, YO
|d txh
j++Ys isj, _ E, i ++Ys isj, _ D, YO
oxhjr
olp j+{, @ O
{$s
Od rwud sduwh gho whruhpd uhdo}d ho frqfhswr gh oðplwh hq ho vhqwlgr txh edvwd dqdol}du orv sxqwrv
fhufdqrv d s1
Hmhpsor 585 Fodudphqwh vh yh txh olp{$6 {5 5 @ :1 Dtxð vh hvwä shqvdqgr hq od ixqflöq i = U $

U> i+{, @ {5 51
Ho whruhpd dqwhulru qrv glfh txh i m`6>4^ @ j =`6> 4^$ U> j+{, @ {5 5 fxpsoh txh
olp j+{, @ :
{$6
Hmhpsor 586 Vhd i +{, @ m{{5m

5 > { 9@ 5/
Surehprv olp{$5 i+{, qr h{lvwh +Sru ho devxugr,1
Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$5 i+{, h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ olp{$5 i +{, @ O1 frq O 5 U oxhjr/ vl frqvlghudprv
j @ i m`5>4^ | k @ im`lqiw|>5^
hqwrqfhv vhjýq ho whruhpd dqwhulru1
olp j+{, @ O | olp k+{, @ O +714,

{$5 {$5
shur fodudphqwh j+{, @ 4 sdud wrgr { 5 Grpj | k+{, @ 4 sdud wrgr { 5 Grpk1
Sru or wdqwr
olp j+{, @ 4 | olp k+{, @ 4
{$5 {$5
or txh frqwudglfh 714
Sru frqvljxlhqwh olp{$5 i +{, qr h{lvwh1
5 Vl i G D i E < U
E hv od ixqflöq i uhvwulqjlgd d xq grplqlr E | hv oodpdgd uhvwulfflöq gh i d E 1
7151 OÐPLWHV ODWHUDOHV 55:
Hmhpsor 587 Hq irupd dqdorjd vh suxhed od qr h{lvwhqfld gh olp{$3 i +{,/ grqgh i +{, @ vhq+ {4 ,/ { 5
U i3j
Vhd
4 4
D@i = q 5 Qj> E @ i = q 5 Qj
5q 5q . @5
dperv wlhqhq d 3 frpr sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq
Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$3 i +{, @ O/ sru or wdqwr
olp i m @ O aolp i m @ O+sru whruhpd 71:,
{$3 D {$3 E

Shur imD +d, @ vhq + d4 ,> d 5 D/ | vhq+ d4 , @ vhq 44 @ vhq +5q, @ 3> ;q 5 Q
sru or wdqwr
5q
olp i m @ olp 3 @ 3> dvð O @ 3 +715,
{$3 D {$3
Sru rwud sduwh/ imE +e, @ vhq+ 4e ,> e 5 E | frpr e @ 5q. 4
@5 /hqwrqfhv
4
vhq @ vhq +5q . @5, @ vhq@5 @ 4=
e
Dvð i mE +e, @ 4> ;e 5 E gh grqgh O @ 4/ or txh frqwudglfh 715
715 Oðplwhv Odwhudohv

Ghqlflöq 71; Ho oðplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq d vh hqwlhqgh frpr ho oðplwh vljxlhqwh olp{$d im`d>4^
| vh dqrwd olp{$d. i+{,1+vl d hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh `d> 4^_Grpi 9@ !,6
Dqäorjdphqwh vh ghqh oðplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr frpr olp{$d im`4>d^ | vh ghqrwd frpr olp{$d i +{,1+vl
d hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh ` 4> d^_Grpi 9@ !
Sru whruhpd dqwhulru vh wlhqh txh=
Vl i hvwä ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d d +qr qhfhvduldphqwh ghqlgd hq d,
hqwrqfhv
l, Vl olp{$d i +{, h{lvwh | hv ljxdo d O/ hqwrqfhv dperv oðplwhv odwhudohv h{lvwhq | vrq ljxdohv1
Sru frqvljxlhqwh xvdqgr od htxlydohqfld s , t +, t , s whqhprv=
ll, Vl orv oðplwh odwhudohv qr h{lvwhq r vrq glihuhqwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{, qr h{lvwh1 +lqvlvwlpr hq txh
vlhpsuh txh i hvwä ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d d,
Hmhpsor 588 Vhd +
{5 .9{.; { A 7
i+{, @
{.7
{5 49
{5 .:{.45 { ? 7
Fdofxohprv orv oðplwhv odwhudohv hq { @ 71 Qrwhprv txh i hvwä ghqlgd hq U i7j1
{5 49
d, olp i+{, @ olp 5
{$7 {$7 { . :{ . 45
+{ . 7,+{ 7,
@ olp
{$7 +{ . 6,+{ . 7,
{7
@ olp
{$7 { . 6
;
@
4
@ ;
6 Hq fdvr frqwudulr/ qr h{lvwh ho oðplwh +r qr vh sxhgh fdofxodu,1
{5 . 9{ . ; +{ . 5,+{ . 7,
e, olp i +{, @ olp @ olp . @ olp . { . 5 @ 5
{$7. {$7. {.7 {$7 {.7 {$7
Sru d, | e, vh wlhqh olp{$7 i+{, 9@ olp{$7. i +{, oxhjr olp{$7 i+{, qr h{lvwh1
s
Hmhpsor 589 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflöq i +{, @ { s
Khprv ylvwr hq xq hmhpsor dqwhulru txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv 31 Vlq hpedujr qr srghprv
dupdu txh dperv oðplwhv odwhudohv h{lvwdq1 Hq hvwh fdvr/ gho Grpi @ U. 3 / oxhjr i qr hvwd ghqlgd hq
wrgr xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwhqjd d 31 Revhuydprv od ghprvwudflöq gho hmhpsor 57; hv fodur txh
s s
olp { @ olp. { @ 3
{$3 {$3
Vreuh ho oðplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr vh wlhqh txh od sursrvlflöq
s
+; % A 3,+< A 3,+{ 5 Grpi a ? { ? 3 , m { Om ? %,
hv yhugdghud sdud wrgr O +O 5 U, |d txh qr s h{lvwh { hq U txh fxpsoh { 5 Grpi a ? { ? 31
Gh hvwd irupd dsduhqwdphqwh olp{$3 { @ O sdud wrgr O 5 U
Shur 3 qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh ` 4> 3^_Grpi @ !1
Sru or wdqwr ho oðplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr hq { @ 3 qr vh sxhgh fdofxodu +qr wlhqh vhqwlgr od h{suhvlöq,1
Revhuydflöq= Hq wìuplqrv gh > % od ghqlflöq gh oðplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr | odwhudo l}txlhugr hv=
olp i+{, @ O +,
{$d.
+; % A 3,+< 4 A 3,++3 ? { d ? 4 a { 5 Grpi, , mi+{, Om ? %, +716,
olp i+{, @ O +,
{$d
+; % A 3,+< 5 A 3,++ 5 ? { d ? 3 a { 5 Grpi, , mi+{, Om ? %, +717,
Dkrud/ vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwhq | vrq ljxdohv orv oðplwhv odwhudohv gh xqd ixqflöq i hq { @ d/ hv ghflu/
olp i +{, @ olp i+{, @ O
{$d {$d.
Hqwrqfhv srghprv dupdu txh olp{$d i +{, h{lvwh | olp{$d i +{, @ O1
Hq hihfwr= Gdgr txh h{lvwhq orv oðplwhv odwhudohv hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh 716 | 7171
Vhd % A 3 | frqvlghuhprv @ plqi 4 > 5 j hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh
{ 5 Grpi a 3 ? { d ? ? 4 , mi +{, Om ? %
{ 5 Grpi a 5 A A { d A 3 , mi +{, Om ? %
gh grqgh=
+; % A 3,+< A 3,+{ 5 Grpi a ? { d ? a { 9@ d, , mi+{, Om ? %
Khprv ghprvwudgr gh hvwd irupd ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd1
Whruhpd 71< Vl orv oðplwhv odwhudohv hq { @ d h{lvwhq +vh sxhghq fdofxodu, | dperv vrq ljxdohv d O
hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d i+{, @ O1
Hmhpsor 58: Vhd +
{6 4 {?4
i +{, @ s
{4
<{ {4
Ghwhuplqhprv vl h{lvwh olp{$4 i+{,1
Frpr olp{$4 i +{, @ olp{$4 {{44 @ olp{$4 {5 . { . 4 @ 6
6
s
| olp{$4. i+{, @ olp{$4. <{ @ 6 hqwrqfhv olp{$4 i+{, @ olp{$4. i +{, @ 61
Oxhjr/ sru whruhpd dqwhulru olp{$4 i+{, @ 61
7151 OÐPLWHV ODWHUDOHV 55<
Hmhpsor 58; Vhd i +{, @ { . m{{

5 / yhultxhprv txh i+{, qr wlhqh oð plwh hq 51
5m
Frpr olp{$5. i +{, @ olp{$5. +{ . 4, @ 6 | dghpäv

olp{$5 i+{, @ olp{$5. +{ 4, @ 4/ vh wlhqh txh olp{$5 i +{, qr h{lvwh1
Hmhpsor 58< Ghwhuplqhprv ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh odv vljxlhqwhv sursrvlflrqhv
l, olp{$3. m4{m
4
{ @ 31
ll, olp{$3 4 m4{m

{ @ olp{$3 5
{
{
lll, olp{$4 ^{` qr h{lvwh1

^{` {4
ly, Vl i +{, @ hqwrqfhv ho olp{$4 i+{, @ 4
5{ 4 { ? 4
s7 5
y, olp{$3 { {.{ @ 4
Vroxflöq=
Hmhpsor 593
l, Idovr1 Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv 4 { A 3 hq xqd yhflqgdg Y gho fhur/ oxhjr m4 {m @ 4 { hq Y sru or

wdqwr
4 m4 {m 4 +4 {, {
olp @ olp @ olp @ 4
{$3 { {$3 { {$3 {
ll, Idovr1 Sru or dqwhulru/ vh wlhqh=
4 m4 {m 4 m4 {m
olp @ olp. @4
{$3 { {$3 {
oxhjr
4 m4 {m 5{
olp 9@ olp
{$3 { {$3 {
Qrwh txh 4 { fdpeld gh vljqr fhufd gho sxqwr 4 | do wrpdu { whqglhqwh d fhur hvwdprv wrpdqgr
sxqwr fhufd gh fhur grqgh 4 { wlhqh ho ydoru srvlyr1
lll, Yhugdghur1 olp{$4. ^{` @ 4> olp{$4 ^{` @ 3/ oxhjr olp{$4. ^{` 9@ olp{$4 ^{`1
ly, Yhugdghur1 olp{$4. i +{, @ olp{$4. ^{` @ 4 |

olp{$4 i+{, @ olp{$4 +5{ 4, @ 4 oxhjr orv oðplwhv odwhudohv vrq ljxdohv sru or wdqwr
olp i +{, @ 4
{$4
s7 5 s5 s
ly, Idovr1 olp{$3 { {.{ @ olp{$3 m{m {{ .4 @ olp{$3 m{{m {5 . 41 Fdofxodqgr orv oðplwhv odwhudohv
s s
whqhprv olp{$3. {{ {5 . 4 @ olp{$3. {5 . 4 @ 4 | sru od l}txlhugd
s s
olp{$3 {{ {5 . 4 @ olp{$3 {5 . 4 @ 4
Hmhuflflr 594 Ghwhuplqh d 5 U gh prgr txh
{5 m{ dm d5
O @ olp h{lvwd
{$d m{ dm
Vroxflöq= Qrwhprv txh m{ dm @ { d vl { A d | m{ dm @ { . d vl { ? d/ oxhjr fdofxohprv orv oðplwhv

odwhudohv
{5 m{ dm d5 {5 d5 +{ d,
O. @ olp. @ olp
{$d m{ dm {$d. {d
{5 d5 +{ d,
@ olp
{$d. {d
+{ d,+{ . d 4,
@ olp
{$d. {d
@ olp. { . d 4
{$d
@ 5d 4
Sru rwud sduwh
{5 m{ dm d5 {5 d5 . +{ d,
O @ olp @ olp
{$d m{ dm {$d +{ d,
{ d5 . +{ d,
5
@ olp
{$d +{ d,
+{ d,+{ . d . 4,
@ olp
{$d +{ d,
@ olp +{ . d . 4,
{$d
@ +5d . 4,
Oxhjr O h{lvwh vl | vöor vl olp{$d. i+{, @ olp{$d i +{,/ hv ghflu/
5d 4 @ 5d 4
gh grqgh d @ 31 Sru or wdqwr/ ho oðplwh h{lvwh vl | vöor vl d @ 31
Hmhuflflr 595 Fdofxohprv

4 m4 6{m
olp
{$3 {
Hq hvwh fdvr/ qrwhprv vl { wlhqgh d fhur ho idfwru 4 6{ hv srvlwlyr/ oxhjr m4 6{m @ 4 6{ sdud wrgr
{ fhufd gh 3 |
4 m4 6{m 4 m4 6{m
olp @ olp
{$3. { {$3 {
4 +4 6{,
@ olp
{$3 {
6{
@ olp
{$3 {
@ 6
Oxhjr olp{$3 m46{m

4
{ @ 61
71514 Dojheud gh Oðplwhv

Whruhpd 7143 Vhd [ Grpi _ Grpj U> s 5 [ 3 | vhdq i | j wdo txh h{lvwdq orv oðplwhv olp{$s i +{,/
olp{$s j+{, hqwrqfhv
d, oðplwh gh od vxpd i . j wdpelìq h{lvwh hq s | vh wlhqh
olp +i . j,+{, @ olp i +{, . olp j+{,

{$s {$s {$s
7151 OÐPLWHV ODWHUDOHV 564
e, oðplwh gho surgxfwr i j h{lvwh hq s | vh wlhqh
olp +i j,+{, @ olp i+{, olp j+{,

{$s {$s {$s
f, oðplwh gho fxrflhqwh i @j h{lvwh hq s fxdqgr olp{$s j+{, 9@ 3 | vh wlhqh
olp{$s i +{,
olp +i @j,+{, @
{$s olp{$s j+{,
Ghprvwudflöq= Xvdu uhvxowdgr gh dojheud gh oðplwhv gh vxfhvlrqhv | whruhpd gho hqodfh/ txh yhuhprv
srvwhulruphqwh1
Revhuydflöq= Hq sduwlfxodu gh +e, vh ghgxfh txh
Vl 5 U hqwrqfhv olp{$s i +{, @ olp{$s i +{,1
Revhuydflöq= Hv lpsruwdqwh hqidwl}du txh sdud dsolfdu ho dojheud gh oðplwhv/ ghehprv hvwdu vhjxurv gh
txh vh yhultxhq odv klsöwhvlv1 Vl qr hv dvð srghprv rewhqhu frqwudglfflrqhv frpr yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflöq1
Hv fodur txh olp{$5 {{
5 @ olp{$5 4 @ 41
5
Vlq hpedujr/ vl hvfulelprv

{5 4
olp @ olp +{ 5,
{$5 { 5 {$5 {5
| dsolfdprv ho dojheud gh oðplwhv vlq dvhjxuduqrv gh txh dpedv oð plwhv h{lvwdq srghprv ghflu htxlyrfdgd0
phqwh txh1
4 4 4
olp +{ 5, @ olp +{ 5, olp @ 3 olp @3
{$5 { 5 {$5 {$5 { 5 {$5 { 5
5 @ 3 or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflöq +| hvwr vxfhgh srutxh olp{$5 {5 qr h{lvwh1

gh grqgh olp {{5 4
Revhuydflöq= Vl olp{$s i +{, @ O vh wlhqh txh
+; % A 3, +< A 3,+^{ 5 Grpi a 3 ? m{ sm ? ` , mi+{, Om ? %,=
Wrpdqgr/ hq sduwlfxodu/ % @ 4 vh wlhqh txh
;{ 5 +Ys isj, _ Grpi > O 4 ? i +{, ? O . 4=
Hv ghflu/ txh i hv dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh sru O . 4 hq od yhflqgdg Ys isj | wdpelìq dfrwdgd lqihul0
ruphqwh sru O 4 hq ho plvpr frqmxqwr1
Whruhpd 7144 +Dfrwdplhqwr, Vhd D U> s 5 D3 > i> j> k = D $ U1 Vhd Y xqd yhflqgdg gh s wdo txh
4, ;{ 5 +Y isj, _ D vh wlhqh= i+{, j+{, k+{,
| dghpäv
5, olp{$s i+{, @ olp{$s k+{, @ O/
hqwrqfhv
olp j+{, @ O
{$s
Ghprvwudflöq= +yhu jxud dqwhulru, Gdgr % whqhprv sdud i | k or vljxlhqwh

+< i A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? i a { 5 D, , mi +{, Om ? %
+< k A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? k a { 5 D, , mk+{, Om ? %
shur
+mi+{, Om ? % +, O % ? i+{, ? O . %, |
+mk+{, Om ? % +, O % ? k+{, ? O . %, dvð/
;{ 5 Y _ i{ = m{ sm ? i a m{ sm ? k j
vh wlhqh
O % ? i +{, j+{, k+{, ? O . %=
Sru or wdqwr/
; % A 3 < @ plqi i > k j+{ 5 D a 3 ? m{ sm ? , , mj+{, Om ? %
Sru or wdqwr
olp j+{, @ O
{$s

Or vljxlhqwh hvwä uhodflrqdgr frq od jxud 1 Fxdqgr vh ghqh jhrpìwulfdphqwh od ixqflöq vhq +{, |
frv +{, vh xwlol}d od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 4 frpr hq od jxud / hv dvð txh odv frrughqdgdv gho sxqwr S
vrq S @ +frv+{,> vhq+{,, grqgh { hvwd phglgr hq udgldqhv1
Iljxud
Sru rwud sduwh/ shqvdqgr hq od ghqlflöq gh odv ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpìwulfdv xvdqgr xq wuläqjxor uhfwäq0
jxor/ vh wlhqh txh7
fdwhwr rsxhvwr GV
wdq { @ @
fdwhwr dg|dfhqwh RV
Gh hvwd irupd/ odv frrughqdgdv gho sxqwr G vrq +4> wdq+{,,
Sru ho khfkr txh od flufxqihuhqfld wlhqh udglr 4 | ho äqjxor { hvwä gdgr hq udgldqhv/ vh wlhqh txh ho dufr
gh flufxqihuhqfld gh S d V> gS V hv od orqjlwxg {1
Qrwd= hq od jxud ho äqjxor { vdwlvidfh 3 { ? 5 / shur fodudphqwh vh sxhgh yhu txh vl { hv qhjdwlyr
| pd|ru txh 5 / vöor kd| txh whqhu fxlgdgr frq ho vljqr hq odv uhodflrqhv txh d frqwlqxdflöq gdprv sdud
{/ { 5` 5 > 5 ^1
g
S V @ m{m
SF @ m vhq+{,m
m vhq+{,m m{m |d txh S F g
SV
Sru or wdqwr/ sdud { 5` 5 > 5 ^ vh wlhqh od ghvljxdogdg
m{m vhq+{, m{m +718,
Hmhpsor 596 Sru or dqwhulru vh wlhqh txh olp{$3 vhq { @ 31

Hq hihfwr= Frpr

m{m vhq { m{m > { 5` > ^
5 5
| olp{$3 m{m @ olp{$3 m{m @ 31 hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh
olp vhq { @ 3
{$3
Wdpelìq xvdqgr od jxud vh sxhgh yhu txh fxdqgr { wlhqgh do äqjxor fhur/ od klsrwhqxvd gho
wuläqjxor RFS / RS wlhqgh do fdwhwr dg|dfhqwh RF/ gho plvpr wuläqjxor/ shur frpr RS hv vlhpsuh ljxdo
d 4 | RF @ frv+{, vh wlhqh txh
olp frv+{, @ 4>
{$3
oðplwh txh mxvwlfduhprv gh rwud irupd pdv dghodpwh1
7 Qrwdflöq DE lqglfd od glvwdqfld hqwuh D E
| r orqjlwxg gho wud}r gh uhfwd gh D E
d 1
Hmhpsor 597 Surehprv txh

vhq {
olp @4
{$3 {
Sdud uhvroyhu hvwr xwlol}duhprv xqd uhodflöq h{lvwhqwh hqwuh grv äuhdv gh od jxud
äuhd gh vhfwru flufxodu RVS äuhd gho wuläqjxor RVG
Fdofxodqgr fdgd äuhd8 vh wlhqh

{ 4
wdq+{, > vl { srvlwlyr
5 5
Pxowlsolfdqgr hvwd ýowlpd ghvljxdogdg d dperv odgrv sru ho qýphur srvlwlyr { rewhqhprv
5 frv+ ,
{
vhq+{,
frv+{,
{
Xwlol}dqgr ho khfkr txh frv+{, hv xqd ixqflöq sdu +frv+{, @ frv+{,, | frpr vhq+{, {/ srghprv
ideulfdu od vljxlhqwh fdghqd dsursldgd sdud xwlol}du ho whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
vhq+{,
4
frv+{,
{
ghvljxdogdg yäolgd sdud { 9@ 3 | { 5` 5 > 5 ^ + |d txh od ixqflöq vhq+{, | { vrq ixqflrqhv lpsduhv | vx
fxrflhqwh hv sdu,1
Gh hvwd irupd sru whruhpd 7144 | xwlol}dqgr txh frv+{, $ 4 fxdqgr { $ 3 rewhqhprv
vhq+{,
olp @4
{$3 {
vhq { 5{
olp
{$3 6{ . 7vhq{
Vroxflöq=
vhq { 5{ vhq { 5{ 4@{
O @ olp @ olp
{$3 6{ . 7vhq{ {$3 6{ . 7 vhq { 4@{
vhq {
5
@ olp { vhq {
{$3 6 . 7 {
Frpr
vhq { vhq {
olp 6 . 7 @ olp 6 . 7 olp @ 6 . 7 @ : 9@ 3=
{$3 { {$3 {$3 {
|
vhq { vhq {
olp 5 @ olp olp 5 @ 4 5 @ 4=
{$3 { {$3 { {$3
hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oðplwhv O @ 4 1
:
Hmhpsor 599 Fdofxohprv olp{$3. { vhq {d grqgh d 5 U1
Vroxflöq= Vdehprv txh

d
m vhq m4 +719,
{
Pxowlsolfdqgr sru m{m od hfxdflöq 719 rewhqhprv
d
m{ vhq m m{m +71:,
{
8 uhfxhugh txh { hvwä hq udgldqhv1
Dvð/
d
m{m { vhq + , m{m=
{
Frpr olp{$3 m{m @ 3 | olp{$3 m{m @ 3 hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh olp{$3. m{ vhq {d m @
3
Hvwh ýowlpr fdvr vh sxhgh jhqhudol}du d ixqflrqhv dfrwdgdv1
Uhfrughprv txh xqd ixqflöq i vh glfh dfrwdgd hq D vl h{lvwh n 5 U. wdo txh=
mi+{,m n
Whruhpd 7145 +Fhur Dqltxlod, Vhd i xqd ixqflöq dfrwdgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys +qr qhfhvduld0
phqwh ghqlgd hq s,1 Vl olp{$s j+{, @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$s j+{,i+{, @ 3
Ghprvwudflöq= Frpr mi+{,m n vh wlhqh
mj+{,i+{,m nmj+{,m
hv ghflu/
nmj+{,m j+{,i+{, nmj+{,m
| sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr vh rewlhqh or uhtxhulgr1
Hmhpsor 59: Ghprvwudu
5
olp +{ 4, frv @3 +71;,
{$4 {4
Hq hihfwr olp{$4 { 4 @ 3 | od ixqflöq i +{, @ frv+ {
5
, hv dfrwdgd/ oxhjr sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod/
vh wlhqh 71;1
4
Hmhuflflr 59; Fdofxodu

vhq+ {
4
,
olp 6
{$6 {6
4
4 ,
Vroxflöq= O @ olp{$6 6 @ olp
6 +{ 6, vhq {6 1
vhq + {
4
{6
{ $ 4
Frpr olp{$6 { 6 @ 3 | i+{, @ vhq { 4

6
hv dfrwdgd/ hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod O @ 31
Hmhuflflr 59< Ghprvwudu xvdqgr ho whruhpd dqwhulru txh
olp vhq +{, @ vhq +d,
{$d
Vroxflöq= Edvwd ghprvwudu txh olp{$d +vhq { vhq d, @ 31 Xvdqgr od lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpìwulfd
{d {.d
vhq { vhq d @ 5 vhq+ , frv+ ,
5 5
| ho khfkr txh frv+ {. d , hv dfrwdgr | olp
{$d vhq+ 5 , @ olpx$3 vhq x @ 3 grqgh 5 @ x1 Vh wlhqh sru
{d {d
whruhpd fhur dqltxlodgru txh=
5
olp +vhq { vhq d, @ 3

{$d
Hq irupd dqäorjd vh sxhgh suredu txh
olp frv { @ frv d
{$d
Hmhuflflr 5:3 Vhdq d A 3> e A 3/ Ghprvwudu txh

{ e e
olp. @
{$3 d { d
D|xgd= Xvdu od vljxlhqwh surslhgdg gh od sduwh hqwhud
{ 4 ^{` { > ;{ 5 U=
Vroxflöq= Sru surslhgdg dqwhulru whqhprv

e e e
4
{ { {
pxowlsolfdqgr sru {d frq d A 3> { A 3 vh wlhqh

{ e { e {e
4
d { d { d{
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
e { { e e
4
d d d { d
sxhvwr txh olp{$3. de {d @ olp{$3. de @ de hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr

{ e e
olp. @
{$3 d { d
Hmhuflflr 5:4 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1
41 olp{$3 @{ @ 41
@{,
vhq +4
4
51 olp{$7 +{ . 7,^{` @ 31
61 olp{$3 vhq{ { @ 31
71 olp{$ vhq{ { @ 41
81 olp{$3 frv{ { @ 31
91 Qr h{lvwh olp{$3 frv{ { 1
:1 olp{$3 +{ vhq+4@{, . { , qr h{lvwh1

frv+ ,{
;1 Vl olp{$d ij h{lvwh | olp{$d i h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d j h{lvwh1
<1 Vl olp{$d +i . j, h{lvwh | olp{$d i qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d j h{lvwh1
Vroxflöq=
41 Idovr1 @{ @ olp{$3 { vhq +4@{, | olp{$3 { @ 3 | i +{, @ vhq +4@{, hv dfrwdgd

Frpr olp{$3 vhq4+4 @{,
hqwrqfhv olp{$3 { vhq +4@{, @ 3 sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod1
51 Yhugdghur1 Od ixqflöq i +{, @ ^{` hv dfrwdgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gho 7/ hv ghflu/
8 ^{` 7 i rudoo{ 5` 8> 6^
| olp{$7 +{ . 7, @ 3 oxhjr sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod
olp +{ . 7,^{` @ 3=
{$7
61 Yhugdghur1 olp{$3 vhq{ { @ olp{$3 +vhq+4{,,@{ @ 4

4
@ 41
71 Idovr1 olp{$ vhq{+{, @ vhq+, @ 3
81 Yhugdghur1 olp{$3 frv{ { @ frv+3,

3
@3
91 Yhugdghur1 Vxsrqguhprv txh olp{$3 frv+ { h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv O1 Gdgr txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh sru
{,
{ { gheh h{lvwlu shur

dojheud gh oðplwhv olp{$3 frv+{,
frv +{,
olp { @ olp frv+{, @ 4
{$3 { {$3
| sru dojheud gh oðplwhv
frv+{, frv+{,
olp { @ olp olp { @ O 3 @ 3
{$3 { {$3 { {$3
or fxdo hv xqd frqwudglfflöq sru od xqlflgdg gho oðplwh1 Sru or wdqwr ho ydoru O qr h{lvwh1
:1 Yhugdghur19 Vdehprv sru +4, txh> olp{$3 { vhq +4@{, h{lvwh +| vx ydoru hv fhur, | olp{$3 frv{ { qr
h{lvwh sru +9,
Oxhjr
frv {
olp +{ vhq 4@{ . , qr h{lvwh=
{$3 {
|d txh gh h{lvwlu wdpelìq ghehuðd h{lvwlu +sru oðplwh gh od vxpd,
frv {
olp +{ vhq 4@{ . { vhq+4@{,,
{$3 {
| hvwr ýowlpr hv idovr sru +9,1
;1 Idovr1 Vhdq i +{, @ vhq {> j+{, @ {4 >
olp{$3 i+{,j+{, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv 4/ dghpäv olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv fhur/ shur olp{$3 j+{,
qr h{lvwh1
<1 Idovr1 Vhdq i +{, @ {4 | j+{, @ {4 oxhjr olp{$3 +i . j, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv fhur/ shur olp{$3 i+{, @
olp{$3 {4 qr h{lvwh | olp{$3 j+{, @ olp{$3 {4 qr h{lvwh1
71515 Oðplwh gh ixqflrqhv 0 vxfhvlrqhv

Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv shuplwh xvdu orv uhvxowdgrv rewhqlgrv hq vxfhvlrqhv
Hmhpsor 5:5 Vhd i +{, @ {/ od ixqflöq lghqwlgdg hq U1 Vh vdeh txh olp{$s i +{, @ s1
Xvhprv ho whruhpd dqwhulru sdud suredu txh =
d, olp{$s {5 @ s5 1
e, olp{$s {n @ sn grqgh 5 U |
f, olp{$s t+{, @ t+s,/ grqgh t+{, @ 3 . 4 { . 5 {5 . . q {q
Vroxflöq= d, Frpr {5 @ i +{,i+{, vh wlhqh
olp {5 @ olp i+{, olp i+{, @ s s @ s5 =

{$s {$s {$s
Dvð/ olp{$s {5 @ s5
e, Hvwd vh kduä xvdqgr lqgxfflöq hq n1
Sdud n @ 4 hv flhuwr |d txh olp{$s { @ olp{$s olp{$s { @ s
Vxsrqguhprv dkrud txh hv yäolgr sdud n | ghprvwuduhprv txh hv yäolgr sdud n . 4
olp {n.4 @ olp +{n ,{ @ olp +{n , olp { @ sn s @ sn.4 =

{$s {$s {$s {$s
f, Od whufhud wdpelìq vh kduä sru lqgxfflöq hq n
Sdud n @ 4/ vh wlhqh olp{$s 3 . 4 { @ 3 . 4 s1 Dvð sru dojheud vh fxpsoh sdud n @ 41
9 Vh yhuä hq wìuplqrv päv jhqhudohv hq hmhuflflr 5::1
Vxsrqjdprv txh ho oðplwhv hv yäolgr sdud q @ n ghprvwuduhprv txh hv yäolgr sdud n . 41 Xvdqgr
dojheud gh oðplwhv vh wlhqh=
olp . 4 { . . n {n . n.4 {n.4 @ olp 3 . 4 { . . n {n . olp n.4 {n.4

{$s 3 {$s {$s
Od h{lvwhqfld gh hvwh oðplwh vh jdudqwl}d sru od klsöwhvlv lqgxfwlyd
olp . 4 { . . n {n @ 3 . 4 s . . n sn
{$s 3
dghpäv sru hmhuflflr dqwhulru
olp {n.4 @ n.4 sn.4
{$s n.4
oxhjr
olp . 4 { . . n {n . n.4 {n.4 @ 3 . 4 s . . n sn . n.4 sn.4
{$s 3
Sru frqvljxlhqwh
olp t+{, @ t+s,
{$s
1
Hmhuflflr 5:6 Fdofxodu

{5 . 6{ . 4
olp =
{$5 {.4
Vroxflöq= Frpr olp{$5 { . 4 @ 6 9@ 3 | olp{$5 {5 . 6{ . 4 @ 44/ hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oðplwhv +f,
{5 . 6{ . 4 olp{$5 {5 . 6{ . 4
olp @
{$5 {.4 olp{$5 { . 4
44
@
6
Revhuydflöq= Qrwdu txh qr vh wxhgh dsolfdu ho dojheud gh oðplwhv1 Vl { wlhqgh d 41
Hq orv vljxlhqwhv h mhuflflrv wdpsrfr srghprv xvdu ho dojheud gh oð plwhv gluhfwdphqwh/ shur hvr qr
vljqlfd txh ho oðplwhv qr h{lvwh/ frpr vh yhud d frqwlqxdflöq1
s s
Hmhuflflr 5:7 Vdelhqgr txh olp{$s t+{, @ t+s,/ vl t+s, A 31
Fdofxodu s
6 5{ . 4
olp
{$7 {5 49
Vroxflöq=
s s s
6 5{ . 4 6 5{ . 4 6 . 5{ . 4
O @ olp @ olp s
{$7 {5 49 {$7{5 49 6 . 5{ . 4
< +5{ . 4,
@ olp 5 s
{$7 +{ 49,+6 . 5{ . 4,
5+7 {,
@ olp s
{$7 +{ 7,+{ . 7,+6 . 5{ . 4,
5
@ olp s =
{$7 +{ . 7,+6 . 5{ . 4,
Gdgr txh olp{$7 5 @ 5 | olp{$7 +{ . 7, @ ;1

s s
olp 6 . 5{ . 4 @ olp 6 . olp 5{ . 4 @ 6 . 6 @ 9>
{$7 {$7 {$7
7151 OÐPLWHV ODWHUDOHV 56<
hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oðplwhv vh wlhqh

olp{$7 5 5 4
O@ s @ @
olp{$7 +{ . 7, olp{$7 +6 . 5{ . 4 ;9 57
Revhuydflöq= Vh sureduä hq od vhfflöq gh frqwlqxlgdg txh vl q 5 Q> t+s, A 3 hqwrqfhv
s s
olp q t+{, @ q t+s,
{$s
Hmhuflflr 5:8 Fdofxodu
6 +{ . d,5 s
s
d
6 5
olp > vl d 9@ 3=
{$3 {
Vroxflöq= Uhfrughprv txh d6 e6 @ +d e,+d5 . de . e5 ,1
6 +{ . d,5 s
s
d
6 5
O @ olp
{$3 {
6 +{ . d,5 s
s 6 5 s
d 6 +{ . d,5 5 . s6 +{ . d,5 d5 . s d
6 55
@ olp s s s
{$3 { 6 +{ . d,5 . 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . d5 5
5 6
+{ . d,5 d5
@ olp s
{$3 {+ 6 +{ . d,5 5 . s6 +{ . d,5 d5 . s d ,
6 55
{5 . 5d{
@ olp s s s =
{$3 {+ 6 +{ . d,7 . 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . 6 d7 ,
s s s s
Gdgr txh olp{$3 { . 5d @ 5d | olp{$3 @ olp{$3 6 +{ . d,5 . 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . d5 @ 6 d7 9@ 3/
5 6 5 6
hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oðplwhv vh wlhqh
5d
O@ s
6 d7
6
Hmhuflflr 5:9 Ghwhuplqdu d 5 U gh prgr txh h{lvwd olp{$5 i +{, grqgh

+ s s
{s {s ; { A 5
i +{, @ { 5 =
d{ . 4 { ? 5
Vroxflöq= Gdgr txh Grpi @ U i5j1 Ho oðplwh h{lvwlud vl vöor vl
olp i+{, @ olp i +{,
{$5. {$5
s s
{ { ;
olp i +{, @ olp s s
{$5. {$5. { 5
s s s s
+{ { ;,+ { 5
@ olp s s s s
{$5. + { 5,,+ { . 5,
s s s s
{5 . { 5{ ; { 49
@ olp
{$5. {5
s s
+{ 7, . +{ 5{ 5 5{,
5
@ olp
{$5. {5
s
+{ 5,+{ . 5, . +{ 5,+ 5{,
@ olp
{$5. {5
s
+{ 5,+{ . 5 . 5{,
@ olp
{$5. {5
s
@ olp { . 5 . 5{=
{$5.
s s
Frpr olp{$5. { @ 5> olp{$5 5 @ 5> olp{$5 5{ @ 5 5 @ 5/ hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oðplwh vh wlhqh
olp i+{, @ 5 . 5 . 5 @ 9=
{$5.
Sru rwud sduwh olp{$5 i+{, @ olp{$5 d{ . 4 @ 5d . 4/ oxhjr olp{$5 i+{, h{lvwh vl | vöor vl 5d . 4 @ 9/
gh grqgh d @ 85 1
Hmhuflflr 5:: Ghpxhvwuh txh>

Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j,+{, qr h{lvwh1
Vroxflöq= Sru pìwrgr gho devxugr
++s , t, vl | vöor vl +s a t,
Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$d +i . j, h{lvwh/ oxhjr sru dojheud gh oðplwhv/ gdgr txh olp{$d i h{lvwh hqwrqfhv
olp{$d +i . j, i h{lvwh/ shur i . j i @ i or txh frqwudglfh od qr h{lvwhqfld gh olp{$d j1
Hmhuflflr 5:; Ghpxhvwuh txh orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv qr h{lvwh1
41 olp{$3 {4
51 olp{$3 +{ . {4 ,1
Vroxflöq=
Hmhuflflr 5:< 41 Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$3 {4 h{lvwh | vx ydoru ydoru hv O1 Gdgr txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh/
hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oðplwhv/ h{lvwh ho oðplwh gho surgxfwr/ hv ghflu/ olp{$3 {4 { h{lvwh
4 4
olp { @ olp olp { @ O 3 @ 3=
{$3 { {$3 { {$3
Sru rwud sduwh
4
olp { @ olp 4 @ 4>
{$3 { {$3
oxhjr sru xqlflgdg gho oðplwhv vh wlhqh txh 3 @ 4 or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflöq1
51 Frpr olp{$3 { h{lvwh | olp{$3 {4 qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv sru hmhuflflr 5:: vh wlhqh
4
olp { . qr h{lvwh
{$3 {
Revhuydflöq= Hq jhqhudo/ vh sxhgh ghprvwudu sru ho pìwrgr gho devxugr txh=
Vl olp{$d i+{, @ f 9@ 3 | olp{$d j+{, @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$3 ij++{{,, qr h{lvwh1 Hq hvwh fdvr vh glfh txh ho
oðplwh olp{$d ij++{{,, hv gh od irupd 3f
Hmhpsor 5;3 Orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv vrq gh od irupd 3f
m{ . 5m {.5 ^{` 4 frv5 {

olp > olp olp olp
{$4 { 4 {$5 {5 7 {$6@5 6 5{ {$4 {4
oxhjr orv oðplwhv qr h{lvwh1
Hmhpsor 5;4 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflöq
d5 . d . 6dk5 5
i +k, @
k5
Ghwhuplqhprv sdud txì ydoru gh d 5 U/ ho oðplwh olpk$3 i +k, h{lvwh1
Gdgr txh olpk$3 k5 @ 3/ hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .dk6dk sxhgh h{lvwlu vl: olpk$3 d5 . d . 6dk5 5 @ 3
5 5 5
5
+vl olpk$3 d . d . 6dk 5 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv olpk$3 qr h{lvwh,1
5 5 d5 .d.6dk5 5
k5
Dkrud>
olp d5 . d . 6dk5 5 @ 3 +, d5 . d 5 @ 3
k$3
+, +d . 5,+d 4, @ 3
+, d @ 5 b d @ 4
Vl d @ 5 hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .d.6

5 dk5 5 @ olp 9k5
k 5 k$3 k5 @ 91
Vl d @ 4 hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .d.6
5 dk5 5 @ olp 6k5
k5 5 k$3 k5 @ 61
Sru or wdqwr olpk$3 olp d .d.6 dk 5 h{lvwh vl d 5 i5> 4j1
5
k5
s s
Hmhpsor 5;5 Prvwudu txh olp{$d { @ d/ vl d 31
s s
Vroxflöq= Vl d A 3 edvwd suredu txh olp{$d + { d, @ 3 shur
s s
s s s s {. d
{ d @ { d s s
{. d
{d
@ s s
{. d
4
@ s s +{ d,
{. d
|
4 4
3? s s ?s
{. d d
| |d txh olp{$d { @ d sru whruhpd fhur Dqltxlod
s s
olp { d @ 3
{$d
71516 Whruhpd gh Vxvwlwxflöq

Whruhpd 7146 +Vxvwlwxflöq, Vhdq [> \ U | i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U ixqflrqhv wdohv txh i +[, \ 1
Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$s i+{, @ e | txh h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys wdo txh i+{, 9@ e1 sdud wrgr
{ 5 Ys isj [1
Vl olpx$e j+x, @ O hqwrqfhv olp{$s j+i+{,, @ O1
hv ghflu>
olp j+i +{,, @ olp j+x, @ O=
{$s x$e
Hmhpsor 5;6 Fdofxohprv
vhq+{ ,
olp
{$ {
Vroxflöq= Frqvlghuhprv od vxvwlwxflöq r fdpelr gh yduldeoh x @ { 1 Hv fodur txh olp{$ { @ 3/
hv ghflu/ vl { $ hqwrqfhv x $ 3/ gh grqgh { 9@ 3 hq Y ij/ oxhjr sru whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflöq +gdgr
txh olpx$3 vhqx x @ 4,/ vh wlhqh
vhq+{ , vhq x
olp @ olp @4
{$ { x$3 x
Hmhpsor 5;7 Fdofxohprv
6{
olp
{$3 vhq+7{,
: Frqglflöq qhfhvduld shur qr vxflhqwh1
Vroxflöq= Vhd x @ 7{1 Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv x $ 3/ +dghpäv 7{ 9@ 3 sdud { hq xqd yhflqgdg gho fhur vlq
wrpdu ho fhur, hqwrqfhv/
6{ 6 x 6 4 6 olpx$3 4 6
olp @ olp @ olp x @ 7 olp vhq x @ =
{$3 vhq 7{ x$3 7 vhq x 7 x$3 vhq
x x$3 x 7
sru whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflöq/ dvð
6{ 6 x 6
olp @ olp @
x$3 vhq+7{, x$3 7 vhq x 7
Frurodulr 7147 Vhdq [> \ U | i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U | i +[, \ 1
Vhd s 5 [ 3 a e 5 \ _ \ 3 a olp{$s i +{, @ e a olp{$e j+{, @ j+e, hqwrqfhv olp{$s +j i ,+{, @ j+e,=
Ghprvwudflöq= Vhd j+e, @ f
[ $ i +[, \ $ U
s :$ e : $ j+e,
Sdud xqd yhflqgdg gh f> Yf / sxhvwr txh olp{$e j+{, @ f/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh e> Ye / wdo txh j+Ye
iej, Yf 1
Sru rwud sduwh/ frpr olp{$s i +{, @ e sdud od yhflqgdg Ye h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s wdo txh i+Ys isj,
Ye 1
Sru or wdqwr j+i+Ys isj,, j+Ye ,1
Dvð/ sdud xqd yhflqgdg Yf / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys wdo txh +j i ,+Ys isj, Yj+e, / hv ghflu/
olp +j i,+{, @ j+e,=

{$s

Hvwh whruhpd vh xwlol}d hq or txh vh vxhoh oodpdu fdpelr gh yduldeoh r vxvwlwxflöq
Hmhpsor 5;8 s t s
olp {5 . 7 @ olp {5 . 7 @ 7 @ 5> +71<,
{$3 {$3
s s s
sxhvwr txh= Vl wrpdprv j+{, @ { | i +{, @ {5 . 7 | gdgr txh olp{$7 j+{, @ olp{$7 { @ 7 @ 5 |
olp{$3 i +{, @ olp{$3 {5 . 7 @ 7/ hqwrqfhv sru ho frurodulr dqwhulru vh wlhqh 71<
Hmhpsor 5;9 Vdelhqgr txh olp{$d h{ @ hd 1
Surehprv txh vl h{lvwh olp{$e i+{, hqwrqfhv
olp hi +{, @ holp{$e i +{,
{$e
Vroxflöq= Vhd j+{, @ h{ frpr +j i,+{, @ hi +{, | sxhvwr txh olp{$d h{ @ hd / hqwrqfhv olp{$e +j i ,+{, @
j+olp{$e i +{,, @ holp{$e i +{, 1
Dvð whqhprv sru hmhpsor=
s6 {4
olp h {4 @ h4@6
{$4
s
Hq hihfwr1 Vhd x @ {1 Vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv x $ 4 |
6
s
6{4 x4
olp @ olp 6
{$4 { 4 x$4 x 4
x4
@ olp
x$4 +x 4,+x5 . x . 4,
4
@ olp 5
x$4 x . x . 4
4
@ =
6
Oxhjr
s6 {4 s6 {4
olp h {4 @ holp{$4 {4 @ h4@6 =
{$4
Sdud dsolfdu ho whruhpd dqwhulru/ ghehprv dvhjxuduqrv txh vh fxpsodq od klsöwhvlv1 Gh qr kdfhuor
srghprv rewhqhu frqwudglfflrqhv1
Hmhpsor 5;: Vhd d 5 ]

olp ^{` 9@ ^ olp {`
{$d {$d
Hq hihfwr> Vdehprv txh olp{$d ^{` qr h{lvwh sxhv orv oðplwhv odwhudohv vrq glvwlqwrv
olp ^{` @ d > olp ^{` @ d 4

{$d. {$d
Vlq hpedujr> gdgr txh olp{$d { @ d/ hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh ôlp{$d {` @ ^d` @ d1
Revhuydflöq= Qrwhprv txh1 Vl d 95 ] hqwrqfhv olp{$d ^{` @ ôlp{$d {`=
Hmhuflflr 5;; Suredu txh vl olp{$d mi +{,m @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{, @ 31
Vroxflöq= Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$d mi+{,m @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$d mi+{,m @ 3 dghpdv

mi +{,m i+{, mi +{,m | sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr whqhprv txh olp{$d i +{, @ 31
Hmhuflflr 5;< Fdofxodu orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv
s
4 . {5 4
d, olp
s{
{$3
4 6 4 5{
e, olp
{$3 {
s s
4 . {5 6 4 5{
f, olp
{$3 {
Vroxflöq= d,
s s s
4 . {5 4 4 . {5 4 4 . {5 . 4
olp @ olp s
{$3 { {$3 { 4 . {5 . 4
4.{ 4
5
@ olp s
{$3 {+ 4 . {5 . 4,
{
@ olp s
{$3 4 . {5 . 4
@ 3
e, Vhd x6 @ 4 5{1 Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv x $ 4 oxhjr/

s
4 6 4 5{ 4x
olp @ olp
{$3 { x$4 +4 x6 ,@5
4x
@ 5 olp
x$4 +4 x,+4 . x . x5 ,
4
@ 5 olp
x$4 4 . x . x5
5
@
6
f,
s s
4 . {5 6 4 5{
olp
{$3 { s s
4 . {5 4 . 4 6 4 5{
@ olp
{$3 {
s s
4 . {5 4 4 6 4 5{
@ olp{$3 .
{ {
5
@ 3.
6
5
@ =
6
Hv qhfhvdulr uhfrugdu/ sdud ho fäofxor gh oðplwh wuljrqrpìwulfrv dojxqdv lghqwlgdghv1
41 frv5 { . vhq5 { @ 4
51 frv+5{, @ 4 5 vhq5 {
61 frv+5{, @ 5 frv5 { 4
71 vhq+{ . |, @ vhq { frv | . vhq | frv {
81 vhq+{ |, @ vhq { frv | vhq | frv {
91 frv+{ . |, @ frv { frv | vhq { vhq |
:1 frv+{ |, @ frv { frv | . vhq { vhq |
;1 vhq { vhq | @ 5 frv+ {.

5
| , vhq+ {| ,
5
<1 frv { frv | @ 5 vhq+ {

5
| , vhq+ {.| ,
5
Hmhpsor 5<3 Ghprvwudu xvdqgr ho whruhpd dqwhulru txh
olp vhq +{, @ vhq +d,

{$d
Vroxflöq= Edvwd ghprvwudu txh olp{$d +vhq { vhq d, @ 31 Shur xvdqgr od lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpìwulfd
{d {.d
vhq { vhq d @ 5 vhq+ , frv+ ,
5 5
| ho khfkr txh frv+ {. d , hv dfrwdgr | olp

{$d vhq+ 5 , @ olpx$3 vhq x @ 3 grqgh 5 @ x1 Vh wlhqh sru
{d {d
whruhpd fhur dqltxlodgru txh=
5
olp +vhq { vhq d, @ 3

{$d
Hq irupd dqäorjd vh sxhgh suredu txh
olp frv { @ frv d

{$d
Hmhpsor 5<4 Xvdqgr dojheud gh oðplwh | lghqwlgdghv wuljrqrpìwulfdv fdofxodu ho oðplwh gh od vljxlhqwh
ixqflöq hq d
i+{, @ wdq { > d 9@ 5 . q > q 5 Q
Vroxflöq=
vhq+{,
olp wdq+{, @ olp
{$d {$d frv+{,
olp{$d vhq+{,
@
olp{$d frv+{,
vhq+d,
@
frv+{,
@ wdq+d,
Hmhpsor 5<5 Fdofxodu/ xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh fdpelr gh yduldeoh/ txh
olp frv+{, @ 4
{$3
Vroxflöq= Hq xqd yhflqgdg gh 3 vh wlhqh od lghqwlgdg
s
frv+{, @ 4 vhq5 {
Wrpdqgr x @ 4 vhq5 +{,/ fxdqgr { wlhqgh d 3> x wlhqgh d 4

s s
olp frv+{, @ olp x @ 4 @ 4
{$3 x$4
s s
|d txh olp{$d { @ d1
Hmhuflflr 5<6 Fdofxodu

wj+{ 5,
olp s
{$5 8{ . 9 7
Vroxflöq= Vhd x @ { 51 Vl { $ 5 hqwrqfhv x $ 3 +grqgh { 5 9@ 3 hq Y5 i5j,1
Oxhjr sru whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflöq
wj+{ 5, wj+x,
olp s @ olp s
{$5 8{ . 9 7 x$3 8x . 49 7
gh grqgh
s
wj+x, vhq x 8x . 49 . 7
olp s @ olp
x$3 8x . 49 7 x$3 frv x +8x . 49, 49
s
vhq x 8x . 49 . 7
@ olp
x$3 8x frv x
s
4 vhq x 8x . 49 . 7
@ olp olp
8 x$3 x x$3 frv x
;
@ 4 =
8
Revhuydflöq= Hq ho fäofxor gh oðplwhv +olp{$d i +{,, txh lqyroxfuh ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpìwulfdv/ or kdelwxdo
hv kdfhu ho fdpelr gh yduldeoh x @ { d r x @ d {1

6
olp + 6{, wdq {
{$@5 5
Vroxflöq=
6
olp + 6{, wdq { @ 6 olp + {, wdq {
{$@5 5 {$@5 5
Vhd x @ 5 { vl { $ 5 hqwrqfhv x $ 3 oxhjr/
6
olp + 6{, wdq { @ 6 olp + {, wdq {
{$@5 5 {$@5 5
vhq +@5 x,
@ 6 olp x+ ,
x$3 frv +@5 x,
frv x
@ 6 olp x+ ,
x$3 vhq x
x
@ 6 olp frv x+ ,
x$3 vhq x
x
@ 6 olp frv x olp + ,
x$3 x$3 vhq x
@ 644@6
5 5 frv +{ 4,
olp
{$4 +{ 4,5
Vroxflöq= Vhd x @ { 4 vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv x $ 3 oxhjr/
4 frv +{ 4, 4 frv x
olp 5+ , @ 5 olp + ,
{$4 +{ 4,5 x$3 x5
vhq5 x
@ 5 olp + 5 ,
x$3 x +4 . frv x,
4 vhq x 5
@ 5 olp olp
x$3 4 . frvx x$3 x
4
@ 5 4@4
5
Hmhuflflr 5<9 Fdofxodu +vl h{lvwh, olp{$4 i +{,/ olp{$3 i +{,1
Vl +
4{5
4?{?5
i +{, @ vhq +{s
,
s
dufvhq +{@ 5,
{ 5 ? { ? 4 a { 9@ 3
Vroxflöq=
d, Frpr i hvwä ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh 4/ srghprv fdofxodu orv oðplwhv odwhudohv1
l,
4 {5 +4 {,+4 . {,
O4 @ olp. i+{, @ olp. @ olp
{$4 {$4 vhq +{, {$3 vhq+{,
Vhd x @ 4 { vl { $ 4. hqwrqfhv x $ 3 +sxhv 4 { ? 3,
x+5 x,
O4 @
olp
x$3 vhq++4 x,,
x
@ olp +5 x,
x$3 vhq+x,
4 x
@ olp +5 x,
x$3 vhq+x,
4 x
@ olp olp +5 x,
x$3 vhq+x, x$3
|d txh olpx$3 vhq+
x @ olp w @ 4 vh wlhqh txh oðplwh dqwhulru hv
x, w$3 vhq+w,
4 5
O4 @ 45 @

ll, Sru rwud sduwh/

s s
dufvhq +{@ 5, olp{$4 dufvhq +{@ 5, 4
O5 @ olp @ @ dufvhq+ s , @ =
{$4 { olp{$4 { 5 7
Sru +l, | +ll, O4 9@ O5 oxhjr qr h{lvwh olp{$4 i+{,1
e, i hvwä ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg shuirudgd gho fhur

s
dufvhq +{@ 5,
olp i +{, @ olp
{$3 {$3 {
s s
Vhd x @ dufvhq+{@ 5, hqwrqfhv; vhq +x, @ s{5 oxhjr { @ 5 vhq+x,
Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv x $ 3 Dvð
x
olp i+{, @ olp s
{$3 x$3 5 vhq+x,
4 x
@ s olp
5 x$3 vhq +x,
4
@ s 4=
5
Sru or wdqwr olp{$3 i+{, @ s45 1

Hmhuflflr 5<: Suxheh txh
wj { wj d
olp
{$d {d
Vroxflöq=
wj { wj d { d {d
vhq{ vhq
olp @ olp frv
{$d {d {$d frv d
vhq { frv dvhq d frv {
@ olp frv { frv d
{$d {d
vhq+{ d,
@ olp
{$d frv { frv d+{ d,
vhq+{ d, 4
@ olp
{$d +{ d, frv { frv d
vhq+{ d, 4
@ olp olp
{$d +{ d, {$d frv { frv d
4
@ 4
frv5 d
@ vhf d
5
Whruhpd 7148 +gho Hqodfh, Vhd [ U> i = [ $ U ixqflöq s 5 [ 3 Hqwrqfhv whqhprv od vljxlhqwh
htxlydohqfld
olp i+{, @ O +, Sdud wrgd vxfhvlöq +{q ,4

q@4 frq {q 9@ s | {q $ s
{$s
vh wlhqh txh olp i +{q , @ O
q$4
; Dtxð vh wrpd x ' @hUti?E I{2 frpr xqd ixqflöq txh wlhqh lqyhuvd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh fhur sdud x frpr sdud {1
Ghprvwudflöq= +,, Vhd +{q , vxfhvlöq frq {q 9@ s | {q $ s1 Sru ghprvwudu txh olpq$4 i +{q , @ O1
Edvwd wrpdu ho frqmxqwr E [> E @ i{q = q 5 Qj1 Frpr {q $ s vh wlhqh txh s 5 E 3 | xvdqgr ho
whruhpd 71: vh wlhqh olp{$s i mE @ O/ hv ghflu/
olp i +{q , @ O
q$4
++, Ghprvwudflöq sru ho devxugr/ hv ghflu/ vxsrqguhprv txh sdud wrgr +{q ,4 q@4 txh vdwlvidfh od klsöwhvlv
vh wlhqh txh
olpq$4 i +{q , @ O | qr vh wlhqh olp{$s i +{, @ O1
Sru hvwr ýowlpr/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % wdo txh sdud wrgd Ys> +hvwr hv or plvpr txh ghflu
sdud wrgr , vh wlhqh txh î +Ys> isj, YO> % `/ hv ghflu/ sdud fdgd q @ q4 h{lvwh do phqrv xq sxqwr
{q 5 Ys>q isj wdo txh i+{q , 95 YO> % 1
Dvð/ khprv ideulfdgr xqd vxfhvlöq +{q ,4
q@4 1 Frpr q $ 3/ {q $ s | dghpäv i +{q , 9$ O +|d txh i+{q ,
hvwä do phqrv % ohmrv gh O sxhvwr txh i+{q , 95 YO> % , or txh frqwudglfh ho khfkr wrgd vxfhvlöq% gh odv
shglgdv> oxhjr i+{q , $ O1
Hmhpsor 5<; Fdofxohprv

4
olp q vhq
q$4 q
Frqvlghuhprv i+{, @ vhq{ { | vhd {q @ q4 > {q 9@ 3> ;q 5 Q
Vl q $ 4 hqwrqfhv {q $ 3 | sru whruhpd gh hqodfh vh wlhqh
4
olp i+{q , @ olp q vhq+ ,
q$4 q$4 q
4
@ olp vhq {
{
vhq {
@ olp
{
@ 4
Oxhjr olpq$4 vhq+ q4 , @ 41
Hmhuflflr 5<< Suredu

q7 . 5q 4 4
olp vhq+ , @
q$4 8q6 . 6 q 8
Vroxflöq=
q7 . 5q 4 q6 . 5 4
olp vhq+ , @ olp q vhq+ ,
q$4 8q6 . 6 q q$4 8q6 . 6 q
4
@ 4
8
4
@ =
8
Hmhpsor 633 Xvdqgr ho khfkr txh olp{$d {5 @ d5 1 Fdofxodu olpq$4 +4 . q5 . q45 ,q
Vroxflöq= Frpr +4 . q5 . q45 ,q @ ++4 . q4 ,5 ,q @ ++4 . q4 ,q ,5 | olpq$4 +4 . q4 ,q @ h/ xvdqgr whruhpd gho
hqodfh vh wlhqh txh olp {5q @ h5 grqgh {q @ +4 . q4 ,q
Hmhpsor 634 Vxsrqlhqgr txh olp{$d oq { @ oq d> d A 3 Fdofxoh

4 4 4
olp oq+4 . . . . ,
q$4 4$ 5$ q$
Sq 4
Vroxflöq= Vl |q @ l@4 l$ / olpq$4 |q @ h xvdqgr whruhpd gho hqodfh
olp oq |q @ oq h @ 4
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG 57<
Hmhpsor 635 Vxsrqlhqgr txh olp{$d h{ @ hd Fdofxohprv

s
h q.4 s s
O @ olp sq @ olp h q.4 q
q$4 h q$4
s s
Vroxflöq= Frpr olpq$4 q . 4 q @ 3 rewhqhprv sru whruhpd gho hqodfh O @ h3 @ 4
Gho whruhpd dqwhulru/ vh rewlhqh xqd khuudplhqwd px| ýwlo sdud suredu od qr h{lvwhqfld gh dojxqrv
oðplwhv1
Frurodulr 7149 Vhd [ U> i = [ $ U ixqflöq s 5 [ 3 1

Vl h{lvwhq +{q ,> +|q , grv vxfhvlrqhv wdohv {q 9@ s> |q 9@ s> {q $ s> |q $ s shur
olp i +{q , @ O4 | olp i +|q , @ O5 frq O4 9@ O5

q$4 q$4
r dojxqrv gh hoorv qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv olp{$s i+{, qr h{lvwh1
Ghprvwudflöq= +dsolfdu s , t +, t , s,1
Hmhpsor 636 Surehprv txh olp{$3 vhq+ {4 , qr h{lvwh1

Frqvlghuhprv {q @ .54 q > |q @ .5
4
q 1
Fodudphqwh {q $ 3/ |q $ 3 grqgh {q 9@ 3> |q 9@ 31
5
Vhd i +{, @ vhq+ {4 ,= Oxhjr olpq$4 i+{q , @ olpq$4 vhq @ 3/ |

olpq$4 i +|q , @ olpq$4 vhq 5 @ 41
Sru or wdqwr/ sru frurodulr dqwhulru olp{$3 vhq+ {4 , qr h{lvwh1
716 Frqwlqxlgdg
Ghqlflöq 714: Vhd D U> s 5 D/ gluhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh
i+s,> Yi +s,> % h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh
i +Ys> , < Yi +s,> %
Gluhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq D vl i hv frqwlqxd hq fdgd sxqwr s 5 D1
Hmhpsor 637 i+{, @ 5{ hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 6 sxhvwr txh=

Xqd yhflqgdg duelwuduld gh i+6, hv gho wlsr =
Yi +6,> % @ì +6, %> i+6, . %^@`9 %> 9 . %^
< Qrwh txh qr qhfhvduldphqwh Ys> a D ' Grp i / or lps ruwdqwh hv txh orv { txh wrpd od ixqflöq i / hv ghflu/ orv { M Ys>
whqjdq lpdjhq hood hvwh fhufdqd d i Es
Vl sdud od yhflqgdg dqwhulru gh i+6,/ h{lvwlhud xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> `6 %> 6 . %^ hvwd ghehuðd fxpsolu
i +`6 > 6 . ^ Yi +6,> % >
hv ghflu/
i+`6 > 6 . ^`9 %> 9 . %^
shur frpr i hv fuhflhqwh/ whqhprv
i+`6 > 6 . ^@`5+6 ,> 5+6 . ,^@`9 5> 9 . 5^
Sru or wdqwr/ gheh fxpsolu

`9 5> 9 . 5^`9 %> 9 . %^
Sdud % gdgr/ gheh fxpsolu
9 % ? 9 5 a 9 . 5 ? 9 . % >
hv ghflu/
5 ? % a 5 ? % >
Sru or wdqwr/ sdud od yhflqgdg Yi +6,> % h{lvwh do phqrv xqd yhflqgdg gh 6 |d txh edvwd wrpdu 5 ? %
+hv ghflu/ ? %@5, wdo txh i +Y6> , Y9> % 1 Yhu jxud dqwhulru
Hmhpsor 638 Vhd

5 {6
i +{, @
5=34 { A 6
Ghwhuplqdu vl hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 61
Vroxflöq= Gdgd xqd yhflqgdg gh i +6,> Y5> % / ghehuðd h{lvwlu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> / + hv ghflu/ h{lvwh
A 3 , wdo txh i +Y6> , Y5> %
Or dqwhulru hv htxlydohqwh d
; % A 3> < A 3> i +Y6> , Y5> %
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG 584
ö
i+`6 > 6 . ^, `5 %> 5 . %^
Dvð/ ghehuðd rfxuulu
; % A 3> < A 3 wdo txh i+Y6> , @ i5> 5=34j `5 %> 5 . %^>
shur sdud % @ 3=334 r phqru hv lpsrvleoh rewhqhu od lqfoxvlöq dqwhulru1

Frqfoxvlöq= Frpr sdud wrgr % A 3 qr hv srvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> wdo txh i +Y6> ,
Y5> % vh wlhqh txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq 61
Vh sxhgh yhu fodudphqwh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq orv rwurv sxqwrv
Hmhpsor 639 Vhd i +{, @ 8/ +ixqflöq frqvwdqwh,1

Hood hv frqwlqxd hq wrgrv orv uhdohv1
Vroxflöq= Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr duelwudulr s1 Qrwhprv txh=
; A 3 i+Ys> , @ i8j
Dvð/ ; % A 3> < A 3> i+Ys> , Yi +s,> %
|d txh
i+Ys> , @ i8j `8 %> 8 . %^ > ; % A 3
71614 Htxlydohqfldv gh Frqwlqxlgdg

D frqwlqxdflöq gduhprv fxdwur fdudfwhul}dflrqhv gh frqwlqxlgdg
41 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh D | s 5 D1
51 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh D | D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s1
61 Vl s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq | s 5 D1
71 Fdudfwhul}dflöq sru vxfhvlrqhv1
41 Vl s hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh D | s 5 D hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vöor vl olp{$s i+{, @

i +s,
Hvwd ýowlpd ljxdogdg glfh txh
l, olp{$s i+{, h{lvwh
ll, Ho oðplwh dqwhulru hv ljxdo d i+s, h lpsoðflwdphqwh hvwdprv glflhqgr txh i +s, h{lvwh1
51 Vl D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s +sru or wdqwr s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq, whqhprv or vljxlhqwh=
d, olp{$s. i +{, h{lvwh
i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vöor vl e, olp{$s i +{, h{lvwh
f, orv oðplwhv dqwhulruhv vrq ljxdohv d i +s,
s
Hmhpsor 63: Vhd i +{, @ { 4 BcHv frqwlqxd hq 4 B
Vroxflöq= Qrwhprv txh Grpi @ D @ ^4> 4^/ | dtxð ylhqh qdwxudophqwh od htxlyrfdgd frqfoxvlöq
i qr hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 4 |d txh olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh%/ frpr vh h{ljh hq 5f1
Revhuydflöq= Qr srghprv xvdu od fdudfwhul}dflöq 51 sxhv qr vh fxpsoh od klsrwìvlv gh txh D
frqwhqjd xqd yhflqgdg gh 41
Hq fdpelr/ vl srghprv xvdusod fdudfwhul}dflöq 4/ sxhv
s 4 hv xqd
ssxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh D | 4 5 D/
hqwrqfhv gdgr txh olp{$4 { 4 h{lvwh | olp{$4 { 4 @ 4 4 @ 3 @ i +4,1 vh wlhqh txh i hv
frqwlqxd hq 41
Surehprv i hv frqwlqxd hq 4 hq wìuplqrv gh yhflqgdghv1

Wrphprv xqd yhflqgdg duelwuduld gh i +4, @ 3> Y3> % qhfhvlwdprv hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> /
wdo txh rfxuud=
i+Y4> , Y3> % +7143,
Yhdprv txì frqglflöq gheh fxpsolu sdud txh hvwd ýowlpd lqfoxvlöq vhd yäolgd1
Frpr Y4> @`4 > 4 . ^ | i hv fuhflhqwh +yhu jxud,
y 2
1.5
0.5
0
0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5
s
x
i +{, @ {4
vh wlhqh txh= s
i +`4 > 4 . ^, @ i +^4> 4 . ^, @ ^3> ^
Dvð/ od lqfoxvlöq hq 7143 qrv txhgd s

^3> ^` %> %^
s
Sru or wdqwr gheh fxpsolu ? % r htxlydohqwhphqwh ? %5 1
Uhvxplhqgr1 Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg Y3> % h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> +edvwd txh vhd phqru txh
%5 wdo txh
i +Y4> , Y3> % =
Oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 41
61 Vl s 5 D qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq +s hv xq sxqwr dlvodgr, vh wlhqh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq s1
Ghprvwudflöq= Frpr s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +hv ghflu/
h{lvwh A 3, wdo txh
Ys> _ D @ isj
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
`s > s . ^_D @ isj>
sru or wdqwr/ i +Ys> , @ i+isj, @ ii +s,j ì +s, %> i+s, . %^
Od lqfoxvlöq ýowlpd rfxuuh sdud wrgr % A 3> gh hvwd irupd whqhprv od vljxlhqwh dupdflöq1
Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh i +s,> Yi +s,> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +od wrpdgd do lqlflr, wdo txh
i +Ys> , Yi +s,> %
Or txh txlhuh ghflu txh i hv frqwlqxd hq s1

Hmhpsor 63; Wrgdv odv vxfhvlrqhv {q = Q $ U vrq frqwlqxdv/ |d txh wrgr sxqwr gh Q hv sxqwr gh
dlvodgr1
Hq od suäfwlfd/ qr vh hqfxhqwudq pxfkrv grplqlrv frq sxqwrv dlvodgrv/ shur vl dsduhfhq hq vlwxd0
flrqhv hvshfldohv | sru hvh prwlyr or khprv ghvduuroodgr hq ghwdooh dtxð/ dpìq txh ohv idflolwduä ho/
hqwhqglplhqwr gho frqfhswr gh frqwlqxlgdg hq yduldv yduldeohv1
71 Ghqlflöq wudglflrqdo1
i hv frqwlqxd hq s> s 5 Grpi @ D vl
; % A 3 < A 3> m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpi , mi +{, i +s,m ? %
Qrwh txh m{ sm ? | mi+{, i+s,m ? % kdeodq gh odv yhflqgdghv gh s | i +s, uhvshfwlydphqwh | od

lpsolfdflrq +,, vh uhhuh d od lqfoxvlöq gh frqmxqwrv> od phqflöq h{soðflwd gh { 5 Grpi hv sdud txh
whqjd vhqwlgr od qrwdflöq i +{,1
81 Vhd i = D $ U> s 5 D1 i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vöor vl

Sdud wrgd vxfhvlöq43 +{q ,/ wdo txh {q frqyhujh d s vh wlhqh txh od vxfhvlöq i+{q , frqyhujh d i +s,1
Hvwh fulwhulr hv pdv ýwlo sdud suredu od qr frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr txh od frq|lqxlgdg1
Or dqwhulru vh sxhgh hvfulelu frpr
i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 +, ;+{q ,> {q $ s , i +{q , $ i+s,
Dvð/ od qhjdflöq hv= i qr hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | v*ror vl
<+{q ,> {q $ s a i +{q , 9$ i +s, +i+{, qr frqyhujh d i+s,,
Hmhpsor 63< Vhd

vhq + {4 , { 9@ 3
i+{, @
4 {@3
BcHv frqwlqxd hq 3 B
Vroxflöq= Frqvlghuhprv od vxfhvlöq +{q , frq {q @ 5q

4
Fodudphqwh vh yh txh {q $ 3/ shur
4
i +{q , @ vhq+ , @ vhq+5q, @ 3 ;q 5 Q
4@5q
Dvð/ i +{q , qr frqyhujh d 4

Frqfoxvlöq=
i qr hv frqwlqxd hq 3 |d txh h{lvwh xqd vxfhvlöq +{q , frq {q $ 3 a i+{q , 9$ i+3, @ 4
Wdpelìq srghprv ghflu txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 sxhv olp{$3 i +{, qr h{lvwh +yhu hmhpsor 636,1
43 Qdwxudophqwh od qrflöq ghe h vhu gh hohphqwrv gh D1
71615 Frphqwdulrv
41 Frphqwdulrv lqwxlwlyrv44
l, i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl odv lpdjhqhv gh sxqwrv fhufdqrv d s hvwäq fhufdqrv d i +s, | sru px| h{ljhqwh
txh vh srqjd +; % A 3, sdud shglu hvwdu fhufd gh i+s,/ vlhpsuh kd| xq prqwöq gh sxqwrv fhufd gh s
txh hvwäq vxshu fhufd gh i+s,1
ll, Xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq s qr sxhgh whqhu xq vdowr hq s/ qr sxhgh hvwdu fruwdgd hq s1
51 Frphqwdulr Uhgxqgdqwh
l, Fodudphqwh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s vl s 95 Grpi
ll, Gh od iudvh Xqd ixqflöq hv glvfrqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s% qr vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh qr wlhqh oðplwh
|d txh shuihfwdphqwh od glvfrqwlqxlgdg sxhgh ghehuvh d txh
d, s 95 Grpi r d txh
e, i+s, 9@ olp{$s i+{,1
Hmhpsor 643 i +{, @ {{44 / i+4, qr h{lvwh shur olp{$4 i +{, @ 51 Hvwd ixqflöq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud
5
ho fdvr +d,
Hmhpsor 644 {6, { 9@ 6

i+{, @
vhq+
{6
8 {@6
Hq hvwd ixqflöq vh wlhqh i +6, @ 8 9@ olp{$6 i +{,1Hvwd ixqflöq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud ho fdvr +e,1
lll, Vl olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh/ qr hv frqwlqxd i hq s1

Od qr h{lvwhqfld gho oðplwh vh sxhgh ghehu d yduldv fdvrv/ hq ho hmhpsor 645 whqhprv ho fdvr hq txh
fdgd oðplwh odwhudo h{lvwh/ shur olp{$s. i +{, 9@ olp{$s i+{,
Hmhpsor 645
; {5 <
A
A {A6
? {6
9 {@6
i +{, @
A
A
= {5 9{.<
{6 5: {?6
Frpr
olp i+{, @ 9 @ i +6, 9@ olp i+{, @ 3
{$6. {$6
Sru or wdqwr qr hv frqwlqxd hq 6
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd hv ho txh vluyh sdud prvwudu frq fodulgdg odv revhuydflrqhv +frphqwdulrv, dqwhulruhv
Whruhpd 714; l, Wrgd uhvwulfflöq gh xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hv frqwlqxd1

Glfkr gh rwud irupd
Vhd i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s 5 U1 Vl s 5 \ [ | j @ 45 i m\ hqwrqfhv wdpelìq j = \ $ U hv
frqwlqxd hq s
ll, Hq ho fdvr hvshfldo gh txh \ @ L _ [/ frq L xqd yhflqgdg gh s hqwrqfhv od uhfðsurfd vh fxpsoh1
Glfkr gh rwud irupd1
Vhd j @ im\ frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s +frq \ @ Ys> _ [ hqwrqfhv i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s
Hvwd ýowlpr qrv glfh txh od frqwlqxlgdg hq ho sxqwr s ghshqgh vöor gh orv sxqwrv txh hvwäq fhufd/ |
hvwr hv or txh vh vxhoh oodpdu frqfhswr orfdo1 Dvð frqwlqxlgdg hv xq frqfhswr orfdo% do ljxdo txh oðplwh1
Orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv vrq xwlohv sru ho khfkr txh qrv vluyhq sdud ideulfdu qxhydv ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv
r sdud ylvxdol}du txh xqd ixqflöq hv frqwlqxd1
4 4 Hvwr qr vluyh sdud qdgd hq odv ghprvwudflrqhv/ s hur vl sdud ylvxdol}du1
4 5 Uhfxhugh txh i\
hv od ixqflöq uhvwulfflöq gh [ \
d
Whruhpd 714< +Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv, Vhd i = [ $ U > j = \ $ U frqwlqxdv fdgd xqd
hq s 5 [ _ \ hqwrqfhv
l, i . j> i j> i j vrq frqwlqxdv hq s
ll, Vl j+s, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv i@j hv frqwlqxd hq s
Hq ho fdvr txh s vhd xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gh [ _ \ / od ghprvwudflöq vh rewlhqh idflophqwh gho

dojheud gh oðplwhv1 Hq fdvr frqwudulr hv gluhfwd1
Frq hvwh ýowlpr whruhpd whqhprv/ sru hmhpsor/ txh orv srolqrplrv
s+{, @ d3 . d4 { . d5 {5 . dq {q > frq dl frqvwdqwhv uhdohv
vrq ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv1

Uhfrugdqgr orv uhvxowdgr gh oðplwhv whqhprv txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr vx
grplqlr,
41 vhq {1
51 frv {1
61 wdq { vl { 9@ 5 . n> n 5 ]1
71 vhq { . 5 frv {1
81 6 frv { . fvf {1
91 frw { . : vhq +{, vhf {1
:1 vhq5 {1
;1 frv5 {1
| pxfkdv rwudv frpelqdflrqhv gh ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpìwulfdv | srolqrplfdv txh vhd rshudflrqhv dojh0
eudlfdv hqwuh ixqflrqhv eävlfdv frpr vhq +{,> frv +{, | d{1
Whruhpd 7153 +Od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv hv frqwlqxd, Vhdq i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq

s/ j = \ $ U frqwlqxd hq t @ i+s, wdo txh i+[, \ hqwrqfhv j i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s
Hvwh whruhpd qrv d|xgd d prvwudu txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr U,1
41 vhq {5 |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh vhq { | {5

51 frv +6{8 . :, |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh frv { | 6{8 . :
61 vhq +5 frv {, frpsxhvwd gh vhq { frq 5 frv {
71 6 vhq5 {6 . : frv {6 frpsxhvwd 6 vhq5 +{, . : frv +{,> {6
Hmhuflflr 646 Frqvlghu od ixqflöq i =` 4> 4^$ U ghqlgd sru

; 5
? { frv+4@{, {?3
i+{, @ 3 {@3
= {6
5
vhq+{ ,
3 ? {?4
Hvwxglh od frqwlqxlgdg gh i1
Vroxflöq=
Hmhuflflr 647 l, Vhd { ? 3/ hqwrqfhv i +{, @ {5 frv+4@{,1 Sru frpsrvlflöq | surgxfwr gh ixqflrqhv
frqwlqxd/ i hv frqwlqxd hq ` 4> 3^1
ll, Vhd 3 ? { ? 4/ hqwrqfhv I +{, @ {6 sru frpsrvlflöq | fxrflhqwh gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxd/ i hv

{5 ,
frqwlqxd hq `3> 4^1
vhq+
lll, Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg gh i hq { @ 31 Fodudphqwh 3 5 Grpi | i +3, @ 31 Frpr 3 hv sxqwr gh

dfxpxodflöq gho Grpi / ghehprv yhu vl h{lvwh olp{$3 i +{,1
Sdud hvwr/ fdofxohprv orv oðplwhv odwhudohv
{6 {5
olp. i+{, @ olp. @ olp. { @34@3
{$3 {$3 vhq+{ , {$3
5 vhq {5
olp i+{, @ olp {5 frv+4@{, @ 3

{$3 {$3
sru fhur dqltxlod1
olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ 3
{$3. {$3
hv ghflu/ olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh dghpäv
olp i +{, @ i+3, @ 3

{$3
oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 31
Sru frqvljxlhqwh i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr vx grplqlr
71616 Ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv vreuh frpsdfwr

Vl i hv xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr +frpsdfwr, ^d> e` vh ghehuðd whqhu txh
41 Hq qlqjxq sxqwr gh ^d> e` kd| vdowrv/ |d txh vl orv kxelhud vdowr orv olplwhv odwhudohv vrq glvwlqwrv
jxud gh pdv dedmr
r elhq ho oðplwh gh od ixqflöq hq ho sxqwr qr frlqflgh frq ho ydoru gh od ixqflöq hq ho sxqwr yhu od
vljxhqwh jxud
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG 58:
51 Wdpsrfr od ixqflöq sxhgh lu d lqqlwr hq dojýq sxqwr gh ^d> e` / yhu jxud txh vljxh/ |d txh hq hvh
fdvr oðplwh qr h{lvwh
61 Wdpsrfr sxhgh rvflodu hq xq sxqwr {3 +yhu jxud txh vljxh, |d txh ho oðplwh qr h{lvwluld1
Dvð whqhprv +lqwxlwlydphqwh, txh od juäfd gh xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr
^d> e` gheh vhu gh wdo irupd txh xqr od sxhgh judfdu vlq ohydqwdu ho oäsl} hpsh}dqgr hq +d> i+d,, |
whuplqdqgr hq +e> i+e,,1
Hq ho irqgr xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` hv vöor xqd ghvirupdflöq gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ vlhqgr vx juäfd
vrodphqwh xqd fxhugd qr lqqlwd txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, | +e> i+e,,1
Or dqwhulru qrv shuplwh fuhhu orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv1
Whruhpd 7154 gho Ydoru Lqwhuphglr

Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U frqwlqxd1 Vl hv xq qýphur uhdo txh fxpsoh i +d, ? ? i +e, hqwrqfhv wlhqh do
phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^1
+hv ghflu/ < f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i+f, @ ,
Frpr päv vh xwlol}d hvwh whruhpd/ hv hq od h{lvwhqfld gh udðfhv gh xqd ixqflöq1
Frurodulr 7155 +H{lvwhqfld gh Udlfhv, Vhd d> e 5 U wdo txh

4, i+d,i+e, ? 3 +hv ghflu/ i +d,| i+e, wlhqh glvwlqwrv vljqrv,
5, i frqwlqxd hq xq frqmxqwr txh lqfox|d do lqwhuydor ^d> e`
hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xqd udl} hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^ +hv ghflu/ h{lvwh f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i +f, @ 3 ,
Hmhpsor 648 Od ixqflöq i +{, @ {6 . {5 . 6{ . 5 wlhqh xqd udð} hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 3^

Hq hihfwr i+4, @ 4 . 4 6 . 5 @ 4 ? 3 | i+3, @ 5 A 3 oxhjr i +4,i+3, ? 31
Dghpäv i hv frqwlqxd hq ^4> 3` oxhjr sru frurodulr dqwhulru h{lvwh xqd udð} hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 3^1
Hmhuflflr 649 Suxheh txh od hfxdflöq

h{ 6{ @ 3
wlhqh do phqrv xqd udð} uhdo hq ho lqwhuydor `3> 4^1
Vroxflöq= Vhd i+{, @ h{ 6{
i+3, @ h3 6 3 @ 4 A 3 | i+4, @ h 6 ? 3 oxhjr i+3,i +4, ? 3
Dghpäv i hv xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq U hq sduwlfxodu hq ^3> 4`/ oxhjr sru ho frurodulr dqwhulru/ h{lvwh
f 5`3> 4^ wdo txh i+f, @ 3/ hv ghflu f hv xqd udð} r vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq1
Frurodulr 7156 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr L/ hqwrqfhv i+L, wdpelìq hv xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr1
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG 58<
Frurodulr 7157 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr ^d> e`/ hqwrqfhv i +L, hv xq lqwhuydor
fhuudgr | dfrwdgr/ sru or wdqwr i hv dfrwdgd1
Hmhuflflr 64:s Hvwxglh sod frqwlqxlgdg gh
d, i +{, @ s { 5 . 5s { s
e, i +{, @ {5 4 . 8 {+4 {, . {+4 {,
D|xgd= Fxlgdgr frq orv grplqlrv1
f, i = ] $ U i+{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud,
g, i = U $ U i+{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud,
Hmhuflflr 64; Hvwxglh od frqwlqxlgdg gh od ixqflöq hq orv sxqwrv s lqglfdgrv1
frv+ { , { 9@ 6
d, i +{, @
4
s @ 61
3 {@6
6
e, i +{, @ m{{
6 > s @ 6 | s @ 31
6m
+{ 6, frv+ { , { 9@ 6
f, i +{, @ s @ 6 | s @ 31
4
3 {@6
6
Hmhuflflr 64< Sdud txì ydoruhv gh > i hv frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr lqglfdgr1

+{ , vhq+ {4 , { @
9
d, i +{, @ s@ s@3
3 {@
e, i +{, @ { > s @ 3> s @ 5
f, i +{, @ {{57

s@3 s@5
Hmhpsor 653 Frqvlghuh od vljxlhqwh ixqflöq
;
A
A d oq+{ . h5 ,6 . e vhq5{7{ {?3
A
A
?
i +{, @ d{ . 6 {@3
A
A
A
A
= s4.e{5 4
vhq {5
3?{?
grqgh d | e vrq qýphurv uhdohv
4, Fdofxoh ho oðplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 3
5, Fdofxoh ho oðplwh odwhudo l}txlhgr gh i hq 3
6, Hqfxhwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e txh kdfhq frqwlqxd d i hq 31
7, Ghwhuplqh sdud txì ydoru gh e h{lvwh ho oðplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i hq
Vroxflöq= 4,
s
4 . e{5 4
olp i+{, @ olp.
{$3. {$3 vhq5 {
s s
4 . e{5 4 4 . e{5 . 4
@ olp. s
{$3 vhq {
5
4 . e{5 . 4
+4 . e{ , 4
s
5
@ olp
{$3. vhq5 {+ 4 . e{5 . 4,
e{5
@ olp s
{$3. vhq5 {+ 4 . e{5 . 4,
{5 4
@ e olp. olp. s
{$3 vhq { {$3
5
4 . e{5 . 4
4
@ e4
5
e
olp i+{, @
{$3. 5
5,
vhq 7{
olp i+{, @ olp +d oq +{ . h5 ,6 . e ,
{$3 {$3 5{
vhq 7{
@ olp d oq +{ . h5 ,6 . olp
{$3 {$3 5{
5 vhq 7{
@ d oq +h5 ,6 . olp e
{$3 5 5{
vhq 7{
@ 9d . 5e olp
{$3 7{
@ 9d . 5e 4
@ 9d . 5e
olp i+{, @ 9d . 5e
{$3.
6, i vhuä frqwlqxd hq 3 vl olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3,

oxhjr olp{$3. i+{, @ olp{$3 @ i +3,/
hv ghflu/
e e
@ 9d . 5e @6
5 5
Dvð e @ 9 | d @ 65
s e{54
710 olp{$ i+{, @ olp{$ 4. vhq {5
Vl e @ 3 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 3 | olp{$ i +{, @ 3
Vl e 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv ho olplwh qr h{lvwh1 s
Hq hihfwr> Vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ olp{$ i+{, @ O> O 5 U hqwrqfhv do fdofxodu olp{$ + 4 . e{5
4, gh grv irupdv glvwlqwdv whqhprv
s s
4 . e5 4 @ olp + 4 . e{5 4,
{$
s
4 . e{5 4
@ olp +vhq5 {,
{$ vhq5 {
s
4 . e{5 4
@ olp olp +vhq5 {,
{$ vhq5 { {$
@ O3
@ 3
oxhjr hvwr hv xqd frqwudglfflöq1
Hmhpsor 654 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1
41 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ ^5{` hv glvfrqwlqxd vöor hq ]

^{` { 7
51 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ hv glvfrqwlqxd hq
{ {?7
G @ i{ 5 ] = { 7j
61 Vl i . j hv frqwlqxd hq d | i hv frqwlqxd hq d hqwrqfhv j hv frqwlqxd hq d1

71 Vhdq i> j ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq xqd yhflqgdg gh d/ wdo txh i hv glvfrqwlqxd d hqwrqfhv i . j hv
glvfrqwlqxd hq d1
81 Vl i | j vrq glvfrqwlqxdv hq d hqwrqfhv i . j hv glvfrqwlqxd hq d1
Vroxflöq=
41 Idovr= od ixqflöq hq 4
hv glvfrqwlqxd |d txh olp{$ 4 . ^5{` @ 4 | olp{$ 4 ^5{` @ 3 oxhjr ho oðplwh qr
h{lvwh1
5 5 5
51 Idovr= i hv frqwlqxd hq 7 sxhv olp{$7. i +{, @ olp{$7. ^{` @ 7 dghpäv olp{$7 i+{, @ olp{$7 { @ 7
oxhjr olp{$7 i +{, @ 7 @ i+7,1 dghpäv hv fodur sru od judfd +yhu jxud vljxlhqwh,
txh i hv glvfrqwlqxd hq i{ 5 ] = { A 7j1
61 Yhugdghur= Sru dojheud gh oðplwhv whqhprv1 Vl i . j/ i vrq frqwlqxdv hq d hqwrqfhv +i . j, i hv

frqwlqxd hq d/ hv ghflu j hv frqwlqxd hq d1
71 Idovr= H{lwhq i +{, @ ^{` | j+{, @ { ^{` ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq xqd yhflqgdg gh d @ 4 wdo txh i hv
glvfrqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vlq hpedujr
+i . j,+{, @ { hv frqwlqxd hq d @ 41
81 = Ho plvpr hmhpsor1
Hmhpsor 655 Frqvlghuh od ixqflöq

;
? {5 .5{ @5 ? { ? 3
vhq 5{
i +{, @ 4 {@3
=
oq+6{5 . h,4 {A3
ÁHv i frqwlqxd hq { @ 3B Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor uhghqlu i vl hv srvleoh/ gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd1
Vroxflöq= { @ 3 hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq gho Grpi @` @5> 4^ oxhjr i vhuä frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl |

vöor vl
4, 3 5 Grpi
5, olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh1
6, olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3,1
Dvð=
4, Hv fodur txh 3 5 Grpi sxhv i +3, @ 4
5, Fdofxohprv olp{$3 i+{,
{5 . 5{
olp i+{, @ olp
{$3 {$3 vhq +5{,
{+{ . 5,
@ olp
{$3 5 frv { vhq +{,
4 {+{ . 5,,
@ olp
5 {$3 vhq+{, frv +{,
4 { {.5
@ olp olp
5 {$3 vhq +{, {$3 frv {
5
@ 4 @ 4
5
olp i+{, @ olp. oq +6{5 . h,4

{$3. {$3
Sxhvwr txh od ixqflöq orjdulwpr hv frqwlqxd hq U. |
olp 6{5 . h @ h 5 U.
{$3
olp i+{, @ olp. oq +6{5 . h,4

{$3. {$3
@ olp. oq +6{5 . h,
{$3
@ oq olp. +6{5 . h,
{$3
@ oq+h, @ 4
oxhjr h{lvwh olp{$3. i +{, @ 4
6, olp{$3 i +{, 9@ i+3, oxhjr i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 31 Vlq hpedujr/ gdgr txh olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh
hqwrqfhv hv srvleoh uhghqlu i gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3/ gh od vljxlhqwh irupd=
;
? {5 .5{
vhq 5{ @5 ? { ? 3
i+{, @ 4 {@3
=
oq+6{5 . h,4 {A3
Hmhpsor 656 Vhd i =`3> ^$ U od ixqflöq ghqlgd sru
; {
? frw { 5 frv

{ { ? @5
i +{, @
=
d{ 4 { @5
BcTxì ydoru +vl h{lvwh, gheh dvljqduvh d od frqvwdqwh d sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq 5 B
Vroxflöq= i vhuä frqwlqxd hq @5 vl

olp i +{, @ olp i+{, @ i + , +7144,
{$ 5 {$ 5 . 5
l,
{
olp i+{, @ olp
{$ 5
{$ 5
frw { 5 frv {
{ vhq {
@ olp
{$ 5 frv { 5 frv {
5{ vhq {
@ olp
{$ 5
5 frv {
Vhd x @ 5 { vl { $ 5 hqwrqfhv x $ 3.
l,
5{ vhq {
olp i +{, @ olp
{$ 5 {$ 5 5 frv {
5+@5 x, vhq +@5 x,
@ olp
x$3. 5 frv +@5 x,
+ 5x, frv x
@ olp.
x$3 5 vhq x
+frv x 4, 5x frv x
@ olp.
x$3 5 vhq x
frv x 4 x frv {
@ olp olp.
x$3 5 vhq x
. {$3 vhq x
sru rwud sduwh>

frv x 4 frv5 x 4
olp @ olp.
x$3. 5 vhq x x$3 5 vhq x+frv x . 4,
vhq5 x
@ olp.
x$3 5 vhq x+frv x . 4,
vhq x
@ olp.
x$3 5+frv x . 4,
@ 3
dghpäv
x frv x x
olp @ olp. olp frv x @ 4 4 @ 4
x$3. vhq x x$3 vhq x x$3.
Oxhjr sru dojheud gh olplwh
5{ vhq { frv x 4 x frv {
olp @ olp. olp. @ 4
{$ 5 5 frv { x$3 5 vhq x {$3 vhq x
ll, olp{$ 5 . i +{, @ olp{$ 5 . d{ 4 @ 5 d 4 Sru +l, | +ll, | sru 7144 vh wlhqh

4 @ d 4 @ i+ ,
5 5
sru or wdqwr whqhprv d @ 31
Hmhpsor 657 Vhd ; 6

? { frv + {45 , { ? 3
i +{, @ 3 {@3
= s 5
{ . 5{6 { A 3
d, BcHv i frqwlqxd hq { @ 3B
e, BcHv i frqwlqxd hq UB
f, H{lvwh G. @ olp{$3. i +{{,i +3,
3
g, H{lvwh G @ olp{$3 i +{{,
3
i +3,
Vroxflöq= d, Fdofxohprv orv oðplwh odwhudohv

4
olp i +{, @ olp {6 frv + 5 , @ 3
{$3 {$3 {
sxhv olp{$3 {6 @ 3 | frv + {45 , hv dfrwdgd1
s
olp i+{, @ olp {5 . 5{6 @ 3=
{$3. {$3.
Oxhjr olp{$3. i +{, @ olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3, @ 3 Sru or wdqwr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3
e, Vhd i4 +{, @ {6 frv + {45 , sdud { ? 3 frpr i4 hv surgxfwr gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv hq ` 4> 3^ hqwrqfhv
+sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv, i4 hv frqwlqxd1
Sru vxpd | frpsrvlflöq gh ixqflrqhv/ vh wlhqh txh i5 hv frqwlqxd hq `3> 4^1 Dghpäv sru +d, i hv
frqwlqxd hq { @ 3/ oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq U1
f,
i +{, i +3,
G. @ olp
{$3. {3
s
{5 . 5{6 3
@ olp. > sxhv sdud { A 3
{$3 {3
s
{5 +4 . 5{,
@ olp.
{$3 {
s
m{m 4 . 5{
@ olp > sxhv sdud { A 3 m{m @ {
{$3. {
s
@ olp +4 . 5{,
{$3.
@ 4
Oxhjr h{lvwh G. 1
g,
i +{, i +3,
G @ olp
{$3 {3
{ frv+4@{5 , 3 4
sxhv i +{, @ {6 frv+ 5 , sdud { ? 3
6
@ olp
{$3 {3 {
4
@ olp {5 frv+ 5 ,
{$3 {
@ 3
sxhv j+{, @ frv+4@{5 , hv dfrwdgd | olp{$3 {5 @ 31

Oxhjr h{lvwh G 1
Hmhuflflr 658 Ghwhuplqh d> e hq U gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3

; vhq d{vhq e{
? { {?3
i+{, @ d{ . 6 { @3
= es7{5 .{6
{ { A 3
Vroxflöq=
Hmhuflflr 659 41 3 5 Grpi> i 3, @ 61
51 olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh vl | vöor vl olp{$3. i+{, @ olp{$3 i +{,1

s
e 7{5 . {6
olp i +{, @ olp.
{$3. {$3 {
s
em{m 7 . {
@ olp. {A3
{$3 {
s
@ olp e 7 . { @ 5e
{$3.
vhq +d{, vhq +e{,

olp i +{, @ olp
{$3 {$3 {
vhq +d{, vhq +e{,
@ olp. d olp e
{$3 d{ {$3 e{
vhq +d{, vhq +e{,
@ d olp. e olp
{$3 d{ {$3 e{
@ de
sru or wdqwr d e @ 5e/ dghpäv i +3, @ 6/ oxhjr i vhud frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl
d e @ 6 a 5e @ 6 +, d @ <@5 a e @ 6@5
Hmhuflflr 65: Ghwhuplqdu e hq U gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 41

{5 5.e5
{A4
i +{, @ {
+e 4,{ { ? 4
Vroxflöq= i vhuä frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl olp{$4 i +{, @ i+4,
{5 5 . e5
olp i+{, @ olp s
{$4. {$4. {4
Hvwh oðplwh srguðd h{lvwlu vl olp{$4. {5 5 . e5 @ 3 + hq fdvr frqwudulr ho oðplwh vhuðd gh od irupd 3f | qr
h{lvwluðd,1
Dkrud
olp {5 5 . e5 @ 3 +, 4 5 . e5 @ 3 +, e @ 4 b e @ 4
{$4
l, Vl e @ 4 vh wlhqh txh
{5 5 . e5 {5 4
olp s @ olp. s
{$4. {4 {$4 {4
s
+{ . 4,+{ 4, { 4
@ olp
{$4. {4
s
@ olp. +{ . 4, { 4 @ 3
{$4
sru rwud sduwh/
olp i +{, @ olp +e 4,{ @ e 4 @ 4 4
{$4 {$4
Oxhjr olp{$4. i+{, @ olp{$4 i +{, | sru or wdqwr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl e @ 4/ sxhv olp{$4 i+{, @
i+4, @ 3
ll, Vl e @ 4/ vh wlhqh txh
{5 4 . e5 {5 4
olp. s @ olp s @3
{$4 {4 {$4. { 4
shur
olp i +{, @ olp +e 4,{ @ e 4 @ 5
{$4 {$4
oxhjr
olp i+{, 9@ olp i +{,
{$4. {$4
gh grqgh olp{$4 i +{, qr h{lvwh | sru or wdqwr i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl e @ 41
717 Uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od Fxuyd
Od qrflöq gh oðplwh hv ixqgdphqwdo sdud ho hvwxglr gh pxfkrv frqfhswrv gh odv pdwhpäwlfdv/ gh od iðvlfd |
rwudv flhqfldv1 Sdud loxvwudu hvwr hvwxglduhprv ho sureohpd gh hqfrqwudu od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d xqd fxuyd hq
xq sxqwr S gdgr1
Hq od jhrphwuðd sodqd/ od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq xq sxqwr S vreuh xqd flufxqihuhqfld vh sxhgh ghqlu frpr
od uhfwd txh wlhqh vrodphqwh ho sxqwr S hq frpýq frq wdo flufxqihuhqffld/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud
1 Hvwd ghqlflöq qr vh sxhgh dsolfdu d fxdotxlhu juäfd/ |d txh xqd uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq xq sxqwr S
sxhgh fruwdu d xqd juäfd yduldv yhfhv frpr vh pxhvwuh hq od jxud/ juäfr l}txlhugr,1 ö hq ho fdvr gh od
juäfd gh ixqflöq ydoru devroxwr i +{, @ m{m1 ÁFxäo hv od wdqjhqwh hq S @ +3> 3,B
Sdud lghqwlfdu od uhfwd wdqjhqwh O d od juäfd gh xqd ixqflöq hq xq sxqwr S / edvwd hvshflfdu od
shqglhqwh p gh O/ |d txh ìvwd | ho sxqwr S ghwhuplqd frpsohwdphqwh d od uhfwd1
Sdud hqfrqwudu p/ frqvlghuduhprv odv uhfwdv OST / uhfwdv vhfdqwhv txh sdvd sru S 1
Vhd pST od shqglhqwh gh OS T 1 Fxdqgr T wlhqgh d S +S mr, sru od ghuhfkd jxud
txh vljxh
7171 UHFWD WDQJHQWH D OD FXUYD 59:
| sru od l}txlhugd jxud
vh revhuyd txh pST wlhqgh d p +shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd O,1 Hvwr qrv vxjlhuh txh vl pST wlhqgh d xq ydoru
mr1 fxdqgr T wlhqgh d S / hqwrqfhv hvh ydoru ghehuðdprv xvdu sdud ghqlu od shqglhqwh p gh od uhfwd
wdqjhqwh O hq S 1
Hv fodur txh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh OST hv
i +{, i +d,
pST @
{d
|d txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, | +{> i+{,,1 Frq hvwd qrwdflöq srghprv vxvwlwxlu od iudvh T wlhqgh d
S % sru { wlhqgh d d%/ dvð oohjdprv d od vljxlhqwh ghqlflöq
Ghqlflöq 7158 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d d1 Od shqglhqwh p gh
od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh i hq ho sxqwr +d> i +d,, hv

i +{, i+d,
p @ olp
{$d {d
vlhpsuh | fxdqgr ho oðplwh h{lvwd1+Yhu jxud ,
| hq hvh fdvr vh gluä txh h{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh i hq ho sxqwr +d> i+d,,1
Hmhpsor 65; Vhd i +{, @ {6 | d xq qýphur uhdo1

Hqfrqwuduhprv=
d, Od shqglhqwh pd gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh i hq ho sxqwr +d> d6 ,1
e, Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd hq ho sxqwr +4> 4,1
f, Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd qrupdo +uhfwd shushqglfxodu d od uhfwd wdqjhqwh, d od juäfd hq ho sxqwr
+4> 4,1
Vroxflöq= d,
i +{, i +d,
pd @ olp
{$d {d
{6 d6
@ olp
{$d { d
+{ d,+{5 . d{ . d5 ,
@ olp
{$d {d
@ olp +{5 . d{ . d5 , @ 6d5
{$d
Dvð/ od shqglhqwh hv
pd @ 6d5
e, \d txh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh O hq ho sxqwr +4> 4, od srghprv rewhqhu frpr ho fdvr
hvshfldo hq txh d @ 4/ whqhprv txh p @ 61
Hq jhqhudo od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru +d> i+d,, | frq shqglhqwh p hv
| i +d, @ p+{ d,
Hq qxhvwur fdvr
| 4 @ 6+{ 4,
r
| @ 6{ 5
7171 UHFWD WDQJHQWH D OD FXUYD 59<
f, Vl p> p 9@ 3 hv od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh | pQ od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd qrupdo d od juäfd

gh | @ i+{, hqwrqfhv vh gheh fxpsolu
p pQ @ 4
Dvð/ od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd qrupdo d od juäfd gh i+{, @ {6 hq +4> 3, hv/
| i +d, @ pQ +{ d,
+, |4 @ 46 +{ 4,
+, | @ 46 { . 76
Revhuyh txh vl p @ 3 sdud dojýq sxqwr hqwrqfhv od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hv krul}rqwdo/ fx|d hfxdflöq hv
| @ i +d,/ | hq hvwh fdvr od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd qrupdo hv { @ d1
Hmhpsor 65< d, Ghprvwuduhprv txh
vhq+{, vhq+d,
olp @ frv+d,
{$d {d
| e, Ghwhuplqhprv od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d | @ vhq+{, hq S @ + 5 > 4,1
Vroxflöq= Vhd x @ { d/ vl { $ d hqwrqfhv x $ 3/ oxhjr/ xvdqgr vxvwlwxflöq/
vhq+{, vhq+d,
O @ olp
{$d {d
vhq+x . d, vhq+d,
@ olp
x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+d, . vhq+d, frv+x, vhq+d,
@ olp
x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
@ olp +frv+d, . vhq+d, ,
x$3 x x
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
@ olp frv+d, . olp vhq+d,
x$3 x x$3 x
Fdofxodqgr sru vhsdudgr orv oðplwh whqhprv
vhq+x, frv+d, vhq+x,
olp @ frv+d, olp @ frv+d,
x$3 x x$ 3 x
|
frv+x, 4 frv+x, 4
olp vhq+d, @ vhq+d, olp
x$3 x x$3 x
+frv+x, 4,+frv+x, . 4,
@ vhq+d, olp
x$3 x+frv+x, . 4,
frv5 +x, 4
@ vhq+d, olp
x$3 x+frv+x, . 4,
vhq+x, vhq+x,
@ vhq+d, olp olp
x$3 x x$3 frv+x, . 4
@ vhq+d, 4 3 @ 3=
Oxhjr sru dojheud gh oðplwhv
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
O @ olp frv+d, . olp vhq+d,
x$3 x x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+x, . 4
@ frv+d, olp . vhq+d, olp
x$3 x x$3 x
@ frv+d,
5:3 FKDSWHU 71 OÐPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV
e, Frpr od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh | @ vhq+{, hq fxdotxlhu sxqwr +d> vhq+d,, hvwä
gdgd sru
vhq+{, vhq+d,
p @ olp
{$d {d
| sru +d, whqhprv txh p @ frv+d,/ uhhpsod}dqgr d @ 5 rewhqhprv txh p @ frv+ 5 , @ 3 | dvð od uhfwd
wdqjhqwh hv>
| 4 @ p+{ 5 ,
+, |4@3
+, |@4
Revhuyh txh od hfxdflöq gh od qrupdo hq S @ + 5 > 4, hv { @ 5 1
Hmhuflflr 663 Ghwhuplqh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od sduäerod | @ d{5 . e{ . f hq ho sxqwr

+{3 > |3 ,
Vroxflöq=
i+{, i+{3 ,
p @ olp
{${3 { {3
d{5 . e{ . f +d{53 . e{3 . f,
@ olp
{${3 { {3
d{5 d{53 . e{ e{3
@ olp
{${3 { {3
d+{ {53 , . e+{ {3 ,
5
@ olp
{${3 { {3
d+{ {3 ,+{ . {3 , . e+{ {3 ,
@ olp
{${3 { {3
+{ {3 ,+d+{ . {3 , . e,
@ olp
{${3 { {3
@ olp d+{ . {3 , . e
{${3
@ 5d{3 . e
Hmhuflflr 664 Xq htxlsr gh lqjhqlhurv gh fdplqrv glvhôd xq wudpr gh fduuhwhud txh gheh frqhfwdu xqd
dxwrslvwd krul}rqwdo frq rwud gh shqglhqwh p @ 4@8 1 Ho hqodfh gheh/ uhdol}duvh vreuh xqd glvwdqfld
krul}rqwdo gh ;33 slhv xvdqgr xqd fxuyd sdudeöolfd sdud xqlu orv sxqwrv D | E1 Rewhqjd xqd hfxdflöq gho
wlsr | @ d{5 . e{ . f sdud od sduäerod uhvshfwlyd | ghwhuplqh odv frrughqdgdv gh E1
Vroxflöq= Odv frrughqdgdv gh D vrq +3> 3, | orv gh E vrq +;33> |3 , grqgh |3 @ d+;33,5 .e+;33,.f/ dghpäv
frpr +3> 3, wdpelìq shuwhqhfh d od sduäerod/ gheh vdwlvidfhu od hfxdflöq gh hood/ dvð3 @ d 3 . e 3 . f/
gh grqgh f @ 31 sru hmhuflflr dqwhulru/ rewxylprv txh od shqglhqwh gh | @ d{5 . e{ . f hq +{3 > |3 , hv
p @ 5d{3 . e/ oxhjr hq {3 @ ;33 hv p @ 5d ;33 . e | hq {3 @ 3 hv p @ e1 Dghpäv sdud frqhfwdu od
dxwrslvwd gh shqglhqwh 4@8 frq od sduäerod/ gheh rfxuulu txh
5d ;33 . e @ 4@8 +7145,
| sdud frqhfwdu od dxwrslvwd krul}rqwdo +gh shqglhqwh p @ 3, frq od sduäerod>
e@3 +7146,
Dvð/ gh 7145 | 7146 whqhprv

4
@d
;333
7171 UHFWD WDQJHQWH D OD FXUYD 5:4
Hq frqvhfxhqfld d @ ;3334
> e @ 3> f @ 31 Sru rwud sduwh E @ +;333> |3 , shuwhqhfh d od sduäerod/ oxhjr
vdwlvidfh vx hfxdflöq/ hv ghflu
4
|3 @ +;33,5 @ ;3
;333
Sru or wdqwr odv frrughqdgdv gh E vrq +;33> ;3,1
Hmhpsor 665 Gdgd od ixqflöq

; s
A { {
A
A
A
?
i +{, @ {5 3?{?
A
A
{
A
vhq+ ,
A
= s
6 ;{6 . {8 {3
d, BcHv i xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq 3B

e, BcH{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i+{, hq ho sxqwr S @ +3> 3,B
f, BcH{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od judfd gh | @ i+{, hq orv sxqwrv +7/5, | +04/05,B
Vroxflöq= d, Gdgr txh i hvwä ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh { @ 3/ | 3 5 Grpi vh gheh fxpsolu txh=
olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ i +3,

{$3. {$3
Frpr
{5
olp i +{, @ olp
{$3. {$3. vhq+{,
{
@ olp. {
{$3 vhq+{,
{
@ olp. { olp.
{$3 {$3 vhq+{,
@ 3 4 @ 3=
| ho rwur oðplwh odwhudo hv

s
olp i +{, @ olp ;{ . {8 =
6 6
{$3 {$3
| dperv vrq ljxdohv d i+3, vh wlhqh txh
olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ i +3,

{$3. {$3
| sru or wdqwr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3

e, Gdgr txh i hvwä ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh { @ 31
Yhdprv vl h{lvwh
i+{, i+3,
p @ olp
{$3 {3
Sdud srghu fdofxodu hvwh oðplwh/ or kduhprv fdofxodqgr orv oðplwhv odwhudohv
i +{, i +3, {5 {
olp @ olp. @ olp @ 4>
{$3. {3 {$3 { vhq+{, {$3. vhq+{,
sru rwud sduwh

s
i +{, i +3, 6 ;{6 . {8
olp @ olp
{$3 {3 {$3 {
s
6 {6 +; . {5 ,
@ olp
{$3 {
s
{ 6 ; . {5
@ olp
{$3 {
s
@ olp ; . {5
6
{$3
s
@ ;
6
Gdgr txh orv oðplwhv odwhudohv vrq glvwlqwrv whqhprv txh qr h{lvwh
i+{, i+3,
p @ olp >
{$3 {3
oxhjr qr h{lvwh uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i+{, hq ho sxqwr S s
@ +3> 3,1
f, i hvwä ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg s gh { @ 7 sxhv i +{, @ { sdud { | ? 7> dghpäv +7> 5,
shuwhqhfh d od fxuyd | @ i +{,/ sxhv 7 @ 51 Frpr od shqglhqwh exvfdgd hv
s
i+{, i+7, {5 {7 4
olp @ olp @ olp s @
{$7 {7 {$7 { 7 {$7 +{ 7,+ { . 7, 7
h{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd hq S @ +7> 5,/ | vhd hfxdflöq hv=
4
| 5 @ +{ 7,
7
Hq ho fdvr gho sxqwr +4> 5, whqhprv txh ìo qr shuwhqhfh d od fxuyd | @ i +{, sxhv
s s
i+{, @ 6 ; 4 @ 6 < 9@ 5
oxhjr qr h{lvwh uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i+{, hq ho sxqwr +4> 5,1
Hmhuflflr 666 Xvdqgr dojheud gh oðplwh | lghqwlgdghv wuljrqrphwulfdv fdofxodu ho oðplwh gh odv vljxlhqwhv
ixqflrqhv hq d
41 i+{, @ frw { d 9@ q > q 5 Q
51 i+{, @ vhf { d 9@ 5 . q > q 5 Q
61 i+{, @ fvf { d 9@ q > q 5 Q
71 i+{, @ vhq +{ . 6 , d5U
81 i+{, @ wdq +5{ . , d dsursldgr
91 i+{, @ 5 {
4 frv
{ d@3
Hmhuflflr 667 Vhd [ U> s 5 [ 3 > i> j = [ $ U ixqflrqhv wdohv txh olp{$s i +{, @ O | olp{$s j+{, @ P
frq O ? P pxhvwuh txh h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys wdo txh
i +{, ? j+{, > ;{ 5 +Ys isj, _ [
D|xgd= Frpr O ? P vh sxhgh wrpdu % @ P 5O | hqfrqwudu sdud hvh % od yhflqgdg Ys

7171 UHFWD WDQJHQWH D OD FXUYD 5:6
Hmhuflflr 668 Vhd olp{$s i+{, @ O a O A 31

Pxhvwuh txh <Ys wdo txh i +{, A 3> ;{ 5 +Ys isj, _ [
D|xgd= Xvdu uhvxowdgr dqwhulru
Hmhuflflr 669 Vhd i +{, j+{,> ;{ 5 [> { 9@ s a olp{$s i +{, @ O a olp{$s j+{, @ P 1 Pxhvwuh txh
OP
D|xgd= Xvdu whruhpd gho dsuhwöq d +j i ,+{,
Hmhuflflr 66: Vhd D U> i = D $ U> s 5 D | vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh olp{$s i+{, hqwrqfhv <Ys | N 5 U
wdo txh
mi +{,m ? N > ;{ 5 +Ys isj, _ D
+hv ghflu/ i hv dfrwdgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s,
Hmhuflflr 66; Vhd

{ {5T
i +{, @
9 T
3 {5
Prvwudu txh olp{$3 i+{, @ 3 | olp{${3 i+{, qr h{lvwh vl {3 9@ 3
D|xgd= Sdud od vhjxqgd sduwh xvdu hmhuflflr 668 | sdud od sulphud sduwh xvdu mi+{,m m{m
Fkdswhu 8
Ghulydgd
814 Ghulydgd
Ghqlflöq 814 Vhd L U> i = L $ U | vhd s xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflöq
Gluhprv txh i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr s fxdqgr ho vljxlhqwh oðplwh h{lvwh
i +{, i +s,
olp
{$s {s
Hq ho fdvr txh ho oðplwh h{lvwd/ ho ydoru gh ho vh ghqrwd sru i 3 +s,/ lqglfdqgr gh hvwd irupd txh ho ydoru
ghshqgh gho sxqwr s1 Ho ydoru i 3 +s, hv oodpdgr od ghulydgd gh i hq ho sxqwr s | vh xvdq odv vljxlhqwh
qrwdflrqhv1
gi gi gi
i 3 +s,> +s,> m{@s > ms
g{ g{ g{
Revhuydflöq=
4, i 3 +s, sxhgh vhu fdofxodgr gh rwud irupd |d txh=
d, Wrpdqgr k @ { s vh wlhqh
i+k . s, i +s,
i 3 +s, @ olp
k$3 k
txh hv rwud gh odv irupdv txh dsduhfh od ghqlflöq gh od ghulydgd hq dojxqrv oleurv1
e, Xvdqgr xqd fdudfwhul}dflöq gh oðplwh yld vxfhvlrqhv vh wlhqh/ txh i hv ghulydeoh hq s vl vöor vl sdud
fxdotxlhu vxfhvlöq +{q ,> +{q , 5 L isj frq olpq$4 {q @ s vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh ho vljxlhqwh oðplwh
i +{q , i+s,
i 3 +s, @ olp
q$4 {q s
f, Jhqhudol}dqgr or dqwhulru/ whqhprv txh wdpelìq whqhprv
i +j+|,, i+s,
i 3 +s, @ olp
|$e j+|, s
grqgh j = [ $ L/ olp|$e j+|, @ s +reyldphqwh e 5 [ 3 , | j+|, 9@ s ;|> | 9@ e
5, i hv ghulydeoh hq s vl sdud od juäfd gh i h{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh> lqyhuvdphqwh vh sxhgh ghflu= Vl od
ixqflöq hv ghulydeoh hq s vh wlhqh txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh i hq +s> i +s,, h{lvwh1 Vl Xg1 frpsdud
odv ghqlflrqhv gh uhfwd wdqjhqwh | ghulydgd/ vh sxhgh shufdwdu txh hv or plvpr1
6, Sru surslhgdg gh oðplwh vh wlhqh txh vl h{lvwh i 3 +s,/ ìo hv ýqlfr/ sru hvwr vh sxhgh xvdu ho duwðfxor
od hq od ghulydgd/ rod uhfwd wdqjhqwh1
Gh od revhuydflöq 5 vh frqfox|h txh |d whqhprv ydulrv hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ hoodv vrq odv
gh orv hmhpsorv | hmhuflflrv gh uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv/ dghpäv srghprv qrwdu iäflophqwh txh od shqglhqwh p gh
od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d i+{, hq ho sxqwr s4 vdwlvidfh
4 Fruuhfwdphqwh glfkr hq ho sxqwr Es> i Es1
5:8
5:9 FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
p @ i 3 +s,
Sru or wdqwr> vl i hv ghulydeoh hq s vh wlhqh txh od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh i hq ho
sxqwr s hv
| i +s,
@ i 3 +s,
{s
| @ +i 3 +s,,{ . i+s, i 3 +s,s
Xvdqgr wuljrqrphwuðd vh wlhqh txh ho äqjxor txh irupd od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh i hq s +hv ghflu/
hq +s> i+s,,,frq ho hmh gh odv { hvwd gdgr sru=
@ dufwdq+i 3 +s,,
81414 Hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv

Hmhpsor 66< Yhuhprv txh od ixqflöq i+{, @ 6{ . 8 hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr s @ :1
Vroxflöq=
i +: . k, i+:,
i 3 +:, @ olp
k$3 k
6+: . k, . 8 +6 : . 8,
@ olp
k$3 k
6k
@ olp @ 6=
k$3 k
Ho uhvxowdgr dqwhulru qr gheh vhu h{wudôr |d txh qdwxudophqwh vh wlhqh txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd
gh i +od uhfwd | @ 6{ . 8, hv hood plvpd/ sru or wdqwr odv shqglhqwhv ghehq frlqflglu1
BcFxäo hv od ghulydgd gh i hq rwurv sxqwrvB Sru ho dujxphqwr juäfr txh khprv gdgr hq ho säuudir
dqwhulru ghehuðdprv whqhu txh i 3 +s, @ 6 ;s 5 U1 Frpsuxhehor Xg1 xvdqgr od ghqlflöq gh ghulydgd1
Hmhpsor 673 Od ixqflöq j+{, @ 7 +ixqflöq frqvwdqwh, wlhqh frpr juäfd od uhfwd | @ 7 txh hv xqd uhfwd
krul}rqwdo +sdudohod do hmh {, vlwxdgd do qlyho 7> reyldphqwh vx shqglhqwh hv fhur/ sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd
hq wrgr sxqwr s gheh vhu qxod1 Frpsurehprv hvwr yðd od ghqlflöq1
Vhd s xq qýphur uhdo mr
j+{, j+s,
j3 +s, @ olp
{s {$s
77
@ olp
{$s { s
@ olp 3 @ 3
{$s
s
Hmhpsor 674 Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd gh k+x, @ x hq ho sxqwr s @ 71
Vl hv txh h{lvwh k3 +7, hvwd gheh vhu ljxdo d
k+x, k+7,
k3 +s, @ olp
x$7 x7
s s
x 7
@ olp
x$7 x 7
s s s s
x 7 x. 7
@ olp s s
x$7 x 7 x. 7
x7 4
@ olp s s
x$7 x 7 x. 7
4 4
@ s @
5 7 7
8141 GHULYDGD 5::
Vl uhshwlprv orv sdvrv dqwhulruhv xq sxqwr mr s +shur duelwudulr, gh U. rewhqguhprv txh
4 4
k3 +s, @ olp s s @ s
x$s x . s 5 s
Xwlol}dqgr od juäfd gh k> yhu jxud txh vljxh/ qrwhprv txh od shqglhqwh gh O5 hv pd|ru txh od shqglhqwh
gh O4 | d phglgd txh wrphprv s päv fhufd gho ruljhq rewhqguhprv shqglhqwhv/ fdgd yh} pd|ruhv/ khfkr
txh srghprv frpsuredu wdpelìq hq od ghulydgd gh k txh k3 +s, hv xqd ixqflöq ghfuhflhqwh hq s +s 5 U. ,/
k3 +s, hv od ixqflöq txh do vhu hydoxdgd hq s qrv gä od shqglhqwh gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od juäfd gh od
udð} fxdgudgd1
Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv lqgxfh d ghqlu od ixqflöq ghulydgd% sru dexvr gh ohqjxdmh vh dfrvwxpeud
oodpdu vlpsohphqwh od ghulydgd1
Ghqlflöq 815 5
Vhd i = L $ U xqd ixqflöq ghulydeoh hq wrgr sxqwr gh M1 Vh ghqh od ixqflöq ghulydgd
gh i frpr
i3 = M $ U
s :$ i 3 +s,
Gh od ghqlflöq whqhprv txh M L1
Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv whqhprv fdofxodgdv odv ixqflrqhv ghulydgdv
i +{, @ 6{ . :> L @ U> M @ U i 3 +{, @ 6

j+{, @ 7> L @ U> M @ U j3 +{, @ 3=
s 4
k+{, @ {> L @ U. 3 > M @ U
.
k3 +{, @ s
5 {
Qrwh txh hq ho ýowlpr fdvr k+3, h{lvwh/ shur k3 +3, qr h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ M L1
Hmhpsor 675 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+{, fdofxohprv od ixqflöq ghulydgd gh i 3 +{,
Hq orv hmhpsorv gh fäofxor gh uhfwd wdqjhqwh sdud s 5 U rewxylprv
vhq+k . s, vhq+s,
i 3 +s, @ olp @ frv+s,
k$3 k
5 Xq s r fr pdv dghodqwh hq yh} gh ghflu od ixqflöq ghulydgd gh i/ gluhprv vhqfloodphqwh od ghulydgd gh i1
5:; FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Dvð/ od ixqflöq ghulydgd gh i+{, @ vhq+{, hv i 3 +{, @ frv+{,1

Ho vljxlhqwh hmhpsor pxhvwud xqd ixqflöq txh qr hv ghulydeoh hq wrgr sxqwr/ d shvdu gh vhu frqwlqxd
hq wrgr U1
Hmhpsor 676 Vhd i +{, @ m{ 7m1 Fdofxohprv vx ghulydgd hq wrgr sxqwr txh h{lvwd1
Fäofxor gh od ghulydgd hq {3 1 Vl { 7 ? 3 vh wlhqh txh i +{, @ { . 7 | hq fdvr frqwudulr i +{, @ { 7/

gh hvwd irupd=
l, Vl {3 ? 7/
i +{, i +{3 ,
i 3 +{3 , @ olp
{${3 { {3
{ 7 +{3 . 7,
@ olp
{${3 { {3
{ . {3
@ olp @ 4
{${3 { {3
ll, Vl {3 A 7/ i 3 +{3 , @ 4 +fäofxor dqäorjr d orv uhflhq khfkrv,1
lll, Vl {3 @ 7
i +{, i +{3 ,
i 3 +7, @ olp
{${3 { {3
Shur frpr i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr fhufd gho 7 sdud fdofxodu hvwh ýowlpr oðplwh ghehprv wrpdu
oðplwhv odwhudohv | yhulfdu txh hoorv vrq ljxdohv
i+{, i+7, {73
olp @ olp. @4
{$7. {7 {$7 {7
i +{, i +7, { . 7 3
olp @ olp @ 4
{$7 {7 {$7 {7
Frpr orv oðplwhv odwhudohv txh ghqhq i 3 +7, vrq glvwlqwrv qr whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld gh i 3 +7,/ dvð od ixqflöq
ghulydgd gh i hv
i 3 = U i7j $ U
4 {A7
{ :$ i 3 +{, @
4 { ? 7
Qrwdu txh i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 71
Revhuydflöq= Gh or dqwhulru/ srghprv dupdu txh vl i hv frqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s/ qr qhfhvduldphqwh
i hv ghulydeoh hq d1 Vlq hpedujr ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv dupd txh vl i hv ghulydeoh hq xq sxqwr s/
hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq s1
Whruhpd 816 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq d/ hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq d1
Ghprvwudflöq= Ghehprv ghprvwudu txh
olp i +{, @ i +d,

{$d
r htxlydohqwhphqwh qrv edvwduðd prvwudu txh=
olp +i+{, i+d,, @ 3

{$d
Frpr
+{ d, i+{, i+d,
olp i+{, i+d, @ olp +i+{, i+d,, @ olp olp +{ d, @ i 3 +d, 3 @ 3
{$d {$d +{ d, {$d {d {$d
whqhprv txh hihfwlydphqwh i hv frqwlqxd hq d1
8141 GHULYDGD 5:<
Revhuyh txh ho whruhpd dqwhulru hv gh od irupd s , t/ od ixqflöq i +{, @ m{ 7m txh ylprv hq ho hmhpsor
676 txh qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 7/ vlq hpedujr hood hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 7/ qrv vluyh gh frqwudhmhpsor sdud
od dupdflöq txh= frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr lpsolfd ghulydelolgdg hq ho sxqwr1
Qrwdflrqhv=
Od ghulydgd gh i hq d hv ho oðplwh
i +d . k, i+d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
ho oðplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i 3 +d,/ hv ghflu/ olpk$3 i + d.k,
k
i +d, hv oodpdgd ghulydgd odwhudo l}txlhugd hq d
| vh ghqrwd sru i 3 +d,1 Wdpelìq vh ghqh od ghulydgd odwhudo ghuhfkd hq d txh fruuhvsrqgh do oðplwh odwhudo
ghuhfkr | vh ghqrwd sru i. 3 +d,1
Hmhuflflr 677 Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh i+{,/ grqgh
;
A
A +{ 5,6 {A5
? 5
{ 7{ . 7 4 ? { 5
i+{, @
A
A < { @ 4
=
vhq+{ . 4, { ? 4
Fodudphqwh orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv vrq { @ 5 | { @ 4 |d txh hq yhflqgdghv gh hoodv/ i wlhqh glvwlqwr
frpsruwdplhqwr | hvwh khfkr wudmr glfxowdghv hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru1
d, Yhdprv hq sulphu oxjdu vl i hv ghulydeoh hq s @ 5/ sdud hoor qhfhvlwdprv fdofxodu ho vljxlhqwh oðplwh
+vl hv txh h{lvwh,=
i +{, i +5,
olp @ i 3 +5,
{$5 {5
Hvwh oðplwh ghehprv fdofxoduor phgldqwh orv oðplwhv odwhudohv
3 +5, @ olp i+{, i+5, @ olp +{ 5,6 3 @ 3

i.
{$5. {5 {$5. {5
i+{, i+5, {5 7{ . 7 3
olp @ olp @3
{$5 {5 {$5 {5
Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv txh i hv ghulydeoh hq 5 | txh i 3 +5, @ 31
e, Dkrud yhdprv vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr { @ 41
Frpr
i+{, i +4, {5 7{ . 7 <
olp . @ olp . @ olp 5 { 8 @ 9
{$4 {.4 {$4 {.4 {$4
| frpr ho rwur oðplwh odwhudo1
i +{, i +4, vhq+{ . 4, <
olp @ olp
{$4 {.4 {$4 {.4
qr h{lvwh6 vh wlhqh txh i qr hv ghulydeoh hq 4
f, Yhdprv dkrud vl i hv ghulydeoh hq orv sxqwrv d txh vrq pd|ruhv txh 51 Hq hvwh fdvr od ixqflöq wrpd
od irupd i+{, @ +{ 5,6 1
i +{, i +d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
+{ 5,6 +d 5,6
@ olp
{$d {d
^+{ 5, +d 5,`^+{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d 5,5
@ olp
{$d {d
@ olp +{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d 5,5 @ 6+d 5,5
{$d
6 Sdud
q
suredu hvwr edvwd wrpdu od vxfhvlöq { ' 3 n 2q

q
{ < 3 q
> i E{ glyhujh1 Qrwdu txh ho oðplwh hv gh od irupd
f
f
frq f ' f
1
5;3 FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
g, Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd hq ho sxqwr d/ d 5` 4> 5^

i +{, i +d, {5 7{ . 7 +d5 7d . 7,
olp @ olp @ 5d 7
{$d {d {$d {d
h, Ilqdophqwh/ fdofxohprv i 3 +d, fxdqgr d ? 4
vhq+{ . 4, vhq+d . 4,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
vhq+x . d . 4, vhq+d . 4,
@ olp
x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, frv+x, vhq+d . 4,
@ olp
x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
@ olp +frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, ,
x$3 x x
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
@ +frv+d . 4,, olp . vhq+d . 4, olp ,
x$3 x x$3 x
@ frv+d . 4,
Gh hvwd irupd/ od ixqflöq ghulydgd +txh frqvhjxlprv sru sduwh | dqdol}dprv hq orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv,
hv
;
A
A 6+{ 5,5 {A5
?
3 {@5
i 3 +{, @
A
A 5{ 7 4 ? {?5
=
frv+{ . 4, { ? 4
Dkrud fdofxohprv dojxqdv ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv eävlfdv/ hq ho vhqwlgr txh srvwhulruphqwh qrv d|xgduäq
d rewhqhu od ghulydgd gh rwudv ixqflrqhv1
Hmhpsor 678 Phgldqwh ho fäofxor gh odv ixqflrqhv ghulydgdv1 Mxvwltxh ho vljxlhqwh olvwdgr1
41 Vl i+{, @ n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 3
51 Vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 4
61 Vl i+{, @ vhq+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ frv+{,
71 Vl i+{, @ frv+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ vhq+{,
s
81 Vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 5s4 { / vl { A 3
91 Vl i+{, @ {q hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ q{q4 / vl q 5 Q

:1 Vl i+{, @ h{ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ h{
Vroxflöq= Hq wrgrv orv fdvrv d lqglfduä xq hohphqwr jhqìulfr gho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq fruuhvsrqglhqwh1
41
i +{, i +d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
nn
@ olp
{$d { d
3
@ olp @3
{$d { d
Dvð/ i 3 +{, @ 3 hq ho fdvr i +{, @ n

8141 GHULYDGD 5;4
51
i +{, i +d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
{d
@ olp
{$d { d
@ olp 4 @ 4
{$d
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflöq lghqwlgdg i +{, @ { wlhqh frpr ixqflöq ghulydgd i 3 +{, @ 41
61 Fdofxodgd dqwhulruphqwh/ hq orv hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv1
71
i+d . k, i+d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
frv+d . k, frv+d,
@ olp
k$3 k
frv+d, frv+k, vhq+d, vhq+k, frv+d,
@ olp
k$3 k
frv+d,+frv+k, 4, vhq+d, vhq+k,
@ olp
k$3 k k
@ +frv+d,,3 +vhq+d,,4 @ vhq+d,
Gh hvwd irupd g{
g frv+{, @ vhq+{,
81 Fdofxodgd dqwhulruphqwh frpr hmhpsor gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ gh hvwd irupd

s 4
+ {,3 @ s vl { A 3
5 {
91
i +d . k, i +d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
+d . k,q dq
@ olp
k$3 k

S q
dq . qn@4 dqn kn dq
n
@ olp
k$3 k

Sq q
kqd q . n@5 dqn kn
n
4
@ olp
k$3 k
[q
q
@ olp qd q 4
. dqn kn4
k$3 n
n@5
@ qdq4 . 3
g {q @ q{q4 vl q 5 Q
Dvð/ g{
Hvwd iöupxod wdpelìq hv yäolgd sdud srwhqfldv glvwlqwdv gh xq qýphur qdwxudo shur od ghprvwudflöq
khfkd hv vöor yäolgd sdud q 5 Q
:1
i+d . k, i+d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
hd.k hd
@ olp
k$3 k
hk 4
@ h olp
d
k$3 k
@ hd 4 @ hd
Gh hvwd irupd gh
g{ m{@d @ h
{ d
81415 Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv

Whruhpd 817 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr d/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflöq i frq 5 U mr wdpelìq hv ghulydeoh
hq d |
+i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,,
Ghprvwudflöq=
gi i+d . k, i+d,
m{@d @ olp
g{ k$3 k
i +d . k, i+d,
@ olp + ,
k$3 k
i +d . k, i +d,
@ olp
k$3 k
Frpr i hv ghulydeoh/ ho ýowlpr oðplwh hv vlpsohphqwh od ghulydgd gh i hq ho sxqwr d1 Dvð/
gi gi
m{@d @ m{@d
g{ g{
txh hv or plvpr txh
+i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,,

Hmhpsor 679 Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd | orv uhvxowdgrv dqwhulruhv whqhprv txh
41 +6 vhq+{,,3 @ 6+vhq+{,,3 @ 6 frv+{,
51 g{
g +:{7 , @ : g +{7 , @ :+7{6 , @ 5;{6
g{
61 g{
g + frv+{,, @ g +frv+{,, @ + vhq+{,, @ vhq+{,
g{
71 g{
g +<h{ ,m
{@oq+6, @ < g{ +h ,m{@oq+6, @ <h
g { oq+6,
@ < 6 @ 5:
g +;s{,m
81 g{ g s
{@< @ ; g{ + {,m{@< @ ; 5s< @ 6
4 7
Whruhpd 818 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelìq or hv i . j | dghpäv vx ghulydgd vdwlvidfh
g gi gj
+i . j,+d, @ +d, . +d,
g{ g{ g{
Ho whruhpd glfh txh od ghulydgd gh od vxpd hv od vxpd gh odv ghulydgdv1
8141 GHULYDGD 5;6
Ghprvwudflöq=
g +i . j,+d . k, +i . j,+d,
+i . j,+d, @ olp
g{ k$3 k
i +d . k, . j+d . k, i+d, j+d,
@ olp
k$3 k
Vhsdudqgr orv vxpdqgrv | djuxsäqgrorv sdud irupdu ho oðplwh txh ghqh od ghulydgd +gh fdgd ixqflöq, vh
wlhqh
i+d . k, . j+d . k, i +d, j+d,
+i . j,3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
i+d . k, i +d, j+d . k, j+d,
@ olp . olp
k$3 k k$3 k
@ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d,
txh hv vlpsohphqwh ho uhvxowdgr shglgr/ vöor txh hvwä hvfulwr hq rwud qrwdflöq1
Hmhpsor 67: Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd whqhprv txh vrq ghulydeohv odv ixqflrqhv>
s
41 i +{, @ { . vhq+{,
51 j+{, @ frv+{, :{6
61 k+{, @ <{ . 7 7 vhq+{,

s
71 o+{, @ 8h{ 7{8 8 {
| vxv ghulydgdv vrq=

s
41 i 3 +{, @ + {,3 . +vhq {,3 @ 5
s4 { . frv+{, vl { 5 U.
51 j 3 +{, @ +frv,3 +{, :+{6 ,3 @ vhq+{, :+6{5 , @ vhq+{, 54{5 vl { 5 U
61 k3 +{, @ +<{,3 . +7,3 7+vhq,3 +{, @ < . 3 . 7 frv+{, @ < 7 frv+{, vl { 5 U

s
71 o3 +{, @ 8+h{ ,3 7+{8 ,3 8+ {,3 @ 8h{ 53{7 5
s8 { vl { 5 U.
Whruhpd 819 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelìq or vrq i j | i @j/ +sdud hvwd ýowlpd j+d, qr qxor,
l, +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j+d, . i +d, j 3 +d,
ll, +i@j,3 +d, @ i +d,j++dj,+i +d,j3 +d, vl j+d, 9@ 31

3
d,,5
Xvdqgr rwud qrwdflöq od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv
gi j gi gj
+d, @ +d, j+d, . i +d, +d,
g{ g{ g{
| ho fxrflhqwh
g+i @j, gi gj 4
md @ + md j+d, i+d, md ,
g{ g{ g{ j5 +d,
Ghprvwudflöq= Od ghprvwudflöq hv vlpsohphqwh xq hmhuflflr gh oðplwhv/ vöor txh hv qhfhvdulr ideulfdu

orv oð plwhv gh odv ghulydgdv> hq ho fdvr gho surgxfwr ho wuxfr hv vxpdu | uhvwdu +vxpdu fhur, ho wìuplqr
i +d,j+d . k,1
+i j,+d . k, +i j,+d,
+i j,3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
i +d . k,j+d . k, i +d,j+d . k, . i +d,j+d . k, i+d,j+d,
@ olp
k$3 k
+i +d . k, i +d,, j+d . k, j+d,
@ olp j+d . k, . i +d,
k$3 k k
Frpr j hv frqwlqxd hq d rewhqhprv or exvfdgr
+i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,j+d, . i+d,j3 +d,
Sdud od rwud sduwh ghmduhprv do ohfwru exvfdu hq fxdotxlhu oleur gh fäofxor eävlfr1
Revhuydflöq= Qrwhprv txh ho whruhpd qr glfh txh od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv ho surgxfwr gh odv
ghulydgdv vlqr txh hv dojr edvwdqwh glvwlqwr/ hvwr wdpelìq rfxuuh frq od ghulydgd gho fxrflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 67; Fdofxodu od ghulydgdv gh=
41 i+{, @ 6{7 frv+{,/ vl { 5 U1

51 i+{, @ wdq+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]1
61 i+{, @ frw+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
71 i+{, @ fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
81 i+{, @ vhf+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]1
91 i+{, @ +8{5 . 6{7 ,5 vl { 5 U1
s
:1 i+{, @ 8<{s{67{{8 vl { 5 U. 1
:
Vroxflöq=
41
i 3 +{, @ +6{7 ,3 frv+{, . 6{7 +frv+{,,3

@ 45{6 frv+{, . 6{7 + vhq+{,,
@ 45{6 frv+{, 6{7 vhq+{,
51
3
vhq+{, +vhq+{,,3 frv+{, vhq+{,+frv+{,,3
i 3 +{, @ @
frv+{, +frv+{,,5
frv+{, frv+{, vhq+{,+ vhq+{,,
@
+frv+{,,5
frv+{, frv+{, . vhq+{, vhq+{,
@
+frv+{,,5
4
@ @ vhf5 +{,
frv5 +{,
Dvð djuhjdprv d qxhvwud wdeod gh ghulydgdv d phprul}du gg{

wdq
+{, @ vhf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]
8141 GHULYDGD 5;8
61
3
frv+{, +frv+{,,3 vhq+{, frv+{,+vhq+{,,3
i 3 +{, @ @
vhq+{, +vhq+{,,5
vhq+{, vhq+{, frv+{, frv+{,
@
+vhq+{,,5
vhq+{, vhq+{, . frv+{, frv+{,
@
+vhq+{,,5
4
@ 5 @ fvf5 +{,
vhq +{,
Gh hvwd irupd gg{

frw
+{, @ fvf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ] +rwud d phprul}du,1
71
3
4 +4,3 vhq+{, 4+vhq+{,,3
i 3 +{, @ @
vhq+{, +vhq+{,,5
4+frv+{,,
@
+vhq+{,,5
frv+{,
@
+vhq+{,,5
@ frw+{, fvf+{,
g fvf +{, @ frw+{, fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
g{
81
3
4 +4,3 frv+{, 4+frv+{,,3
i 3 +{, @ @
frv+{, +frv+{,,5
4+ vhq+{,,
@
+frv+{,,5
vhq+{,
@
+frv+{,,5
@ wdq+{, vhf+{,
g vhf +{, @ wdq+{, vhf+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]
g{
91
i 3 +{, @ +8{5 . 6{7 ,3 +8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,3

^+8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,`3
@ +43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,++43{ . 45{6 ,
@ 5+43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,
:1
s s s s
+8{: 6 {,3 +< { 7{8 , +8{: 6 {,+< { 7{8 ,3
i 3 +{, @ s
+< { 7{8 ,5
s s
+68{9 5s6 { ,+< { 7{8 , +8{: 6 {,+ 5s< { 53{7 ,3
@ s
+< { 7{8 ,5
Hq uhvxphq vh wlhqh
Dojheud gh ghulydgdv1
Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq d hqwrqfhv i / i . j/ i j vrq ghulydeohv hq d | vl j+d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv
i @j hv ghulydeoh hq d1 Dghpäv
41 +i,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,
51 +i . j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d,
61 +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j+d, . i+d, j3 +d,
71 + ij ,+d, @ i +d,j+dj,5+dj, +d,i +d,

3 3
j+d, 9@ 31
Frurodulr 81: Vhd j ixqflöq ghulydeoh hq d/ j+d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv od ixqflöq 4@j hv ghulydeoh hq d |
g g +j,+d, 4 j 3 +d,
+4@j,+d, @ g{ r + ,3 +d, @ 5
g{ +j+d,,5 j j +d,
Hmhpsor 67< Frq hvwh frurodulr fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i +{, @ {4q > q 5 Q
gi q{q4 q
+{, @ q 5 @ q.4 =
g{ +{ , {
Hmhuflflr 683 Fdofxoh odv ghulydgdv gh

4 4
i +{, @ > j+{, @
{ . vhq {
5 vhf { . 6 frw {
Vroxflöq=
gi +5{ . frv {, gj +wdq { vhf { 6 fvf5 {,
+{, @ 5 +{, @
g{ +{ . vhq {,5 g{ +vhf { . 6 frw {,5
81416 Uhjod gh od Fdghqd

Vljxlhqgr frq whruhpdv txh qrv shuplwdq fdofxodu ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv xvdqgr odv |d fdofxodgdv/ yhdprv
ho whruhpd gh od ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv frpsxhvwdv/ sru hmhpsor vdelhqgr txh i+{, @ vhq+{, | j+{, @ <{6
vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv Á Txì srghprv ghflu hq fxäqwr d ghulydelolgdg/ gh +i j,+{, @ vhq+<{6 , | gh
+i i,+{,B
Hmhpsor 684 Fdofxohprv xvdqgr od ghqlflöq/ odv ghulydgd gh od ixqflöq

+i i,+{, @ vhq+vhq {, hq ho sxqwr { @ d1
Vroxflöq=
vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,, vhq +{, vhq +d,
@ olp
{$d vhq +{, vhq +d, {d
vhq +x, vhq +e, vhq +{, vhq +d,
@ olp olp frq x @ vhq { | e @ vhq +d,
x$vhq d xe {$d {d
@ frv +e, frv +d, frq e @ vhq d
@ frv+vhq +d,, vhq +d,
Revhuydflöq= Yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflöq xq uhvxowdgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd txh qrv shuplwluä fdofxodu
hvwd | rwudv ghulydgdv +gh xqd ixqflrq frpsxhvwd, gh xqd pdqhud päv vlpsoh1
8141 GHULYDGD 5;:
Whruhpd 81; +Uhjod gh od Fdghqd r Ghulydgd gh od frpsxhvwd, Vhd i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U/

i+[, \> d 5 [ _ [ 3 > e @ i+d, 5 \ _ \ 3
Vl h{lvwh i 3 +d, | j3 +e, hqwrqfhv h{lvwh +j i,3 +d, |
+j i,3 +d, @ j 3 +e, j 3 +d, @ j 3 +i +d,,j3 +d,=
r hvfulwd gh rwud irupd

g ji gj gi
md @ me md
g{ g{ g{
s
Hmhpsor 685 Vhdq j+{, @ frv+{,> i +{, @ :{6 . {/ i hv ghulydeoh hq U. |
Uhfi U @ Grpj sru or wdqwr/ sdud d 5 U.
+j i ,3 +d, @ j3 +i+d,,i 3 +d,

s 4
@ j3 +:d6 . d, +54d5 . s ,
5 d
|d txh j3 +{, @ vhq {

vh wlhqh
s 4
d,, +54d5 . s ,
+j i,3 +d, @ + vhq+:d6 .
5 d
s
Hmhuflflr 686 Vhd i 3 +{, @ {6 h{ / i+4, @ 3 | j+{, @ +{ . 4,5 . 6
5
Fdofxoh +j i ,3 +4,1
Vroxflöq= Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd
+j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,, i 3 +{,
Oxhjr
+j i ,3 +4, @ j 3 +i +4,, i 3 +4, +814,
shur i 3 +4, @ 46 h4 @ h | j3 +{, @ s5+{.4,5 1
5
5 +{.4, .6
gh grqgh j 3 +i+4,, @ j 3 +3, @ 5s
5
@ 4
1
Sru or wdqwr/ uhhpsod}dqgr hq 814
7 5
4 h
+j i ,3 +4, @ h@
5 5
Hmhpsor 687 Vhd j+{, @ vhq+vhq {, grqgh j @ i i frq i +{, @ vhq { hqwrqfhv j3 +{, @ i 3 +i+{,,i 3 +{, @
frv+vhq {, frv {1
s
Hmhpsor 688 Vhd i +{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . <> { 5 U
Frpr i sxhgh vhu hvfulwd frpr od frpsxhvwd

s gh grv ixqflrqhv päv vlpsohv/ frpr vljxh= i +{, @
k+6{7 . frv+{, . <, @ +k o,+{, grqgh k+{, @ { | o+{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . </ vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ vh
wlhqh xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd
gi 4
m{ @ k3 +o+{,,o3 +{, | frpr k3 +{, @ s
g{ 5 {
4
@ s +45{6 vhq+{,,
5 o+{,
45{6 vhq+{,
@ s =
5 6{7 . frv+{, . <
Hmhpsor 689 Vhd i +{, @ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ ,1 Fdofxohprv i 3 +{,

5;; FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Whqhprv txh i +{, @ vhf+k+{,, frq k+{, @ 5{8 . 7h{ oxhjr

g vhf gk
i 3 +{, @ mk+{, m{
g{ g{
@ vhf+{, wdq+{,mk+{, +43{7 . 7h{ ,
@ vhf+k+{,, wdq+k+{,,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
@ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ , wdq+5{8 . 7h{ ,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
Hmhpsor 68: Vhd i xqd ixqflöq ghulydeoh hq { @ d1
Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ +i +{,,q > q 5 ]1
Frpr j+{, @ +k i ,+{, grqgh k+{, @ {q / xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd whqhprv txh
gj gj gi
md @ mi +d, md
g{ g{ g{
gi
@ q+i+d,,q4 +d,
g{
Dvð rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh irupxod
gi q
+{, @ q+i +{,,q4 i 3 +{,
g{
txh hq ho fdvr gh i +{, @ 6{5 . frv { qrv txhgd
g+6{5 . frv {,8
@ 8+6{5 . frv {,84 +9{ vhq {,
g{
Hmhpsor 68; Od uhjod gh od fdghqd sru lqgxfflöq vh sxhgh jhqhudol}du d od frpsrvlflöq gh päv gh grv
ixqflrqhv sru hmhpsor fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @ +j k m n o,+{,
Vroxflöq=
i +{, g+j k m n o,
m{ @ m{
g{ g{
+j k m n, go
@ mo+{, +{,
g{ g{
+j k m, gn go
@ mno+{, mo+{, +{,
g{ g{ g{
+j k, gm gn go
@ mm no+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{,
g{ g{ g{ g{
+j, gk gm gn go
@ mkmno+{, mm no,+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{,
g{ g{ g{ g{ g{
Hmhpsor 68< Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh

i+{, @ vhq+vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,,
Vroxflöq= Xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd rewhqlgd hq ho hmhpsor 68; whqhprv
gi g vhq { g vhf g wdq {7
@ mvhf+wdq+{5 .: frv {,7 , mwdq+{5 .: frv {,7 m+{5 .: frv {,7 +5{ : vhq {,
g{ g{ g{ g{ g{ {5 .: frv {
Fdofxohprv fdgd ghulydgd lqglfdgd | uhdol}dqgr odv hydoxdflrqhv fruuhvsrqglhqwh whqhprv
gi
@ ^frv+vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,,`^wdq+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 , vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,`
g{
^vhf5 +{5 . : frv {,7 `^7+{5 . : frv {,6 `^5{ : vhq {`
8141 GHULYDGD 5;<
Hmhuflflr 693 Xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ suxheh txh vl i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ hqwrqfhv
+hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{, ;{ 5 G
Vroxflöq= Frqvlghuprv od ixqflöq glihuhqfldeoh hq U

j= U $ U
{ :$ h{
Sru klsöwhvlv i = G $ U hv xqd ixqflöq glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ oxhjr sru ho whruhpd uhjod gh od

{ :$ i +{,
fdghqd j i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G |
+j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,,i 3 +{, +815,
grqgh +j i ,+{, @ j+i+{,, @ hi +{, | j3 +{, @ h{ 1

Dvð j 3 +i +{,, @ hi +{, 1
Sru or wdqwr hq 815 vh wlhqh
+hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{,
Hmhpsor 694 Fdofxoh od ghulydgd gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
41 hvhq{
s
51 h {.frv {
Vroxflöq=
41 +hvhq { ,3 @ hvhq { +vhq {,3 @ hvhq { frv {

s s
51 +h {.frv { ,3 @ h {.frv { + 5s4 { vhq {,1
Hmhuflflr 695 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh
G @ i{ 5 U m { 5 Grpi _ Grpj | i +{, A 3j @

9 !
Ghprvwudu txh
i +{,3
++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ +i+{,,j+{, +j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{, , ;{ 5 G
i+{,
Vroxflöq= Vdehprv sru surslhgdg gho orjdulwpr txh
+i +{,,j+{, @ hoq+i +{,, @ hj+{, oq i +{,

j +{,
oxhjr sru hmhuflflr dqwhulru

++i+{,,j+{, ,3 @ hj+{, oq i +{, +j+{, oq i +{,,3 +816,
shur +j+{, oq i+{,,3 hv od ghulydgd gh xq surgxfwr | gh frpsrvlflöq gh ixqflrqhv/ oxhjr
i 3 +{,
+j+{, oq i+{,,3 @ j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{,
i +{,
Dvð uhhpsod}dqgr hq 816
i +{,3
++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ +i+{,,j+{, +j 3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{, , ;{ 5 G
i+{,
Revhuydflöq= Gh or dqwhulru vh rewlhqh=
+ui +{, ,3 @ ui +{, i 3 +{, oq u vl u hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd
+i+{,u ,3 @ ui +{,u4 i 3 +{, vl i +{, A 31
5<3 FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 696 Fdofxodu odv ghulydgdv gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv1

s
41 i+{, @ +{5 . 5, {
51 j+{, @ 5{ {
5
.frv
61 k+{, @ vhq6 +5{,
Vroxflöq=
s
41 i+{, @ h { oq+{ .5, oxhjr dsolfdqgr ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru
5
s s
i 3 +{, @ h { oq+{ .5, + { oq+{5 . 5,,3
5
s 4 s 5{
@ +{5 . 5, { + s oq+{5 . 5, . { 5 ,
5 { { .5
51 j+{, @ h+{ { / dqdorjdphqwh

5
.frv , oq 5
j3 +{, @ h+{ .frv {, oq 5 ++{5 . frv {, oq 5,3

5
@ 5{ .frv { +5{ vhq {, oq 5

5
61 k+{, @ vhq6 +5{,/
k3 +{, @ 6 vhq5 +5{, +vhq+5{,,3

@ 6 vhq5 +5{, frv+5{, 5
Frphqwdulrv
41 Yhdprv jhrpìwulfdphqwh sru txì ghehprv xvdu od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ sdud hvr xvduhprv odv ixqflrqhv
i+{, @ vhq { | j+{, @ vhq+7{,1
gj @ frv 7{/ dvð hq @5/ gj m
Vl qr xvdprv od uhjod frphwhprv ho wðslfr huuru gh dupdu txh g{ g{ @5 @
frv 5 @ 41
Dqdol}dqgr orv juäfrv gh i | j hq od jxud txh vljxh/ srghprv qrwdu txh O/ uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od
juäfd gh j qr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh txh P / uhfwd wdqjhqwh d i sxhvwr txh odv rqgxodflrqhv gh
j+{, +iuhfxhqfld gh rqgd, vrq päv uäslgd txh odv gh i/ reoljdqgr hvwr d whqhu pd|ru shqglhqwh O txh
P1
gj @ 7 frv 7{/ yhdprv yld od ghqlflöq frpr vh rewlhqh hvwh uhvxowdgr1
51 Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd g{
gj j+d . k, j+d,
md @ olp
g{ k$3 k
vhq+7+d . k,, vhq +7d,
@ olp
k$3 k
vhq+7d . 7k, vhq +7d,
@ olp
k$3 k
Xvdqgr xqd lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpìwulfd sdud vhq vhq whqhprv

gj 5 frv+7d . 5k, vhq+5k,
md @ olp
g{ k$3 k
vhq +5k,
@ 7 olp frv+7d . 5k, olp
k$3 k$3 5k
@ 7 frv+7d, 4
8141 GHULYDGD 5<4
Iljxuh 814=
61 Vreuh odv glihuhqwhv qrwdflrqhv

Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflöq Y / yroxphq gh xq flolqgur gh dowxud o | udglr u/ hv ghflu/ od ixqflöq yroxphq
Y @ u5 o1 Vl qrv slghq fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh Y hq ho sxqwr d/ hv ghflu/ Y 3 +d, ÁTxì ghehprv
frqwhvwduB Qr hv or plvpr txh qrv slgdq i 3 +d,/ grqgh i +{, @ 6 vhq {/ |d txh hq hvwh ýowlpr fdvr
hvwä fodud od yduldeoh/ shur hq ho fdvr gh Y ÁFxäo hv od yduldeohB ÁGheh vhu wrpdgd u frpr yduldeoh
lqghshqglhqwhB ÁR d or phmru oB1
Hq hvwh fdvr od qrwdflöq Y 3 +d, hv dpeljxd | hv frqyhqlhqwh xvdu od qrwdflöq
gY gY
mu@d r mo@d
gu go
|d txh gh hvwd irupd txhgd h{soðflwd od yduldeoh frq uhvshfwr d od fxdo vh txlhuh ghulydu1
Phgldqwh od ghqlflöq srghprv yhu txh orv uhvxowdgrv vrq wrwdophqwh glihuhqwhv vl vh wrpd xqd x
rwud yduldeoh
gY Y +d . k, Y +d,
mu@d @ olp
gu k$3 k
+d . k,5 o d5 o
@ olp
k$3 k
@ 5do
gY Y +d . k, Y +d,
mo@d @ olp
go k$3 k
u5 +d . k, u5 d
@ olp
k$3 k
@ u 5
Hq ho fdvr txh xqd ixqflöq wlhqh päv gh xqd yduldeoh +sru hmhpsor i+{> |> }, @ |5 vhq { . } 6 , vh
C| d fdpelr gh g| /
dfrvwxpeud d lqglfdu od ghulydflöq frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh | sru hmhpsor/ frpr Ci gi
C} lqglfd od ghulydgd gh i frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh } vrodphqwh/ txhgdqgr odv rwudv yduldeohv
dvð/ Ci
frpr frqvwdqwh +hv ghflu/ vh frpsruwhq frpr qýphur sdud ho prphqwr gh ghulydu1
Hmhpsor 697 Vl i+{> |> }, @ |5 vhq { . } 6
Ci
@ | 5 frv { . 3
C{
Ci
@ 5| vhq { . 3
C|
Ci
@ 3 . 6} 5
C}
Hmhpsor 698 Hq ho fdvr gho yroxphq gho flolqgur Y @ u5 o
CY CY
@ 5uo @ u5
Cu Co
Hmhpsor 699 Vhd j+{> |> }, @ 6{5 . :{6 vhq | hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh
Cj
@ 9{ . 54{5 vhq |
C{
Cj
@ 3 . :{6 frv |
C|
Cj
@ 3
C}
Wrphprv dkrud od ixqflöq i @ 8{5 .vhq {1 Fodudphqwh whqhprv/ sru or dqwhulru/ txh Ci
C{ @ 43{.frv {
| txh C| @ 3 |d txh hq hvwh ýowlpr fdvr ghehprv shqvdu txh od yduldeoh hv |/ shur i vh frpsruwd
Ci
frpr frqvwdqwh uhvshfwr d hvwd yduldeoh dvð txh vx ghulydgd hv fhur
Ci i +| . k, i+|, 8{5 . vhq { +8{5 . vhq {,

@ olp @ olp @3
C| k$3 k k$3 k
71 Qrwdflrqhv uhjod gh od fdghqd

Vhdq | @ i +x,> x @ j+{, vxsrqjdprv txh dpedv wlhqh ghulydgdv | txh hv srvleoh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd
| @ i +j+{,,1 +hv ghflu/ vl gäq odv klsrwhvlv gh od uhjod gh od fdghqd,1 Hqwrqfhv
C| C| Cy
@
C{ Cy C|
Qrwdflrqdophqwh ho wìuplqr l}txlhugr gh od ljxdogdg vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | fdofxodgd ghvsxhv

gh kdehu khfkr od frpsxhvwd gh i | j +i j,/ hq fdpelr ho sulphu idfwru gho wìuplqrv ghuhfkr
C| vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | dqwhv gh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd1
Cy
Hmhpsor 69: Vhd | xqd ixqflöq gh {/ ghulydeoh frq uhvshfwr d {1 Fdofxohprv odv ghulydgdv txh vh lqglfdq
41 g{
g +{7 | 6 , @ {7 6| g| . 7{6 |6
g{
51 g{
g +{ vhq |, @ vhq | . { frv | g|
g{
61 g{ +wj {|, @ +vhf +{|,,+| . { g{
g 5 g| ,
71 g{
g +5{| 6 . { vhq+{|,, @ 5| 6 . 9{| 5 g| . vhq +{|, . { frv+{|,+| . { g| ,
g{ g{
8141 GHULYDGD 5<6
g +s|, @
81 g{ g|
s4 | g{
5
g +s|, @
91 g| s4 |
5
:1 g{
g +vhq | . |6 , @ frv | g| . 6| 5 g|
g{ g{
;1 g{ +vhq | . | , @ frv | . 6|
g 6 5
<1 g}
g +vhq | . | 6 , @ 31
Hmhuflflr 69; Ghwhuplqdu vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv

41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq `d> e^1 Vl i | j vrq fuhflhqwhv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i . j hv fuhflhqwh
hq `d> e^1
51 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq j+d, | j hv frqwlqxd hq d shur qr ghulydeoh hq d hqwrqfhv i j qr hv ghulydeoh
hq d1
Vroxflöq=
41 Yhugdghur Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv fuhflhqwh | ghulydeohv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, 3 | j3 +{, 3 hq
`d> e^/ oxhjr
+i . j,3 +{, @ i 3 +{, . j 3 +{, 3 ;{ 5`d> e^
Sru or wdqwr i . j hv fuhflhqwh hq `d> e^1
51 Idovr1
Vhdq j+{, @ m{m/ i+{, @ {5 | d @ 3 j hv frqwlqxd hq 3 shur qr ghulydeohv hq 3 | i hv ghulydeoh hq
j+3, @ 3/ shur +i j,+{, @ m{m5 @ {5 od fxdo hv ghulydeoh hq 3
Hmhpsor 69< Hq txì sxqwrv/ h{lvwh od ghulydgd gh od ixqflöq
;
? frv { {3
i+{, @
= s6
4 5{ { ? 3
Vroxflöq=
d, Vl { A 3/ i +{, @ frv {1 Vdehprv txh frv { hv ghulydeoh sdud wrgr { 5 U hq sduwlfxodu sdud { A 3>
i 3 +{, @ vhq+{,1
s
e, Vl { ? 3> i +{, @ 6 4 5{1 Hq hvwh fdvr i hv od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | vx ghulydgd
i 3 +{, @ 46 +4 5{,5@6 +5,/ sru uhjod gh od fdghqd1
f, Vl { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du sru ghqlflöq od ghulydgd gh i/ |d txh i hvwä ghqlgd gh irupd glvwlqwd
sdud { A 3 | sdud { ? 3
Yhdprv vl h{lvwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{,
3 1
i +3,
Sdud hvwr fdofxohprv
3 +3, @ i+{, i+3,
i. olp
{$3. {3
frv { 4
@ olp
{$3. {
frv5 { 4
@ olp
{$3. {+frv { . 4,
vhq5 {
@ olp.
{$3 {+frv { . 4,
vhq { vhq {
@ olp + ,+ ,
{$3. { frv { . 4
@ +4,+3, @ 3
sru or wdqwr i.
3 +3, @ 3
Sru rwud sduwh
3 +3, @ i +{, i +3,

i olp
{$3{3
s6
4 5{ 4
@ olp
{$3 {
5
@ =
6
+Sdud fdofxodu ho ýowlpr oðplwh wxylprv txh udflrqdol}du,

Frpr i
3 +3, 9@ i.3 +3, hqwrqfhv qr h{lvwh i 3 +3, | hq frqvhfxhqfld
;
? 6s
A 5 {?3
6
+45{,5
3
i +{, @
A
= vhq { {A3
Grpi 3 @ U i3j +dvð sdud fxdotxlhu sxqwr { 5 U i3j h{lvwh od ghulydgd gh i ,1
Hmhpsor 6:3 Frqvlghuhprv dkrud od ixqflöq

; 6
A
A { frv+4@{5 , { ? 3
A
A
?
i+{, @ 3 {@3
A
A
A
A
= s 5
{ . 5{6 { A 3
Ghwhuplqhprv od ghulydgd gh i 1
Vroxflöq=
d, Hv fodur txh sdud { ? 3 od ixqflöq i +{, @ {6 frv+4@{5 , hv ghulydeoh sru dojheud | frpsrvlflöq gh
ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ oxhjr xvdqgr odv uhjodv gh ghulydflöq whqhprv
4 4 5
i 3 +{, @ 6{5 frv+ , . {6 + vhq+ 5 ,,+ 6 ,
{5 { {
s
e, Dqäorjdphqwh sdud { A 3> i+{, @ {5 . 5{6 hv ghulydeoh sru frpsrvlflöq gh ixqflöqhv ghulydeohv/
oxhjr
4
i 3 +{, @ s +5{ . 9{5 ,
5 { . 5{6
5
f, Sdud { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du i 3 +3, phgldqwh od ghqlflöq/ |d txh i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr
hq wruqr do fhur/ hv ghflu/ ghehprv fdofxodu
i +{, i +3,
i 3 +3, @ olp
{$3 {3
s
i+{, i +3, {5 . 5{6
i 3 +3, @ olp @ olp. @4
.
{$3. {3 {$3 {
| ho rwur oðplwh odwhudo
3 +3, @ olp i +{, i +3, {6 frv+4@{5 ,

i @ olp @3
{$3 {3 {$3 {
8141 GHULYDGD 5<8
frpr vrq glvwlqwrv/ vh frqfox|h txh ho oðplwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{,

3 qr h{lvwh1
i +3,
Hq frqvhfxhqfld i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 | sru or wdqwr od ixqflöq i 3 +{, hvwä ghqlgd vrodphqwh
sdud U i3j | vx ydoru hv=
;
? 6{ frv+4@{ , . 5 vhq+4@{ , { ? 3
5 5 5
i 3 +{, @
= s{{.6 {5
5 .5{6 {A3
Hmhpsor 6:4 BcHq txì sxqwrv gho lqwhuydor ^4> 5^ od ixqflöq i +{, @ ^{` . m{ 4m hv ghulydeohB
Vroxflöq= Vhsdudqgr ho grplqlr gh i dsursldgdphqwh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh ixqflöq ghqlgd sru sduwhv1
;
A
A { 4 { ? 3
A
A
?
i +{, @ 4{ 3{?4
A
A
A
A
=
{ 4{?5
Fdofxohprv dkrud vx ghulydgd
d, Vl 4 ? { ? 3/ i hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4/ dqäorjdphqwh sdud 3 ? { ? 4 | 4 ? { ? 5 vh vdeh txh i
hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 3 ? { ? 4 |
i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 4 ? { ? 51
3 +4, +vl h{lvwh, txh sru ghqlflöq hv od ghulydgd gh i hq
e, Hq { @ 4/ vöor wlhqh vhqwlgr ghwhuplqdu i.
41
3 +4, @ i +{, i +4,

i. olp
{$4. {.4
{ 4
@ olp @ 4
{$4. { . 4
Hv fodur txh hq { @ 3 | hq { @ 4 i hv glvfrqwlqxd/ oxhjr i qr hv ghulydeoh hq hvwrv sxqwrv/ dvð i +{,
hv ghulydeoh hq ^4> 5î3> 4j
;
? 4 4 { ? 4> { 9@ 3
i 3 +{, @
=
4 4?{?5
Hmhuflflr 6:5 Frqvlghuh od ixqflöq

6 . d{ { 4
i+{, @
{5 . e { A 4
grqgh d> e 5 U
Ghwhuplqh d | e gh prgr txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq { @ 41
Vroxflöq= i vhuä ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 vl | vöor vl olp{$4 i +{{,
d h{lvwh +hv ghflu i.+4, @ i+4, ,1
i +d, 3 3
3 +4, @ i +{, i +4,

i olp
{$4 {4
6 . d{ +6 . d,
@ olp
{$4 {4
d+{ 4,
@ olp
{$4 { 4
@ olp d @ d
{$4
Sru rwud sduwh>

3 +4, @ i +{, i +4,
i. olp
{$4. {4
{5 . e +6 . d,
@ olp.
{$4 {4
shur hvwh oðplwh srguld h{lvwlu vöor vl olp{$4. {5 . e +{ . d, @ 3
shur olp{$4 {5 . e +6 . d, @ 4 . e +6 . d,1
3 +4, srguld h{lvwlu vöor vl 4 . e +6 . d, @ 3 gh grqgh e @ 5 . d sru or wdqwr>
oxhjr i.
3 +4, @ {5 . e +6 . d,
i. olp
{4
{$4.
{ . 5 . d +6 . d,
5
@ olp
{$4. {4
{5 4
@ olp
{$4. { 4
@ olp. { . 4 @ 5
{$4
3 +4, @ i3 +4, +, d @ 5/ oxhjr e @ d . 5 @ 71
Dvð i.
Revhuydflöq= Vl olp{$4. {5 . e +6 . d, @ f frq f 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$4 { .e{+6. d, / hv gh od irupd f
5
oxhjr ho oðplwh qr h{vlwh

4 3
Rwud irupd gh uhvroyhu ho sureohpd/ hv ghwhuplqdu frqglflrqhv sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd +Vl qr or ixhud
i qr vhuðd ghulydeoh,/ gh grqgh
Rewhqhprv>
olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ i+4,
{$4. {$4
or txh htxlydoh d ghwhuplqdu od frqglflöq
e@5.d
| oxhjr fdofxodu i +4, | i. +4, xvdqgr od frqglflöq e @ 5 . d1
3 3
Hmhuflflr 6:6 Vhd
{8 . {5 . 9 {?3
i+{, @
D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4, { 3
Ghwhuplqdu D | E hq U sdud txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq { @ 31
Vroxflöq= Sulphur ghwhuplqhprv frqglflrqhv sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3
olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ i +3,
{$3. {$3 {$3
olp i+{, @ olp D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4,
{$3. {$3.
@ D . E @ i+3,
olp i+{, @ olp {8 . {5 . 9 @ 9
{$3 {$3
Sru or wdqwr D . E @ 9
Fdofxohprv i 3 +3, sru ghqlflöq
i +{, i +3, {8 . {5 . 9 +D . E,
i 3 +3, @ olp @ olp
{$3 { {$3 {
{8 . {5 . 9 9
@ olp sxhv D . E @ 9
{$3 {
{8 . {5
@ olp
{$3 {
@ olp {+{6 . 4, @ 3
{$3
8141 GHULYDGD 5<:
Dkrud sru od ghuhfkd
i +{, i +3, D+frv 6{ . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4, +D . E,

i 3 . +3, @ olp. @ olp
{$3 { {$3. {
D frv 6{ . 6D vhq { . E{ D
@ olp.
{$3 {
D+frv 6{ 4, 6D vhq { E{
@ olp. . .
{$3 { { {
shur
6D vhq { vhq {
olp @ 6D olp. @ 6D
{$3. { {$3 {
|
E{
olp. @ olp. E @ E
{$3 { {$3
qrv idowd fdofxodu
D+frv+6{, 4, frv5 +6{, 4
olp @ D olp.
{$3. { {$3 {+frv+6{, . 4,
vhq5 +6{,
@ D olp.
{$3 {+frv+6{, . 4,
vhq+6{, vhq+6{,
@ D olp.
{$3 { frv+6{, . 4
vhq+6{, vhq+6{,
@ 6D olp olp
{$3 . 6{ {$3 frv+6{, . 4
.
@ 6D +4, 3 @ 3
Oxhjr i 3 . +3, @ 6D . E/ i vhuä ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 vl i.

3 +3, @ i3 +3,/ hv ghflu/ 6D . E @ 3/ shur
D . E @ 9/ oxhjr uhvroylhqgr ho vlvwhpd whqhprv D @ 6 | E @ <1
Hmhuflflr 6:7 Vhd ;

A
A 6{5 9{ ; { ? 4
?
8{7 7{5 4 { ? 4
i+{, @
A
A 4 {@4
=
7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ 9 {A4
l, Ghwhuplqdu i 3 +{,1
ll, Fdofxoh ho ydoru gh D grqgh

D @ i 3 +5,i 3 +4@5, i 3 + . 4,
Vroxflöq=
d, Vhd { ? 4 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 6{5 9{ ;/ i hv ghulydeoh sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv |

i 3 +{, @ 9{ 91
e, Vhd 4 ? { ? 4 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 8{7 7{5 1 Sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ whqhprv i 3 +{, @
53{6 ;{1
f, Vhd { A 4 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ 91 Sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv whqhprv
i 3 +{, @ ;{ frv5 +{ 4, . 7{5 + vhq+{ 4,, . 6
Qrwhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 | hq { @ 41

5<; FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
g, Fdofxohprv i 3 +4, sru ghqlflöq

3 +4, @ i+{, i+4,
i. olp
{$4. {.4
8{ 7{5 4
7
@ olp .
{$4 {.4
+8{ 8{5 . { 4,+{ . 4,
6
@ olp .
{$4 {.4
@ olp 8{ 8{ . { 4 @ 45
6 5
{$4.
3 +4, @ i+{, i+4,

i olp
{$4 {.4
6{ 9{ ; 4
5
@ olp
{$4 {.4
6+{ . 4,+{ 6,
@ olp
{$4 {.4
@ olp 6+{ 6, @ 45
{$4
Sru or wdqwr i.
3 +4, @ i3 +4, @ 45
h, Idowd fdofxodu i 3 +4,1
3 +4, @ i +{, i +4,
i. olp
{$4. {4
7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ 9 4
@ olp
{$4. {4
7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ 6 7
@ olp
{$4. {4
7+{ frv+{ 4, 4, 6{ 6
5
@ olp .
{$4. {4 {4
7+{5 frv+{ 4, 4, 6+{ 4,
@ olp .
{$4. {4 {4
Frpr olp{$4. 6+{{44, @ 6 |
7+{5 frv+{ 4, 4,
olp
{$4. {4
+{5 frv+{ 4, 4, +{5 frv+{ 4, . 4
@ olp. 7 5
{$4 {4 { frv+{ 4, . 4
+{ frv +{ 4, 4,
7 5
@ olp 7
{$4. +{ 4,+{5 frv+{ 4, . 4,
+{7 +4 vhq5 +{ 4,, 4,
@ olp 7
{$4. +{ 4,+{5 frv+{ 4, . 4,
+{7 4, +{7 vhq5 +{ 4,,
@ 7 olp.
{$4 +{ 4,+{ frv+{ 4, . 4, +{ 4,+{5 frv+{ 4, . 4,
5
+{ 4,+{ . 4,+{5 . 4, {7 vhq+{ 4, vhq+{ 4,

@ 7 olp. 5
{$4 +{ 4,+{ frv+{ 4, . 4,
5 +{ 4, +{ frv+{ 4, . 4,
+{ . 4,+{5 . 4, {7 vhq+{ 4, vhq+{ 4,
@ 7 olp olp 5
{$4. +{5 frv+{ 4, . 4, {$4. +{ 4, +{ frv+{ 4, . 4,
7
@ 7 43@;
5
8141 GHULYDGD 5<<
Sru or wdqwr i.
3 +4, @ ; . 6 @ 44
3 +4, @ i+{, i+4,

i olp
{$4 {4
8{ 7{5 4
7
@ olp
{$4 {4
+8{6 . 8{5 . { . 4,+{ 4,
@ olp
{$4 {4
@ olp 8{6 . 8{5 . { . 4 @ 45
{$4
3 +4, 9@ i3 +4,1 Sru or wdqwr i 3 +4, qr h{lvwh1
Oxhjr i.
Dvð ho grplqlr Grpi 3 @ U i4j1
;
? 9{ 9 { 4
i 3 +{, @ 53{6 ;{ 4 ? { ? 4
=
;{ frv+{ 4, 7{5 vhq+{ 4, . 6 {A4
ll, i 3 +5, @ 4;/ i+4@5, @ 6@5/ i 3 + . 4, @ ;+ . 4,+4, . 6 oxhjr

6
D @ i 3 +5,i 3 +4@5, i 3 + . 4, @ 4; . ;+ . 4, . 6
5
Xqd khuudplhqwd ýwlo | vlpsoh sdud ghwhuplqdu vl xqd ixqflöq hv ghulydeoh hq dojýq sxqwr hv od vljxlhqwh
sursrvlflöq txh vh sxhgh ghprvwudu hq edvh do whruhpd gh O*Krslwdo txh yhuhprv päv dghodqwh1
Sursrvlflöq 81< Vl i hv frqwlqxd hq d1
d, Vl orv oðplwhv olp{$d. i 3 +{,/ olp{$d i 3 +{, h{lvwhq | vrq ljxdohv d O 5 U hqwrqfhv i hv ghulydeoh hq
d | i 3 +d, @ O1
e, Vl orv oðplwhv olp{$d. i 3 +{, / olp{$d i 3 +{, h{lvwhq +vrq qýphurv uhdohv, | vrq glihuhqwhv hqwrqfhv
i qr hv ghulydeoh hq d1
Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflöq gdgd hq ho hmhuflflr 6:7

;
A
A 6{5 9{ ; { ? 4
?
8{7 7{5 4 { ? 4
i+{, @
A
A 4 {@4
=
7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ 9 {A4
Frpr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4/ sxhv
olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ 4

{$4. {$4
dghpäv ;
A
A 9{ 9 { ? 4
?
53{6 ;{ 4 ? { ? 4
i 3 +{, @
A
A 4 {@4
=
;{ frv+{ 4, 7{5 vhq+{ 4, . 6 {A4
| h{lvwhq olp{$4. i 3 +{,> olp{$4 i 3 +{, sxhv
olp i 3 +{, @ olp ;{ frv+{ 4, 7{5 vhq+{ 4, . 6 @ 44

{$4. {$4.
|
olp i 3 +{, @ olp 53{6 ;{ @ 45
{$4 {$4
633 FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
shur olp{$4. i 3 +{, 9@ olp{$4 i 3 +{, oxhjr vhjýq od sursrvlflöq dqwhulru i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 41
Vlq hpedujr> i hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 sxhv
olp i 3 +{, @ olp 53{6 ;{ @ 45

{$4. {$4.
|
olp i 3 +{, @ olp 9{ 9 @ 45
{$4 {$4
| i hv frqwlqxd hq 41
Revhuydflöq= Qrwh txh od klsöwhvlv gh frqwlqxlgdg hv ixqgdphqwdo1 Or srghprv yhu hq ho vljxlhqwh
hmhpsor1
8{ . : { 6
i +{, @
8{ . ; { ? 6
Hq hvwh fdvr vh wlhqh txh olp{$6. i 3 +{, @ 8 @ olp{$6 i 3 +{,/ shur i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 6 sxhv i
qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 6
Yroylhqgr do hmhpsor
6 . d{ { 4
i +{, @
{5 . e { A 4
i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl | vöor vl e @ 5 . d1
Dghpäv sdud { 9@ 4/ vh wlhqh
d {?4
i 3 +{, @
5{ { A 4
Frpr orv oðplwhv olp{$4. i 3 +{, > olp{$4 i 3 +{, h{lvwhq> sxhv
olp i 3 +{, @ d> olp. i 3 +{, @ 5

{$4 {$4
hqwrqfhv> i vhuä ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 vl
olp i 3 +{, @ olp i 3 +{,

{$4. {$4
hv ghflu/ d @ 5 | frpr e @ 5 . d/ hqwrqfhv e @ 71
Dqdorjdphqwh hq ho hmhuflflr 6:6

{8 . {5 . 9 {?3
i+{, @
D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4, { 3
i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl D . E @ 91 Dghpäv

3 8{7 . 5{ {?3
i +{, @
D+6 vhq+6{, . 6 frv {, . E {A3
Orv oðplwhv olp{$3. i 3 +{, | olp{$3 i 3 +{, h{lvwhq sxhv
olp i 3 +{, @ olp. D+6 vhq+6{, . 6 frv {, . E @ 6D . E

{$3. {$3
|
olp i 3 +{, @ olp 8{7 . 5{ @ 3
{$3 {$3
oxhjr i vhuä ghulydeoh vl
6D . E @ 3 frq D . E @ 9
gh grqgh D @ 6 | E @ <1
8141 GHULYDGD 634
81417 Ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflöq Lqyhuvd

Frurodulr 8143 Fäofxor gh ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflöq lqyhuvd
Vhd i = [ $ Uhfi U ixqflöq lqyhuwleoh | ghulydeoh/ ghqrwhprv sru j d od lqyhuvd i 4 / dvð j = Uhfi $
[1
Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq d 5 [ _ [ 3 frq ghulydgd i 3 +d, 9@ 3 | j hv ghulydeoh frqwlqxd hq i +d, @ e1
g+i ,4 4
me @ gi
g{ g{ md
Hv ghflu/ od ghulydgd gh od ixqflöq lqyhuvd i 4 hq e vh fdofxod xvdqgr ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh od
ghulydgd gh i hq d +uhfrughprv txh i 3 +d, hv qýphur uhdo qr qxor,1
Ghprvwudflöq= Vh vdeh txh i i 4 +{, @ { | txh od ghulydgd gh { hq wrgr sxqwr hv 4/ xvdqgr od uhjod
gh od fdghqd
+i i 4 ,3 +e, @ 4
i 3 +i 4 +e,, +i 4 ,3 +e, @ 4
Frpr i+d, @ e
i 3 +d, +i 4 ,3 +e, @ 4
|d txh i 3 +d, hv qr fhur srghprv rewhqhu od ljxdogdg | hq
4
+i 4 ,3 +e, @
i 3 +d,
r fdpeldqgr gh qrwdflöq
gi 4 4
me @ 3
g{ i +d,

Hmhpsor 6:8 Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i+{, @ oq+{, hq e 5 U.
Uhfrughprv txh oq+{, hv od ixqflöq lqyhuvd gh h{s+{, @ h{ / dvð oq e @ d hv htxlydohqwh d e @ hd 1

Xvdqgr frurodulr
g oq 4 4 4
me @ g h{s @ d @
g{ g{ dm h e
Gh hvwd irupd hq qxhvwud wdeod gh ghulydgdv ghehprv dqrwdu
g oq { 4 4
@ r oq3 +{, @ vl { A 3
g{ { {
Hmhpsor 6:9 Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd gh dufwdq+{,1 Uhfrughprv txh od lqyhuvd orfdo gh wdq+{, hv
dufwdq+{,/ hv ghflu/ sdud { dsursldgrv vh wlhqh
dufwdq+wdq+{,, @ { | { @ wdq+dufwj+{,,
Xvdqgr frurodulr hq xq sxqwr e @ wdq+d,/ grqgh vhf5 +d, 9@ 3 whqhprv=

g dufwdq 4 4
+{,me @ 3 @
g{ wdq +d, vhf5 +d,
Frq ho remhwr gh ghmdu ho uhvxowdgr hq wìuplqrv gh e xvduhprv od lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpìwulfd
vhf5 +{, @ wdq5 +{, . 4
Gh hvwd irupd
g dufwdq 4 4
+{,m{@e @ @ 5
g{ wdq5 +d, . 4 e .4
Frpr e hud vöor xq uhsuhvhqwdqwh/ whqhprv
4
dufwdq3 +{, @
{5 . 4
Dqäorjdphqwh vh sxhgh suredu txh
4
duffrwj3 +{, @
{ .4
5
vöor txh dtxð gheh xwlol}du rwud lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpìwulfd1 + fvf5 { @ fwj 5 { . 4,
Revhuydflöq= Dkrud txh khprv orjudgr xqd wìfqlfd sdud hqfrqwudu ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv lqyhuvdv
fuhhprv txh hv exhqr kdfhu qrwdu or txh hv ho uhvxowdgr gho whruhpd gh od ixqflöq lqyhuvd1
Whruhpd 8144 +Ixqflöq lqyhuvd, Vhd i = L $ U/ xqd ixqflöq/ L xq yhflqgdg gh d wdo txh i vhd ghulydeoh
hq d frq ghulydgd qr qxod +i 3 +d, 9@ 3,1
Hqwrqfhv h{lvwh K yhflqgdg gh d+K L, | M yhflqgdg gh i +d, wdo txh i = K $ M hv lqyhuwleoh frq
lqyhuvd glihuhqfldeoh i 4 = M $ K yhulfd od vljxlhqwh ljxdogdg
gi 4 4
me @ 3 4
g{ i +i +e,
hv ghflu
gi 4 4
me @ +i 4 ,3 +e, @ 3 > grqgh d @ i 4 +e,
g{ i +d,
Revhuydflöq= Vxsrqjdprv txh i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | txh +i j, @ Lg hqwrqfhv qhfhvduldphqwh
vxv ghulydgdv vrq qr qxodv1
Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd vh wlhqh
i 3 +j+{,,j 3 +{, @ 4
| frpr vh wudwd gh od pxowlsolfdflöq gh grv qýphurv uhdohv/ dperv ghehq vhu qr qxorv/ pdv dýq/ xqr gheh
vhu ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gho rwur1
Uhfrughprv txh vhqr hv xqd ixqflöq gh U hq U txh qr hv lq|hfwlyd | wdpsrfr hv vreuh|hfwlyd/ frpr
vroxflöq d hvwr ýowlpr srguðdprv frqvlghuduod frpr vhq = U $ ^4> 4`/ shur ho sureohpd gh od lq|hfwlylgdg
dýq shupdqhfh1 Hq ghqlwlyd qr vh sxhgh shqvdu txh vhq whqjd lqyhuvd gh ^4> 4` hq U/ shur gg{ vhq
+{,m{@ @
4 txh hv glvwlqwr gh 3/ oxhjr ho whruhpd gh od ixqflöq lqyhuvd qrv jdudqwl}d od h{lvwhqfld gh xqd lqyhuvd1
BcFxäo hv od frqwudglfflöq hqwuh hvwdv ýowlpdv grv iudvhvB
Qlqjxqd/ sxhvwr txh ho whruhpd gh od ixqflöq lqyhuvd qr kdeod gh xqd ixqflöq lqyhuvd gh vhq frq grplqlr
hq ^4> 4` | uhfruulgr U/ vlqr txh qrv jdudqwl}d od h{lvwhqfld gh xqd lqyhuvd orfdo1 Hvwr vljqlfd txh h{lvwh
M yhflqgdg gh i +d, | K yhflqgdg gh d wdo txh i = K $ M wlhqh lqyhuvd1 Hq ho fdvr gh i+{, @ vhq { h{lvw M
yhflqgdg gh fhur grqgh i+, @ 3 | K yhflqgdg gh wdo txh vhq = K $ M wlhqh lqyhuvd1
Frq ho whruhpd gh od ixqflrq lqyhuvd srghprv orjudu yduldu lqyhuvdv orfdohv |d txh edvwd wrpdu sxqwrv
{3 txh vdwlvidjdq od klsrwhvlv
g vhq {
m{3 9@ 3
g{
Hq orv sxqwrv grqgh vh dqxod od ghulydgd gh vhqr +sru hmhpsor hq @5, hv lpsrvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd
lqyhuvd orfdo gh hood/ |d txh sdud wrgr lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwhqjd ho sxqwr/ vhqr vlhpsuh vhuä qr
lq|hfwlyd1
\d txh khprv kdeodgr gh od ixqflöq i +{, @ vhq {/ fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh
i 4 +{, @ dufvhq {/ sdud { dsursldgr hq ho hmhuflflr txh vljxh
Hmhuflflr 6:: Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh i 4 +{, @ dufvhq {

8151 GHULYDGD GH RUGHQ VXSHULRU 636
Vroxflöq= Vhd i +{, @ vhq+{, grqgh vhq =` @5> @5^$` 4> 4^ hqwrqfhv frvd A 3 vl d 5` @5> @5^ |
+i 4 ,3 +e, @ frv4 d
s
Vhd } @ frv d hqwrqfhv } 5 @ frv5 d @ 4 vhq5 d1 oxhjr } @ 4 vhq5 d sxhv } A 3 shur d dufvhq e oxhjr
s s
} @ 4 vhq+dufvhq+e,, } @ 4 e5
Sru or wdqwr
4
dufvhq3 { @ s
4 {5
Hq fdpelr vl frqvlghudprv vhq =`@5> 6@5^$` 4> 4^ hqwrqfhv frv d ? 3 vl d 5`@5> 6@5^ | +i 4 ,3 @ 4
d
shur
frv
s s
frv d @ 4 vhq5 d @ 4 vhq+dufvhq e,,
sru or wdqwr vl frqvlghudprv i 4 sru dufvhq {/ vh whqguä
4
+dufvhq,3 +{, @ s
4 {5
frqvlghudqgr vhq =`@5> 6@5^$` 4> 4^=
Revhuydflöq= Vh dfrvwxpeud d uhvhuydu dufvhq d od lqyhuvd gh od ixqflöq vhqr ghqd hq vx udpd sulqflsdo/
hv ghflu
vhq =` @5> @5^$` 4> 4^
|
4
+dufvhq,3 +{, @ s
4 {5
Dqäorjdphqwh vh fdofxod odv ghulydgd gh odv lqyhuvdv gh frvhqr/ frwdqjhqwh/ vhfdqwh | frvhfdqwh/ ghqlgd
hq vx udpd sulqflsdo rewhqlhqgr=
4 4
+dufvhq,3 +{, @ s +duffrv,3 +{, @ s
4 {5 4 {5
4 4
+dufwj,3 +{, @ +duffrwj,3 +{, @
4 . {5 4 . {5
4 4
+dufvhf,3 +{, @ s +duffrvhf,3 +{, @ s
{ {5 4 { {5 4
815 Ghulydgd gh Rughq Vxshulru

Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflöq i+{, @ 6{7 . 8 vhq5 {/ txh frpr |d khprv ylvwr vx ghulydgd hv
gi +{,
@ 45{6 . 43 vhq { frv { @ j+{,
g{
Srghprv qrwdu txh j wdpelìq hv ghulydeoh | wlhqh frpr ghulydgd d
gj +{, @ 69{5 . 43 frv5 { 43 vhq5 { @ k+{,/ qxhydphqwh srghprv fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh hvwd | rewhqhu
g{
gk +{,=
g{
gi od ixqflöq k hv od ghulydgd gh vhjxqgr rughq
Vh glfh txh j hv od ghulydgd gh sulphu rughq | vh dqrwd g{
gh i | vh dqrwd g{
gi / gk fruuhvsrqgh d od ghulydgd gh whufhu rughq gh i | vh dqrwd gi 6 1
5
5 g{ g{6
Ghqlflöq 8145 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ | vhd g{gi vx ghulydgd/ vh ghqh od ghulydgd gh
vhjxqgr rughq gh i hq f 5`d> e^ frpr
gi +f . k, gi +f,
olp g{ g{
k$3 k
| vh ghqrwd hvwh oðplwh sru gg{i5 +f,1

5
Vh glfh txh i wlhqh ghulydgd gh rughq 5 hq `d> e^ vl i wlhqh ghulydgd gh vhjxqgr rughq hq fdgd sxqwr gh
`d> e^1
H{lvwlhqgr od ghulydgd gh vhjxqgr rughq gh i hq `d> e^ vh sxhgh ghqlu hq irupd dqdorjd od ghulydgd gh
whufhu rughq hq f 5`d> e^ frpr ho vljxlhqwh oðplwh +vl hv txh h{lvwh ,1
g5 i +f . k, g5 i +f,
olp g{ g{5
5
k$3 k
dqäorjdphqwh vh ghqh od ghulydgd gh rughq q . 4 frpr ho oðplwh txh lqyroxfud od ghulydgd gh rughq q |
vh dqrwduä sru gg{q.4i +f,1
q.4
Qrwdflrqhv=
g5 i g6 i gq i
G5 i +f, @ i 33 +f, @ +f,> G6 i +f, @ i 333 +f, @ +f,> Gq i+f, @ i +q, +f, @ +f,=
g{6 g{6 g{q
Vh ghqhq orv vljxlhqwhv frqmxqwrv
F 3 `d> e^ @ ii =`d> e^$ U = i hv frqwlqxd hq `d> e^j
F 4 `d> e^ @ ii =`d> e^$ U = i hv ghulydeoh hq`d> e^ frq ghulydgd frqwlqxdj
F 5 `d> e^ @ ii =`d> e^$ U = i hv grv yhfhv ghulydeoh hq`d> e^ frq ghulydgd frqwlqxd j
F q `d> e^ @ ii =`d> e^$ U = i hv q yhfhv ghulydeohv hq`d> e^frq ghulydgd frqwlqxdj
Frq hvwrv frqmxqwrv srghprv ghqlu od vljxlhqwh ixqflöq/ oodpdgd rshudgru glihuhqfldeoh1
G = F q `d> e^ $ F q4 `d> e^
i :$ Gi +{, @ g{
gi +{,
Dvð
41 vl i +{, @ 6{5 . vhq {/ Gi +{, @ 9{ . frv {
s
51 vl j+{, @ oq+{ . 4, . { . 4/ Gj+{, @ {.4 4
. 5
s4{.4 1
s
61 vl k+{, @ {5 . {6 / Gk+{, @ 56 {4@6 . 6{5 1
6
Qrwhprv txh od ixqflöq j 5 F 4 `3> 5^ shur Gj 95 F 4 ` 5> 5^1 Dqdorjdphqwh vh sxhgh ghqlu ho rshudgru
glihuhqfldo gh rughq n/ Gn
Gn = F q `d> e^ $ F qn `d> e^ > q n

i :$ Gn i+{, @ gg{in +{,
n
Dvð
41 vl i +{, @ vhq 8{/ hqwrqfhv G7 i +{, @ 87 vhq 8{
51 vl i +{, @ h{ / hqwrqfhv G53 i +{, @ h{ 1
61 vl i +{, @ {8 / hqwrqfhv G: i +{, @ 3 | G8 i +{, @ 8$1
71 vl i +{, @ h5{ hqwrqfhv G: i+{, @ 5: h5{ 1
Frpr G3 > G4 > G5 > G6 > G7 > G8 > ===/ vrq ixqflrqhv/ vh sxhgh ghqlu od vxpd | pxowlsolfdflöq sru hvfdodu
gh hoodv rewhqlhqgrvh rwud ixqflrqhv/ sru hmhpsor1
;G3 . 6G . :G8 7G6 = F q `d> e^ $ F q4 `d> e^
i :$ ;i . g{ +{, . : gg{i6 +{, gg{i6 +{,
gi 8 6
Dtxð vh hqwlhqgh txh G3 = F q `d> e^$ F q `d> e^ | G3 i @ i 1

8151 GHULYDGD GH RUGHQ VXSHULRU 638
Hmhuflflr 6:; Vhd O @ 6G5 . G . 7G3 | i+{, @ {6 . :{ vhq {/ j+{, @ 8{5 . frv {/ k+{, @ oq { . wj {1
Fdofxoh Oi> Oj> Ok1
41
g5 i gi
Oi @ 6 . . 7i
g{5 g{
g
Oi @ 6^9{ . +: vhq { . :{ frv {,` . 6{5 . :vhq{ . :{ frv { . 7{6 . 5;{ vhq {
g{
@ 4;{ . 6^: frv { . : frv { :{ vhq {` . : vhq { . :{ frv { . 7{6 . 5;{ vhq {
@ 4;{ . 7{6 . +75 . :{, frv { . +: . :{, vhq {
51
g5 j gj
Oj @ 6 . . 7j
g{5 g{
Oj @ 6^43 frv {` . 43{ vhq { . 53{5 . 7 frv {
@ 63 . 53{5 . frv { . 43{ vhq {
61
g5 k gk
Ok @ 6 . . 7k
g{5 g{
g 4 4
Ok @ 6 + . vhf5 {,` . . vhf5 { . 7 oq { . 7 wj {
g{ { {
6 4
@ 5 . 9 vhf { wj { . . vhf5 { . 7 oq { . 7 wj {
5
{ {
Hmhuflflr 6:< Vhd O @ G . 6G3 / P @ G . 5G3 | Q @ G5 . 8G . 9G3 1
41 Vhd i +{, @ 8{7 . 7 vhq {> j+{, @ wj { vhf {> k+{, @ dufvhq {
Fdofxoh O P+i , @ O+P +i ,,> P O+i ,> Q+i, Frpsduh orv wuhv uhvxowdgr | gljd vl vrq ljxdohv r
glvwlqwrv1
Uhslwh or dqwhulru shur hvwd yh} xvh odv ixqflrqhv j | k1
51 Wrph xqd ixqflöq jìqhulfd i 5 F 5 `d> e^ | suxheh txh
61 Vhd K @ G . 5/ suxheh txh K K K @ G6 . 9G5 . 45G . ;G3 1
Hmhuflflr 6;3 Frqvlghuh od hfxdflöq

g5 i
.i @3
g{5
Xqd vroxflöq gh hood hq `d> e^/ hv xqd ixqflöq i 5 F 5 `d> e^ txh vdwlvidfh od ljxdogdg/ sru hmhpsor od
ixqflöq i+{, @ vhq{ hv vroxflöq gh hood |d txh
g5 vhq {
. vhq { @ vhq { . vhq { @ 3
g{5
Pxhvwuh txh odv ixqflrqhv j+{, @ frv {/ k+{, @ 6 frv {/ o+{, @ : vhq { | hq jhqhudo fxdotxlhu ixqflöq
q+{, @ vhq { . frv {/ grqgh > 5 U/ vrq vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflöq
Hmhuflflr 6;4 41 Pxhvwuh txh hd{ | {hd{ vrq vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflrqhv
g5 i gi
5d . d5 i @ 3 d frqvwdqwh
g{ 5 g{
51 Pxhvwuh txh k+{, @ hd{ . {hd{ hv wdpelìq vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq +fxdotxlhu vhd > 5 U,1
Hmhuflflr 6;5 41 Pxhvwuh txh 5{6 oq {/ {6 > {5 +5 oq { 4, ixqflrqhv gh F 5 `3> 4^ vrq vroxflrqhv gh od
hfxdflöq
g5 i gi
{5 8{ . 4^/ 6{> {5 oq 44.

{ 4/ 5 vrq vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflöq
{ {
+4 {5 ,G5 i 5{Gi . 5i @ 3
Hmhuflflr 6;6 Pxhvwuh txh i +{, @ +5 . 5{ . {5 . fh{ ,4 hv vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq gh Ehuqrxool
gi
. i @ +{i,5
g{
Hmhuflflr 6;7 Pxhvwuh txh | @ fwj { hv vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq gh Ulffdwl
|
| 3 vhq5 {| 5 . . frv5 { @ 3
vhq { frv {
Hmhuflflr 6;8 Pxhvwuh txh wrgdv odv ixqflrqhv fxelfdv | @ +{ . f,6 vrq vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflöq
|3 @ 6| 5@6
s s
Hmhuflflr 6;9 Pxhvwuh txh orv dufrv gh flufxorv |4 @ f5 {5 h |5 @ f5 {5 vrq vroxflrqhv gh od
hfxdflöq
g| {
@
g{ |
816 Ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv lpsoðflwdphqwh

Hq jhrphwuðd dqäolwlfd/ khprv ylvwr txh od hfxdflöq
{5 | 5
@4
7 <
wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd xqd klsìuerod txh wlhqh frpr hmh sulqflsdo ho hmh { | yìuwlfhv +3> 5, |
+3> 5,1
Vl uhfrugdprv od pdwhuld gh ixqflrqhv srghprv dupdu txh wrpdqgr dojxqrv vhfwruhv gh od klsìuerod
vh sxhgh ghqlu ixqflrqhv/ sru hmhpsor/ u
{5
|@6 4
7
frq { 5 ^5> 4^ r od plvpd h{suhvlöq shur wrpdqgr { hq ho frqmxqwr ` 4> 5` od fxdo vh rewlhqh wdpelìq do
ghvshmdu | shur hvwd yh} wrpdqgr ho ydoru qhjdwlyr +edmr ho hmh { , | ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 5` +udpd l}txlhugd
gh od klsìuerod,1
Dvð frpr hq ho fdvr gh od ixqflöq lqyhuvd/ ho remhwlyr gh hvwd sduwh qr hv ghwhuplqdu hq irupd wdq h{soðflwd
od r odv srvleohv ixqflrqhv txh vh sxhghq ghqlu d sduwlu gh xqd uhodflöq txh lqyroxfuh grv yduldeohv +frpr
ho fdvr gh od klsìuerod, |d txh pxfkdv yhfhv qr hv srvleoh frqvhjxlu xq ghvshmh gh xqd gh odv yduldeohv
sdud yhuod hq irupd h{soðflwd frpr ixqflöq ghshqglhqwh gh od rwud1 Ho whruhpd gh od ixqflöq lpsolflwd gä
uhvsxhvwd d odv suhjxqwdv=
410 BcGdgd xqd uhodflöq hqwuh { h |/ I +{> |, @ 3/ hv srvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd ixqflöq |+{,B
510 BcVh sxhgh jdudqwl}du od h{lvwhqfld gh wdo ixqflöq |+{,1 Fxäo hv od ghulydgd gh hoodB
Qrwh txh od sulphud suhjxqwd qr glfh txh |+{, vh rewlhqh h{soð flwdphqwh hq wìuplqrv gh {/ vöor kdeod
gh od h{lvwhqfld/ hq fdpelr od vhjxqgd suhjxqwd qrv shuqlwh fdofxodu vxv ghulydgd1
8161 IXQFLRQHV GHILQLGDV LPSOÐFLWDPHQWH 63:
Kdvwd ho prphqwr khprv wudedmdgr frq ixqflrqhv gh od irupd | @ i+{,/ hv ghflu/ | frpr ixqflöq
gh {% grqgh od yduldeoh ghshqglhqwh | hvwä ghvshmdgd txhgdqgr xqd h{suhvlöq hq wìuplqrv gh od yduldeoh
lqghshqglhqwh {/ hvwr vh dfrvwxpeud d ghflu txh | hv xqd ixqflöq h{soðflwd hq od yduldeoh {%1
Shur hq od suäfwlfd vh gäq fdvrv gh ixqflrqhv qr gdgdv h{soð flwdphqwh1 Yhdprv ho vljxlhqwh hmhpsor
Xqd lqgxvwuld ghvhd ideulfdu wduurv gh frqvhuyd frq yroxphq mr gh 533 fp6 BcFýdohv vrq odv glphqvlrqhv
gho wduurB
Uhvsxhvwd= Qdwxudophqwh ho wduur hv xq flolqgur1 Vl wrpdprv frpr k od dowxud | u ho udglr gh wdo
flolqgur whqhprv txh
ku5 @ 533
Hv fodur txh ghshqglhqgr gho udglr u txh ghflgd wrpdu ho k txhgd wrwdophqwh ghwhuplqdgr/ | hq irupd
ýqlfd/ dvð whqhprv od ixqflöq u $ k+u,> ;u 5 ^3> 4^1
Vxsrqjdprv dkrud txh ho suhflr gh od hwltxhwd hvwd gdgr sru
gk
S @ 83 . 43u
gu
gu 1
Hqwrqfhv qhfhvlwdprv fdofxodu gk
Hq hvwh fdvr hv srvleoh ghvshmdu h{soðflwdphqwh k ghvgh od irupxod gho yroxphq/ shur hvwr qr vlhpsuh
rfxuuh
Yhdprv xqr gh hvwrv fdvrv
Frqvlghuhprv 5 hvshflhv gh shfhv txh frpsduwhq xq plvpr kdelwdw +xq odjr gho vxu gh Fkloh,1
Vxsrqhprv txh od hvshflh { +phglgd hq wrqhodgdv, vh dolphqwd gh od hvshflh päv shtxhôd | +phglgd hq
wrqhodgdv,/ dghpäv txh dperv frpsduwhq orv qxwulhqwhv gho odjr1 Vxsrqhprv txh ho dsruwh gh od hvshflh
shtxhôd yduðd qrwruldphqwh vlhqgr rvflodwrulr hq ho dôr1
Frpr ho odjr wlhqh xqd fdsdflgdg sdud dolphqwdu 433 ploorqhv gh wrqhodgdv whqhprv txh
{ . | @ 43;
| frpr od { vh dolphqwd gh od hvshflh shtxhôd | ho dsruwh gh hvwd yduðd rvflodwruldphqwh/ whqhprv txh {
vdwlvidfh
{ @ dhe vhq+f|{, . n{
grqgh d> e> f | n vrq frqvwdqwhv1
Sru or wdqwr odv elrpdvdv hvwdq uhodflrqdgd hq od hfxdflöq
dhe vhq+f|{, . n{ . | @ 43; +817,
Ho hpsuhvdulr h{sorwdgru gh od elrpdvd gho odjr/ prwlydgr sru orv suhflrv hq ho phufdgr ghvhd frqrfhu
odv wdvd gh fuhflplhqwr uhodwlyr gh odv sreodflrqhv g{
g| > g{ 1
g|
Vh yh hq od hfxdflöq 817 txh hv lpsrvleoh rewhqhu | frpr ixqflöq h{soðflwd gh { r { frpr ixqflöq
h{soðflwd gh |1
BcFöpr rewhqhu hqwrqfhv g{ g| B
Yhdprv hvwr xq xq frqwh{wr sxudphqwh pdwhpäwlfr1
Vxsrqjdprv txh whqhprv xqd ixqflöq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv ghqlgd hq U5 1 Sru hmhpsor=
I = U5 # U
+{> |, :$ I +{> |, @ | 5 { 4
Frqvlghuhprv od hfxdflöq I +{> |, @ 3/ hv ghflu/ od hfxdflöq
|5 { 4 @ 3
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I +{> |, @ 3
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g
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g{
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Hvwh surfhglplhqwr vh ghqrplqd ghulydflöq lpsoðflwd1
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g|5 @ 3/ shur hq hvwh fdvr | ghshqgh gh {/ oxhjr ghehprv dsolfdu od uhjod gh od fdghqd
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hq ho sxqwr S @ +3> 4,/ ghehprv
410 Yhulfdu txh ho sxqwr S shuwhqhfh d od fxuyd/ hv ghflu/ txh fxpsod frq od hfxdflöq I +{> |, @ 31
510 Hydoxdu od ghulydgd | 3 hq ho sxqwr S sdud rewhqhu od shqglhqwh> p @ g{ g| m @ i 3 +{ , grqgh S @
S 3
+{3 > |3 , @ +3> 4,
Dvð od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd 819 hq ho sxqwr S @ +3> 4, hvwä gdgd sru od hfxdflöq
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grqgh p @ g{
g| m @ 4 / dvð od hfxdflöq exvfdgd hv | 4 @ 4 {1
S 5 5
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3 | txh i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq dojýq lqwhuydor1
Ghwhuplqhprv | 3 @ g{g| sdud fdgd xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv hfxdflrqhv | sdud ydoruhv { h | dsursldgrv
41 {| 7 . {5 | . 6{6 | . 5 @ 3
51 | 6 @ oq+{|, . wdq+| 5 , . 4
61 | dufwdq+{, @ h{| . 5
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81 {| @ vhq+{5 , . |
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41 Ghulydqgr dperv odgrv uhvshfwr d { shqvdqgr txh | ghshqgh gh {

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h lqglfdqgr frq sduhqwhvlv od ghulydgd gh fdgd surgxfwr/ whqhprv
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djuxsdqgr orv wìuplqrv txh wlhqh d | 3 frpr idfwru rewhqhprv
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vxsrqlhqgr txh 7{| 6 . {5 4 9@ 3

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{
vh sxhgh fdofxodu gh grv irupdv/ xvdqgr uhjod gh od fdghqd/ xvdqgr ghulydflöq lpsoðflwd1
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| { @ hoq | @ h{ oq |
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oq x @ { oq | frq uhvshfwr d {
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ghulydqgr lpsoðflwdphqwh frq uhvshfwr d { whqhprv/
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j+{,
frq i +{, A 3 | i +{, 9@ 4

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ýowlpd hfxdflöq
Hmhuflflr 6<3 Fdofxoh od ghulydgd gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv/ xvdqgr
d, Uhjod gh od fdghqd1
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41 k+{, @ +{ . 4,vhq { {A3
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g| g| g|
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vdelhqgr txh | fxpsoh od uhodflöq {5 frv | . {6 | |5 @ f1

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vh uhslwh sdud ghulydgd gh rughq vxshulru,1
Hmhpsor 6<6 Fdofxohprv g{

g| | g5 | gh xqd ixqflöq | hq od yduldeoh { ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru od
g{
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s
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g5 | 4 s s s s 4 g|
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g{5 5 | 5 | g{
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s
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vdwlvidfh od hfxdflöq glihuhqfldo
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s
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s s s
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s s
5{+{5 . 4, @ 5 wj | vhf5 | +8144,
oxhjr sru 8143 / 8144 | sru 81;/ 81< gho hmhpsor dqwhulru vh wlhqh
g5 | g|
+{5 . 4,5 . 5{+{5 . 4, 5
g{ g{
s s s s s s s s s
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s s s s
@ 5 7 | wj | . 7 | wj+ |, 5
@ 3
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I +{> |, @ 3 grqgh i hq fdgd fdvr hv
41 I +{> |, @ {| 7 . {5 | . 6{6 | . 5
51 I +{> |, @ oq+{|, . wdq+|5 , . 4 | 6
61 I +{> |, @ | dufwdq+{, h{| 5

5
71 I +{> |, @ frv+{5 . |, 5| . 6 |{
81 I +{> |, @ vhq+{5 , . | {|
91 I +{> |, @ {| . | { 5
Wdpelìq srghprv qrwdu txh od ghulydgd uhtxhulgd g{

g| fruuhvsrqgh do fxrflhqwh gh odv ghulydgdv sdufldohv
gh od ixqflöq I pxowlsolfdgd sru 41
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txh hv mxvwdphqwh od ghulydgd uhtxhulgd hq ho hmhuflflr d,
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Hvhqfldophqwh hvwr hv or txh hvwdeohfh ho whruhpd gh od ixqflöq lpsoðflwd1
Whruhpd 8147 +Ixqflöq Lpsoðflwd, Vhd I = U5 $ U xqd ixqflöq wdo txh
41 H{lvwh xq sxqwr +{3 > |3 , 5 U5 / I +{3 > |3 , @ 3
51 I hv xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeoh hq xqd yhflqgdg gho sxqwr +{3 > |3 , 5 U5 + sru hmhpsor
xq glvfr vlq rulood txh frqwhqjd d +{3 > |3 ,,1
61 CI
C| +{3 > |3 , 9@ 31
Hqwrqfhv h{lvwh xqd ixqflöq lpsoðflwd | @ i +{, ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr L txh frqwlhqh d {3 |
fx|r uhfruulgr frqwlhqh d |3 wdo txh |3 @ i +{3 , | sru or wdqwr I +{3 > i +{3 ,, @ 3/ päv dýq I +{> i+{,, @ 3
sdud wrgr { 5 L +hv ghflu qr wdq vöor +{3 > |3 , vdwlvidfh I +{> |, @ 3 vlqr txh wdpelìq orv lqqlwrv sxqwrv
+{> i +{,,> { 5 L1
\ qdophqwh/ od phqflrqdgd ixqflöq i hv ghulydeoh hq L | vx ghulydgd hvwä gdgd sru od h{suhvlöq
g| CI
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C{
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Od ghprvwudflöq qr fruuhvsrqgh d xq fxuvr gh hvwh qlyho/ vlqr txh sdud xqr fruuhvsrqglhqwh d fäofxor
hq yduldv yduldeohv1 Sdud fodulfdu xq srfr odv klsöwhvlv/ h{solfduhprv hvwd hq od revhuydflöq | hmhpsor txh
vljxh1
Revhuydflöq= Ho frqfhswr gh glihuhqfldelolgdg sdud ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv hv xq srfr päv frpsolfdgr
txh kdvwd dkrud | vhjxur txh or yhuhprv hq xq fxuvr gh fäofxor hq yduldv yduldeohv1 Frpr hmhpsor gh
ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv phqflrqduhprv odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
41 Odv ixqflrqhv srolqrpldohv hq grv yduldeohv vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv
51 Odv ixqflrqhv wdohv frpr vhqr/ frvhqr/ h{srqhqfldo/ orjdulwpr | udl} q0 ìvlpd vrq frqwlqxdphqwh
glihuhqfldeohv hq vxv uhvshfwlyrv grplqlrv1
61 Od frpsxhvwd r dojxqd frpelqdflöq dojheudlfd +vxpd/ uhvwd/ surgxfwr/ r glylvlöq gh hoodv, wdpelìq
vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeoh hq vxv grplqlrv gh ghqlflöq1
Hmhpsor 6<8 Odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv
41 I +{> |, @ {6 | . 7{5 | . |5 { . 4
51 I +{> |, @ vhq+{5 |, . h{| . |{ . 4

s
61 I +{> |, @ vhq+h{| , . {6 | . | 5 { . 4
5
71 I +{> |, @ { oq |
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I +{> |, @ |5 vhq { h{.| . 4
hv frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeoh hq U5 / hv ghflu/ vdwlvidfh klsöwhvlv +5, gho whruhpd gh od ixqflöq lpsoðflwd
Ho sxqwr +{3 > |3 , @ +3> 3, vdwlvidfh od hfxdflöq I +{> |, @ 31 Ghwhuplqh vl h{lvwh xqd ixqflöq | @ i+{,
ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru od hfxdflöq I +{> |, @ 3 | glihuhqfldeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh {3 @ 3
Vroxflöq= Frqvlghudqgr od hfxdflöq I +{> |, @ 3/ hv ghflu/
|5 vhq { h{.| . 4 @ 3
| ghulydqgr lpsoðflwdphqwh frq uhvshfwr d { vh wlhqh>
5||3 vhq { . | 5 frv+{, +4 . |3 ,h{.| @ 3
or txh lpsolfd
g| h{.| |5 frv {
@ |3 @
g{ 5| vhq { h{.|
Sxhvwr txh C| +3> |, @ 4/ |d txh C| +{> |, @ 5| vhq { h{.| | I +3> 3, @ 3 sru ho whruhpd gh od ixqflöq
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lpsoðflwd/ h{lvwh xqd ixqflöq | @ i +{, glihuhqfldeoh hq X +xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh { @ 3,/ ghqlgd lpsoð
flwdphqwh sru od hfxdflöq I +{> |, @ 3 | i +3, @ 31
Hmhpsor 6<: Ghwhuplqh +vl h{lvwh, od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i +{, hq ho sxqwr S @ +3> 3,1
Vroxflöq= Sxhvwr txh S @ +3> 3, vdwlvidfh od hfxdflöq I +{> |, @ 3 | g|g{ hydoxdgd hq S @ +3> 3, h{lvwh/
hqwrqfhv h{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq ho sxqwr +3> 3,/ fx|d hfxdflöq hv
| |3 @ p+{ {3 ,
grqgh +{3 > |3 , @ +3> 3, | p @ g{ m+3>3, @ 4/ hv ghflu/
g|
| @ {
Hmhpsor 6<; Vxsrqjd txh od ixqflöq

I +{> |, @ { . { oq | vhq+{|, . | 5
5
hv frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeoh hq xqd yhflqgdg gho sxqwr + 5 > 4, +or hv sru revhuydflöq dqwhulru,1
Ghwhuplqh vl h{lvwh xqd ixqflöq { @ i +|, +{ hq ixqflöq gh |, ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru od hxdflöq
I +{> |, @ 3 glihuhqfldeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh | @ 41
Vroxflöq= 8
Ghulydqgr lpsoðflwdphqwh frq uhvshfwr d | whqhprv
g
{ . { oq | vhq+{|, . | 5
@3 m
5 g|
g{ g{ 4 g{
, . oq | . { frv+{|,+| . {, . 5| @ 3
g| g| | g|
g{ {
, +4 . oq | frv+{|,, @ { frv+{|, 5|
g| |
g{ { frv+{|, { 5|
, @
|
g| 4 . oq | | frv+{|,
Sxhvwr CI
C{ + 5 > 4, @ 4 9@ 3/ |d txh C{ +{> |, @ 4 . oq | | frv+{|, | I + 5 > 4, @ 5 . 5 oq 4 vhq+ 5 , . 4 5 @ 3
CI
hqwrqfhv h{lvwh
i = X U $ U
| :$ { @ i +|,
ixqflöq glihuhqfldeoh hq X +xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh | @ 4,/ ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru I +{> |, @ 31
8 Qrwh ' i E| / s ru or wdqwr ghe h vdwlvidfhuvh od kls öwhvlv
CI E > ' f1
txh dkrud vh slgh {
C{ 2
8161 IXQFLRQHV GHILQLGDV LPSOÐFLWDPHQWH 64:
Hmhpsor 6<< Ghwhuplqh n 5 U +vl h{lvwh, gh prgr txh od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh
| @ i +{, hq ho sxqwr S @ +4> 5, sdvh sru ho ruljhq/ vdelhqgr txh | @ i +{, hv xqd ixqflöq glihuhqfldeoh hq
xq lqwhuydor txh frqwlhqh d { @ 4/ ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru

| 5 . n vhq+ |, @ {| . 5
5
Vroxflöq= Qrwhprv txh lqghshqglhqwh gho ydoru gh n/ S @ +4> 5, vdwlvidfh od hfxdflöq/

55 . n+vhq+ 5, @ 4 5 . 5
5
Ghulydqgr lpsoðflwdphqwh frq uhvshfwr d {
g
| 5 . n+vhq+ |, @ {| . 5
5 g{

, 5||3 . n frv+ |, |3 @ | . {| 3
5 5
n
, +5| . frv+ |, {,| 3 @ |
5 5
g| |
, |3 @ @
g{ 5| . 5 frv+ 5 |, {
n
hydoxdqgr hvwd ghulydgd hq ho sxqwr S @ +4> 5, whqhprv od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd hq ho
sxqwr +4> 5,1
g| 5
p@ mS @
g{ 7 n
5
4
Oxhjr hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od ixqflöq | @ i +{,/ ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh/ hvwä gdgd sru
5
|5@ +{ 4,
6 n
5
Hvwd uhfwd sdvd sru ho ruljhq vl | vöor vl ho sxqwr +3> 3, vdwlvidfh vx hfxdflöq/ hv ghflu/
5
5 @ +4,
6 n
5
gh grqgh rewhqhprv ho ydoru gh n1

7
n@

Hmhpsor 733 Ghwhuplqh ho +r orv, sxqwr+v, grqgh od juäfd gh od uhodflöq
{5 . | 5 @ 9{ 7| . 8 +8145,
wlhqh wdqjhqwh+v, sdudohod+v, d od uhfwd | @ 7 . { +juäfdu od vlwxdflöq,
Vroxflöq= Ghulydqgr lpsoðflwdphqwh dperv odgrv gh od hfxdflöq
{5 . | 5 @ 9{ 7| . 8
frq uhvshfwr d {/ whqhprv>
5{ . 5|| 3 @ 9 7| 3
+5| . 7,| 3 @ 9 5{
9 5{
|3 @ > frq 5| . 7 9@ 3
5| . 7
Od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd hv sdudohod d od uhfwd | @ { . 7 vl | vöor vl | 3 +{3 , @ 4 sdud dojýq +{3 > |3 ,
shuwhqhflhqwh d od fxuyd1
Frpr
9 5{3
| 3 +{3 , @ @4
5|3 . 7
+, 9 5{3 @ 5|3 . 7
+, |3 @ 4 {3
| ho sxqwr +{3 > |3 , gheh fxpsolu od hfxdflöq 8145/ whqhprv sru or wdqwr
{53 . |35 @ 9{3 7|3 . 8=
Uhhpsod}dqgr |3 @ 4 {3 whqhprv
{53 . +4 {3 ,5 @ 9{3 7+4 {3 , . 8
gh grqgh
{3 @ 3 ö {3 @ 9
Fxdqgr {3 @ 3/ ho ydoru gh |3 hv 4 | fxdqgr {3 @ 9 vh wlhqh |3 @ 8
Sru or wdqwr orv sxqwrv shglgrv +yhu jxud BB, vrq
S4 @ +3> 4, > S5 @ +9> 8,
Qrwhprv txh od uhodflöq

{5 . | 5 @ 9{ 7| . 8
hv htxlydohqwh d>
+{ 6,5 . +| . 5,5 @ 4;
oxhjr/ juäfdphqwh od uhodflöq hv xqd flufxqihuhqfld frq fhqwur hq +6> 5, | odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv sdudohodv
d | @ 7 . { wlhqhq hfxdflöq
|4@{ > |.8@{9
Hmhuflflr 734 Yhultxh vl od ixqflöq | @ i +{, ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru +4 . {,h|@{ @ { hv vroxflöq
gh {6 |% @ +{| 3 |,5 1
Vroxflöq=
g
+4 . {,h|@{ @ {
g{
|3 { |
h|@{ . +4 . {,h|@{ @ 4
{5
| {|
3 4 h|@{
@
{5 +4 . {,h|@{
4 h|@{
|3 { | @ {5
+4 . {,h|@{
shur +4 . {,h|@{ @ { hqwrqfhv
4 h|@{
|3 { | @ {5
{
|
|3 @ 4h |@{ . +8146,
{
ghulydqgr qxhydphqwh hq irupd lpsoðflwd rewhqhprv
g5 i |3 { | |3 { |
@ |% @ h|@{ .
g{ 5 {5 {5
8171 UHJOD GH O*KRSLWDO 64<
Sru or wdqwr
|3 { |
|% @ +4 h|@{ , +8147,
{5
shur gh 8146 vh wlhqh
|3 { |
4 h|@{ @
{
oxhjr uhhpsod}dqgr hq 8147
| 3 { | |3 { |
|% @
{ {
+|3 { |,5
|% @
{5
gh grqgh {6 |% @ +|3 { |,5 1
Hq frqvhfxhqfld od ixqflöq ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru +4 . {,h|@{ @ { hv vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq
glihuhqfldo
{6 |% @ +{| 3 |,5
817 Uhjod gh O*Krslwdo

Vh glfh txh ho fxrflhqwh ij++{{,, hv gho wlsr 33 hq { @ s + r txh ho oðplwh hv gho wlsr 33 , vl dpedv ixqflrqhv i |
j wlhqh oðplwh 3 fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s1
Vl orv oðplwhv gh i+{, | j+{, vrq 4 r 4 fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s/ vh glfh txh ij++{{,, wlhqh od irupd
lqghwhuplqdgd 4 4 r ho oðplwh hv gho wlsr 4
4
Whruhpd 8148 +Uhjod gh O*Krslwdo,
Vhd Ys xqd yhflqgdg gh s1 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq Ys isj1
Vl ij++{{,, wlhqh od irupd lqghwhuplqdgd 33 r elhq 4
4 hq { @ s hqwrqfhv
i +{, i 3 +{,
olp @ olp 3
{$s j+{, {$s j +{,
vlhpsuh txh olp{$s ij3 ++{{,, h{lvwd r elhq olp{$s

3 i 3 +{, @ 41
j3 +{,
Revhuydflöq= Od uhjod gh O*Krslwdo wdpelìq sxhgh dsolfduvh d orv oðplwhv odwhudohv1
Hmhpsor 735 Fdofxohprv xvdqgr O*Krslwdo
vhq+{,
olp
{$3 {
Vroxflöq= Hvwh oðplwh hv gh od irupd 3
3
sxhv
olp vhq+{, @ 3 > olp { @ 3
{$3 {$3
oxhjr fdofxohprv O @ olp{$3
3{
vhq + ,
{3
+ ,
frv+{,
O @ olp @ frv+3, @ 4
{$3 4
Sru or wdqwr
vhq+{, vhq3 +{,
olp @ olp @4
{$3 +{, {$3 +{,3
Revhuydflöq= Vl olp{$s ij++{{,, hv gh od irupd 33 | olp{$s ij3 ++{{,, qr h{lvwh/ qr srghprv dupdu txh
3
olp{$s ij++{{,, qr h{lvwh/ frpr yhuhprv hq ho hmhpsor txh vljxh1

Hmhpsor 736 Vhd i+{, @ {5 frv+4@{, > j+{, @ {1 Frpr olp{$3 i +{, @ 3 | olp{$3 { @ 3 hqwrqfhv
olp{$3 ij++{{,, hv gh od irupd 33 shur
i 3 +{, 5{ frv+4@{, . {5 + vhq+4@{,,+4@{5 ,

olp 3 @ olp
{$3 j +{, {$3 4
@ olp 5{ frv+4@{, . vhq+4@{,
{$3
hvwh oðplwh qr h{lvwh/ sxhv olp{$3 5{ frv+4@{, h{lvwh shur olp{$3 vhq+4@{, qr h{lvwh +yhu hmhuflflr 636
fdsðwxor gh oðplwh | frqwlqxlgdg,1
Vlq hpedujr/ +d shvdu gh txh olp{$s ij3 ++{{,, qr h{lvwh,/ olp{$s ij++{{,, h{lvwh/ sxhv sru whruhpd gh fhur
3
dqltxlod1
{5 frv+4@{,
olp @ olp { frv+4@{, @ 3=
{$3 { {$3
O @ olp { oq {
{$3.
Vroxflöq= O @ olp{$3. oq {1
4@{
Frpr olp{$3. oq { @ 4 +yhu juäfd gh orjdulwpr, | olp{$3. {4 @ 4 hqwrqfhv ho oðplwh olp{$3. oq
4@{
{ hv
gh od irupd 4
4 oxhjr/ fdofxohprv +vl hv txh h{lvwh,
+oq {,3 +4@{,
olp. @ olp
{$3 +4@{,3 {$3. +4@{5 ,
@ olp { @ 3
{$3.
Sru or wdqwr
+oq {,3
olp. { oq { @ olp. @3
{$3 {$3 +4@{,3
orj {
O @ olp.
{$3 orj+vhq+{,,
Vroxflöq= Hvwh oðplwh hv gho wlsr 4
4 / sxhv
olp{$3. orj { @ 4/ olp{$3. orj vhq+{,, @ 4
+orj {,3 4
olp @ olp { oq 43
{$3 +orj vhq {,3
. {$3. 4 frv{
vhq { oq 43
vhq { 4
@ olp @4
{$3 { frv {
oxhjr
orj+{,
olp @4
{$3. orj+vhq+{,,
dufvhq { dufvhq { 4@{5
d, olp e, olp
{$3 { {$3 {
Vroxflöq= d, Frpr olp{$3 dufvhq { @ 3 | olp{$3 { @ 3 oxhjr olp{$3 dufvhq
{
{ hv gh od irupd 3 / fdofxohprv
3
+dufvhq {,3 4
olp @ olp s @4
{$3 {3 {$3 4 {5
8171 UHJOD GH O*KRSLWDO 654
Sru od uhjod gh O*Krslwdo whqhprv

dufvhq {
olp @4
{$3 {
e, Fdofxohprv
O @ olp h {5 oq+ { ,
4 dufvhq {
{$3
qrwhprv txh olp{$3 oq+ { , @ oq 4 @ 3 | olp{$3 {5 @ 3/ oxhjr
dufvhq {
oq+ dufvhq
{ ,
{
olp
{$3 {5
hv gh od irupd 33 / yhdprv/
+oq+ dufvhq { 3
O4 @ olp { ,,
{$3 +{5 ,3
s { dufvhq {
{ 4{5
dufvhq { {5
@ olp
{$3 5{
{ s { 5 dufvhq {
@ olp olp 4{ sru +d,
{$3 dufvhq { {$3 5{6
s 5 dufvhq {
{
@ olp 4{
{$3 5{6
ho fxdo qxhydphqwh hv gh od irupd 3
3
3
s4{{5 dufvhq {
olp
{$3 +5{6 ,3
s4{5 . s {
4{5
4{5
s44 {5
@ olp
{$3 9{5
4 4
olp s @
{$3 9+4 {5 , 4 {5 9
Dvð sru dojheud gh oðplwh | sru od uhjod gh O*Krslwdo vh wlhqh txh O4 @ 4

9
| sru frqvljxlhqwh
O @ h4@9
Revhuydflöq= Od uhjod gh O*Krslwdo wdpelìq hv yäolgd vl { $ .4 r { $ 4 | dghpäv qrwh txh
olp i+4@{, @ olp i+{,

{$3. {$4
olp i+4@{, @ olp i+{,
{$3 {$4
Whruhpd 8149 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv glihuhqfldeohv sdud wrgr { A Q / grqgh Q 5 U. | vxsöqjdprv txh
sdud wrgr { A Q> j 3 +{, 9@ 31 hqwrqfhv
d, Vl olp{$4 i +{, @ 3 | olp{$4 j+{, @ 3 +hv ghflu/ ij++{{,, wlhqh od irupd lqghwhuplqdgd 33 , | vl
olp{$4 ij3 ++{{,, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp{$4 ij++{{,, @ O1
3
Dqäorjdphqwh vl olp{$4 i+{, @ 4 | olp{$4 j+{, @ 4 |
vl olp{$4 ij3 ++{{,, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp{$4 ij++{{,, @ O1
3
e, Vl olp{$4 i+{, @ 3 | olp{$4 j+{, @ 3 +hv ghflu/ ij++{{,, wlhqh od irupd lqghwhuplqdgd 33 , | vl
3
Dqäorjdphqwh vl olp{$4 i +{, @ 4 | olp{$4 j+{, @ 4 | vl

3
Ho whruhpd wdpelìq hv yäolgr vl O vh vxvwlwx|h sru .4 r 4
Hmhpsor 73: Fdofxodu

5 dufwj {
olp
{$4 h6@{ 4
Vroxflöq= olp{$4 5 dufwj { @ 3 sxhv olp{$4 dufwj { @ 5 1

olp{$4 h6@{ 4 @ h3 4 @ 3/ oxhjr ho oð plwh hv gh od irupd 33 / dsolfdqgr O*Krslwdo
+ 5 dufwj {,3 5 4 5
olp @ olp 6@{4.{6
{$4 +h6@{ 4,3 {$4 h + {5 ,
5 {5
@ olp 6@{
6 {$4 h +4 . {5 ,
gdgr txh
{5 4
olp @ olp @4
{$4 4 . {5 {$4 {45 . 4
| olp{$4 h64@{ @ 4 hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oðplwh/
{5
olp 6@{ @4
{$4 h +4 . {5 ,
hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru O*Krslwdo

5 dufwj { 5
olp @
{$4 h6@{ 4 6
Hmhpsor 73; Fdofxodu

{5
olp {
{$4 h
Vroxflöq= \d txh olp{$4 {5 @ 4 | olp{$4 h{ @ 4/ dsolfdqgr od uhjod gh O*Krslwdo/ rewhqhprv
+{5 ,3 5{
olp { 3 @ olp {
{$4 +h , {$4 h
shur olp{$4 5h{{ hv gh od irupd 4

4 oxhjr
+5{,3 5
olp { 3 @ olp { @ 3
{$4 +h , {$4 h
sru or wdqwr
{5
olp { @ 3
{$4 h
Revhuyhprv txh hq dojxqrv fdvrv ghehprv dsolfdu päv gh xqd yh} od uhjod gh O*Krslwdo1
Hmhpsor 73< Fdofxodu

olp +h{ {,4@{
5
{$3
Hvwh oðplwh hv gho wlsr 44
Vroxflöq=
O @ olp +h{ {,4@{ @ olp hoq+h {, +8148,

5 { 4@{5
{$3 {$3
Fdofxohprv
O4 @ olp oq+h{ {,4@{

5
{$3
4
@ olp 5 oq+h{ {,
{$3 {
hv gho wlsr 3
3
hqwrqfhv yhdprv vl h{lvwh
h{ 4
+oq+h{ {,,3
olp @ olp {
h{
{$3 +{5 ,3 {$3 5{
h{ 4
@ olp {
{$3 +h {,5{
hv gho wlsr 33 /
shur
+h{ 4,3 h{
olp @ olp
{$3 +5{h{ 5{5 ,3 {$3 5{h . 5h{ 7{
{
4
@
5
Sru or dqwhulru/ whqhprv
4
O4 @ olp oq+h{ {,4@{ @
5
{$3 5
oxhjr hq 8148 xvdqdgr od frqwlqxlgdg gh od ixqflöq h{srqhqfldo vh wlhqh
{ {,4@{5
O @ holp{$3 oq+h @ h5
4
Sru or wdqwr
olp +h{ {,4@{ @ h4@5
5
{$3

olp + 5{,frv {
{$+@5,
Vroxflöq=
O@ olp + 5{,frv { @ olp hoq+5{, +8149,

frv {
{$+@5, +@5, $3
Fdofxohprv
O4 @ olp oq+ 5{,frv {

{$+@5,
@ olp frv { oq+ 5{,
{$+@5,
oq+ 5{,
@ olp
{$+@5, vhf {
hv gho wlsr 4
4
Fdofxohprv
+oq+ 5{,,3
5
olp @ olp 5{
{$+@5, +vhf {,3 {$+@5, vhf { wdq {
5 frv5 {
@ olp
{$+@5, + 5{,vhq{
hv gho wlsr 33 / oxhjr dsolfdqgr O*Krslwdo qxhydphqwh
+5 frv5 {,3 7 frv { vhq {

olp @ olp
{$+@5, ++ 5{, vhq {,3 {$+@5, + 5{, frv { 5 vhq {
@ 3
Sru or wdqwr
O4 @ olp oq+ 5{,frv { @ 3
{$+@5,
oxhjr hq 8149 vh wlhqh
O @ holp{$+@5, oq+5{,
frv {
@ h3
gh hvw irupd oohjdprv d txh
olp + 5{,frv { @ h3 @ 4
{$3
olp +{ . h{ ,4@{
{$4
Vroxflöq=
O @ olp +{ . h{ ,4@{ @ olp hoq+{.h
{ ,4@{
{$4 {$4
Fdofxohprv
O4 @ olp oq+h{ . {,4@{

{$4
4
@ olp oq+{ . h{ ,
{$4 {
shur hvwh oðplwh hv gho wlsr + 4
4 ,/ oxhjr dsolfdqgr O*Krslwdo
4.h{
+oq+{ . h{ ,,3
olp @ olp .h
{ {
{$4 +{,3 {$4 4
4 . h{
@ olp
{$4 { . h{
hv gho wlsr | vhuä ljxdo d olp{$4 ++4.

{.h{ ,3 vlhpsuh txh h{lvwd hvwh ýowlpr/
4 {
h , 3
4
+4 . h{ ,3 h{
olp @ olp
{$4 +{ . h{ ,3 {$4 4 . h{
4
@ olp
{$4 4 . 4@h{
@ 4
Hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru uhjod gh O*Krslwdo vh wlhqh txh
O4 @ olp oq+{ . h{ ,4@{ @ 4

{$4
oxhjr hq BB rewhqhprv
O @ holp{$4 oq+{.h @ h4
{ ,4@{
Sru or wdqwr/
olp +{ . h{ ,4@{ @ h4
{$4
41 Hmhuflflr 745 Fdofxoh ho ydoru gh orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv +O*Krslwdo,
51 olp{$3 h {+4.
{ {,
5
61 olp{$4 oq{{
71 olp{$4 {h{
q
81 olp{$3. { oq {
91 olp{$4 {+h4@{ 4,
:1 olp{$4 +4 . {5 ,{
;1 olp{$3. {{
s
<1 olp{$4 + 5 {5 4,{4
431 olp{$4 +{ . h{ ,5@{
441 olp{$4 {4@{
451 olp{$4 + oq4{ {

4
4
,
461 olp{$3 oq+wdq {

{.4,
471 olp{$3 vhq {{
h5{ 4
s s
481 olp{$4 {5 . 5 {5 5
491 olp{$3 + {45 ,vhq {
4:1 olp{$3. +4 8 frw6 {,wdq {

6
4;1 olp{$@5 +5 vhf5 { 4

{,
4 vhq
4<1 olp{$3. + {4 frw {,
531 olp{$4 {h
{@5
{.h{
541 olp{$4 +frv+5@{,,{
5
551 olp{$3. dufwj

vhq
{ { 6{
561 olp{$4. +{ 4,oq {
571 olp{$3 dufvhq

{
{
581 olp{$3 + dufvhq

{ ,
{ +4@{ 5
,
591 olp{$4 6hh{.oq

{ {
.{
5:1 olp{$4 +h5 { . vhq{,+4@{,

818 Dsolfdflrqhv gh od Ghulydgd

81814 Dsolfdflrqhv Jhrpìwulfdv
Od dsolfdflöq jhrpìwulfd päv gluhfwd | fodud reyldphqwh hvwä hq ho khfkr txh od ghulydgd qrv shuplwh
hqfrqwudu od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d flhuwdv juäfdv gh ixqflrqhv/ h{solfdflöq txh khprv gdgr
dqwhv gho frqfhswr gh od ghulydgd/ frpr prwlydflöq d hood> shur qr hvwä gh päv kdfhu dojxqrv hmhpsorv
Hmhpsor 746 Hqfrqwudu ho sxqwr gh od sduäerod
| @ 6{5 . 5{ . 4@7
fx|d uhfwd wdqjhqwh irupd xq äqjxor @7 frq ho hmh {1
Vroxflöq= wj+@7, @ 4/ dvð od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh gheh vhu 41
g|
p@ @ 9{ . 5 @ 4
g{
+, { @ 4@9
Gh hvwd irupd ho sxqwr gh od sduäerod hv +4@9> 3,1
Hmhpsor 747 Xvdqgr ghulydgd hqfrqwudu ho yìuwlfh gh od sduäerod
| @ {5 . 7{ ;
Vroxflöq= Hq ho yìuwlfh od wdqjhqwh wlhqh shqglhqwh fhur

g|
@ 5{ . 7 @ 3 +, { @ 5
g{
Sru or wdqwr ho yìuwlfh hvwä hq ho sxqwr +5> 45,1
Hmhpsor 748 Xvdqgr ghulydgd pxhvwuh txh hq xqd flufxqihuhqfld gh fhqwur +k> n, | udglr u1
+{ k,5 . +| n,5 @ u5
od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq ho sxqwr S @ +{3 > |3 , hv shushqglfxodu d od uhfwd txh xqh S frq +k> n, +uhfwd udgldo,
Vroxflöq= Vl |3 @ n odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv vrq shushqglfxoduhv do hmh { frq hfxdflöq { @ u . k r { @ u k

| od uhfwd udgldo hv | @ n sru or wdqwr vrq shushqglfxoduhv1
Vl |3 9@ n hqwrqfhv
g|
5+{ k, . 5+| n, @3
g{
g| 5+{ k,
+, @
g{ 5+| n,
Shqglhqwh gh uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od flufxqihuhqfld hq ho sxqwr S @ +{3 > |3 , hv {|33

k 1
n
Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od flufxqihuhqfld hq S @ +{3 > |3 , hv=
+{3 k,
| |3 @ +{ {3 ,
|3 n
Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd udgldo hq ho sxqwr s hv
|3 n
|n @ +{ k,
{3 k
| fodudphqwh vrq shushqglfxoduhv1
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 65:
81815 Dsolfdflrqhv Iðvlfdv

Frqvlghuhprv ho sureohpd gh hqfrqwudu od yhorflgdg hq fxdotxlhu lqvwdqwh gh xq remhwr txh vh pxhyh vreuh
xqd wud|hfwruld uhfwd +prylplhqwr uhfwlolqhr,1
Xqd iöupxod px| xwlol}dgd hq od uhvroxflöq gh sureohpdv dfhufd gho prylplhqwr gh xqd sduwðfxod vreuh
xqd oðqhd uhfwd hv
g
y@
w
grqgh y hv od yhorflgdg phgld gxudqwh xq lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr/ w od pdjqlwxg gho lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr | g
hv od glvwdqfld wrwdo uhfruulgd1
Hmhpsoltxhprv hvwd vlwxdflöq1 Vxsrqjdprv txh xq dxwrpöylo vdoh gh od flxgdg D d odv 44=33 DP |
yldmd d or odujr gh xqd fduuhwhud uhfwd kdvwd xqd flxgdg E txh vh hqfxhqwud d 453 np gh D/ oohjdqgr d odv
4=33 SP1 Dsolfdqgr od iöupxod y @ gw frq g @ 453> w @ 5/ yhprv txh od yhorflgdg phgld gho dxwrpöylo hv
453
yphg @ @ 93np@kuv
5
Hvwr vljqlfd txh xq dxwrpöylo 93np@kuv txh pdqwhqjd vx yhorflgdg d 93np@kuv gxudqwh wrgr ho
wlhpsr/ wrpdud 5 krudv hq uhfruuhu od glvwdqfld hqwuh odv grv flxgdghv1 Shur/
BcFxäo hv od yhorflgdg +lqvwdqwäqhd, txh pdufö ho yhorfðphwur +sru hmhpsor, d odv 44 = 63kuvB Qrwhprv
txh ho dxwrpöylo sxgr kdehu hvwdgr hq uhsrvr +ghwhqlgr hq xq shdmh, r kdehu pdufdgr vx yhorfðphwur
:3np@kuv x rwur ydoru1
Sdud ghwhuplqdu od yhorflgdg frq txh ho dxwrpöylo yldmdq flhuwr lqvwdqwh +hq hvwh fdvr d odv 44=63kuv,/
vh qhfhvlwd frqrfhu dojxqd lqirupdflöq vreuh od srvlflöq gho dxwrpöylo douhghgru gh hvd krud1 Sru hmhpsor/
vxsrqjdprv txh d odv 44=63 kuv/ ho dxwrpöylo hvwä d 53 npv gh D | txh d odv 4=68 krudv hvwä d 57/8 npv gh
D/ hqwrqfhv hq 8 plqxwrv od glvwdqfld uhfruulgd hv 7/8 npv1
Vxvwlwx|hqgr hq od iöupxod y @ gw whqhprv txh od yhorflgdg phgld gxudqwh hvh lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr hv
y @ 87@>93
8
@ 87np@kuv
Shur hvwh ydoru/ qr hv ho ydoru h{dfwr gh od yhorflgdg d odv 44=63kuv/ hv vöor xqd dsur{lpdflöq1 Re0
yldphqwh xqd phmru dsur{lpdflöq gh od yhorflgdg d odv 44=63 kuv vh rewlhqh vl frqvlghudprv lqwhuydorv
gh wlhpsr päv shtxhôrv1 Hvwr qrv oohyd d frqvlghudu ho oðplwh gh od yhorflgdg phgld fxdqgr w wlhqgh d
44=63kuv1
Vxsrqjdprv txh vh frqrfh od srvlflöq v+w, gh xq sxqwr S hq wrgr lqvwdqwh hq xq lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr/
hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh S hq ho wlhpsr w @ w3 yhorflgdg lqvwdqwdqhd vh ghqh frpr
v+w, v+w3 ,
olp
w$w3 w w3
v+w, vh frqrfh frpr od ixqflöq gh srvlflöq gh S 1
Ghqlflöq 814: Vl xq sxqwr S vh pxhyh vreuh xqd uhfwd gh prgr txh vx srvlflöq hq ho wlhpsr w hv v+w,/
frq w 5`w3 > w3 . ^> A 3/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg phgld gh S hqwuh orv wlhpsrv w3 | w hv
v+w, v+w3 ,
y@
w w3
| od yhorflgdg lqvwdqwäqhd y+w3 , gh S hq ho wlhpsr w3 hv
v+w, v+w3 ,
y+w3 , @ olp
w$w3 w w3
vlhpsuh | fxdqgr ho oðplwh h{lvwh/ hv ghflu y+w3 , @ v3 +w3 ,1

Od udslgh} gh S do wlhpsr w @ w3 vh ghqh frpr my+w3 ,m | od dfhohudflöq gh S do wlhpsr w3 frpr
y+w, y+w3 ,
d+w3 , @ olp
w$w3 w w3
hv ghflu/
d+w3 , @ y 3 +w3 , @ v33 +w3 ,
xvdqgr rwud qrwdflöq
gy g5 v
d+w3 , @ mw@w3 @ 5 mw@w3 d+w3 , @ y+w
b 3 , @ v+w3 ,
gw g{
Hmhpsor 749 Xqd dwohwd fruuh orv flhq phwurv sodqrv9 / gh pdqhud txh od glvwdqfld v+w, txh kd uhfruulgr
d orv w vhjxqgrv hvwä gdgd sru
4
v+w, @ w5 . ;w phwurv
8
Fdofxodu od yhorflgdg gho fruuhgru
d, hq ho prphqwr gh od vdolgd
e, d orv 8 vhjxqgrv gh od vdolgd
f, do fux}du od phwd
Vroxflöq= d, Qrwhprv txh hq ho prphqwr gh od vdolgd w @ 3/ od srvlflöq gho dwohwd hv v+3, @ 3 phwurv1
Xvdqgr od ghqlflöq/ od yhorflgdg gho dwohwd hq w @ 31
v+w, v+3,
y+3, @ olp
w$3 w3
4@8w5 . ;w
@ olp
w$3 w
@ olp 4@8w . ;
w$3
@ ;p@vhj
Txh hv htxlydohqwh d fdofxodu y+w,/ ghulydqgr v+w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr | oxhjr hydoxdqgr hq w @ 31
Dvð/
5
y+w, @ w . ; , y+3, @ ;
8
e, D orv 8 vhjxqgrv gh od vdolgd/ whqhprv
5
y+8, @ 8 . ; @ 43p@vhj
8
f, Do fux}du od phwd/ hv ghflu/ d orv 433 phwurv vh wlhqh/
4
V+w, @ 433 +, w5 . ;w @ 433 +, w @ 43
8
sru or wdqwr d orv 43 vhj ho dwohwd kd fux}dgr od phwd | vx yhorflgdg hv
5
y+43, @ 43 . ; @ 45p@vhj
8
Hmhpsor 74: Grv fduuhwhudv vh fux}dq irupdqgr hq xq äqjxor gh 78 1 Vdelhqgr txh hq xq lqvwdqwh w3
grv dxwrpöylohv D | E glvwdq gho fuxfh 433 npv/ ho dxwrpöylo D dohmäqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh ;3 np@kuv
| E dohmäqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh 93 np2kuv1
Ghwhuplqh od udslgh} frq txh vh vhsdud xqr gho rwur hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1 +jxud BB,
Vroxflöq= Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho fuxfh do dxwrpöylo D hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ |+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho
fuxfh do dxwrpöylo E/ | v+w, od glvwdqfld hqwuh D | E/ dghpäv yD +w3 ,> yE +w3 , yhorflgdg gh orv dxwrpöylo
D/ E uhvshfwlydphqwh hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1
Sru klsöwhvlv {+w3 , @ |+w3 , @ 433npv / yD +w3 , @ {3 +w3 , @ ;3np2kuv | yE +w3 , @ | 3 +w3 , @ 93np2kuv1
Qrvrwurv exvfdprv gv
gw +w3 ,1
9 Wr grv orv prylplhqwr vrq frqvlghudgrv uhfwlolqhr1
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 65<
Dsolfdqgr ho whruhpd gho frvhqr do wuläqjxor DRE whqhprv

v5 +w, @ {5 +w, . |5 +w, 5{+w,|+w, frv+78 ,>
hv ghflu/
s
v5 +w, @ {5 +w, . | 5 +w, {+w,|+w, 5 +814:,
gw ghulydprv od h{suhvlöq 814: frq uhvshfwr d w whqhprv>

Frq ho remhwr gh rewhqhu gv
gv g{ g| s g{ s g|
5v
@ 5{ . 5| 5| 5{ = +814;,
gw gw gw gw gw
Hydoxdqgr hq w3 od h{suhvlöq 814: rewhqhprv od glvwdqfld hqwuh orv dxwöprylohv hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1
t s
v+w3 , @ {5 +w3 , . | 5 +w3 , 5{+w3 ,|+w3 ,
t s
v+w3 , @ 4335 . 4335 54335
t s
v+w3 , @ 433 5 5
Dvð/ xvdqgr: hvwr hq 814; rewhqhprv od yhorflgdg uhtxhulgd
s s
gv 4 5 5
mw@w3 @ s s +433 ;3 . 433 93 433 ;3 433 93,
gw 433 5 5 5 5
s t
gv 473 :3 5 s
mw@w3 @ s s @ :3 5 5
gw 5 5
s s
Oxhjr orv dxwrpöylohv hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 vh vhsdudq d xqd yhorflgdg gh :3 5 5np2kuv1
sRwud irupd gh gdu hvwd uhvsxhvwd hv= Oxhjr orv dxwrpöylohv hq ho lqwdqwh w3 vh vhsdudq d ud}öq gh
s
:3 5 5np2kuv1
81816 Ud}öq gh Fdpelr/ wdvd gh yduldflöq

D frqwlqxdflöq yhuhprv xqd gh odv pýowlsohv dsolfdflrqhv gh od ghulydgd/ od txh uhhuh d yduldflöq r ud}öq
gh fdpelr1 Sru hmhpsor/ od yhorflgdg txh kd vlgr ghqlgd dqwhulruphqwh hv od yduldflöq gh od srvlflöq
v+w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr +vx udslgh} gh yduldflöq,1 Od dfhohudflöq d+w, gh S do wlhpsr w hv od ud}öq gh
fdpelr gh od yhorflgdg frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr1
Frqvlghuhprv od vljxlhqwh vlwxdflöq jhqhudo>
Vhd | @ i+w, grqgh i hv xqd ixqflöq ghulydeoh uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w
41 Od wdvd +r ud}öq, phgld gh yduldflöq gh | @ i +w, hq ho lqwhuydor ^w> w . k` hv
i +w . k, i +w,
k
51 Od wdvd +r ud}öq, gh yduldflöq gh | @ i+w, frq uhvshfwr d w hv
g| i +w . k, i +w,
@ | 3 +w, @ olp
gw k$3 k
Qrwdu txh hvwd ghqlflöq hv dqäorjd do frqfhswr gh yhorflgdg1
Odv xqlgdghv txh ghehq xvduvh hq odv ghqlflrqhv dqwhulruhv ghshqghq gh od qdwxudoh}d gh od fdqwlgdg
uhsuhvhqwdgd sru i1
: Frpr or päv gluhfwr | iäflo gh rewhqhu vEwf xvdqgr 814:/ ho hvwxgldqwh frphwh ho huuru gh kdfhu ho fäofxor/ s huglhqgr gh
ylvwd txh od hfxdflöq 814: oh s huplwh fdofxodu od ghulydgd1
Vh dfrqvhmd do ohfwru d sodqwhdu vlhpsuh orv sureohpdv gh hvwh wls r hq yduldeohv/ vlq hydoxdu kdvwd ghvsxìv gh ghulydu1
Hmhpsor 74; Ho yroxphq Y +hq slh6 , gh xqd shtxhôd uhsuhvd gxudqwh od ìsrfd gh ooxyld/ hvwä gdgr sru
Y @ 8333+w . 4,5
grqgh w vh plgh hq phvhv | 3 w 61 Od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv ho xmr
lqvwdqwäqhr kdfld od uhsuhvd1 Fdofxoh ho xmr hq orv wlhpsrv w @ 3 | w @ 5 Bc Fxäo hv ho ydoru gho xmr
fxdqgr ho yroxphq hv gh 44=583slh6 B
Vroxflöq= Sru ghqlflöq od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv gY gw 1
Hq hvwh sureohpd gY uhsuhvhqwd ho xmr kdfld od uhsuhvd/ hqwrqfhv ghulydqgr od ixqflöq Y uhvshfwr gho
wlhpsr whqhprv
gw
gY
@ 43=333+w . 4,
gw
hydoxdqgr hq w @ 3 | w @ 5 rewhqhprv ho xmr>
gY
mw@3 @ 43=333slh6 @phvhv
gw
gY
mw@5 @ 63=333slh6 @phvhv
gw
Vl ho yroxphq Y @ 44=583 slh6 hqwrqfhv
44=583 @ 8=333+w . 4,5
gh grqgh w @ 3=8 phvhv

gY
mw@3=8 @ 48=333slh6 @phvhv
gw
Hmhpsor 74< Od Whpshudwxud W +hq judgrv Fhovlxv, gh xqd vroxflöq do wlhpsr w +hq plqxwrv, hvwä gdgd
sru
6
W +w, @ 43 . 7w .
w.4
sdud 4 w 43
41 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr r yduldflöq gh od whpshudwxud gxudqwh ho lqwhuydor

gh wlhpsr ^5> 5=68`1
51 Fdofxoh od wdvd gh yduldflöq r ud}öq gh fdpelr gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w hq w @ 5 | w @ <1
Vroxflöq=
41 Vxvwlwx|hqgr w @ 5> k @ 3=68 hq od ghqlflöq vh rewlhqh txh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr gh W hq ^5> 5=68`
hv
W +5=68, W +5,
6=:
3=68
51 Sru ghqlflöq od wdvd gh yduldflöq gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv
6
W 3 +w, @ 7
+w . 4,5
Dvð/
6 6
W 3 +5, @ 7 W 3 +<, @ 7
+5 . 4,5 +< . 4,5
Hmhpsor 753 Orv h{wuhprv gh xq deuhydghur gh 6 pw gh odujr wlhqhq od irupd gh wuläqjxor htxloäwhur frq
odgrv gh 93fp +shuo,1 Vh vxplqlvwud djxd do deuhydghur d ud}öq gh 53 O2plq1 BcFxäo hv od udslgh} gh
fdpelr r yduldflöq gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv gh 53fpB +4O+olwur,@ 4333fp6 ,
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 664
Vroxflöq= Vhd k+w, ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ Y +w, ho yroxphq gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ u+w, od
orqjlwxg txh vh pxhvwud hq od jxud BB
Oxhjr ho yroxphq Y +w, hvwä gdgr sru
Y +w, @ 633k+w,u+w,
shur sru whruhpd gh Wkdohv/ hq ho wuläqjxor FGE/ vh wlhqh
63 u+w,
s @
63 6 k+w,
s
grqgh 63 6 hv od dowxud gho wuläqjxor htxloäwhur DFE1 Oxhjr u+w, @ ks+w6, | Y +w, @ 633 ks+6w, 1
5
Dvð/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w/ whqhprv

gY 633 gk
@ 5 s k+w,
gw 6 gw
gh grqgh s
gk 6 gY
@ =
gw 933k+w, gw
Hydoxdqgr fxdqgr k @ 53fp whqhprv
s
gk 6
@ 53333 fp6 @plq
gw 933 53
s6
Dvð od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv 53fp hv 8
6
fp6 @plq1
Hmhpsor 754 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd hv xq uhfwäqjxor gh 93 slh gh odujr | 63 slh gh dqfkr1 Vx surixq0
glgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 7 d < slh hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 73 slh | ghvsxìv frqwlqýd do plvpr
qlyho orv 53 slh uhvwdqwhv frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud BB/ od fxdo uhsuhvhqwd xqd vhfflöq wudqvyhuvdo1 Od
slvflqd vh hvwä oohqdqgr d ud}öq gh 833 jdo2plq gh djxd1 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od udslgh} gh fdpelr
gho qlyho gho djxd hq ho prphqwr hq txh>
41 Od surixqglgdg hq od sduwh päv krqgd hv gh 7 slh +4jdo 3=466:slh6 ,1

51 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 9 slh1
61 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 8 slh1
Vroxflöq=
41 Hq ho hmhpsor 43: gho fdsðwxor gh ixqflrqhv rewxylprv txh od ixqflöq yroxphq hq wìuplqr gh k hv

933k . 453k5 3?k?8
Y +k, @
933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8, 8 k <
grqgh k hv ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho odgr päv surixqgr1 Oxhjr sdud fdofxodu od udslgh} gh fdpelr
gho qlyho gho djxd frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr fxdqgr k @ 7 slh frqvlghudprv od ixqflöq yroxphq sdud
3 ? k ? 8>
Y +k, @ 933k . 453k5
Dvð/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr/ sru +uhjod gh od fdghqd, whqhprv
gY gk gk
@ 933 . 453 5k
gw gw gw
sru or wdqwr
gk gY 4
@
gw gw 933 . 573k
gw @ 833 3=466:slh @plq | k @ 7slh oxhjr

grqgh k @ k+w,/ shur gY 6
gk 4
mk@7 @ 833 3=466: 3=375<slh6 @plq
gw 933 . 573 7
Dvð od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh hq txh ho qlyho gho djxd hv 7 slhv hv
dsur{lpdgdphqwh 3=375<slh@plq1
51 Sdud fdofxodu od ud}öq gh fdpelr fxdqgr k @ 9 vh surfhgh gh pdqhud dqäorjd d od sduwh +d, frq0
vlghudqgr
Y +k, @ 933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8,
sxhv hvwd ixqflöq hvwä ghqlgd sdud 8 k <1
61 hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru
Hmhpsor 755 Xq wdqtxh föqlfr gh 45 slh gh dowxud | ; gh gläphwur hq od wdsd/ vh oohqd frq djxd d xqd
ud}öq frqvwdqwh1 Do hqfrqwudu ho qlyho d phgld dowxud/ od ud}öq gh fdpelr gh hvwd dowxud hv gh 4slh2plq1
Bc Fxäqwr wdugduðd hq oohqduvh ho wdqtxhB
Vroxflöq= Vhd k od dowxud gho qlyho gh djxd | u od orqjlwxg gho udglr gho frqr fxdqgr od dowxud hv k +yhu
jxud BB,1
Frpr gY gw @ n grqgh n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv Y @ nw . F1 Frpr Y @ 3 hq w @ 3 hqwrqfhv F @ 3 Oxhjr
Y @ nw +814<,
shur
4
Y @ u5 k
6
oxhjr
4 5
Y @ nw @ u k +8153,
6
shur gho wuläqjxor DEF vh wlhqh
7 u
@
45 k
gh grqgh u @ 46 k1 Dvð uhhpsod}dqgr hq + 8153, whqhprv
4 4
nw @ + ,5 k6
6 6
ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr d w whqhprv
4 gk
n@ 6k5 +8154,
5: gw
shur do hqfrqwudu ho qlyho gho djxd d phgld dowxud/ hv ghflu/ fxdqgr k @ 9 vh wlhqh>
gk
mk@9 @ 4
gw
Dvð hydoxdqgr od h{suhvlöq + 8154, fxdqgr k @ 9>

n @ 95 4 @ 7
<
Sru or wdqwr
Y @ 7w
Sru rwud sduwh ho wdqtxh hvwä oohqr fxdqgr Y @ 46 75 45 @ 97/ hv ghflu ho wdqtxh vh oohqd fxdqgr 7w @ 97
gh grqgh w @ 491
Dvð ho hvwdqtxh wdugduðd hq oohqduvh 49 plqxwrv1
Qr wdq vöor lqwhuhvd odv ud}rqhv gh fdpelr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr/ vlqr wdpelìq frq uhvshfwr d rwudv
yduldeohv1
Ghqlflöq 814; Vhd | @ i +{, grqgh { hv fxdotxlhu yduldeoh
41 Od wdvd phgld gh yduldflöq gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hq ho lqwhuydor ^{> { . k` hv ho fxrflhqwh
i+{ . k, i +{,
k
51 Od wdvd lqvwdqwäqhd gh yduldflöq gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hv ho oðplwh gh od ud}öq surphglr fxdqgr

k wlhqgh d 3/ hv ghflu/
g| i +{ . k, i+{,
@ olp
g{ k$3 k
Hvwr vljqlfd txh vl od yduldeoh { fdpeld/ hqwrqfhv | fdpeld d ud}öq gh g{

g| xqlgdghv sru xqlgdg gh
fdpelr gh {1
Hmhpsor 756 Od uhodflöq hqwuh od whpshudwxud I hq od hvfdod Idkuhqkhlw | od whpshudwxud F hq od hvfdod

Fhovlxv hvwä gdgd sru
8
F @ +I 65,
<
Bc Fxäo hv od ud}öq gh fdpelr gh I frq uhvshfwr d FB
Vroxflöq= Ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr d F/ whqhprv
8 gI
4@
< gF
gh grqgh od ud}öq gh fdpelr gh I frq uhvshfwr d F hv
gI <
@
gF 8
Hmhpsor 757 Ghpxhvwuh txh od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq gh xqd hvihud frq uhvshfwr do udglr hv ljxdo
do äuhd gh od vxshuflh
Vroxflöq= Ho yroxphq | ho äuhd gh xqd hvihud hvwäq gdgrv sru odv iöupxodv
7
Y @ u6 > D @ 7u5
6
grqgh u hv ho udglr1 Hv fodur txh vl ghulydprv Y frq uhvshfwr d u whqhprv
gY 7
@ 6u5 @ 7u5 @ D>
gu 6
hv ghflu/ od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq hv ljxdo do äuhd gh od vxshuflh1
Hmhpsorv wðslfrv
Sureohpd gh od vrpeud
pwv
Sdxolqd/ gh 4> 5 phwurv gh dowr/ fruuh hq od qrfkh dohmdqgrvh gh xq srvwh d od yhorflgdg gh 8 > ho irfr
vhj
gho srvwh txh loxplqd d Sdxolqd hvwd d :> 8 phwurv gh dowxud1 D phglgd txh vh dohmd gho srvwh od vrpeud
gh ohood fuhfh +Áhv yhugdgB r Áuhdophqwh ghfuhfhB,1
Frqwhvwhprv odv vljxlhqwhv suhjxqwdv
d10 ÁD txì yhorflgdg fdpeld ho odujr gh od vrpeud gh Sdxolqd B
e10 Ho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud vh dohmd wdpelìq gho srvwh/ od yhorflgdg gh hvwh dohmdplhqwr Á hv od plvpd
yhorflgdg gh od qlôdB r Áhv od plvpd yhorflgdg gdgd frpr uhvsxhvwd d od suhjxqwd dqwhulruB1
Vhd=
{+w, od glvwdqfld gh od qlôd do srvwh hq ho lqvwdqwh w>

v+w, ho odujr gh od vrpeud gh od qlôd hq ho wlhpsr w
g{+w,
Hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh od qlôd hv | hq wìuplqr gh hvwdv yduldeohv/ or txh exvfdprv sdud frqwhvwdu
gw
gv+w,
od sulphud suhjxqwd hv
gw
Or txh ghehprv kdfhu hv hqfrqwudu xqd uhodflöq hq grqgh dsduh}fd v+w, | ghvsxìv ghulydu1
Frpr orv wuläqjxorv DEF | GHE vrq vhphmdqwhv +wlhqhq orv plvprv äqjxorv,/ vh gd od vljxlhqwh uhodflöq
hqwuh orv odgrv
DF DE
@
GH GE
| gh hvwd irupd whqhprv
:> 8 {+w, . v+w,
@
4> 8 v+w,
Txh hv or plvpr txh
:> 8v+w, @ 4> 8{+w, . 4> 8v+w,

9v+w, @ 4> 8{+w,
v+w, @ 3> 58{+w,
ghulydqgr d dperv odgrv

gv+w, g{+w, pwv pwv
@ 3> 58 @ 3> 58 +8, @ 4> 58
gw gw vhj vhj
Od suhjxqwd e vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh od vxpd {+w, . v+w, | frpr frqrfhprv fdgd ghulydgd/ od
pw
uhvsxhvwd hv qr hv ljxdo d qlqjxqd gh odv grv vxjhulgdv/ od yhorflgdg gho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud hv 9> 58 =
vhj
np
Vxsrqjdprv dkrud txh Shgulwr hv ho txh fruuh/ shur d 53 >
ku
ÁFxäo fruuh päv uäslgr/ Shgulwr r od qlôdB
Vl Shgulwr plgh 468fp> ÁD txì yhorflgdg ho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud vh dohmd gho srvwhB
Sureohpd gh od hvfdohud
Xqd hvfdohud gh phwdo frq uxhgdv hq vx edvh hvwd dsr|dgd hq xqd pxudood gh wdo irupd txh vx h{wuhpr
vxshulru hvwd d 6pwv gho vxhor1 Ho eortxhr gh vxv uxhgdv oh lpslgh pryhuvh1 Od hvfdohud plgh 7pwv gh
odujr | hv shvdgd gh prgr wdo txh fxdqgr vh ghveortxhdq odv uxhgdv od hvfdohud vh ghvol}d hq od pxudood
pw
prylhqgrvh vx h{wuhpr vxshulru d od yhorflgdg gh 433 = Fxdqgr hvwd d xq phwur gho vxhor Ád txì
vhj
yhorflgdg vh pxhyhq odv uxhgdv hq hvh lqvwdqwhB
Sdud frqwhvwdu hvd suhjxqwd qhfhvlwdprv ghqlu dojxqdv yduldeohv | kdfhu xq gldjudpd gho sureohpd
Ho gldjudpd gho sureohpd hv=1
Vhdq=
u+w, od glvwdqfld gh odv uxhgdv d od pxudood |

k+w, od glvwdqfld gho h{wuhpr vxshulru gh od hvfdohud do vxhor1
gk pw gu
Sru or wdqwr +w, @ 433 | or txh exvfdprv hv hq w3 txh hv ho lqvwdqwh hq txh od hvfdohud hvwä
gw vhj gw
d 4phwur gho vxhor/ hv ghflu/ k+w3 , @ 4 phwur1
Frpr vh yh/ od pxudood frq od hvfdohud | ho vxhor hq wrgr wlhpsr w irupdq xq wuläqjxor uhfwäqjxor dvl
whqhprv ho whruhpd gh Slwäjrudv/
+k+w,, . +u+w,, @ +7, >

5 5 5
ghulydqgr hq dperv odgrv gh od ljxdogdg +| xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd, whqhprv
gk+w, gu+w,
5k+w, . 5u+w, @3
gw gw
gu+w, k+w, gk+w,
@
gw u+w, gw
| sru or wdqwr hq ho lqvwdqwh w3
gu k+w3 , gk 4 pw
+w3 , @ +w3 , @ 433 Q
gw u+w3 , gw u+w3 , vj
Xvdqgr srghprv rewhqhu u+w3 ,

Iljxuh 815=
+k+w3 ,, . +u+w3 ,, @ +7, / +4, . +u+w3 ,, @ 49

5 5 5 5 5
s
u+w3 , @ 48
Sru or wdqwr odv uxhgdv vh ghvol}dq d od yhorflgdg gh
gu 4 pw pw
+w3 , @ s 433 58> ;53
gw 48 vj vj
ÁSru txì qrv glö xqd uhvsxhvwd qhjdwlydB

Sru ho vlvwhpd gh uhihuhqfld hohjlgr> frpr od glvwdqfld k+w, glvplqx|h/ od yhorflgdg gh fdlgd gh od hvfdohud
pw pw
ghehuðd vhu qhjdwlyd/ hv ghflu/ hq yh} gh kdehu sxhvwr hq Q 433 ghehuldprv kdehu sxhvwr 433 =
vj vj
Sureohpd gh od Vrpeud 5
Hq ho fuxfh gh grv fdoohv/ txh wlhqhq dqfkr 44 phwurv fdgd xqd/ kd| xq srvwh gh 6 phwurv gh dowr hq
pw
xqd gh odv hvtxlqdv1 Hq od qrfkh Shgulwr/ gh 4> < phwurv/ fdplqd d4> 6 dohmdqgrvh gh od hvtxlqd sru od
vj
yhuhgd frqwuduld do srvwh | d xq phwur gh od rulood gh od fdooh1
ÁD txì yhorflgdg vh dodujd od vrpeud gh Shgulwr fxdqgr hvwh vh hqfxhqwud d 46 phwurv gh od rulood gh
od fdooh txh uhflhq fux}öB
Frpr srghprv yhu hq ho gldjudpd hvwh vh sxhgh vlpsolfdu d xq wuläqjxor uhfwäqjxor frpr vljxh
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 66:
Vhd
s+w, glvwdqfld gh Shgulwr d od edvh gho srvwh +s+w, @ DF,

v+w, odujr gh od vrpeud gh Shgulwr +v+w, @ FG,
h+w, glvwdqfld gh Shgulwr d od fdooh wudqvyhuvdo d od fdooh grqgh fdplqd +h+w, @ FI ,
Vhd w3 ho lqvwdqwh txh Shgulwr hvwd d 46 phwurv

gv
ÁTxì exvfdprv B/Ho ydoru gh +w3 ,/
gw
gh pw
ÁTxì frqrfhprvB +w3 , @ 4> 6
gw vj
Frpr whqhprv grv wuläqjxorv uhfwäqjxorv vhphmdqwhv
6 s+w, . v+w,
@
4> < v+w,
+6 4> <,v+w, @ 4> <s+w,
gv+w, 4> < gs+w,
@
gw +6 4> <, gw
gv gs
+w3 , @ 4> :5: 6 +w3 ,
gw gw
gs
Sru or wdqwr qhfhvlwdprv frqrfhu +w3 ,= Frpr DI F irupd xq wuläqjxor uhfwäqjxor/ whqhprv
gw
+s+w,,5 @ +44 . 4,5 . +h+w,,5 I
ghulydgr
gs gh
5s+w, @ 5h+w,
gw gw
dvl/ hq ho lqvwdqwh w3
gs h+w3 , gh 46 pw
+w3 , @ +w3 , @ 4> 6
gw s+w3 , gw s+w3 , vj
Hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 > xvdqgr I whqhprv

+s+w3 ,,5 @ 477 . +h+w3 ,,s

5
@ 477 . 49< @ 646
s+w3 , @ 646
gs 46 pw
Gh hvwd irupd orjudprv +w3 , @ s 4> 6 > | dvð/
gw 646 vj
gv 46 pw pw
+w3 , @ 4> :5: 6 s 4> 6 4> 983 3
gw 646 vj vj
Ho jorer gh Shgulwr
np
Hq xqd fduuhwhud xq dxwr yd d <3 > hq ho lqwhulru yd Shgulwr frq xq jorer frq kholr1 Shgulwr vxhowd
ku
pw
ho jorer | hvwh vxeh hq irupd shushqglfxodu d 43 = Yhdprv d txì yhorflgdg vh vhsdud Shgulwr gho jorer
vj
ghvsxìv gh : vhjxqgrv1
Hvtxhpd gho sureohpd
Vhd w @ 3 ho lqvwdqwh txh Shgulwr vxhowd ho jorer | vhd {+w, @ DE od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho jorer | ho dxwr/
j+w, @ FE od glvwdqfld gho jorer do vxhor/ d+w, @ DF od glvwdqfld gho dxwr do sxqwr gh F / grqgh vh irupd
xq äqjxor uhfwr1
g{
ÁTxì exvfdprvB1 Uhvsxhvwd = +:,
gw
gj pw gj pw
ÁTxì whqhprvB1 Uhvsxhvwd = +w, @ 43 > hq sduwlfxodu +w3 , @ 43 >
gw vhj gw vhj
gd
+w,> ho fxdo hvwd hq nloöphwurv sru krud/ dvl txh ghehprv fdpelduod d phwurv vhjxqgrv
gw
gd np 4333phwurv phwurv
+w, @ <3 @ <3 @ 58
gw krudv 6933vhjxqgrv vhjxqgrv
Frpr DEF irupd xq wuläqjxor uhfwäqjxor
{5 +w, @ j 5 +w, . d5 +w, }

g{ gj gd
5{+w, +w, @ 5j+w, +w, . 5d+w, +w,
gw gw gw
g{ j+:, gj d+:, gd
+:, @ +:, . +:,
gw {+:, gw {+:, gw
g{ j+:, pw d+:, pw
+:, @ 43 . 58
gw {+:, vhj {+:, vhj
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 66<
sru or wdqwr qhfhvlwdprv j+:,> {+:,> d+:,

gj pw
+w, @ 43 > ghvsxìv gh : vhjxqgr ho jorer hvwd d 43 : @ :3 phwurv
gw vhj
gd phwurv
+w, @ 58 ghvsxìv gh : vhjxqgr ho dxwr hvwä d 58 : @ 4:8 phwurv | xwlol}dqgr } hq w @ :
gw vhjxqgrv
{5 +:, @ j5 +:, . d5 +:, @ :35 . +4:8, @ 68 858

5
Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv wrgd od lqirupdflöq sdud srqhuod hq

u
g{ 4 pw pw
+:, @ :3 43 . 4:8 58
gw u 68 858 vhj vhj
g{ 4 pw 478 pw
+:, @ +:3 43 . 4:8 58 , @ s
gw 68 858 vhj 8 vhj
Od Whohwöq
Ho fðufxor gh od jxud uhsuhvhqwd xq hvfhqdulr uhgrqgr/ gh udglr 6 phwurv/ xelfdgr do fhqwur gho Hvwdglr
Qdflrqdo | txh jlud d 3> 8 uhyroxflrqhv sru plqxwrv1 Grq Iudqflvfr fdplqd ghvgh ho fhqwur gho hvfhqdulr
+sxqwr R, hq irupd uhfwd kdvwd ho sxqwr P xelfdgr d od rulood gho hvfhqdulr Od uhfwd RP irupd xq äqjxor

@ frq od uhfwd txh xqh R frq od xelfdflöq gh Sdxod txh hvwd hq od jdohuld +sxqwr S , d grflhqwrv phwurv
7
gho fhqwur1
pw
ÁD txh yhorflgdg yduld od glvwdqfld hqwuh Grq Iudqflvfr | Sdxod vl Grq Iudqflvfr fdplqd d 3> 5 B1
vhj
Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld hqwuh Grq Iudqflvfr | Sdxod hq ho wlhpsr w>
gp pw
p+w, od glvwdqfld gh Grq Iudqflvfr do fhqwur gho hvfhqdulr hq ho wlhpsr w> dvl +w, @ 3> 5
gw vhj
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g{
Or txh exvfdprv hv +w3 ,> grqgh w3 hv ho lqvwdqwh txh Grq iudqflvfr oohjd d P=
gw
Frpr od xelfdflrq gh Grq Iudqflvfr/ Sdxod | ho fhqwur gho hvfhqdulr hq wrgr wlhpsr w irupdq xq
wuläqjxor/ xvduhprv od oh| gho frvhqr
{5 +w, @ p5 +w, . 5335 5p+w, 533 frv++w,,
Ghulydqgr hq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr qrv txhgd

g{ gp gp g
5{+w, +w, @ 5p+w, +w, . 3 5 +w,533 frv++w,, . 5p+w, 533 vlq++w,, +w,
gw gw gw gw
g{ 4 gp gp g
+w, @ p+w, +w, 533 +w, frv++w,, . 533p+w, vlq++w,, +w, K
gw {+w, gw gw gw

Frpr hq w3 > p+w3 , @ 6 phwurv | +w3 , @ => xwlol}dqgr orjuduhprv {+w3 ,
7

{5 +w3 , @ p5 +w3 , . 5335 5p+w3 , 533 frv++w3 ,, @ 65 . 5335 5 6 533 frv+ ,
u 7
4s
{+w3 , @ 73 33< 4533 5
5
Gh hvwd irupd K qrv txhgd

g{ 4 gp gp g
+w3 , @ u 6 +w3 , 533 +w3 , frv+ , . 933 vlq+ , +w3 ,
gw 4s gw gw 7 7 gw
73 33< 4533 5
5
g{ 4 gp gp g
+w3 , @ u 6 +w3 , 533 +w3 , frv+ , . 933 vlq+ , +w3 ,
gw 4s gw gw 7 7 gw
73 33< 4533 5
5
g{ 4 4s 4s
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gw 4 5 5
493 369 7;35 5
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g{ 4 s pw
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gw 4 vhj
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5
Sureohpd gho wuhq d ydsru=
Hq od jxud kd| xqd ydulood gh odujr O md +hq ho sxqwr E,/hq ho dur gh xqd uxhgd gh udglr U ho rwur
h{wuhpr gh od yduulood +D, vh pxhyh hq irupd krul}rqwdo +hmh {,1 Od uxhgd urwd md hq vx fhqwur R frqwud
ho vhqwlgr gho uhorm d 6 uhyroxflrqhv sru vhjxqgr
Yhdprv od yhorflgdg gho prylplhqwr gho h{wuhpr D1

Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho fhqwur R kdvwd ho sxqwr D +RD, hq ho wlhpsr w1 Frq hvwd qrwdflrq
g{
srghprv ghflu txh ex|vfdprv +w,=
gw
Vhd +w, ho äqjxor txh irupd ho hmh krul}rqwdo frq ho udglr txh xqh ho fhqwur frq ho h{wuhpr E gh od
ydulood hq ho wlhpsr w=
Xwlol}dqgr od oh| gho frvhqr hq ho wuläqjxor RED
O5 @ {5 +w, . U5 5{+w,U frv +w,
ghulydqgr hq dperv odgrv +qr roylgdu od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr | od uhjod gh od fdghqd,whqhprv
g{ g{ g
5O 3 @ 5{+w, +w, . 5U 3 5 +w,U frv +w, . 5{+w,U vlq +w, +w,
gw gw gw
g{ g
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gw gw
g{
+w, ^5U frv +w, 5{+w,` @ 9{+w,U vlq +w,
gw
g{ 6{+w,U vlq +w,
+w, @
gw U frv +w, {+w,
ÁTxì uhodflöq ghehq fxpsolu U | OB
ÁHq txh srvlflöq gho äqjxor vh wlhqh pd|ru yhorflgdgB
ÁHq txh prphqwr vh wlhqh yhorflgdg 3 B
Frq xq plvpr = Odv yhorflgdgghv dxphquwdq r glvplqx|hq vl od uxhgd hv pdv judqghB1
Sureohpd gh duhqd
Hq xq hvwdqtxh hq irupd gh frqr flufxodu uhfwr gh udglr U | dowxud K vh ghmd fdhu duhqd gh wdo irupd
txh d phglgd txh vh oohqd ho hvwdqtxh vh irupd grv frqrv ljxdohv1
p6
Vl vh ghmd fdhu D ÁFrq txì yhorflgdg vxeh ho h{wuhprv gh vxshulru gh od slod gh duhqd fxdqgr vh
vhj
khfkd ho pä{lpr gh duhqdB
Vhd k+w, ho qlyho gh od duhqd hq od sduhg gho flolqgur hq ho wlhpsr w/ u+w, ho udglr gh orv frqrv dvrfldgrv
do qlyho k+w,=
g5k
Gdgd hvwdv qrwdflrqhv/ vh sxhgh ghflu txh exvfdprv +w3 ,> grqgh w3 hv ho lqvwdqwh txh vh oohqd ho
gw
hvwdqtxh / hv ghflu/ k+w3 , @ K=
Vl Y +w, ghqrwd ho yroxphq gh od duhqd hq ho wlhpsr w> frpr ho yroxphq wrwdo gh duhqd hq ho wlhpsr w
hv grv yhfhv ho yroxphq gho frqr uhfwr gh dowxud k+w, | udglr u+w,> vh wlhqh
4
Y +w, @ 5 k+w,u5 +w,
6
g5k
Gh hvwd uhodflöq vh sxhgh rewhqhu +w3 , yld ghulydflöq/ shur wdpelìq dsduhfhuðd od ghulydgd gh u+w,/
gw
frpr vh yh dfrqwlqxdflöq
gY 4 gk 4 gu
+w, @ 5 +w,u5 +w, . 5 k+w,5u+w, +w, v
gw 6 gw 6 gw
Shur vl yhprv ho wuläqjxor glexmdgr do odgr gho frqr +frpr prghor pdwhpäwlfr,/ yhprv grv wuläqjxorv
vhphmdqwhv/ sru or wdqwr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh uhodflöq hqwuh vxv odgrv
U K
@
u+w, k+w,
| sru or wdqwr
U gu U gk
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5 % 5 &
4 gk U 4 U gk gk 5 U 7 U
D@5 +w, k+w, . 5 k+w,5u+w, +w, @ +w, k+w, . k+w,u+w,
6 gw K 6 K gw gw 6 K 6 K
gk D 4 D
+w3 , @ 5 @
gw 5 U 7 U 5 U5
K . KU
6 K 6 K
ÁFxdqgr ho qlyho vxeh päv uäslgr/ fxdqgr od dowxud gh od duhqd hv päv srfd fxdqgr hvwä fhufd gh KB
819 Pä{lpr | Pðqlpr

Khprv ylvwr dojxqdv dsolfdflrqhv gh od ghulydgd1 Dkrud yhuhprv txh od ghulydgd dghpäv qrv gd lqirupdflöq
vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflrqhv/ | qrv shuplwduä hqfrqwudu orv sxqwrv grqgh kd|
pä{lprv r pðqlprv1
Kd| grv wìfqlfdv gluhfwdv sdud hqfrqwudu wdohv sxqwrv/ hvwdv wìfqlfdv jhqhudophqwh vh ghqrplqdq fulwhulr
gh od sulphud ghulydgd | fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1
Sdud hqwudu hq pdwhuld qhfhvlwdprv ghqlu frq suhflvlöq txh hqwhqghuhprv sru pä{lpr/ pðqlpr/ hwf1
Ghqlflöq 814< Vhd i = D U $ U/ gluhprv txh i +d, hv ho ydoru pä{lpr gh od ixqflöq i +ö Ydoru
Pä{lpr devroxwr gh i r vlpsohphqwh ho pä{lpr gh i, vl sdud wrgr hohphqwr { 5 D vh fxpsoh i +{, i +d,
Hq irupd wrwdophqwh dqäorjd vh ghqh pðqlpr devroxwr r pð qlpr1 i +d, hv ho ydoru pðqlpr devroxwr
hq D vl
i +d, i+{, ;{ 5 D
Qrwh txh qhfhvduldphqwh ho ydoru pä{lpr +ho ydoru pðqlpr, hv od lpdjhq gh xq sxqwr d 5 D @ Grpi>
Vh glfh hq d hvwä ho pä{lpr gh i +hq d hvwä ho pðqlpr gh i%,1
Vl i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sxhgh h{lvwlu ydulrv rwurv hohphqwrv gh D grqgh i dofdqfh ho ydoru pä{lpr r ho
ydoru pðqlpr/ vlq hpedujr ho ydoru pä{lpr r ho ydoru pðqlpr devroxwr vl h{lvwhq vrq ýqlfrv1
Sru hmhpsor od ixqflöq i +{, @ vhq { qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ ho ydoru pä{lpr gh i hv 4 | ho ydoru pðqlpr gh i
hv 4 | hvwrv ydoruhv vrq dofdq}dgrv hq päv gh xq sxqwr1
Kd| rwur frqfhswr gh pä{lpr +r pðqlpr, gh i txh hv phqrv h{ljhqwh/ hvwh hv pä{lpr orfdo r uhodwlyr
+pðqlpr orfdo r uhodwlyr,1
Hq ho juäfr gh yhqwdv gh xq surgxfwr hq ho dôr/ xqd pxowlwlhqgd wlhqh grv judqghv phvhv gh yhqwdv
Pdu}r | Glflhpeuh +yhu juäfr vljxlhqwh,
8191 PÄ[LPR \ PÐQLPR 676
shur fodudphqwh dperv qr vrq pä{lpr devroxwrv1
Ghqlflöq 8153 d, Vhd i = D U $ U1 Gluhprv txh hq 5 D kd| xq pä{lpr uhodwlyr r

pä{lpr orfdo vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh > Y wdo txh i +, hv ho pä{lpr devroxwr gh od ixqflöq
i mY / hv ghflu/ i+, i+{, ;{ 5 Y / dqäorjdphqwh vh ghqh pðqlpr orfdo
e, Vhd i = D U $ U1 Gluhprv txh i wlhqh xq pä{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq 5 D vl h{lvwh xqd

yhflqgdg gh > Y wdo txh i +, A i +{, ;{ 5 Y @ Y ij1 Dqäorjdphqwh vh ghqh pð qlpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr
Hmhpsor 758 Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd frq juäfd gdgd hq od jxud
1 Fodudphqwh i +g, hv ho pä{lpr devroxwr/ d glihuhqfld gh orv ydoruhv i +d,> i +o, txh vrq vrodphqwh
pä{lpr uhodwlyr | gh orv ydoruhv i +h,> i+e, txh vrq pðqlprv uhodwlyrv xqlfdphqwh +i +g,> i +f, vrq wdpelìq
uhodwlyrv,
Ghqlflöq 8154 Gluhprv txh xq ydoru i +d, frq d 5 D hv xq ydoru h{wuhpr gh i hq D vl hv ho pä{lpr
r pðqlpr gh dojxqd hvshflh hq D | sxqwr h{wuhpr do sxqwr d grqgh dofdq}d ho ydoru h{wuhpr1
Hmhpsor 759 Vhd i +{, @ 6{5 . 5> { 5 ^7> 4` 1

Od juäfd gh i hv xq wur}r gh xqd sduäerod | fodudphqwh vh sxhgh qrwdu phgldqwh vx juäfd txh
i +3, @ 5 hv ho pðqlpr devroxwr | txh i +7, hv ho pä{lpr devroxwr +wdpelìq uhodwlyr, | i +4, pä{lpr
devroxwr hvwulfwr1
Hq hvwh fdvr i wlhqh wuhv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i+3,> i +7,> i +4,1
Hmhpsor 75: Vhd i +{, @ h5{ > { 5 ^ oq+8,> oq+:,` 1

Frpr od ixqflöq hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh i wlhqh vöor grv ydoruhv h{wuhprv
i+ oq+8,, @ 58 txh hv ho pä{lpr devroxwr hq D1
i+oq+:,, @ 7<
4
txh hv ho pðqlpr devroxwr hq D1
Hmhpsor 75; Vhd i +{, @ 6{ 5> { 5`5> 8`1

Fodudphqwh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ sru or wdqwr ho pä{lpr vh hqfxhqwud hq 8/ | hvwh hv i+8, @ 461
Shur hvwd ixqflöq qr wlhqh xq pðqlpr/ |d txh 5 95 Grpi / vlq hpedujr i+{, hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru
7/ sxhv
7 ? i +{, > ;{ 5`5> 8`
Qr srghprv ghflu txh 7 hv pðqlpr devroxwr ql orfdo |d txh ìo gheh vhu lpdjhq gh xq hohphqwr gho
grplqlr txh vh hvwä xwlol}dqgr/ hq hvwh fdvr `5> 8`
Hq hvwrv grv ýowlprv hmhpsorv vh sxhgh ylvxdol}du or ýwlo txh uhvxowd whqhu od lqirupdflöq uhodwlyd do
ghfuhflhqwr r fuhflhqwr gh xqd ixqflöq1
Frqvlghuhprv od jxud I
Iljxud I
Vxsrqjdprv txh hood uhsuhvhqwd od juäfd gh xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` | glihuhqfldeoh hq `d> e^
Qrwhprv txh hq ho lqwhuydor `d> f^/ grqgh od ixqflöq hv fuhflhqwh/ od shqglhqwh gh od wdqjhqwh d od juäfd
gh i hq +x> i +x,, hv srvlwlyd/ sru or wdqwr g{ gi +x, A 3 Hvwr rfxuuh sdud fxdotxlhu x 5`d> f^/ dvð i 3 +{, A 3
sdud wrgr { hq `d> f^1
Or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho lqwhuydor `g> e^/ hv ghflu/ i hv fuhflhqwh dkð | wdpelìq i 3 +{, A 3 hq `g> e^1
Vlq hpedujr hq ho lqwhuydor `f> g^ od ixqflöq hv ghfuhflhqwh | od uhfwd wdqjhqwh wud}dgd hq +y> i+y,, wlhqh
shqglhqwh qhjdwlyd/ dvð i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5`f> g^1
Ilqdophqwh/ xvdqgr jxud I vh wlhqh txh odv wdqjhqwhv d od juäfd hq orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv f | g wlhqhq
shqglhqwh fhur/ hv ghflu>
i 3 +f, @ 3 a i 3 +g, @ 3
Qrwh txh i +d,> i+e, vrq wdpelìq h{wuhprv shur odv ghulydgdv ghuhfkdv h l}txlhugd; %/ gh h{lvwlu qr vrq
qxodv1
Frpr frqfoxvlöq gho fdvr dqwhulru whqhprv txh orv h{wuhprv vh sxhghq hqfrqwudu grqgh od ghulydgd vh
dqxod/ grqgh qr h{lvwh od ghulydgd r hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor1
Yhdprv d frqwlqxdflöq dojxqrv hmhpsorv grqgh hvwrv fdvrv rfxuuh1
Hmhpsor 75< Vhd i = U $ U / od ghulydgd vh dqxod hq 3/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +3, @ 3 | i wlhqh xq pðqlpr

{ :$ {5
hq 3 +yhu jxud > juäfr l}txlhugr1,1
Iljxud
Hmhpsor 763 Vhd i = U $ U / od ghulydgd qr h{lvwh hq 3/ vlq hpedujr i wlhqh xq pðqlpr hq 3

{ :$ m{m
+yhu jxud > juäfr fhqwudo1,1
Hmhpsor 764 Vhd d 9@ 3 | vhd i = ^d> e` $ U / od ghulydgd gh i qr vh dqxod hq d/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +d, 9@ 3

{ :$ {6
| i wlhqh xq pðqlpr hq d1+yhu jxud > juäfr ghuhfkr,1
Whruhpd 8155 Vhd i ghulydeoh hq d 5 D Grpi / D yhflqgdg gh d | i +d, xq pðqlpr uhodwlyr hqwrqfhv
i 3 +d, @ 31
Ghprvwudflöq= Frpr i+d, hv xq pðqlpr uhodwlyr vh wlhqh txh
i +d, i +d . k, sdud k 5` %> %^ + dojýq %,
Gh hvwd irupd
i +d . k, i +d, 3
Dvð/ vl k A 3
i +d . k, i +d,
3
k
| vl k ? 3
i +d . k, i +d,
3
k
; od i in

Ed ' *4k<f.
i Ednk3i Ed i olpk<f i Ednkk3i Ed 1
ghulydgd ghuhfkd gh hq d hv
k | od ghulydgd l}txlhugd gh hv
oxhjr
3 +d, @ olp i+d . k, i +d, 3 +d, @ olp i+d . k, i+d, 3
i. 3 a i
k$3. k k$3 k
| frpr i hv ghulydeoh hq d vl wlhqh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh fdghqd
3 +d, @ i 3 +d, @ i 3 +d, 3
3 i .
gh grqgh vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +d, @ 3
Frurodulr 8156 Vhd i +P , xq ydoru pä{lpr gh i / i ghulydeoh hq P/ hqwrqfhv i 3 +P, @ 3
Ghprvwudflöq= Vl i+P, hv xq ydoru pä{lpr gh i/ i +P , hv xq ydoru pðqlpr gh i/ sru whruhpd

dqwhulru i 3 +P, @ 31

Revhuydflöq= Vl i 3 +d, @ 3/ qr qhfhvduldphqwh i wlhqh xq h{wuhpr hq d1
Sru hmhpsor> i +{, @ {6 ghqlgd hq U wlhqh ghulydgd hq { @ 3 shur qr wlhqh h{wuhprv/ d shvdu txh hq 3
od ghulydgd hv dqxod1
Frqfoxvlöq= Vl i hvwd ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s | i 3 +s, @ 3 +sru or wdqwr hv ghulydeoh hq s, hqwrqfhv
sxhgh rfxuulu txh=
d, i+s, vhd xq pä{lpr uhodwlyr1
e, i+s, vhd xq pðqlpr uhodwlyr1
f, i+s, qr vhd ydoru h{wuhpr1
ÁShur föpr ghflglu fxäo gh hvwrv fdvrv vh fxpsohB

Sulphur yhdprv föpr ghflglu hq ho fdvr txh vhdq h{wuhprv/ wudedmdqgr frq xqd ixqflöq i frqwlqxd
ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^1
Sru or wdqwr/ vl i hv xq ixqflöq ghulydeoh hq `d> e^| frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` srghprv dvhjxudu txh i dofdq}d
ho pä{lpr | ho pðqlpr hq dojýq sxqwr f 5`d> e^grqgh i 3 +f, @ 3 r hq orv erughv { @ dr { @ e1
Dvð/ sdud ghwhuplqdu fxäo hv ho ydoru pä{lpr | fxäo hv ho ydoru pðqlpr edvwd hydoxdu od ixqflöq hq orv
h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydorv { @ d r { @ e/ | orv sxqwrv grqgh od ghulydgd vh dqxod | frqvlghudu ho ydoru pä{lpr
| ho ydoru pðqlpr hqwuh hvwrv ydoruhv1
Hmhpsor 765 Vhd i = ^4> 6` $ U =

{ :$ {5 4
Whqhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq ^4> 6` | ghulydeoh hq ` 4> 6^1
Sxhvwr txh i 3 +{, @ 5{ @ 3 +, { @ 3 5`4> 6^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr i hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ 4> { @ 6
rewhqhprv>
i +3, @ 4 i +4, @ 3 i+6, @ ;
Dvð ho pä{lpr devroxwr gh i hv ; | ho pðqlpr devroxwr hv 41
Hmhpsor 766 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq rohrgxfwr gh xq sxqwr D d rwur sxqwr E txh glvwdq 8np | vh hq0
fxhqwudq hq ulehudv rsxhvwdv gh xq uðr gh fdxfh uhfwr gh 6np gh dqfkr1 Ho rohrgxfwr luä edmr ho djxd gh D
d xq sxqwr S hq od ulehud rsxhvwd | oxhjr vreuh ho vxhor gh S d E1
Ho frvwr sru nloöphwur gh wxehuðd edmr ho djxd hv ho fxäguxsoh gho frvwr vreuh wlhuud1 Fdofxoh od srvlflöq
gh S txh plqlpl}duä ho frvwr +ghvsuhflh od shqglhqwh gh ohfkr gho uðr,1
Vroxflöq= Vhd {od glvwdqfld +hq npv, gho sxqwr Rdo sxqwr S yhu jxud
8191 PÄ[LPR \ PÐQLPR 67:
jxud
1
Sru Slwäjrudv hq ho wuläqjxor DREvh wlhqh
5
RE . 65 @ 85
oxhjr RE @ 7/ gh grqgh S E @ 7 {1
Dghpäv/ hq ho wuläqjxor DRS / vh wlhqh
5 s
DS @ 65 . {5 , DS @ < . {5
Vhd f ho frvwr sru np gh wxehuðd vreuh wlhuud/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr sru np gh wxehuðd edmr ho djxd hv 7f
Oxhjr od ixqflöq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr gh frqvwuxflöq gho rohrgxfwr hv
s
F+{, @ 7f < . {5 . f+7 {,
grqgh 3 { 71
Frpr F+{,hv xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq ^3> 7`| ghulydeoh hq `3> 7^ hqwrqfhv F+{,dofdq}d vx pä{lpr hq
dojýq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydorv ^3> 7`1
7f{
F 3 +{, @ s f
< . {5
s
Frpr F 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 848s5`3> 7^/
hydoxdqgr od ixqflöq F+{, hq { @ 848 | hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3 | { @ 7 vh wlhqh>
s
48 s
F+3, @ 49f F+7, @ 53f F+ , @ 6 48f . 7f
8
s
Frpr f A 3 | +6 48 . 7,f ? 49f ? 53f/
s s48
hqwrqfhv ho pðqlpr frvwr hv +6 48 . 7,f | od srvlflöq gho sxqwr S gheh vhu 7 8 npv gho sxqwr E1
Hmhpsor 767 Xq fdpsr shwurohur wlhqh rfkr sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo gh 4933 eduulohv gh fuxgr do gðd1
Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh vh wlhqh/ od surgxfflöq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv gldulrv BcFxäqwrv
sr}rv dglflrqdohv vh ghehq irupdu sdud rewhqhu od pd|ru surgxfflöq gh fuxgr do gðdB
Vroxflöq= Vhd {= ho qýphur gh sr}rv dglflrqdohv> { 3> { 5 ]1 Vl vh wlhqh ; sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo
gh 4933 eduulohv hqwrqfhv od surgxfflöq phgld sru sr}r hv 533 eduulohv gldulrv1 Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh
vh wlhqh od surgxfflöq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv oxhjr/ od surgxfflöq phgld sru sr}r hv
533 43{
sru or wdqwr od surgxfflöq gh fuxgr do gðd hv
S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{,
Frpr { 3 | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 533 43{ 3 +gh grqgh 3 { 53,1

Hq frqvhfxhqfld od ixqflöq d pd{lpl}du hv>
S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{,/ frq { 5 ^3> 53`1
Frpr S hv xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^3> 53` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 53^/ S dofdq}d vx
pä{lpr hq dojýq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3 r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydor1
S 3 +{, @ +533 43{, . +; . {,+43,
oxhjr>
S 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 9 5`3> 53^=
Dvð do hydoxdu od ixqflöq S gh surgxfflöq hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ 9> { @ 53 whqhprv>
S +3, @ 4933 S +9, @ 4<93 S +53, @ 3
Gh hvwd irupd od surgxfflöq pä{lpd vh rewlhqh frq 9 sr}rv dglflrqdohv1
Hmhpsor 768 Ho surslhwdulr gh xq kxhuwr gh pdq}dqd/ fdofxod txh vl vlhpeud 57 äuerohv sru dfuh/ hqwrqfhv
fdgd äuero dgxowr gduä 933 pdq}dqdv do dôr1
Sru fdgd wuhv äuerohv päv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qýphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd äuero
glvplqx|h hq 45 do dôr1 BcFxäqwrv äuerohv vh ghehq sodqwdu sru dfuh sdud rewhqhu ho pd|ru qýphur srvleoh
gh pdq}dqdv do dôrB
Vroxflöq= Vhd 6{ ho qýphur gh äuerohv txh vh sodqwdq +vreuh orv 57 äuerohv, sru dfuh1
Sxhvwr txh sru fdgd wuhv äuerohv päv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qýphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd
äuero glvplqx|h hq 45 do dôr/ hqwrqfhv vl vh sodqwdq +57 . 6{, äuerohv sru dfuh ho qýphur gh pdq}dqdv txh
surgxfh fdgd äuero vhuä 933 45{/ oxhjr od surgxfflöq gh pdq}dqdv do dôr vhuä>
S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933 45{,=
Frpr { 3> { 5 ] | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 933 45{ 3 +gh grqgh { 83,1

Dvð>
S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933 45{, frq { 5 ^3> 83`
Oxhjr
S 3 +{, @ 6+933 45{, . +57 . 6{,+45,
S 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 54=
Gdgr txh S hv frqwlqxd hq ^3> 83` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 83^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @
54> { @ 83 whqhprv
S +3, @ 47733 S +54, @ 635:9 S +83, @ 3
oxhjr od pä{lpd surgxfflöq gh pdq}dqd vh rewlhqh fxdqgr vh sodqwdq 96 äuerohv päv sru dfuh hv/ hv ghflu/
;: äuerohv sru dfuh1
8191 PÄ[LPR \ PÐQLPR 67<
81914 Whvw gh od Sulphud Ghulydgd

Revhuydflöq= Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv vöor edvwö hydoxdu hq orv sxqwrv grqgh i 3 +s, @ 3 | hq orv
erughv gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ shur hq jhqhudo vl txhuhprv ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh xqd ixqflöq qhfhvlwdprv
lqirupdflöq vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflöq i hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s1
Dvð/ sdud A 3 vh rewlhqh orv vljxlhqwhv fdvrv=
d, Vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od yhflqgdg l}txlhugd gh s/ `s > s^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh

hq od yhflqgdg ghuhfkd gh s/ `s> s . ^ vh wlhqh txh i+s, hv xq pä{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr1 +jxud I
l}txlhugd,1
Iljxud I
e, Dqäorjdphqwh vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq `s > s^ | i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq `s> s . ^

hqwrqfhv i +s, hv xq pðqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr +jxud I juäfr ghuhfkr,1
f, Vl qr rfxuuh dojxqd gh odv grv dowhuqdwlydv dqwhulruhv/ i+s, qr hv ydoru h{wuhpr1

Gh or dqwhulru hv fodur txh qhfhvlwdprv xqd irupd gh ylvxdol}du fxdqgr i hv fuhflhqwh | fxdqgr hv
ghfuhflhqwh1 Frq hvh remhwr hqxqflduhprv orv whruhpdv vljxlhqwhv1
Ghqlflöq 8157 Xq sxqwr f 5 Grpi/ vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr fuðwlfr gh i vl rfxuuh xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv
srvlelolgdghv>
i 3 +f, @ 3 ö elhq i 3 +f, qr h{lvwh
Hmhpsor 769 Vhd i +{, @ 6+{ 5,5 1

{ @ 5 hv xq sxqwr fuðwlfr gh i/ sxhv i 3 +5, @ 31
Hmhpsor 76: Vhd i +{, @ m{ 8m oxhjr whqhprv txh vx ghulydgd hv=

4 {A8
i 3 +{, @
4 { ? 8
Sxhvwr txh 8 95 Grpi 3 / { @ 8 hv xq sxqwr fuð wlfr

s
Hmhpsor 76; Vhd i +{, @ {5 / hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh i 3 +{, @ 56 { 6 vl { 9@ 31 Sru or wdqwr { @ 3 hv xq
6 4
sxqwr fuð wlfr1
81915 Whruhpd gho ydoru phglr | Urooh

Whruhpd 8158 +Whruhpd gh Urooh, Vhd i hv xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq
ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `d> e^/ wdo txh i+d, @ i +e,/ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh do phqrv xq sxqwr fuðwlfr hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu/
h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh i 3 +f, @ 31+yhu jxud KI juäfr l}txlhugr,1
Iljxud KI
Ghprvwudflöq= <
d, Vl od ixqflöq hv frqvwdqwh hq ^d> e`/ vx ghulydgd hv fhur hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu i 3 +{, @ 3> ;{ 5`d> e^
e, Vl qr rfxuuh or dqwhulru/ i qr hv frqvwdqwh | whqhprv grv fdvrv/ +l, h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor grqgh od ixqflöq
fuhfh | oxhjr ghfuhfh r elhq +ll, i ghfuhfh hq xq lqwhuydor sdud oxhjr fuhfhu +|d txh i+d, @ i +e,,1
Hq ho sulphu fdvr vh rewlhqh xq pä{lpr orfdo i +f, | hq ho vhjxqgr xq pðqlpr orfdo i +f, hq dperv fdvr
od wdqjhqwh hq hvrv sxqwrv vhuä gh shqglhqwh fhur i 3 +f, @ 31 Gh hvwd irupd f hv xq sxqwr fuð wlfr 1

Xqd jhqhudol}dflöq hq hvwh whruhpd hv ho whruhpd gh ydoru phglr txh vh sxhgh prwlydu gh od vljxlhqwh
irupd1
Frqvlghuhprv xq dxwr +xq mhhs sdud hvwdu hq rqgd, txh sduwh gh Ylôd d odv 44=63 krudv | oohjd d xqd
sduwh fhufdqd d Vdqwldjr d odv 46=33 krudv1 Vl uhfruuh 463 nlorphwurv/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg surphglr r
phgld hv
+463 3,nloöphwurv 463
@ @ ;9> 9np@k=
+44 = 63 46 = 33,krudv 4> 8
Hvwr vljqlfd txh do phqrv dojýq prphqwr gh vx yldmh ho yhorfðphwur pdufö ;9> 9np@k/ hv ghflu/ od yhorflgdg
lqvwdqwäqhd hq dojýq prphqwr hqwuh 44=63 | odv 46=33 krudv ixh gh ;9> 9np@k1
Hq od jxud KI vh kd judfdgr od uhfwd O txh lqglfd od yhorflgdg phgld +uhfwd vhfdqwh d od juäfd
gh od ixqflöq v+w, txh qrv gä od glvwdqfld uhfruulgd sruho pöylo hq ho wlhpsr
w 5`44 = 63> 46 = 33^,
< Frpr i hv frqwlqxd/ od juäfd gh i hv frpr xqd fxhugd txh xqh orv sxqwrv Ed> i Ed> Ee> i Ee1 Frpr hvwrv sxqwrv hvwdq
do plvpr qlyho/ r elhq od fxhugd hvwd whqvd +frqvwdqwh, r elhq wlhqh rqgxodflrqhv +kd| pä{lpr |2r pðqlpr orfdohv,1
Odv uhfwdv O4 > O5 > O6 vrq sdudohodv d O/ oxhjr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh> hoodv hvwäq
gdgdv sru odv ghulydgdv hq ho sxqwr/ hq hvwh fdvr rewhqhprv od shqglhqwh gh od vhfdqwh
v+e, v+d,
ed
txh hv ljxdo odv shqglhqwh gh odv wdqjhqwhv hq f4 > f5 / f6 / hv ghflu/ d orv ydoruhv v3 +f4 ,/ v3 +f5 ,/ v3 +f6 ,1
Dvð whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld d or phqrv gh xq sxqwr f 5`d> e^ hq hvwh fdvr +f @ f4 > f @ f5 > f @ f6 , wdo txh
v+e, v+d,
v3 +f, @
ed
Whruhpd 8159 +Whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr, Vhd i xqd ixqflöq ghqlgd hq D/ ^d> e` D wdo txh
41 i vhd frqwlqxd hq ^d> e`

51 i vhd ghulydeoh hq `d> e^
Hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh do phqrv xq f 5`d> e^ wdo txh
i +e, i+d,
i 3 +f, @
ed
Ghprvwudflöq= Od ixqflöq
i+e, i+d,
j+{, @ i+{, î +d, . +{ d,`
ed
vdwlvidfh odv klsöwhvlv gho whruhpd gh Urooh sru or wdqwr h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh j3 +f, @ 3 r i 3 +f, i +ee,
d @ 3
i +d,

Revhuydflöq= Or txh glfh hv txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,> +e> i +e,,
hv sdudohod do phqrv d xqd gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od juäfd gh i hqwuh orv sxqwrv phqflrqdgrv1
Od dsolfdflöq päv gluhfwd gh hvwh whruhpd hv hq od ghprvwudflöq gho vljxlhqwh whruhpd
Whruhpd 815: Vhd i xqd ixqflöq ghulydeoh hq vx grplqlr1
41 Vl i 3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv fuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1

51 Vl i 3 +{, A 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1

61 Vl i 3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`
71 Vl i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1
Ghprvwudflöq= Prvwuduhprv vöor +7,
Whqhprv txh vxsrqhu txh {> | 5 ^d> e` | ghehprv suredu txh= { ? | , i+{, A i+|,
Vhdq {> | 5 ^d> e`> { ? |1 Frpr i vdwlvidfh ho whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr/ whqhprv txh h{lvwh f 5 ^{> |`
wdo txh
i+|, i +{,
@ i 3 +f,
{|
Frpr | { A 3 | i 3 +f, ? 3 vh wlhqh txh i+|, i +{, ? 31 Dvð vh kd suredgr txh
+;{> | 5 ^d> e`,+{ ? | , i +{, A i +|,,

Hmhpsor 76< Vhd i xqd ixqflöq fx|d ghulydgd hv i 3 +{, @ +{ 6,+7 {,+{ 8,1
Ghwhuplqh hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Vroxflöq= Xvdqgr od wdeod gh vljqrv
6 7 8
{6 0 3 . . .
7{ . . 3 0 0
{8 0 0 0 3 .
i 3 +{, . 3 0 3 . 3 0
whqhprv i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `6> 7^/ sru or wdqwr i+{, hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh dool/ or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho
lqwhuydor ^8> 4^1
Hmhpsor 773 Vhd i+{, @ h{ / frpr i 3 +{, @ h{ hv srvlwlyd sdud wrgr ydoru {/ vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulf0
wdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ vlq hpedujr j+{, @ h6{ / j3 +{, @ 6h6{ / sru or wdqwr j hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 774 Vhd i +{, @ orjd +{,> { A 3> 3 ? d 9@ 4/ frpr
g 4
orjd +{, @
g{ { oqd +{,
| od yduldeoh { hv srvlwlyd/ vh wlhqh txh oq d ghwhuplqd ho vljqr gh od ghulydgd gh i sru or wdqwr whqhprv
txh=
41 Vl d A 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
51 Vl d ? 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Hmhpsor 775 Vdh i +{, @ oq+ {{ 4
,/ yhdprv hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv ghfuhflhqwh
Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq hv ` 4> 5^^`4> 4^/ | vx ghulydgd od rewhqhprv xwlol}dqgr uhjod gh od fdghqd
.5
| od ghulydgd gh xq fxrflhqwh
{ . 5 +{ . 5, +{ 4,
i 3 +{, @ + ,+ ,
{4 +{ . 5,5
6
@
+{ 4,++{ . 5,
Frpr i 3 +{, A 3 hq vx grplqlr vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od fdgd lqwhuydor +qr
srghprv ghflu txh hv fuhflhqwh hq od xqlöq,1
Huuöqhdphqwh srguldprv ghflu txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq lqwhuydor ` 5> 4^/ od ud}öq gho huuru hv txh od ixqflöq
qr hvwd ghqlgd hq hvwh lqwhuydor/ dvð txh hv lpsrvleoh txh i 3 +{, hvwh ghqlgd hq xq frqmxqwr pd|ru1
Hmhpsor 776 Vhd y+w, @ w6 85w . 9w . ; od yhorflgdg gh xq pöylo hq ho wlhpsr w/ w 5 ^3> ;`1
6 5
Ghwhuplqhprv orv lqwhuydorv gh wlhpsr grqgh ho pöylo hvwd dxphqwdqgr gh yhorflgdg +dfhohudqgr, | hq
txh prphqwr hvwä glvplqx|hqgr vx yhorflgdg +iuhqdqgr r dfhohudflöq qhjdwlyd,
Vroxflöq= Qhfhvlwdprv ghwhuplqdu ho vljqr gh y3 +w, @ w5 8w . 9 @ +w 6,+w 5,1

Whqhprv txh y+w, ? 3> ;w 5 ^5> 6` / dvð ho pöylo hvwd iuhqdqgr hqwuh orv ydoruhv w 5 ^5> 6`/ dghpäv y3 +w, A 3
hq +` 4> 5^^`6> 4^, _ ^3> ;`1 Sru or wdqwr ho pöylo dfhohud ghvgh 3 d 5 | srvwhulruphqwh dfhohud gh 6 d ;1
BcFxdqgr vh ghwlhqh ho pöylo
Revhuydflöq= Hq whruhpd dqwhulru hv vöor gh od irupd s , t |d txh od ixqflöq i +{, @ {6 hv hvwulfwdphqwh
fuhflhqwh hq U shur i 3 +{, @ 6{5 qr hv srvlwlyd vlhpsuh |d txh i +3, @ 31
Edvdgrv hq ho whruhpd dqwhulru srghprv hqxqfldu ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd sdud pä{lprv |2r
pðqlprv uhodwlyrv hvwulfwr1
Whruhpd 815; +Fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd, Vhd i frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` @ D | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^
qr qhfhvduldphqwh hq s 5 D
d, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s > s^ | i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pä{lpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
e, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s > s^ | i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pðqlpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
Jhqhudophqwh/ odv klsöwhvlv hq +d,/ sdud xq pä{lpr uhodwlyr/ vh hvfuleh uhvxplgdphqwh dvð
{ s s s.
i 3 +{, . 0
i+{, ( )
| odv klsöwhvlv sdud xq pðqlpr uhodwlyr vh hvfuleh>
{ s s s.
i 3 +{, 0 .
i+{, ) (
Hmhpsor 777 Vhd i +{, @ 6{5 . :{/ frpr i 3 +{, @ 9{ . :
i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : A 3 +, { A :9
i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : ? 3 +, { ? :9
Oxhjr
{ :@9
i 3 +{, 0 3 .
i +{, ) (
gh grqgh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ` :9 > 4^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` 4> :9 ^/ dvð sru
ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv frqfoxlu txh i + :9 , hv xq ydoru pðqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr/ txh
dghpäv hv devroxwr1
Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelìq or srghprv rewhqhu judfdqgr od sduäerod txh uhsuhvhqwd d | @ i+{, @ 6{5 . :{
frq yìuwlfh hq + :9 > i + :9 ,,
Hmhpsor 778 Frqvlghuh xqd ixqflöq i ghulydeoh wdo txh
i 3 +{, @ +{ 6,+{ . 5,+{ 8,=
Ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh i1

Vroxflöq= Ghwhuplqhprv hq txì lqwhuydorv i 3 +{, A 3 | grqgh i 3 +{, ? 31 Sdud hvwr iruphprv xqd wdeod
sdud od ixqflöq i 3 txh qrv lqgltxh uhvxplgdphqwh grqgh hv srvlwlyd | grqgh hv qhjdwlyd1
5 6 8
{6 0 0 3 . .
{.5 0 3 . . .
{8 0 0 0 3 .
Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv lqirupdflöq vreuh i uhvxplgdv hq ho vljxlhqwh fxdgur>
{ 05 6 8
i 3 +{, 0 3 . 3 0 3 .
i +{, ) 3 ( 3 ) 3 (
Gho uhvýphq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh i +5,> | i +8, vrq pðqlpr orfdohv hvwulfwr | i +6, hv xq pä{lpr orfdo
hvwulfwr1
Hmhpsor 779 Vhd i +{, @ +{ 4,5@6 1 Ghwhuplprv orv h{wuhprv gh i1
Vroxflöq= Grpi @ U | i 3 +{, @ 56 +{ 4,4@6 @ 6 s

6 {4 >
5
{ 5 U i4j qrwhprv txh i qr hv ghulydeoh
hq { @ 4/ vlq hpedujr hv frqwlqxd |
vl { A 4> i 3 +{, A 3
vl { ? 4> i 3 +{, ? 3
hv ghflu/
{ 4
i+{, 3
i 3 +{, 0 9< .
i+{, ) (
oxhjr sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq qðqlpr hq { @ 4 txh hv wdpelìq devroxwr +qrwdu
txh ho Grpi @ U qr hv dfrwdgr,/ i qr wlhqh pä{lpr1
Hmhpsor 77: Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwlfduhprv qxhv0
wudv uhvsxhvwd1
d, Vhd A 3/ od ixqflöq i+{, @ h{ / ghqlgd hq vx grplqlr pä{lpr wlhqh vöor xq ydoru h{wuhpr1
5

vhq5 +4@{, { 9@ 3
e, Od ixqflöq i+{, @ qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1
3 {@3
f, Od ixqflöq i+{, @ {6 h5{ hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 6@5^

s
g, Od ixqflöq i+{, @ { 6 qr wlhqh pä{lpr | qr wlhqh pðqlpr1
5
{ frv5 +4@{, 4 { ? 3
h, Od ixqflöq i+{, @ wlhqh pä{lpr | pðqlpr1
vhq { 3{4
i, Od ixqflöq i+{, @ h{ 5h{ ghqlgd hq ` 4> 8` wlhqh xq pä{lpr vl A 51
j, Od ixqflöq i+{, @ {6 ghqlgd hq ^4> 5^ qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1
Vroxflöq=
d, Yhugdghur1 Grpi @ U i 3 +{, @ 5{h{ > { 5 U/ frpr h{ A 3> ;{ 5 U hqwrqfhv>

5 5
i 3 +{, A 3 +, 5{ A 3 +, { ? 3 sxhv A 3

Gh hvwd irupd
{ 3
i+{, . 4 .
i 3 +{, . 3 0
i+{, ( )
Sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq pä{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr txh hv wdpelìq devroxwr +sxhv
od ixqflöq vxeh | edmd vöor xqd yh},/ | qr wlhqh pðqlpr1
e, Idovr1 Sru ghqlflöq hv fodur txh i wlhqh xq pð qlpr orfdo devroxwr hq { @ 3/ sxhv
i+{, @ vhq5 +4@{, 3> ;{ 5 Grpi @ U
sru or wdqwr i+{, 3> ;{ 5 Grpi1

f, Yhugdghur1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 h5{ . {6 h5{ 5 @ {5 h5{ +6 . 5{, dqdol}dqgr orv vljqrv gh i 3 +{,/ rewhqhprv
{ 6@5 3
i +{, 0 0 3 .
i 3 +{, 0 3 . 3 .
i +{, ) ( (
Oxhjr i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 6@5^1

Revhuydflöq= Qrwdu txh sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv dupdu txh i wlhqh xq
pðqlpr hq { @ 6@5/ päv dýq ìo hv ho pðqlpr devroxwr1
g, Idovr1 Grpi @ ^6> 4^ dghpäv i 3 +{, @ 5s{4 6 A 3 ;{ 5 ^6> 4^/ hv ghflu/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
| ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ 6 5 Grpi / oxhjr i wlhqh xq pðqlpr hq { @ 61
Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelìq hv fodur judfdqgr od ixqflöq i =
h, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i hv xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^4> 4`/ oxhjr
sru ho whruhpd gh orv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i wlhqh xq pä{lpr | pðqlpr txh vrq devroxwrv1
i, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i 3 +{, @ i +{, @ + 5,h{ 1 Vl A 5 hqwrqfhv
i 3 +{, A 3 ;{ 5`4> 8`/ oxhjr i hv fuhflhqwh hq vx grplqlr dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh sru { @ 8 5 Grpi
gh hvwd irupd i wlhqh xq pä{lpr +devroxwr, txh hv i +8,1
j, Idovr1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 3 ;{ 5 ^4> 5^
oxhjr i hv ghfuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ 4 5 ^4> 5^/ dvð i wlhqh
frpr pä{lpr i +4,> fodudphqwh srghprv yhu txh i qr wlhqh pðqlpr1
Hq edvh d od lqirupdflöq txh khprv rewhqlgr kdvwd ho prphqwr/ srghprv judfdu dojxqdv ixqflrqhv
frqvlghudqgr> grplqlr/ grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg/ lqwhufhswrv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv/ lqwhuydorv gh fuhf0
lplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr/ pä{lprv |2r pðqlprv1
Hmhpsor 77; Juätxhprv i+{, @ 6{6 {1
Vroxflöq=
d, Grpi @ U1
e, i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr U +ixqflöq srolqrpldo,1
f, Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh | S3 @ +3>
s3, s
Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh { S4 @ + 4@6> 3,> S5 @ + 4@6> 3,
g, Lqwhuydorv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr= i 3 +{, @ <+{ 4@6,+{ . 4@6,
{ 4@6 4@6
{ 4@6 0 0 3 .
{ . 4@6 0 3 . .
i 3 +{, . 0 .
i +{, ( ) (
Gh od wdeod/ vh wlhqh txh i 3 +{, A 3/ | hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4

4@6^ | wdpelìq hq `4@6> 4^/ | i 3 +{, ? 3+hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh, hq ho lqwhuydor
` 4@6> 4@6^1
Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh lqirupdflöq gh i>
{ 4@6 4@6
i+{, 5@< 5@<
i 3 +{, ( 3 ) 3 (
Sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq pä{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@6 | xq pðqlpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@61 Dvð od juäfd gh i hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh frpr od gh od jxud
Hmhpsor 77< Vhd i +{, @ vhq5 +{,1 Ghwhuplqhprv orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv | hvshflfduhprv gh txh wlsr vrq1
Vroxflöq= i 3 +{, @ 5 vhq+{, frv+{, orv sxqwrv fuðwlfrv vrq odv vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflöq
vhq+{, frv+{, @ 3
txh hv htxlydohqwh d od xqlöq gh odv vroxflrqhv gh odv hfxdflrqhv
vhq+{, @ 3 frv+{, @ 3
Dvð/ orv sxqwrv fuðwlfrv vrq { @ q> { @ 5 . q> q 5 ]1

8191 PÄ[LPR \ PÐQLPR 68:
Xvdqgr ho vljqr gh odv ixqflrqhv vhq+{, | frv+{, hq orv fxdgudqwhv gh U5 / whqhprv txh=
Hq ho sulphu | whufhu fxdgudqwhv dpedv wlhqh ho plvpr vljqr sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd hv srvlwlyd1 hv
ghflu/
6
i 3 +{, A 3 vl { 5`3> ^^`> ^
5 5
| hq orv rwurv fxdgudqwhv vh wlhqh
6
i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5` > ^^` > 5^
5 5
Xvdqgr od shulrglflgdg gh vhq+{, | frv+{, vh rewlhqh ho vljqr gh i 3 +{, hq wrgd od uhfwd uhdo1
Vl
6
{ 5 ^q5] +`5q> . 5q^^`+5q . 4,> . 5q^,> i 3 +{, A 3
5 5
| hq fdvr frqwudulr i 3 +{, 31

Gh hvwd irupd vh wlhqh pä{lprv orfdohv hq orv sxqwrv 5 . 5q | 65 . 5q> q 5 ]/ | pðqlpr orfdohv
orv sxqwrv q> q 5 ]1 Sru rwud sduwh
6
i +3, @ 3> i+5, @ 3> i + , @ 4> i + , @ 4> i +, @ 3
5 5
Frq od lqirupdflöq txh khprv rewhqlgr/ srghprv kdfhu od juäfd gh i hq irupd dsur{lpdgd1
Vdehprv txh od ixqflöq hv fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor `3> 5 ^ | txh 3 | 4 vrq pðqlpr | pä{lpr uhodwlyrv
uhvshfwlydphqwh/ frpr i hv xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd/ od juäfd hq ^3> 5 ` fruuhvsrqgd d xqlu orv sxqwrv +3> i +3,,
| + 5 > 4, hq irupd fuhflhqwh/ d glihuhqfld gh od xqlöq gh orv sxqwrv + 5 > 4, | +> 3, txh hv hq irupd ghfuhflhqwh
Ho juäfr vh sxhgh kdfhu frpsohwr/ sru od shulrglflgdg edvwd vdehu or txh rfxuuh hq ^3> `1
y 1 y 1
0.75 0.75
0.5 0.5
0.25 0.25
0
0
-7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x x
i+{, @ vlq { 5
i+{, @ vlq {
5
Ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd gh dsolfdflöq hv qhfhvdulr rewhqhu suhyldphqwh xqd ixqflöq txh vh exvfduä ho
pä{lpr r pðqlpr | oxhjr dsolfdu dojýq fulwhulr gh rewhqflöq gh pä{lpr r gh pðqlpr1
Hmhpsor 783 Vh lqwhqwd fhufdu xq fdpsr uhfwdqjxodu frq 7 kheudv gh dodpeuh | ghvsxìv vxeglylglu ho
fdpsr hq grv sduwhv +frpr hq od jxud , frq xqd fhufd sdudohod d xqr gh orv odgrv/ xwlol}dqgr 5 kheudv
gh dodpeuh1 Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr gh äuhd pä{lpd1
Vroxflöq= Vhdq { h | odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr/ hqwrqfhv ho äuhd hvwä gdgd sru od iöupxod
D @ {|
shur do glvwulexlu orv 933 phwurv gh dodpeuh vh wlhqh od hfxdflöq>
933 @ 43{ . ;|
gh grqgh | @ :8 8{@7 oxhjr>
8
D @ {+:8 {,
7
shur { A 3 | | A 3/ hv ghflu/ { A 3 | :8 7 A 3
8{
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflöq txh vh qhfhvlwd pd{lpl}du hv>

8{5
D+{, @ :8{
7
ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `3> 93^1
Dkrud dsoltxhprv ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd>
D3 +{, @ :8 {
43
oxhjr
7
D3 +{, A 3 +, :8 85{ A 3
D3 +{, A 3 +, 63 A {
D3 +{, ? 3 +, 63 ? {
Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv
{ 63
D+{,, . 4458 .
D3 +{,, . 3 0
D+{, ( )
oxhjr ho äuhd pä{lpd vh dofdq}d fxdqgr { @ 63 1
Dvð odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr vrq
{ @ 63pwv > | @ 6:> 8pwv
Revhuydflöq= Dtxð qr vh hydoýd hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor/ sxhv qr hvwäq frqvlghudgrv hq ho grplqlr
gh od ixqflöq1
8191 PÄ[LPR \ PÐQLPR 68<
Whruhpd 815< +Fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd, Vhd i xqd ixqflöq ghulydeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr
txh frqwlhqh d s wdo txh i 3 +s, @ 31 +hv ghflu/ s hv xq sxqwr fuðwlfr,1
d, Vl i %+s, ? 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pä{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s1

e, Vl i %+s, A 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pðqlpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s
Revhuydflöq= +4, Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh d glihuhqfld gho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd hvwh
fulwhulr h{ljh txh i / vhd ghulydeoh grv yhfhv hq s frq i 3 +s, @ 31
+5, Vl i%+s, @ 3 hvwh fulwhulr qr qrv gä lqirupdflöq/ | vh gheh uhfxuulu do fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
Hmhpsor 784 Uhvroydprv ho hmhpsor 783 xvdqgr hvwh qxhyr fulwhulr

Od ixqflöq d pd{lpl}du hv=
8{5
D+{, @ :8{ > frq { 5`3> 93^
7
Ghwhuplqhprv s 5`3> 93^ wdo txh D3 +s, @ 31
43{
D3 +{, @ :8 +, { @ 63
7
Oxhjr s @ 63 hv xq sxqwr fuðwlfr txh ghehprv hydoxdu hq od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1 Frpr
43
D%+{, @ ?3 ;{ 5`3> 93^
7
hq sduwlfxodu D%+63, ? 3/ dvð srghprv dupdu txh D+63, hv ho pä{lpr exvfdgr1
Hmhpsor 785 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur uhfwr | vhplhvihud hq
orv h{wuhprv +yhdvh od jxud Q, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr gh ideulfdflöq sru slh fxdgudgr gh
orv h{wuhprv hv ho greoh do gh od sduwh floðqgulfd1 Á Txì glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr/ vl od fdsdflgdg
ghvhdgd gho wdqtxh hv gh 43slh6 B
Iljxud Q
Vroxflöq= Vhd S ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh od sduwh floðqgulfd hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh orv
h{wuhprv hv 5S 1
Sxhvwr txh hq od sduwh floðqgulfd vh wlhqh 5uk slh5 | hq orv h{wuhprv 7u5 slh5 hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gh
frqvwuxfflöq hv
F @ 5ukS . 7u5 5S
shur ho yroxphq hv
7
Y @ u5 k . u6 @ 43
6
hqwrqfhv
43 76 u6
k@
u5
| od ixqflöq frvwr hq wìuplqrv gh u hv>
43 7u
F+u, @ 5u+ ,S . 7u5 5S
u5 6
hv ghflu>
8 7u5
F+u, @ 7S + . ,
u 6
Frpr u A 3> k A 3 hqwrqfhv
43 76 u6
k@ A3
u5
t
gh grqgh u6 ? 63 / oxhjr 3 ? u ? 6 63
Dvð od ixqflöq frvwr d plqlpl}du hv

7 7
u
8 7u5 63
F+u, @ 7S + . , > u 5`3> ^
6
u 6 7
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv ho pðqlpr sru ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd +qrwhprv txh F+u, hv grv yhfhv
glihuhqfldeoh hq vx grplqlr,
8 ;u
F 3 +u, @ 7S + 5 . ,
u 6
oxhjr
8 ;u
F 3 +u, @ 3 +, . @3
u5 6
48
+, u6 @
s 7
6
48
+, u @
5
s6
Frpr 548 5 GrpF | F 3 +u, hv ghulydeoh srghprv dsolfdu ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1
Od ghulydgd gh F 3 +u, hv
43 ;
F%+u, @ 7S + 6 . ,
u 6
s6 s6
oxhjr F%+ 548 , A 3/ gh grqgh F wlhqh xq pðqlpr hq u @ 548 5 GrpF1
Odv glphqvlrqhv txh plqlpl}dq ho frvwr gh ideulfdflöq gho wdqtxh vrq
s s
6
48 73 7 6 48
u@ > k@ s
5 6
48 9
81: Frqfdylgdg
Ghqlflöq 8163 Vhd i = L $ U/ L xq lqwhuydor
41 Gluhprv txh od ixqflöq i hv frqyh{d r frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e
ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, +gh od juäfd gh i , hvwä dedmr gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, |
+e> i+e,, jxud^_ juäfr l}txlhugr1
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 694
51 Gluhprv txh od ixqflöq i hv frqfdyd r frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e
ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, +gh od juäfd gh i , hvwä vreuh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,, |
+e> i +e,, jxud ^_ juäfr1 ghuhfkr
Iljxud ^_
Hmhpsor 786 Od sduäerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d1

Od sduäerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd1
Od ixqflöq | @ vhq { hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq ho lqwhuydor ^3> ` | frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho lqwhuydor
^> 5`1
Ghqlflöq 8164 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq | vhd { 5 Grpi 1
41 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d hq ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^
wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflöq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L1
51 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd hq ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^
wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflöq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L1
Revhuydflöq=
41 Gh od ghqlflöq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh frqfdylgdg vh uhhuh d xqd surslhgdg gh od juäfd1
Hq ho fdvr gh whqhu xqd ixqflöq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor L @ ^d> e` vh sxhgh whqhu txh
i vhd frqfdyd hq L r frqyh{d hq L r hq xq vhfwru frqfdyd | hq rwur frqyh{d +yhu jxud ,/ or plvpr
vh sxhgh ghflu gh xqd ixqflöq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
Iljxud
51 Frpr od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,/ +e> i +e,, hv
i +d, i+e,
|@ +{ d, . i +d,
de
r
i+d, i +e,
|@ +{ e, . i +e,
de
Ghflu txh sdud d ? { ? e/ ho sxqwr hvwd ghedmr gh od vhfdqwh vljqlfd sru or wdqwr
i +d, i+e,
i +{, ? +{ d, . i +d, +8155,
de
| txh
i +d, i +e,
i +{, ? +{ e, . i +e, +8156,
de
rshudqgr hq od ghvljxdogdg 8155
i+d, i +e,
i +{, i +d, ? +{ d,
de
dkrud rshudqgr hq od ghvljxdogdg 8156
i+{, i+e, i +e, i+d,

A
{e ed
Xvdqgr odv ýowlpdv ghvljxdogdghv vh wlhqh txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled vl | vöor vl d ? { ? e vh wlhqh
i+{, i +d, i+e, i+d, i+{, i+e,

? ?
{d ed {e
61 Kd| xqd fdudfwhul}dflöq jhrpìwulfd pdv fodud sdud ho fdvr gh xqd ixqflöq txh vhd ghulydeoh hq xq
sxqwr {3
+d, Od juäfd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh
frqwlhqh d {3 / wdo txh od juäfd gh imL hvwä sru hqflpd gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{3 > i +{3 ,, jxud
/ juäfd l}txlhugd
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 696
Iljxud
1
+e, Od juäfd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{4 > i+{4 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh frqwlhqh d
{4 wdo txh od juäfd gh imL hvwd sru dedmr gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{4 > i +{4 ,, jxud > juäfd
ghuhfkd
Iljxud RK
71 Hq od jxud RK l}txlhugd whqhprv od juäfd gh xqd ixqflöq ghulydeoh frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho
lqwhuydor L/ hq hood khprv glexmdgr glvwlqwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv/ odv shqglhqwhv gh hvwdv uhfwdv dxphqwdq
d phglgd txh qrv pryhprv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd1 Frpr odv shqglhqwhv hvwdq ghwhuplqdgd sru odv
ghulydgdv vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +{, hv fuhflhqwh1 Vl od ixqflöq i 3 +{, hv wdpelìq ghulydeoh vh frqfox|h txh
i %+{, hv srvlwlyd r fhur sru ho khfkr txh i 3 +{, hv xqd ixqflöq fuhflhqwh1
Hq od jxud RK ghuhfkr khprv glexmdgr yduldv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od juäfd gh i/ fx|dv shqglhqwhv
vrq orv ydoruhv gh odv ghulydgdv gh i/ i 3 1 i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh |d txh odv shqglhqwhv gh odv wdqjhqwhv
glvplqx|h d phglgd txh fdpeldq gh sxqwrv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd hq od juäfd gh od ghuhfkd gh
jxud RK1
Frpr od ixqflöq i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh/ gh vhu hood ghulydeoh/ vx ghulydgd hv qhjdwlyd r fhur/ hv ghflu/
i %+{, 3> ;{ 5 L1
Whruhpd 8165 Vhd i = L $ U/ grv yhfhv ghulydeoh hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr L
41 i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L1
51 i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L1
Od irupd frpr jhqhudophqwh vh dsolfd hvwh whruhpd hv= xvdqgr od lqirupdflöq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd
vh rewlhqh od frqfdylgdg r frqyh{lgdg gh od juäfd
Frurodulr 8166 Vhd i = L $ U> {3 5 L> i ghulydeoh hq L | vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh gg{i5 +{3 ,1
5
41 gg{i5 +{3 , A 3 , od juäfd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq +{3 > i +{3 ,,

5
51 gg{i5 +{3 , ? 3 , od juäfd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{3 > i +{3 ,,

5
Frq hvwh frurodulr txhgd delhuwr ho fdvr txh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd vh dqxoh1
Ghqlflöq 8167 Xq sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, gh od juäfd gh i vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lrq vl h{lvwh
xq delhuwr L wdo txh sdud wrgr { 5 L i{3 j/ i %+{, h{lvwh | dghpäv i%+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq {3 1
Hmhpsor 787 Vhd i+{, @ 6{5 . 9{ . ; xqd sduäerod1 Frpr vh glmr dqwhulruphqwh hv ho hmhpsor päv
vlpsoh gh frqfdyd kdfld duuled/ i %+{, @ 9 A 31
Hmhpsor 788 Vhd i +{, @ 9{5 . 9{ . ;/ i%+{, @ 9 txh hv qhjdwlyd/ sru or wdqwr od juäfd gh i +od
sduäerod, hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv oh ghehuldq shuplwlu uhfrugdu fxdo hv ho vljqr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd h{ljlgr
sdud frqfdylgdg | fxdo hv h{ljlgr sdud frqyh{lgdg1
Hq orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv qr whqhprv sxqwrv gh lq h{löq/ d frqwlqxflöq yhuhprv xqr
Hmhpsor 789 Vhd i +{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:/ yhdprv vl i wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{löq1
i 3 +{, @ 9{5 . 43{ > i %+{, @ 45{ . 43

sru or wdqwr orv sxqwrv gh lq h{löq wlhqh sulphud frpsrqhqwh txh suredeohphqwh vdwlvidfh od hfxdflöq
i %+{, @ 3/ hq hvwh fdvrv { @ 8@91 Frpr i %+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 8@9 vh wlhqh txh +8@9> i+8@9,, hv
ho sxqwr gh lq h{löq1
Srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd | vx frqfoxvlöq
{ 8@9
i%+{,, 0 .
juäfd gh i Frqfdyd Lq h{löq Frqyh{d
Dkrud xvdqgr od sulphu ghulydgd srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq txh qrv shuplwluä judfdu i frq
pd|ru suhflvlöq
i 3 +{, @ 3 +, 9{5 . 43{ @ 3

Dvð/ orv sxqwrv fuðwlfrv vrq { @ 3 | { @ 8@61
{ 8@6 8@9 3
i 3 +{, . 3 0 0 3 .
i %+{, 0 0 3 . .
i+{, ( ) ) (
juäfd gh i Frqfdyd Frqfdyd Frqyh{d Frqyh{d
r xqd wdeod pdv uhvxplgd | juäfd pdv h{soðflwd hq od ýowlpd oðqhd
{ 8@6 8@9 3
i 3 +{, . 3 0 0 3 .
i %+{, 0 0 3 . .
i +{, ) ( ( )
_ _ ^ ^
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 698
Dvð/ od juäfd gh i ghehuðd vhu od xqlöq gh odv sxqwrv +8@6> i +8@6,, / +8@9> i+8@9,,/ +3> i +3,,
frpr vh lqglfd hq od ýowlpd olqhd gh od wdeod/ rewhqhprv gh hvwd irupd ho juäfr gh od jxud
i+{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:
Hmhpsor 78: Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv srguðd oohydu d shqvdu txh orv sxqwrv gh lq h{löq vlhpsuh vh rewlhqh
gh od hfxdflöq i%+{, @ 31 Do ljxdo txh hq ho fdvr gh ydoruhv h{wuhprv hvwrv qr vh rewlhqh vlhpsuh gh od
hfxdflöq i 3 +{, @ 31 Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud hq txh rwurv fdvrv dsduhfhq orv sxqwrv gh lq h{löq1
Vhd i +{, @ +{ 7,8@6 . :1 Ho grplqlr gh i +{, hv U | vxv ghulydgdv gh rughq 4 | gh rughq 5 vrq
uhvshfwlydphqwh1
8 43
i 3 +{, @ +{ 7,5@6 i %+{, @ +{ 7,4@6
6 <
Fodudphqwh i%+{, @ 3 qr qrv duurmd vroxflöq/ shur vl srghprv qrwdu txh i %+{, qr h{lvwh hq { @ 7 |
txh vx i%+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 7 sru or wdqwr +7> i +7,, @ +7> :, hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{löq
{ 7
i %+{,, 0 9< .
juäfd gh i frqfdyd frqyh{d
Wdeod uhvxphq sdud juäfd gh | @ +{ 7,8@6 . : hq od jxud

i +{, @ +{ 7,8@6 . :
i 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 7
{ 7
i 3 +{, 0 3 .
i %+{, 0 <2 .
i +{,
Hmhpsor 78; Judtxhprv od ixqflöq i+{, @ +{45,7 / lqglfdqgr lqwhuydor gh fuhflplhqwr/ gh ghfuhf0
lplhqwr/ frqfdylgdg | frqfdylgdg kdfld duuled/ | vl orv kxelhuh/ ydoruhv h{wuhprv | sxqwr gh lq h{löq1
Vroxflöq= Qrwhprv hq sulphu oxjdu txh Grpi @ U i5j/ Uhfi @ U. sru or wdqwr od juäfd hv vreuh
hmh {1
5,8 | i %+{, @ +{5,9 1
Odv ghulydgdv vrq i+{, @ +{7 53
{ 5
i 3 +{, . 9< 0
i%+{, . 9< .
i+{, ^ 9< ^
Vhjýq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv ghehuldprv xqlu sxqwrv gh odv juäfdv frpr vh lqglfd hq od ýowlpd olqhd
gh od wdeod/ shur qr hv srvleoh |d txh qr kd| wdohv sxqwrv +Qrwd +4> i +4,,/ +5> i+5,,/ +4> i +4,, qr vrq
sxqwrv gh od juäfd, shur srghprv yhu d txh ydoruhv wlhqghq fxdqgr { $ 5 / { $ 4 | fxdqgr { $ 4
olp i +{, @ 3 > olp i +{, @ 3 > olp i +{, @ .4

{$4 {$4 {$5
Gh hvwd irupd od juäfd ghehuðd vhu frpr vh lqglfd hq jxud

81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 69:
Dvð gh od plvpd wdeod srghprv ghflu txh
i hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 5^1
i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq `5> 4^1
i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ` 4> 5^ | wdpelìq hq `5> 4^1
i qr wlhqh ydoruhv h{wuhprv + 4 qr hv ydoru h{wuhpr |d txh qr shuwhqhfh d U,1
i qr wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{löq |d txh ho ýqlfr fdqglgdwr d wdo hud +5> i+5,,/ shur qr shuwhqhfh d od juäfd
gh i + i +5, qr h{lvwh, dpìq gh txh i%+{, qr fdpeld gh vljqr hq { @ 51
81:14 Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd=

Orv uhvxowdgrv gh frqfdylgdg hqxqfldgrv hq ho frurodulr dqwhulru qrv shuplwhq hq pxfkrv fdvrv fodvlfdu
udslgdphqwh orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv hq pä{lpd orfdohv r pðqlprv orfdohv phgldqwh or txh vxhoh oodpduvh
fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd
Hmhpsor 78< Gh xqd sodqfkd phwäolfd gh 433 fp 5 pwv vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu grv wxerv gh 5 phwurv gh
odujr xqr frq vhfflöq wudqvyhuvdo xqd flufxqihuhqfld | rwur vhfflöq fxdgudgd BcFrpr vh gheh fruwdu od
sodqfkd d or odujr gh wdo irupd txh od vxpd gh orv yroýphqhv lqwhulruhv vhd pä{lpr1 BcFxdqgr hv pðqlprB
Vroxflöq= Vxsrqjdprv txh od sodqfkd vh fruwdq hq {fp5pwv | +433 {, fp5pwv/ frq od sulphud
kduhprv ho flolqgur gh udglr u/ hqwrqfhv 5u @ { | frq od vhjxqgd ho wxer frq vhfflöq fxdgudgd/ hv ghflu/
fdgd odgr hv gh + 4337{ ,fpv1
Ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hv
{
u5 5333fp6 @ + ,5 5333fp6
5
Ho yroxphq gho rwur wxer hv
433 { 5
+ , 5333fp6
7
Od vxpd gh orv yroýphqhv gh orv wxerv hq wìuplqr gh { hv

{5 +433 {,5
Y +{, @ 833+ . ,> frq 3 { 433
7
gY 5{ 533 5{
@ 833+ + ,,
g{ 7
Sxqwrv fuðwlfrv vrq vroxflöq gh od hfxdflöq
;{ 533 . 5{
@ 3
7
+; . 5,{ @ 533
433
{3 @
7.
Frpr gg{Y5 @ 833+ 5 . 45 ,/ gg{Y5 +{3 , A 3> vh wlhqh gh hvwd irupd txh frq ho fruwh hq 433 vh rewlhqh grv
5 5
7.
wxerv fx|d vxpd gh orv yroxphqhv hv or pðqlpr srvleoh gh rewhqhu1
Frpr qr vh rewxyr rwur sxqwr fuðwlfr yld od ghulydgd/ ho r orv pä{lprv ghehq hqfrqwuduvh hq od iurqwhud
gho lqwhuydor ^3> 433`1
d, Vl kdfhprv xq wxer floðqgulfr { @ 4331
833+433,5 8+43,9
Y +433, @ @

e, Vl vöor kdfhprv xq wxer frq vhfflöq fxdgudgd { @ 3
833+433,5 8+43,9
Y +3, @ @
7 7
Frpr ? 7 vh wlhqh txh fxdqgr vöor kdfhprv xq wxer floðqgulfr rewhqhprv pä{lpr yroxphq1
Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud xqd yh} päv txh orv h{wuhprv vh exvfdq qr wdq vöor grqgh od ghulydgd vh
dqxod/ vlqr txh wdpelìq hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor fhuudgr grqgh od ixqflöq hvwä ghqlgd1
Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd=
Vhd i xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr43 ^d> e` | vxsrqjdprv txh hv ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ =
gi g5 i
Vl 5 `d> e^ hv xq sxqwr fuðwlfr gh i +l1h1/ vx ghulydgd vh dqxod/ +, @ 3 , | +, h{lvwh vh wlhqh
g{ g{5
g i
grv srvlelolgdghv ghshqglhqgr gho vljqr gh +,
5
g{5
g i
410 Vl +, A 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq pðqlpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +,
5
g{5
g i
510 Vl +, ? 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq pä{lpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +,
5
g{5
g5 i
Frpr sxhghv qrwdu vl +, @ 3> qr vh glfh qdgd/ srguðd rfxuulu fxdotxlhu frvd frpr vh sxhghq yhu
g{5
hq odv ixqflrqhv
i+{, @ {6 hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr fhufd gho fhur qr wlhqh pä{lpr ql pðqlpr hq fhur/
i+{, @ {7 > wlhqh xq pðqlpr hq fhur |
i+{, @ 5{7 wlhqh xqd pä{lpr hq fhur
Revhuydflöq= Hvwr gh srqhu xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr hv vöor sdud jdudqwl}du od h{lvwhqfld gh ydoruhv h{0
wuhprv/ shur ho whvw hv dsolfdeoh hq rwurv fdvrv |d txh vh gheh fxpsolu odv klsöwhvlv hq xqd yhflqgdg gho
sxqwr fuðwlfr1
Uhfxhugh txh wdpelhq sxhgh kdehu pä{lpr r pðqlprv hq oxjduhv txh od ixqflöq qr hv ghulydeoh/ dvl
phqrv vhuä grv yhfhv ghulydeoh | hq hvh fdvr vöor qrv txhgd ho whvw gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
43 Sru or wdqwr |d vdehprv txh hood wlhqh pä{lpr | plqlpr
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 69<
81:15 Oðplwh Lqqlwr

Frpr xq hohphqwr päv txh qrv shuplwluä judfdu i frq pd|ru suhflvlöq hvwxglduhprv orv vljxlhqwhv wlsrv
gh oðplwhv
4, olp{$4 i +{, 5, olp{$4 i +{,
6, olp{$d i+{, @ 4 7, olp{$d i +{, @ 4
Od ud}öq gh hvwxgldu dsduwh hvwh wlsr gh oðplwhv hq irupd vhsdudgd d orv rwurv vh gheh do khfkr txh .4
| 4 qr vrq qýphurv uhdohv/ sru or wdqwr qr wlhqhq vhqwlgr odv h{suhvlrqhv 4. 4/ .4 4 | hq jhqhudo
rshudflrqhv txh hvwdq ghqlgd hqwuh qýphurv uhdohv1 Sru or dqwhulru qr srghprv kdeodu gh yhflqgdg 4
frpr vh ghqlö dqwhulruphqwh |d txh gh khfkr qr kd| vxefrqmxqwrv gh U txh frqwhqjd d lqqlwr/ shur
sdud dpsoldu qxhvwud ghqlflöq gh oðplwhv d hvwh fdvr/ gdprv od ghqlflöq vljxlhqwh1
Ghqlflöq 8168 =
41 Wrgr lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd `Q> 4^> Q 5 U hv xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr/ xqd yhflqgdg gh 4
hv fxdotxlhu lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd ` 4> P ^> P 5 U
51 Gluhprv txh oðplwh gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d lqqlwr hv O/ O 5 U1
Vl sdud wrgr yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr YQ wdo txh
i +YQ , YO> %
Lqwurgxflhqgr od qrwdflöq dqwhulru/ qdwxudo gh hvwh fdvr/ h lqglfdqgr or txh vljqlfd odv yhflqgdghv
whqhprv
olp i+{, @ O +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+;{ 5 Grpi a { A Q , mi +{, Om ? %,
{$4
61 Gluhprv txh oðplwh gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d phqrv lqqlwr hv O/ O 5 U1
Vl sdud wrgr yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh phqrv lqqlwr/ Y4>P / wdo txh
i+Y4>P , YO> %
Ghqlflöq 8169 Hv dvð txh

olp i +{, @ O +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+;{ 5 Grpi a { ? P , mi+{, Om ? %,
{$4
Hmhpsor 793 Vl i+{, @ {4 vh wlhqh txh olp{$4 i+{, @ 31
Hvwd dupdflöq hv yäolgd sru od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd sxhvwr txh
4
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+ ? %,=
Q
Gh hvwd irupd/ vl { A Q vh wlhqh {4 ? Q4 ? %/ oxhjr
4
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+{ A Q , ? %,
{
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+{ A Q , mi +{, 3m ? %,
Hmhpsor 794 Vl i+{, @ {4n > n 4/ vh wlhqh txh olp{$4 i +{, @ 31
Ghprvwudflöq= Sdud { 5 ^4> 4^ vh wlhqh txh 3 ? {4n ? {4 1

Frpr olp{$4 3 @ 3> olp{$4 {4 @ 3/ vh wlhqh/ phgldqwh ho whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr +txh hv yäolgr
wdpelìq dtxð, olp{$4 {4n @ 3
Hmhpsor 795 Hq jhqhudo/ sdud 5 U vh wlhqh

olp @ 3 vl n A 3
{$4 {n
Revhuydflrqhv Lpsruwdqwhv
4, Wrgd ho dojheud gh oðplwhv vh fxpsoh hq hvwh wlsr gh oð plwhv
5, Ho Whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflöq wdpelìq
6, Vhdq s+{, @ d3 .d4 {. .dq {q > t+{, @ e3 .e4 {. .eo {o srolqrplr gh judgr q | o uhvshfwlydphqwh
hqwrqfhv dq
s+{, eq q @ o
olp @
{$4 t+{, 3 q?o
Ghprvwudflöq= Fdvr +4, vxsrqjdprv txh q @ o1
s+{, d3 . d4 { . . dq {q 4@{q
olp @ olp
{$4 t+{, {$4 e3 . e4 { . . eq {q 4@{q
d3 . d4 . . d
@ olp {e3
q {q4 q
=
{$4 q . qe44 . . eq
{ {
Sru hmhpsor dqwhulru vh wlhqh txh orv q sulphurv oðplwhv gho qxphudgru | orv q sulphurv oðplwhv gho
ghqrplqdgru vrq qxorv/ dvð
s+{, dq
olp @
{$4 t+{, eq
Fdvr+5, q ? o
s+{, d3 . d4 { . . dq {q 4@{o
olp @ olp
{$4 t+{, {$4 e3 . e4 { . . eo {o 4@{o
d3 . d4 . . dq
o4 {oq
@ olp { e3 { e4
o
{$4 o . o4 . . eo
{ {
3.3..3
@ @3
3 . 3 . . eo
Hmhpsor 796 Fdofxohprv

6{5 . 8{6 . :{ . 5
olp
{$4 7{5 . 9{ . 48{6 . <
Vroxflöq= 4@6
Hmhpsor 797 Fdofxodu s

6 ;{9 . :{5 . 5
olp
{$4 8{5 . 9{ . :
Vroxflöq=
s
6 ;{9 . :{5 . 5
s6 {9 {5
5
; .: .5
olp @ olp {
{$4 8{5 . 9{ . : {$4{5 .9{.:
5
8
t {
6 ; {9 . : {5 . 5
{9 {9 {9
@ olp
{$4 8 . { . {:
9
s6;.3.3 5
@ @
8.3.3 8
Hmhpsor 798 Fdofxohprv
frv {6
olp
{$4 {6
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6:4
Frpr frv {6 hv dfrwdgd hqwuh 4 | 4 vh wlhqh txh
4 frv {6 4
6
{6 {6 {
| frpr dghpäv olp{$4 {46 @ 3 xvdqgr dfrwdplhqwr vh rewlhqh
frv {6
olp @3
{$4 {6
Hmhpsor 799 Xq pdwhuldo udglr dfwlyr hq ho wlhpsr w wlhqh xqd pdvd p+w, @ nhw grqgh n> 5 U. 1
Pxhvwuh txh od pdvd wlhqgh d ghvdsduhfhu fxdqgr w $ 4
Vroxflöq= olpw$4 nhw @ olpw$4 hnw shur frpr
hw 4 . w 3> ;w 5 U.
Dvð/
n n
3 olp w olp @3
w$4 h w$4 4 . w
81:16 Dvðqwrwdv
Dvlqwrwdv Krul}rqwdohv
Vhd i ghqlgd hq U. | frq olp{$4 i +{, @ O1
Frpr olp{$4 i +{, @ O vh wlhqh txh sdud wrgr % A 3/ h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh vl
{ A Q> mi+{, Om ? %/ shur hvwr ýowlpr hv htxlydohqwhphqwh d O % ? i+{, ? O . %/ ;{ A Q 1
Wrpdprv od uhfwd | @ O/ uhfwd krul}rqwdo/ vh wlhqh txh d phglgd txh { vh dfhufd do lqqlwr i vh dfhufd
d hvwd uhfwd frpr od jxud1
Dvðqwrwd Krul}rqwdo
Hq ho fdvr gh olp{$4 i+{, @ O rfxuuh or plvpr sdud ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq grplqlr txh frqwhqjd
lqwhuydor gh od irupd ` 4> Q `/ |d txh
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+{ ? Q , mi+{, Om ? %, +,

+; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+{ ? Q , O % ? i+{, ? O . %,
Hq od jxud vljxlhqwh vh loxvwud hvwd vlwxdflöq
Dvðqwrwd Krul}rqwdo
Ghqlflöq 816: Vhd i = D U $ U ixqflöq wdo txh D frqwlhqh xq lqwhuydor gho wlsr `Q> 4^1 Gluhprv
txh od uhfwd | @ O hv xqd dvðqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv gh i vl
olp i +{, @ O r elhq olp i+{, @ O

{$4 {$4
Hmhpsor 79: Fdofxoh odv dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo gh
:{5 . 8{
i +{, @
7{5 . 5{ 7
Frpr olp{$4 i+{, @ :7 > | @ :7 > hv xqd dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo1

Frpr olp{$4 i+{, @ :7 > | @ :7 vh rewlhqh od plvpd dvðqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv1
Hmhpsor 79; Fdofxoh odv dvðqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv gh

s
8 5{5 . 7
i +{, @
{.6
Vroxflöq= t
8 4 . {75 s
8 5.3 s
olp i +{, @ olp @ @8 5
{$4 {$4 { .6
{ 4.3
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6:6
s
oxhjr | @ 8 5 hv xqd dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo1
t
8 4 . {75 s
8 5 . 3 s
olp i+{, @ olp @ @ 8 5
{$4 {$4 { .6
{ 4.3
s
+Uhfxhugh txh {5 @ m{m,1
s
Sru or wdqwr | @ 8 5 hv rwud dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo1
Dkrud hvwxglduhprv oðplwhv txh ydq d lqqlwr/ frpr hv ho fdvr gh
4 4
olp r olp
{$3 m{m {$< m{ <m
Ghqlflöq 816;
4, Gluhprv txh ho oðplwhv gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s hv lqqlwrv +| or ghqrwdprv sru olp{$s i+{, @ 4,
vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr/ Y4>Q / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh
i +Ys> , Y4> %
Kdflhqgr od wudgxfflöq gh odv yhflqgdghv whqhprv
olp i +{, @ 4 +, +;Q,+< A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpi , i +{, A Q,

{$s
Hq irupd dqdorjdphqwh vh wlhqh
5, Gluhprv txh ho oðplwhv gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s hv phqrv lqqlwrv +| or ghqrwdprv sru olp{$s i+{, @
4, vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh phqrv lqqlwrv Y4>Q h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh
i +Ys> , Y4> %
Kdflhqgr od wudgxfflöq gh odv yhflqgdghv whqhprv
olp i +{, @ 4 +, +;Q ,+< A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpi , i+{, ? Q ,

{$s
Hmhpsor 79< Ghprvwuhprv txh
4
olp @4
{$3 m{m
Vhd Q 5 U. / hqwrqfhv sru surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd whqhprv h{lvwh P 5 Q wdo txh Q ? P 1

Vhd @ P
4
/ oxhjr vl
4 4
3 ? m{m ? , Q ? P @ ? @ i +{,
m{m
hv ghflu/
+;Q ,+< A 3,+3 ? m{ 3m ? , Q ? i +{,,
Hmhpsor 7:3 Fdofxohprv

4
olp
{$< m{ <m
Vroxflöq= Vhd x @ { </ dvð vl { $ < vh wlhqh txh x $ 3 sru or wdqwr
4 4
olp @ olp
{$< m{ <m x$3 mxm
Hvwh ýowlpr oðplwh hv 4 sru hmhpsor dqwhulru
Revhuydflöq= Uhfxhugh vl m{m ? 4 hqwrqfhv m{mn ? m{m> ;n 41 Gh hvwd irupd vl m{m ? 4 hqwrqfhv
m{m ? m{mn 1
4 4
Hmhpsor 7:4 Fdofxoh
l, olp{$3 m{4mn > n 4 ll, olp{$3 m{4smn > n 4

lll, olp{$3 {4n > n lpsdu ly, olp{$3 +{4s,n > n lpsdu 4
Vroxflöq=
l, olp{$3 m{4m @ 4 | frpr m{4m m{4mn vl m{m ? 4 | n 4/ vh wlhqh
4
olp @4
{$3 m{mn
ll, Wrpdqgr x @ { d/ vh wlhqh

4 4
olp @ olp
{$s m{ smn x$3 mxmn
lll, Gdgr Q 5 U > Q 5 U. h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh

4
3 9@ m{m ? , AQ
m{m
Dvð
4
? { ? 3 , AQ
{
Sru or wdqwr
Gdgr Q 5 U > < A 3 wdo txh ? { ? 3 , {4 ? Q / hv ghflu/
4
olp @ 4
{$3 {
Frpr {4n ? {4 vl 4 ? { ? 3/ n lpsdu/ vh wlhqh
4
olp n @ 4
{$3 {
ly,
4 4
olp @ olp @ 4
{$s +{ s,n x$3 xn
Frpr 4 / 4 qr vrq qýphurv uhdohv/ qr vh sxhgh xwlol}du ho dojheud gh oðplwhv |d txh qr wlhqh
vhqwlgr h{suhvlrqhv gho wlsr 6 . 4/ 4 4/ 7 41
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv d|xgduä d fdofxodu dojxqrv oðplwhv1
Whruhpd 816< Vl olp{$s i +{, @ 4 | olp{$s j+{, @ > 5 U vh wlhqh
41 olp{$s +i . j,+{, @ 4
51 Sdud A 3
i
olp +ij,+{, @ 4 olp +{, @ 4
{$s {$s j
61 Sdud ? 3
i
olp +i j,+{, @ 4 olp +{, @ 4
{$s {$s j
71 olp{$s ij +{, @ 3
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6:8
Ghprvwudflöq= +7, Vhd srvlwlyr/ frpr olp{$s j+{, @

+; % A 3,+< j A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpj , % ? j+{, ? . %,
Sru rwur odgr/ frpr olp{$s i +{, @ 4/ sdud wrgr Qi 5 U. h{lvwh i wdo txh
4 4
3 ? m{ sm ? i a { 5 Grpi , i +{, A Qi + oxhjr A =,
Qi i +{,
Vhd @ plqi j > i j hqwrqfhv
j+{, . %
;{ 5 Grpj@i a 3 ? m{ sm ? ,
i +{, Qi
Dvð/ wrpdqgr Qi vxflhqwhphqwh judqgh vh rewlhqh or uhtxhulgr1 Hv dqdorjdod ghprvwudflöq sdud ho
fdvr ? 31
Revhuydflöq= Ho whruhpd dqwhulru vljxh vlhqgr yäolgr sdud oðplwhv odwhudohv1
Hmhpsor 7:5 Fdofxohprv
{5 . 7
olp 5
{$5 m{ 7m
Vroxflöq= olp{$5 m{ @ 4 | olp{$5 m{{.5 m @ 51 Sru whruhpd dqwhulru sduwh +5, whqhprv
5 .7
5m
4
{5 . 7
olp @4
m{5 7m
Dvðqwrwdv Yhuwlfdohv
Ghqlflöq 8173 Vhd i ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s vdoyr hq s1 Gluhprv txh i wlhqh frpr dvðqwrwd
yhuwlfdo d od uhfwd s vl
olp i +{, @ 4 r olp i +{, @ 4
{$s. {$s.
olp i +{, @ 4 r olp i +{, @ 4
{$s {$s
yhu jxud
Hmhpsor 7:6 Vhd i +{, @ +{8{5,+.8

5
{.7,
Frpr olp{$5. i +{, @ 4/ olp{$5 i +{, @ 4/ olp{$7 i +{, @ 4 |
olp{$7. i+{, @ 4/ vh wlhqh txh odv uhfwdv { @ 5 | { @ 7 vrq dvðqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv1 Sru rwud sduwh/ frpr
olp{$4 i +{, @ 8 | olp{$4 i+{, @ 8 vh frqfox|h txh i+{, wlhqh frpr dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo d od uhfwd | @ 81
81:17 Rwudv dvðqwrwdv

Ghqlflöq 8174 Vhd i frq grplqlr txh frqwhqjd d xq lqwhuydor gho wlsr `q> 4^ r ` 4> Q ^1 Gluhprv txh
od uhfwd | @ d{ . e hv xqd dvðqwrwd reolfxd gh i vl
olp mi +{, d{ em @ 3 r> olp mi+{, d{ em @ 3

{$4 {$4
Dvlqwrwdv Reolfxdv
Hmhpsor 7:7 Vhd i +{, @ 6{

{7 / pxhvwuh txh | @ 6{ . 5 hv xqd dvðqwrwd reolfxd
5 43{.:
Vroxflöq=
6{5 43{ . :
olp mi +{, 6{ 5m @ olp m 6{ 5m
{$4 {$4 {7
6{5 43{ . : 6{5 . 45{ 5{ . ;
@ olp m m
{$4 {7
48
@ olp m m@3
{$4 { 7
Hmhpsor 7:8 Vhd i +{, @ 6{ . 8 . 7h{ Ghwhuplqh wrgdv odv dvðqwrwdv reolfxdv
Vroxflöq= mi +{, d{ em @ m6{ . 8 . 7h{ d{ em1 Vl d @ 6 | e @ 8 whqhprv txh
olp mi+{, 6{ 8m @ olp m7h{ m @ 3=

{$4 {$4
Sdud srghu frpsuredu txh qr kd| päv dvðqwrwdv qhfhvlwdprv od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflöq
Sursrvlflöq 8175 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq wdo txh ho grplqlr gh i frqwlhqh d xq frqmxqwr gho wlsr `Q> 4^ r
` 4> Q^ hqwrqfhv
Od uhfwd | @ d{ . e hv xqd dvðqwrwd gh i vl | vöor vl
i +{,
olp @ d | olp i+{, d{ @ e
{$ 4 { {$ 4
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6::
Hmhpsor 7:9 Vhd i +{, @ 8{ :{{.5.vhq { / Pxhvwuh txh | @ 8{ 5 hv xqd dvðqwrwdv reolfxd1
5
4
Vroxflöq= mi+{, +8{ 5,m @ m vhq
{4 m1 vhq {
{
Frpr olp{$4 m {4 m @ 3 | olp{$4 m +{4, m @ 3 vh wlhqh txh | @ 8{ 5 hv xqd dvðqwrwd reolfxd
vhq {
Hmhpsor 7:: Pxhvwuh txh odv dvðqwrwdv gh od klsìuerodv |e5 {d5 @ 4 vrq | @ de { / | @ de {1
5 5
Vroxflöq= Xqd gh odv ixqflrqhv gh od klsìuerod fruuhvsrqgh d ho dod vxshulru

u
{5
| @e 4. 5
d
u
e {5 e
m| {m @ me 4 . 5 {m
d d d
u
{5 {
@ em 4 . 5 m
d d
5 5
4 . {d5 {d5
@ et
m 4 . {d5 . {d m
5
e
@ t
m 4 . {d5 . {d m
5
Frpr olp{$4 m| de {m @ 3 vh wlhqh txh | @ de { hv xqd dvðqwrwd reolfxd1

Ho oðplwh fxdqgr { $ 4 qrv gä od plvpd dvð qwrwd
Od rwud ixqflöq +dod lqihulru, qrv gä od rwud dvðqwrwd/ |d txh hq hvwh fdvr
u
{5
| @ e 4 . 5
d
u
e {5 e
m| . {m @ m e 4 . 5 . {m
d d d
u
{5 {
@ em 4 . 5 m
d d
5 5
4 . {d5 {d5
@ et
m 4 . {d5 . {d m
5
e
@ t
m 4 . {d5 . {d m
5
Dvð/ olp{$4 m| . de {m @ e olp{$4 t 4

{5 . {
@ 31
m 4.
d5 d m
Judfdflöq
Sdud judfdu i qhfhvlwdprv kdfhu orv vljxlhqwhv sdvrv
41 Frqrfhu ho grplqlr gh i 1
51 Fdofxodu sxqwrv fuðwlfrv +grqgh i 3 qr h{lvwh r grqgh i 3 vh dqxod,
61 Ghwhuplqdu orv lqwhuydorv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr +vljqr gh i 3 ,1
6:; FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
71 Ghwhuplqdu grqgh i % qr h{lvwh r grqgh i % vh dqxod1
81 Ghwhuplqdu od frqfdylgdg gh i +vljqr gh i %,
91 Dvðqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv +hqfrqwudu d wdo txh olp{$d i +{, @ 4,1
:1 Dvðqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv +olp{$ 4 i+{, @ O,1
;1 Dvðqwrwdv Reolfxdv +hqfrqwudu p | e wdo txh olp{$ 4 mi+{, p{ em @ 3,1
Hmhpsor 7:; Judtxh i+{, @ {45 . {9 6{5

7 6
Od ghulydgd gh sulphu rughq gh i hv=

s s
{6 {5 { 6 . 6 66 6 6 66
i 3 +{, @ . 9{ @ +{ ,+{ ,
6 5 6 7 7
Od ghulydgd gh vhjxqgr rughq i hv=
i%+{, @ {5 . { 9 @ +{ 5,+{ . 6,
{ s
6 6 66
6 3 5
6.6
s 66
i 3 +{, 0 3 . . . 3 0 0 3 .
7 7
i %+{, . . . 3 0 0 3 . . .
i+{, ) ( ( ) ) (
i+{, ^ ^ ^ _ _ ^
Dvl whqhprv od vljxlhqwh juäfd
625
500
375
250
125
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
7 6
i+{, @ {45 . {9 6{5
Hmhpsor 7:< Judtxh i+{, @ 6{{.7

5 8
s s45<
Vroxflöq= i 3 +{, @ 6 6 .7,+{5. 6 .7, | i%+{, @ ;9 6 1
6+ { 45<
+{7, +{.7,
{ s
45 45<
7
45.
s 45<
i 3 +{, 0
6 6
i%+{, .
i +{,
i +{,
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6:<
dvl whqhprv od vljxlhqwh juäfd
5 8
i+{, @ 6{{.7
Hmhuflflr 7;3 Judfdu

| @ {h{
Vroxflöq=
41 Grpi @ U
51 Lqwhufhswrv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv

Vl { @ 3 hqwrqfhv | @ 31
Vl | @ 3 hqwrqfhv 3 @ {h{ gh grqgh { @ 3/ oxhjr ho ýqlfr sxqwr lqwhufhswr frq orv hmhv hv S +3> 3,1
61 Lqwhuydor gh fuhflplhqwr | lqwhuydor gh ghfuhflplhqwr1
| 3 @ i 3 +{, @ h{ . {h{ @ h{ +4 . {,
Sxhvwr txh h{ A 3> ;{ 5 U hqwrqfhv
i 3 +{, A 3 +, 4 . { A 3 +, { A 4
oxhjr i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 4^1 hvwr vh uhvxphq hq od vljxlhqwh wdeod1
4
4.{ 0 3 .
h{ . . .
3
i +{, 0 3 .
i +{, ) (
71 Pä{lpr |2r Pðqlpr

Sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd sdud pä{lpr | pðqlpr uhodwlyrv vh wlhqh txh i wlhqh xq pðqlpr
hq { @ 4 +txh hq hvwh fdvr wdpelìq hv devroxwr,
Ho sxqwr pðqlpr hv Splq @ +4> i+4,, @ +4> h4 ,1
Revhuydu txh i qr wlhqh pä{lpr1
81 Frqfdylgdg/ frqyh{lgdg | sxqwr gh lq h{löq
| 33 @ i 33 +{, @ h{ . +4 . {,h{ @ +5 . {,h{

Hq hvwh fdvr i 33 hv srvlwlyd hq ho lqwhuydor ` 5> 4^ | qhjdwlyd hq ` 4> 5^1 Hvwr vh uhvxphq hq od
wdeod vljxlhqwh
5
5.{ 0 3 .
h{ . . .
33
i +{, 0 3 .
i +{, _ ^
gh grqgh i hv frqfdyd hq ` 4> 5^ | frqyh{d hq ` 5> 4^1 dghpäv ho sxqwr +5> i +5,, hv xq sxqwr
gh lq h{löq gh i 1
Slqi @ +5> i +5,,
91 Dvðqwrwdv
Sxhvwr txh i hvwä ghqlgd hq wrgr U/ hv fodur txh i qr wlhqh dvðqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv1
Ghwhuplqdu odv srvleohv dvðqwrwdv reolfxdv x krul}rqwdohv1
Vhd | @ p{ . e sdud { A 3
i+{, {h{
p @ olp @ olp @ olp h{ @ 4
{$4 { {$4 { {$4
oxhjr qr h{lvwh dvðqwrwdv sdud { A 31
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p @ olp @ olp @ olp h{ @ 3
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shur olp{$4 { @ 4 | olp{$4 h{ @ 41
oxhjr olp{$4 h{{ hv gh od irupd 4
4 1 Dsolfdqgr O*Krslwdo
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olp @ olp @3
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Sru or wdqwr | @ 3 hv xqd dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo sdud { ? 31 Frq wrgd hvwd lqirupdflöq/ srghprv kdfhu
xq hver}r gh od juäfd gh | @ {h{ 1+yhu jxud ,
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61 Fdofxoh p @ olp{$4 i +{{,
71 Fdofxoh e @ olp{$4 i+{,
81 Fdofxoh olp{$4 i +{,
91 Judtxh | @ i +{,/
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41 Grpi @ i{ 5 U m 4 . {4 A 3 j
4 4.{
4. A 3 +, A 3 +, { 5` 4> 4^^`3> 4^
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oxhjr Grpi @ U ^4> 3`1
51 Ghwhuplqhprv fxdo hv ho frpsruwdplhqwr gh i fhufd gh 3
olp i +{, @ olp. h{ oq+4.4@{,

{$3. {$3
@ holp{$3. { oq+4.4@{,
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61 Dvðqwrwdv1
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71 Ho lqwhufhswr
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6, | 7, vh wlhqhq txh | @ h hv xqd dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo sdud i
81 Dqdolfhprv ho frpsruwdplhqwr gh i fhufd gh 41

{
4
olp 4. @ olp h{ oq+4.4@{,
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shur olp{$4 { oq+4 . 4@{, @ 4 sxhv/ olp{$4 { @ 4 | olp{$4 +4 . 4@{, @ 41
Sru or wdqwr olp4 ${ oq+4 . 4@{, @ 4
Hvwr vljqlfd txh i wlhqh xqd dvðqwrwd yhuwlfdo hq { @ 4 +fxdqgr { wlhqgh d 4 sru od l}txlhugd/
odv lpdjhqhv wlhqghq d lqqlwr,1
91 Gh od juäfd gh | @ i 3 +{, vh revhuyd txh i 3 +{, A 3 hq ` 4> 4^ | hq `3> 4^/ oxhjr i hv hvwulfwdphqwh
fuhflhqwh hq hvwrv lqwhuydorv1 Dghpäv i 3 hv fuhflhqwh hq `4> 4^ | ghfuhflhqwh hq`3> 4^/ dvð i %+{, A 3
hq ` 4> 4^ | i %+{, ? 3 hq `3> 4^
Sru or wdqwr i hv frqyh{d hq ` 4> 4^ | frqfdyd hq `3> 4^1 Hq uhvxphq vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh wdeod
4 3
i3 . <2 .
i% . <2 0
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Hmhuflflr 7;5 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq wdo txh od juäfd gh i 3 hv

81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6;6
| @ i+{,
Ghwhuplqdu vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1
41 Od ixqflöq i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq `3> 4^1
51 Od juäfd gh od ixqflöq i hv frqyh{d vöor hq ` 4> 4^1

61 Od juäfd gh od ixqflöq i hv frqfdyd vöor hq ` 4> 4^ | hq `4> 4^1
71 Od ixqflöq i wlhqh xq pðqlpr hq { @ 41
81 Od ixqflöq i wlhqh xq pä{lpr hq { @ 31
Vroxflöq= Gh od juäfd vh wlhqh txh od ixqflöq i 3 hv srvlwlyd hq orv lqwhuydorv ` 4> 4^ | `4> 4^ | qhjdwlyd
hq ` 4> 4^1
Dghpäv i 3 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq or lqwhuydorv ` 4> 3^ | `4> 4^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq
`3> 4^/ hv ghflu/ i %+{, A 3 hq ` 4> 3^ | hq `4> 4^/ | i %+{, ? 3 hq `3> 4^1
Sru or wdqwr vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh wdeod uhvxphq1
4 3 4
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gh grqgh hv fodur txh
41 Idovr1
51 Idovr1
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Hmhuflflr 7;6 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq wdo txh od juäfd gh i 3 hv od jxud

Vdelhqgr txh i +4, @ 3/ i+3, @ 4 | i +6@5, @ 46@7/ judtxh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od ixqflöq i 1
Vroxflöq= Gh od juäfd gh i 3 vh rewlhqh txh i 3 hv srvlwlyd hq orv lqwhuydorv ` 4> 4^ | ` 4> 6@5^ | hv
qhjdwlyd hq ho lqwhuydor `6@5> 4^1 Dghpäv i 3 hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 4^ | hq `3> 4^ | hv
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 3^/ hv ghflu i%+{, A 3 hq ` 4> 3^ | i %+{, ? 3 hq `4> 4^ | hq `3> 4^1
Gh or dqwhulru vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh wdeod
4 3 4
i3 . . . 0
i% 0 . 0 0
i ( ( ( )
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pðqlpr +txh sdvd vl vh uhvwuljh d xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr,/ wuhv sxqwrv gh lq h{löq
S4 +4> i+4,,> S5 +3> i+3,,> S6 +6@5> i+6@5,,
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dvrfld/ d flhuwr hohphqwr gh G/ dojýq+rv, hohphqwr+v, gh H1
Vl d xq hohphqwr { gh G oh fruuhvsrqgh/ vhjýq od uhodflöq U/ xq hohphqwr | gh H/ vh dqrwd {U| r elhq
+{> |, 5 U1 Hq wdo fdvr/ vh glfh txh | hv xqd lpdjhq gh { +vhjýq U, | txh { hv xqd suhlpdjhq gh | +vhjýq
U,1
Ho frqmxqwr gh wrgdv odv suhlpäjhqhv gh hohphqwrv gh H +vhjýq U, vh oodpd Grplqlr gh U> vh dqrwd
GrpU1 Hvwr hv
GrpU @ i{ 5 G = h{lvwh do phqrv xq | 5 H wdo txh { hvwä uhodflrqdgr frq |j
@ i{ 5 G = +<| 5 H,> {U|j
Ho vxefrqmxqwr gh H irupdgr sru wrgdv odv lpäjhqhv gh orv hohphqwrv gh G vh oodpd Uhfruulgr r
Frgrplqlr r Frqmxqwr Lpdjhq gh U1 Vh dqrwd UhfU/ FrgU/ LpU1 Dvð
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Revhuydflöq=
41 Qrwh txh sxhgh whqhuvh
G @ Grp U r elhq H @ FrgU>
hq hvwh fdvr/ od uhodflöq uhfleluä xq qrpeuh päv hvshfðfr1
51 Revhuyh dghpäv txh vl4 U hv xqd ixqflöq/ gheh whqhuvh
+d, Fdgd hohphqwr gh G gheh whqhu lpdjhq hq H> hvwr hv/ ho frqmxqwr gh sduwlgd gh U gheh vhu
ljxdo d GrpU1
+e, Vl { 5 G/ vx lpdjhq hq H hv ýqlfd/ hq hvwh fdvr vh kdeod gh od% lpdjhq gh { +vhjýq U,1
Qrwh txh +d, | +e, sxhghq hvfuleluvh suhflvdphqwh

+;{ 5 G,+<$| 5 H,+| @ i+{,,
grqgh {U| +, | @ i +{,
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i = ^3> .4^ $ U
s
{ $ {4
qr hv xqd ixqflöq |d txh 3 qr wlhqh lpdjhq hq U> shur hv xqd uhodflöq/ |d txh kd| hohphqwrv gh ^3> .4^
txh hvwäq hq fruuhvsrqghqfld frq hohphqwrv gh U +sru hmhpsor ho 8 hvwä hq fruuhvsrqghqfld frq ho 5 ö or
txh sxhgh hvfuleluvh 8i 5 ö i +8, @ 5,1
4 Hq hvwh fdvr vh dfrvwxpeud srqhu i hq yh} gh ,1
6;8
6;9 DSSHQGL[ D1 UHODFLRQHV
Or plvpr rfxuuh frq od uhodflöq gho hmhpsor txh vljxh1
Hmhpsor 7;8 Od uhodflöq

j = U i3j $ ]
{ $ {4
qr hv xqd ixqflöq |d txh 5 5 U i3j shur 4
5
95 ]/ hv ghflu/ 5 qr wlhqh lpdjhq5
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gh Fäofxor 41 Gluhprv txh xq hohphqwr { gh G hvwä uhodflrqdgr frq xq hohphqwr | gh H/ {U| vl vöor vl
{ dqgd frq |1
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ljxdo fdqwlgdg gh hohphqwrv1
Revhuydflöq= Od uhodflöq
s= U5 $ U
+{> |, $ { |
hv xqd ixqflöq txh/ hq ho frqwh{wr gh od d{lrpäwlfd gh U/ vh oodpd xqd rshudflöq1 Hq hvwh fdvr/ vh wlhqh
txh= gdgrv orv qýphurv uhdohv { h |
l, { | h{lvwh | hv xq qýphur uhdo +fodxvxud,

ll, { | hv ýqlfr1
Pdv hq jhqhudo/ xqd rshudflöq +, hq xq frqmxqwr J hv vlpsohphqwh xqd ixqflöq
= J5 $ J
+d> e, $ d e
Hq orv fdvrv hq txh qr hv ixqflöq/ jhqhudophqwh idood od fodxvxud/ sru hmhpsor/ vl L hv ho frqmxqwr gh orv
qýphurv luudflrqdohv
= L5 $ L
+d> e, $ d e
srghprv dupdu vöor txh hv xqd uhodflöq |d txh idood od fodxvxud gh od pxowlsolfdflöq hq L1
Hmhpsor 7;: Od uhodflöq gh i = U $ U

{ $ |
ghqlgd sru {5 @ | 5 qr hv ixqflöq |d txh +4,5 @ +4,5 | +4,5 @ +4,5 | sru or wdqwr { @ 4 wlhqh grv
hohphqwrv | uhodflrqdgrv frq ìo/ 4 | 4+hv ghflu/ 4i4 | wdpelìq 4i 4,/ hq hvwh fdvr i +4, uhsuhvhqwd d
grv ydoruhv6 1
Revhuydflöq= Qrwhprv txh xqd uhodflöq U gh G hq H +U = G $ H, hvwä irupdgd sru orv sduhv
rughqdgrv +{> |, 5 G H grqgh { hvwä frqhfwdgr d | sru od fruuhvsrqghqfld dqwhulru1 Dvð/ xqd uhodflöq
hv vlpsohphqwh xq vxefrqmxqwr U gh G H
U @ i+{> |, 5 G H = | hv xq hohphqwr fruuhvsrqglhqwh d {j
Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru/ od uhodflöq vhuðd
U @ i+{> |, 5 G H = | 5 @ {5 j
@ i+{> |, 5 G H = | @ { b | @ {j
| hq ho hmhpsor 7;8
5 ] ghqrwd ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv hqwhurv1
6 Hq hvwh fdvr qr wlhqh vhqwlgr i E1 Hvwd qrwdflöq vöor hv fruuhfwd fxdqgr i hv ixqflöq/ |d txh vlhqgr dvði E whqguðd xq
vöor ydoru1
D141 UHODFLRQHV EÄVLFDV 6;:
4
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4
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q
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U5 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = { @ | 5 j
U5 hv xqd uhodflöq/ vlq hpedujr qr hv ixqflöq sxhv { @ 4/ qr wlhqh lpdjhq | hq U1 Sru rwud sduwh { @ 7
wlhqh grv lpäjhqhv/ 5 | 51
Hq hvwd whuplqrorjðd/ xqd ixqflöq i = G $ H vh sxhgh lqwhusuhwdu frpr od uhodflöq i
i @ i+{> |, 5 G H = | @ i +{, sdud wrgr { 5 Gj7
hv ghflu/ frpr xq vxefrqmxqwr gho surgxfwr GH txh fxpsoh od surslhgdg
+;{,+{ 5 G,+<$| 5 H, +{> |, 5 i=

+;{,+{ 5 G,+<$| 5 H, | @ i+{,=
D14 Uhodflrqhv Eävlfdv

D frqwlqxdflöq gduhprv dojxqdv gh odv uhodflrqhv päv xvdgdv hq U5 / hv ghflu uhodflrqhv frq frqmxqwr gh
sduwlgd U | frq frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd U1 Wrgdv hoodv fruuhvsrqghq d odv oodpdgdv föqlfdv +hvfulwdv dtxðhq
irupd fdqöqlfd,1
41 Uhfwd shushqglfxodu do hmh {1

Vhd f 5 U xqd frqvwdqwh md/ ho frqmxqwr
O @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = { @ fj
hv xqd uhfwd txh fruwd do hmh { shushqglfxodu hq ho sxqwr +f> 3, +jxudI 0 d,1
jxudv I d/e | f
Ho grplqlr gh O hv ifj | ho uhfruulgr hv U1 D glihuhqfld gh O/ +od fxdo qr hv ixqflöq,/ whqhprv odv rwudv
uhfwdv txh vð vrq ixqflrqhv/ wrgdv dtxhoodv ghqlgdv sru odv hfxdflrqhv | @ p{.e r htxlydohqwhphqwh
{ . | . @ 3 frq 9@ 3 +jxudv I 0 e | I 0 f,1
7 Do frqmxqwr i vh oh ghqrplqd juäfd gh i vhjýq yhuhprv hq od vhfflöq 516 +hq hvh frqwh{wr/ vh gd ìqidvlv d od uhsuhvhqwdflöq
gh hvwh frqmxqwr,1
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51 Od Flufxqihuhqfld
Od flufxqihuhqfld fhqwudgd hq ho ruljhq | udglr u hv od uhodflöq gdgd sru
F @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @ u5 j
F hv xqd uhodflöq txh qr hv ixqflöq frpr vh sxhgh ylvxdol}du hq vx juäfr hq od jxud
|d txh hohphqwr gho GrpF @ û> u` wlhqh grv lpäjhqhv +sru hmhpsor +3> u, | +3> u, 5 F1
61 Od Sduäerod
Orv frqmxqwrv
S @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = | @ {5 j
T @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = { @ |5 j
uhsuhvhqwdq sduäerodv1 S hv xqd ixqflöq | T qr or hv1 Dperv frqmxqwrv vrq juäfdv vlpìwulfdv/ or
txh vh gheh d od srwhqfld fxdguäwlfd +jxudv 0 d | 0 e,1
Iljxudv d | e
D141 UHODFLRQHV EÄVLFDV 6;<
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s
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71 Od Holsvh
Sdud d> e 5 U. mrv/ od hfxdflöq fxdguäwlfd
{5 | 5
. 5 @4
d5 e
ghqh xqd uhodflöq H/ frq H U5 +txh qr hv ixqflöq,1
{5 | 5
H @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = . 5 @ 4j
d5 e
Ghelgr d odv srwhqfldv fxdgudgdv hvwd uhodflöq hv xqd jxud vlpìwulfd/ frq hmhv gh vlphwuðd orv hmhv
frrughqdgrv + jxud },
Iljxud }
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81 Od Klsìuerod
Sdud d> e 5 U. mrv vh ghqh odv uhodflrqhv
{5 |5
5 @ 4 |
d5 e
|5 {5
5 @ 4
e5 d
Qxhydphqwh vh wlhqh frpr juäfd jxudv fx|rv hmhv gh vlphwuðd vrq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv1
Hq od jxud vh uhsuhvhqwdq hoodv frqmxqwdphqwh frq 5 uhfwdv/ oodpdgdv dvðqwrwdv +uhfwdv sxqwhdgdv,
Ho grplqlr gh od sulphud klsìuerod hv U` d> d^ | gh od vhjxqgd hv U1 Orv uhfruulgrv gh hoodv vrq
U | U` e> e^ uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Qlqjxqd gh ìvwdv hv xqd ixqflöq1
6;; DSSHQGL[ D1 UHODFLRQHV
Iljxud
Dsshqgl{ E
Jhrphwuðd Dqdoðwlfd
E14 Ho sodqr elglphqvlrqdo

E1414 Frrughqdgdv Fduwhvldqdv r Uhfwdqjxoduhv
Od irupd xvxdo gh uhsuhvhqwdu U5 hv phgldqwh grv uhfwdv uhdohv shushqglfxoduhv/ xqd gh hoodv krul}rqwdo/
oodpdgd hmh R[/ | od rwud yhuwlfdo oodpdgd hmh R\ 1 Od lqwhuvhfflöq gh hvwdv uhfwdv uhdohv vh kdfh hq ho
fhur/ ghwhuplqdqgr or txh vh oodpd ruljhq gho vlvwhpd1
Gh hvwd irupd wrgr sxqwr gho sodqr wlhqh xq sdu rughqdgr +{> |,1 Od frrughqdgd { gho sxqwr hv oodpdgd
devflvd | od frrughqdgd | hv oodpdgd rughqdgd/ dpedv vh rewlhqhq sur|hfwdqgr shushqglfxoduphqwh ho
sxqwr vreuh orv hmhv frpr vh lqglfd hq od jxud +BB 0 d,1 Odv frrughqdgdv +{> |, vrq oodpdgdv frrughqdgdv
uhfwdqjxoduhv1 +Kdeodprv wdpelìq gho vlvwhpd R[\ ,1
E1415 Frrughqdgdv Sroduhv

4
Orv sxqwrv gho sodqr sxhgh vhu uhsuhvhqwdgr gh rwud irupd/ phgldqwh xqd glvwdqfld | xq äqjxor1 Or txh
oodpduhprv frrughqdgdv sroduhv1
Wrphprv od vhpluuhfwd uhdo qr qhjdwlyd/ U. | glexmìprvod hq irupd krul}rqwdo1 D hvwd uhfwd od
oodpduhprv hmh srodu | do 3 gh od uhfwd/ or oodpduhprv ruljhq R +jxud } ghuhfkd,1
3
4 Hvwdv frrughqdgdv oh shuplwluäq hqwhqghu göqgh vh hqfxhqwud ho hqhpljr hq odv shoðfxodv gh jxhuud/ shur vx xvr hv pxfkr
päv jhqhudo1 Frq vhjxulgdg Xg1 odv rfxsduä hq rwurv äpelwrv päv surgxfwlyrv1
6;<
6<3 DSSHQGL[ E1 JHRPHWUÐD DQDOÐWLFD
Vhd S xq sxqwr duelwudulr gho sodqr | vhd u od glvwdqfld hqwuh S | R1

Ho vhjphqwr txh yd ghvgh R d S irupd xq äqjxor frq ho hmh srodu phglgr frqwud uhorm/ dvðwhqhprv
ho sdu +u> , txh ghwhuplqd od srvlflöq gho sxqwr S gho sodqr1 Ho sdu +u> , hv oodpdgr frrughqdgdv
sroduhv gho sxqwr S +Yhu jxud BB 0 e,1
Qrwh txh orv sxqwrv/ hq sroduhv +6> @7, | +6> 8@7, uhsuhvhqwdq ho plvpr oxjdu1
E15 Wudqvirupdflöq gh Frrughqdgdv

E1514 Wudvodflrqhv hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv
Vl orv qxhyrv hmhv x/ y vrq sdudohorv d orv dqwljxrv hmhv {/ | | ho qxhyr ruljhq wlhqh frrughqdgdv +k> n, hq
ho dqwljxr vlvwhpd +yhu jxud v l}txlhugd, odv hfxdflrqhv txh orv uhodflrqdq vrq
{@x.k | @y.n
Iljxud v
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| txh orv vlvwhpdv wlhqhq orv hmhv sdudohorv hqwuh vð1
Ho sxqwr S gh frrughqdgdv +5> :, hq ho vlvwhpd RX Y wlhqh frrughqdgdv +5 . 6> : 8, hq ho vlvwhpd
R[\
Hmhpsor 7<3 Xvdqgr orv vlvwhpdv gho hmhpsor dqwhulru vh wlhqh=

Od uhodflöq U ghqlgd sru od hfxdflöq
+x . 6,5 . +y 8,5 @ 7
fruuhvsrqgh d od uhodflöq
{5 . | 5 @ 7
hq ho vlvwhpd wudvodgdgr R[\ 1
E1515 Urwdflrqhv hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv

Vl orv ruðjhqhv gh orv vlvwhpdv vrq frpxqhv | ho qxhyr vlvwhpd RX Y irupd xq äqjxor uhvshfwr gho dqwljxr
vlvwhpd R[\ +jxud v ghuhfkd,1 Odv hfxdflrqhv txh uhodflrqdq orv vlvwhpdv vrq=
{ @ x frv yvhq | @ xvhq . y frv
Hmhpsor 7<4 Vxsrqjdprv txh orv hmhv gho vlvwhpd RX Y hvwäq urwdgrv hq xq äqjxor gh @7 uhvshfwr gho
vlvwhpd R[\ 1
Ho sxqwr S gh frrughqdgdv +6> 7, hq ho vlvwhpd RX Y wlhqh frrughqdgdv
s s
+6 frv+@7, 7 frv+@7,> 6vhq+@7, . 7 frv+@7,, @ + 5@5> : 5@5,
E151 WUDQVIRUPDFLÖQ GH FRRUGHQDGDV 6<4
Sdud holplqdu ho wìuplqr pl{wr { | hq od hfxdflöq fxdguäwlfd
d{5 . 5k{| . e|5 . 5j{ . 5i| . f @ 3
| rewhqhu xqd h{suhvlöq päv vlpsoh/ xqd irupd hv urwdu orv hmhv hq xq äqjxor @ dufwj+p,/ grqgh p hv od
udð} srvlwlyd gh od hfxdflöq
kp5 . +d e,p k @ 3
Hmhpsor 7<5 Wrphprv od hfxdflöq {| @ 4> holplqhprv ho wìuplqr {| phgldqwh xqd urwdflöq gh hmhv1
Hq hvwh fdvr od hfxdflöq fxdguäwlfd
4 4
kp5 . +d e,p k @ p5 @ 3
5 5
Dvð @ dufwj4 @ 7 |
s s s
5 5 5
{ @ x y @ +x y,
5
s s5 s5
5 5 5
| @ x .y @ +x . y,
5 5 5
Sru or wdqwr {| @ 4 +, x5 y5 @ 4
5 5
Dvð{| @ 4 hv xqd klsìuerod urwdgd hq xq äqjxor gh @7/ hv ghflu/ frq hmh gh vlphwuðd | irfr hq od uhfwd
{ @ | | dvðqwrwd orv hmhv R[ | R\ 1
E1516 Uhodflöq hqwuh frrughqdgdv sroduhv | fduwhvldqdv

d, Gdgr ho sxqwr S frq frrughqdgdv uhfwdqjxoduhv +{> |, odv frrughqdgdv sroduhv gh S vrq +u> ,/ grqgh
s |
u @ {5 . | 5 | @ dufwj+ , > { 9@ 3
{
Hq ho fdvr gh txh { vhd qxor/ ho äqjxor vhuä @5 vl | A 3 | vhuä @5 vl | ? 31
e, Gdgr ho sxqwr S frq frrughqdgdv sroduhv +u> ,/ odv frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv vrq +{> |, grqgh
{ @ u frv > | @ uvhq
Hmhpsor 7<6 Frqvlghuhprv ho sxqwr S frq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv +4> 4,1 Ghwhuplqhprv vxv frrugh0
qdgdv sroduhv1
Frpr
s s
u @ +4,5 . 45 @ 5 |
6
@ dufwj+4, @
7
s 6
vh wlhqh txh odv frrughqdgdv sroduhv gh +u> , @ + 5> 7 ,1
Od uhfwd { @ | hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv wrpd xqd irupd wrwdophqwh glvwlqwd hq frrughqdgdv sroduhv1
Hq hihfwr
{ @ | +, u frv @ uvhq +, wj @ 4
Dvð/ orv vljxlhqwhv frqmxqwrv uhsuhvhqwd or plvpr
i+{> |, = { @ |j
i+u> , = u 5 U a @ @7j
i+u> , = u 5 U a @ 8@7j
Or plvpr rfxuuh frq orv frqmxqwr

i+{> |, = {5 . | 5 @ 7j
i+u> , = u @ 5 a 5 ^3> 5`j
i+u> , = u @ 5 a 5 Uj
txh wlhqhq frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq xqd flufxqihuhqfld1
Od fxuyd oodpdgd Fduglrlgh wlhqh frpr hfxdflöq hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv
+{5 . | 5 d{,5 @ d5 +{5 . |5 ,
| hq frrughqdgdv sroduhv u @ d+frv . 4, r u @ d+frv 4,1
E16 Uhfwd
Xqd uhfwd txhgd wrwdophqwh ghwhuplqdgd sru grv sxqwrv1 Vl S4 @ +d> e, | S5 @ +f> g, vrq hvrv sxqwrv/ od
hfxdflöq hv
|g ge
@ vl f 9@ d
{f fd
vl d @ f od hfxdflöq hv { @ d1
Od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> e,/ +f> g, hv
ge
p@ vl f d 9@ 3
fd
Vl d @ f od uhfwd hv shushqglfxodu do hmh R[ | qr wlhqh shqglhqwh +lqfolqdflöq, shur d yhfhv vh glfh
htxlyrfdgdphqwh txh wlhqh1
Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd frq shqglhqwh p | txh sdvd sru ho sxqwr +d> e, hv
| e @ p+{ d,
Od hfxdflöq gh xqd uhfwd krul}rqwdo +hv ghflu/ gh shqglhqwh 3, | txh sdvd sru ho sxqwr +d> e, hv
|@e
Od hfxdflöq gh xqd uhfwd shushqglfxodu do hmh R[ | txh sdvd sru ho sxqwr +d> e, hv
{@d
Vl ho äqjxor txh irupd od uhfwd frq ho hmh R[ hv | od uhfwd sdvd sru ho sxqwr +d> e,/ hood wlhqh frpr
hfxdflöq
| e @ wj+,+{ d,
|d txh wj @ p+jxud l}txlhugd,1
Iljxud
E161 UHFWD 6<6
E1614 Glvwdqfld
Od glvwdqfld hqwuh orv qýphurv uhdohv d | e od khprv fdofxodgr xvdqgr ydoru devroxwr1
md em @ glvwdqfld hqwuh d | e
Od glvwdqfld hqwuh orv sxqwrv S4 @ +d> e, | S5 @ +f> g, gh U5 od ghqluhprv | od ghqrwduhprv frpr

vljxh s
+d f,5 . +e g,5 =@ g+S4 > S5 , @ S4 S5
Od h{suhvlöq gdgd sdud g+S4 > S5 , hv ho uhvxowdgr gh dsolfdu ho whruhpd gh Slwäjrudv do wuläqjxor S4 T S5
gh od jxud ghuhfkd/ |d txh reyldphqwh od glvwdqfld hqwuh S4 | S5 fruuhvsrqgh d od klsrwhqxvd gh hvwh
wuläqjxor1
Wudvodgdqgr sdudohodphqwh TS5 do hmh R[ vh wlhqh txh ho odgr TS5 plgh TS5 @ md fm | wudvodgdqgr
sdudohodphqwh ho odgr TS4 do hmh R\ vh wlhqh txh hvwh plgh TS4 @ me gm1
Dvð/ xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh Slwäjrudv vh wlhqh txh od glvwdqfld g+S4 > S5 , vdwlvidfh
S4 S5 @ TS5 . TS4
5 5 5
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
+g+S4 > S5 ,,5 @ md fm5 . me gm5
r elhq s
g+S4 > S5 , @ +d f,5 . +e g,5
Hmhpsor 7<7 Fdofxohprv od glvwdqfld hqwuh orv sxqwrv S4 @ +43> 7, | S5 @ +5> 5,=
s s
g+S4 > S5 , @ +43 5,5 . +7 +5,,5 @ 433 @ 43
Revhuydflöq= Hv frqyhqlhqwh qrwdu txh od ixqflöq glvwdqfld wlhqh odv surslhgdghv eävlfdv gh ydoru
devroxwr=
d, Vlphwuðd= Sdud wrgr sdu gh sxqwrv S4 > S5 5 U5
g+S4 > S5 , @ g+S5 > S4 ,
e, Ghvljxdogdg wuldqjxodu= Sdud wrgr wuðr gh sxqwrv S4 > S5 > S6 5 U5 vh wlhqh
g+S4 > S6 , g+S4 > S5 , . g+S5 > S6 ,
f, Vhd S4 > S5 5 U5 hqwrqfhv

g+S4 > S5 , @ 3 +, S4 @ S5
Hmhuflflr 7<8 Yhultxh odv surslhgdghv +d, / +e, | +f, Vroxflöq= +d, | +e, txhgdq sdud ho ohfwru1
+f, +,, Vhdq S4 @ +d> e, | S5 @ +f> g, 5 U5 grv sxqwrv duelwudulrv | vhd g+S4 > S5 , @ 3/ dvð
s
g+S4 > S5 , @ +d f,5 . +e g,5 @ 3
sru or wdqwr +d f,5 @ 3 a +e g,5 @ 31 Gh dtxðvh wlhqh d @ f a e @ f/ hv ghflu/
+d> e, @ +f> g, S4 @ S5
+f,++, Vl S4 @ S5 > g+S4 > S5 , @ 3 wulyldophqwh

Od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho sxqwr +d> e, | od uhfwd D{ . E| . F @ 3 hv
mDd . Ee . Fm
s
D5 . E 5
Ho äqjxor hqwuh odv uhfwdv D{ . E| . F @ 3/ G{ . H| . I @ 3 hvwä gdgr sru
DH GE
wj @
DG . EH
Dvðhoodv vrq sdudohodv vl | vöor vl

DH GE @ 3
r hoodv vrq shushqglfxoduhv vl | vöor vl
DG @ EH
Vl odv shqglhqwhv gh odv uhfwdv vrq p4 | p5 uhvshfwlydphqwh vh whqguä txh ho äqjxor hqwuh hoodv hvwä
gdgr sru
p5 p4
wj @
4 . p4 p5
Odv uhfwdv vhuäq sdudohodv vl p4 @ p5 | shushqglfxoduhv vl p4 p5 @ 4
E17 Föqlfdv
E1714 Flufxqihuhqfld
Vhd S @ +k> n, 5 U5 | u A 3 dperv mrv/ vh ghqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh fhqwur +k> n, | udglr u frpr ho
frqmxqwr gh sxqwrv +{> |, gh U5 txh hvwäq d od glvwdqfld u gho sxqwr S / hv ghflu/
F @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = g++{> |,> S , @ uj=
Frpr s
g++{> |,> S , @ u hv htxlydohqwh d +{ k,5 . +| n,5 @ u>
vh wlhqh txh
F @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +{ k,5 . +| n,5 @ u5 j
Gh hvwd irupd/ od hfxdflöq txh ghqh d od flufxqihuhqfld gh fhqwur +k> n, | udglr u hv
+{ k,5 . +| n,5 @ u5 +E14,
|/ phgldqwh od uhvroxflöq gh orv elqrplrv fxdguäwlfrv vh sxhgh oohydu d xqd h{suhvlöq frpr od vljxlhqwh
{5 . D{ . | 5 . E| . F @ 3 +E15,
Od suhjxqwd qdwxudo hv= BcVh sxhgh vlhpsuh hvfulelu xqd h{suhvlöq fxdguäwlfd gho wlsr E15 frpr E14B
\d txh hq hvh fdvr od h{suhvlöq gdgd uhsuhvhqwd xqd flufxqihuhqfld E14/ | shuplwh vdehu frq suhflvlöq vx
fhqwur | vx udglr1
Hmhpsor 7<9 Yhdprv sdud txì ydoruhv gh f od hfxdflöq
6{5 . 9{ . 6| 5 . 75| . f @ 3 +E16,
hv xqd flufxqihuhqfld | sdud hvrv f +dsursldgrv,/ ghwhuplqhprv ho udglr | ho fhqwur fruuhvsrqglhqwh1

E171 FÖQLFDV 6<8
Vroxflöq= Sdud hvfulelu E16 frpr od hfxdflöq E14 qhfhvlwdprv frpsohwdu fxdgudgr/ hv ghflu/ xvdu ho
surgxfwr qrwdeoh +d . e,5 @ d5 . 5de . e5 1
6{5 . 9{ . 6| 5 . 75| . f @ 6+{5 . 5{ . , . 6+| 5 . 47| . , . f
Djuhjdqgr fhurv dvwxwrv +vxpdqgr | uhvwdqgr ho plvpr qýphur, whqhprv txh
6{5 . 9{ . 6| 5 . 75| . f @ 6+{ . 4,5 6 . 6+| . :,5 6 7< . f
Sru or wdqwr od hfxdflöq gh qxhvwur sureohpd hv htxlydohqwh d
6+{ . 4,5 . 6+| . :,5 @ 47: . 6 f

f
+{ . 4, . +| . :, @ 83
6
5 5
Frpr txhuhprv txh 83 6f vhd u5 ghehprv h{ljlu txh 83 6f vhd srvlwlyr1 Dvðf gheh fxpsolu 483 A f
s
| hq hvh fdvr od hfxdflöq E16 wlhqh frpr juäfr d od flufxqihuhqfld gh fhqwur +4> :, | udglr 83 6f 1
E1715 Sduäerod
Vhd O xqd uhfwd gh U5 | I xq sxqwr gh U5 qr shuwhqhflhqwh d O1 Xqd sduäerod S +jxud K l}txlhugd, hv
od uhodflöq gh U5 ghqlgd frpr vljxh=
Hv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv gh U5 txh htxlglvwdq gh xq sxqwr mr I oodpdgr irfr | xqd uhfwd
md O oodpdgd gluhfwul}%/
hv ghflu/
S @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = g++{> |,> I , @ glvwdqfld gh +{> |, d od uhfwd O j
Iljxud K
Hq ho fdvr +gh od jxud K fhqwudo, txh ho irfr vhd I @ +3> s, | od uhfwd O hv | @ s/ S vh uhgxfh d
s s
S @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +{ 3,5 . +| s,5 @ +{ {,5 . +| . s,5 j
Dvð/ od sduäerod txhgd ghqlgd sru od hfxdflöq
+{ 3,5 . +| s,5 @ +| . s,5
r elhq
{5 @ 7s|
Vl vh wrpd irfr I @ +s> 3, | od uhfwd O/ od yhuwlfdo { @ s vh rewlhqh od hfxdflöq gh od sduäerod gh od
jxud K ghuhfkd
|5 @ 7s{
Frpr vh yh hq odv jxudv K/ od sduäerod hv vlpìwulfd uhvshfwr d xqd uhfwd shushqglfxodu d od gluhfwul}/
oodpdgr hmh gh od sduäerod1 Ho sxqwr gh fruwh gh od sduäerod frq hvwh hmh vh oodpd yìuwlfh gh od sduäerod1
Vxsrqjdprv txh ho yìuwlfh gh od sduäerod wlhqh frrughqdgdv Y @ +k> n,/ odv h{suhvlrqhv
+{ k,5 @ 7s+| n, +E17,

+| n,5 @ 7s+{ k, +E18,
uhsuhvhqwdq sduäerodv1 Sdud yhulfduor edvwd shqvdu hq xq vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv/ wudvodflöq gho dqwhulru/
txh fxpsod
x@{k y @|n
|d txh hq hvwh qxhyr vlvwhpd/ odv hfxdflrqhv E17 | E18 vh uhgxfhq d=
x5 @ 7sy y 5 @ 7sx
uhvshfwlydphqwh/ txh vrq fodudphqwh sduäerodv hq ho vlvwhpd frq hmhv RX | RY 1

Kdflhqgr odv wudvodflrqhv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv/ vh wlhqh txh od sduäerod E17 wlhqh gluhfwul} frq hfxdflöq
| @ n s | yìuwlfh Y @ +k> n,1
Dqäorjdphqwh vh wlhqh txh od sduäerod
+| n,5 @ 7s+{ k,
wlhqh irfr I @ +k . s> n,/ gluhfwul} { @ k s | yìuwlfh Y @ +k> n,1

Ghvduuroodqgr odv h{suhvlrqhv gh od hfxdflöq +E17, vh wlhqh txh hood vh sxhgh uhgxflu d xqd hfxdflöq gho
wlsr
D{5 . E{ . F| . G @ 3>
Dqäorjdphqwh vh wlhqh txh od hfxdflöq +E18, vh sxhgh oohydu d xqd hfxdflöq gho wlsr
D| 5 . E| . F{ . G @ 3
Gh hvwd irupd vh sxhgh ghflu txh xqd hfxdflöq fxdguäwlfd hq od yduldeoh { | olqhdo hq od yduldeoh | sxhgh
whqhu frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq xqd sduäerod fx|r hmh gh vlphwuðd hv sdudohor do hmh R\ 1 Od ýowlpd hfxdflöq
srguðd uhsuhvhqwdu xqd sduäerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R[1
Hmhpsor 7<: Yhdprv vl od hfxdflöq

5{5 9{ . 7 | @ 3
uhsuhvhqwd xqd sduäerod1
Frpr
5{5 9{ . 7 | @ 3
+, 5+{5 6{. , @ | 7
6 4
+, 5+{ ,5 @ | .
5 5
6 4 4
+, +{ ,5 @ +| . ,
5 5 5
srghprv ghflu txh hv xqd sduäerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R\ 1 frq yìuwlfh + 65 > 45 ,/ irfr + 65 > 6; , +|d txh
s @ 4; , | od uhfwd gluhfwul} frq hfxdflöq | @ 8; 1
E1716 Holsvh
Vhd I4 > I5 grv sxqwrv gho sodqr1
Xqd holsvh frq irfr I4 | I5 hv od uhodflöq ghqlgd frpr ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv gho sodqr
wdohv txh od vxpd gh odv glvwdqfldv gh ìo d orv sxqwrv irfrv vhd frqvwdqwh%1
Vl S @ +{> |, hv xq sxqwr gh od holsvh vh wlhqh txh
g++{> |,> I4 , . g++{> |,> I5 , @ 5n

E171 FÖQLFDV 6<:
grqgh n hv xq qýphur uhdo srvlwlyr mr/

Vl orv irfrv vrq gh frrughqdgdv +s> 3, | +s> 3, +frq n A s,/ or dqwhulru qrv txhgd
s s
+{ s,5 . +| 3,5 . +{ . s,5 . +| 3,5 @ 5n
Holplqdqgr odv udðfhv/ | vlpsolfdqgr/ vh sxhgh oohjdu d
{5 +n5 s5 , . n5 | 5 @ n5 +n5 s5 ,
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
{5 |5
. @4
n5 n5 s5
| frpr n5 s5 A 3 vh sxhgh hvfulelu hvwd ýowlpd frpr
{5 | 5
. 5 @4
d5 e
Iljxud
Od hfxdflöq BB frq d5 A e5 hv xqd holsvh +jxud l}txlhugd, frq yìuwlfhv sulqflsdo + d> 3, | yìuwlfhv
vhfxqgdulr +3> e,1 Orv irfrv vrq sru or wdqwr + s> 3, grqgh s5 @ d5 e5 1
Vl d5 ? e5 od hfxdflöq BB hv xqd holsvh frq yìuwlfhv sulqflsdo +3> e, +jxud 0ghuhfkd,/ yìuwlfhv
vhfxqgdulr + d> 3, | irfrv +3> s, grqgh s5 @ e5 d5
Od hfxdflöq BB hv or txh vh oodpd hfxdflöq qrupdo gh od holsvh1
Od hfxdflöq
+{ k,5 +| n,5
. @4 +E19,
d5 e5
frq d | e frqvwdqwhv srvlwlydv wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq xqd holsvh/ frq fhqwur hq ho sxqwr +k> n,/ frq
yìuwlfhv Y4>5 @ +k d> n, Y6>7 @ +k> n e,
Ghshqglhqgr gh fxäohv gh orv grv hv pd|ru hqwuh d | e vh wlhqh fxdo hv ho yìuwlfh sulqflsdo | hvwr
hv lpsruwdqwh |d s txh orv irfrv hvwäq hqwuh orv yìuwlfhv sulqflsdo1 Dvð/ vl d A e orv irfrv wlhqhq
s frpr
frrughqdgdv +k d5 e5 > n,/ | vl e A d hqwrqfhv orv irfrv wlhqhq frpr frrughqdgdv +k> n e5 d5 ,
Sru ho vljqlfdgr gh d | e qrv gdprv fxhqwd txh ghshqglhqgr gh od glihuhqfld hqwuh hoorv ghshqghuä od
pd|ru r phqru uhgrqgh} gh od holsvh1 Hvwr qrv oohyd d od vljxlhqwh ghqlflöq
H{fhqwulflgdg1 Xvdqgr od qrwdflöq | vljqlfdgr gh orv wìuplqrv gh od hfxdflöq E19 vh ghqh od
h{fhqwulflgdg+h, gh xqd holsvh sru s
md5 e5 m
h@
pd{id> ej
6<; DSSHQGL[ E1 JHRPHWUÐD DQDOÐWLFD
Srghprv qrwdu txh vl d @ e/ h @ 3 | E19 uhsuhvhqwd xqd flufxqihuhqfld1

Od sulphud oh| gh Nhsohu dupd= Od öuelwd gh fdgd sodqhwd hq ho vlvwhpd vrodu hv xqd holsvh frq ho
vro hq xqr gh orv irfrv1%
Od h{fhqwulflgdg sdud od öuelwd gh od wlhuud hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh 3> 34: | sdud ho frphwd Kdooh| 3> <9:>
hv ghflu od öuelwd gh od wlhuud hv päv uhgrqgd% txh od gho frphwd1
Ho frphwd Kdooh| wlhqh xq shuðrgr gh :9> 5 dôrv +hv ghflu/ vh ghprud hvh wlhpsr hq uhfruuhu od holsvh
txh irupd vx öuelwd,1 Od glvwdqfld pðqlpd gho frphwd do vro hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh 3> 8;:XD +xqlgdghv
dvwurqöplfdv5 ,/ hvwr fruuhvsrqgh d od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho irfr | ho yìuwlfh sulflsdo uhvshfwlyr/ hv ghflu/
d s 3> 8;:
frpr h @ ds 3> <9:
s 3> <9:d 3> <9:+s . 3> 8;:,

s 3> <9:s . 3> 89;
Sru or wdqwr s 33>>89;

366
4:> 51 Dvðod glvwdqfld pä{lpd gho frphwd do vro hv
d . s 4:> ; . 4:> 5 68XD
or txh ixh srvleoh ghwhuplqdu frqrflhqgr od glvwdqfld pðqlpd | od h{fhqwulflgdg gh vx öuelwd
E1717 Klsìuerod
Vhdq I4 I5 grv sxqwrv gh U5
Xqd klsìuerod K hv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv +{> |, gho sodqr wdohv txh od glihuhqfld gh vxv
glvwdqfld d orv sxqwrv mrv I4 | I5 / oodpdgrv irfrv/ hv xqd frqvwdqwh%1 Gh hvwd irupd
K @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = mg+I4 > +{> |,, g+I5 > +{> |,,m @ frqvwdqwhj
Sdud hqfrqwudu odv irupdv päv vlpsoh gh od hfxdflöq gh xqd klsìuerod wrphprv irfrv I4 @ +s> 3,> I5 @
+s> 3, | od frqvwdqwh ljxdo d 5d +fodudphqwh d ? s,1 Dvðod hfxdflöq gh hvwd klsìuerod hvwä gdgd sru
mg++{> |,> I4 , g++{> |,> I5 ,m @ 5d

s s
m +{ s,5 . +| 3,5 +{ . s,5 . +| 3,5 @ 5d
holplqdqgr odv udðfhv vh sxhgh oohjd d od h{suhvlöq
{5 |5
5 @4
d5
s d5
Ghqrwdqgr e5 @ s5 d5 vh wlhqh
{5 | 5
5 @4 +E1:,
d5 e
Sru orv wìuplqrv fxdguäwlfrv srghprv qrwdu txh od klsìuerod hv vlpìwulfd frq uhvshfwr d dperv hmhv>
orv sxqwrv Y4 @ +d> 3, | Y5 @ +d> 3, vrq orv yìuwlfhv gh od klsìuerod/ ho ydoru e txh vdwlvidfh
s5 @ d5 . e5
qrv vluyh sdud fdofxodu odv dvðqwrwdv gh od klsìuerod | @ de { +jxud 0d,1

Od klsìuerod
| 5 {5
5 @4
e5 d
5 XD ' bf fff fff
= = N p1
E171 FÖQLFDV 6<<
s
wlhqh vxv irfrv
s | vxv yìuwlfhv hq ho hmh R\ +jxud 0e, +Y4 @ +3> e,/ Y5 @ +3> e,/ I4 @ +3> e5 . d5 ,/
I5 @ +3> e5 . d5 ,,1
Iljxud
Od s
klsìuerod gdgd hq E1:swlhqh vxv yìuwlfhv | irfrv hq ho hmh R[ vlhqgr hvwrv Y4 @ +d> 3,/ Y5 @ +d> 3,/
I4 @ + e5 . d5 > 3,/ I5 @ + e5 . d5 > 3,
Od hfxdflöq
+{ k,5 +| n,5
@4
d5 e5
wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd xqd klsìuerod frq=
Fhqwur +k> n, / yìuwlfh | irfrv hq hmh R[ +|d txh od srwhqfld fxdguäwlfd gh | hv qhjdwlyd,
Yìuwlfhv= Y4 @ +k . d>s n,> Y5 @ +k d> n, s

Irfrv= I4 @ +k . d5 . e5 > n,> I5 @ +k d5 . e5 > n,
Hfxdflrqhv gh dvðqwrwdv= | ns@ de +{ k, | n @ de +{ k,
H{fhqwulflgdg= h @ d d.e
5 5
Hfxdflrqhv gh gluhfwulfhv= { k @ dh { k @ dh
Od hfxdflöq
+| n,5 +{ k,5
@4
e5 d5
wlhqh wdpelìq frpr uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd xqd klsìuerod shur hq hvwh fdvr ho hmh txh frqwlhqh orv yìuwlfhv
| irfrv hv ho hmh R\ 1
Yìuwlfhv= s Y5 @ +k> n e,
Y4 @ +k> n . e,> s
Irfrv= I4 @ +k> n . d5 . e5 ,> I5 @ +k> n d5 . e5 ,
Hfxdflrqhv gh dvðqwrwdv= | ns@ de +{ k, | n @ de +{ k,
H{fhqwulflgdg= h @ d e.e
5 5
Hfxdflrqhv gh gluhfwulfhv= { k @ he { k @ he
E1718 Hfxdflrqhv Fxdguäwlfdv | Föqlfdv

Xqd hfxdflöq fxdguäwlfd gho wlsr
d{5 . e| 5 . 5j{ . 5i| . 5k{| . f @ 3 +E1;,

733 DSSHQGL[ E1 JHRPHWUÐD DQDOÐWLFD
frq d> e> f> k> i> j frqvwdqwh +uhdohv,/ wlhqh glvwlqwdv uhsuhvhqwdflrqhv juäfdv/ ghshqglhqgr gh orv ydoruhv gh
odv frqvwdqwhv1
Vl d @ e @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd uhfwd
Vl e @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd sduäerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R\
Vl d @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd sduäerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R[
Vl d @ e | k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; srguðd vhu xqd flufxqihuhqfld ghshqglhqgr gho ydoru f1
Vl vljqr gh d 9@ vljqr gh e | k @ 3 E1; vhuðd xqd klsìuerod
Vl vljqr gh d @ vljqr gh e | k @ 3 E1; vhuðd xqd holsvh1
Sdud whqhu päv lqirupdflöq +wdohv frpr frrughqdgdv gh yìuwlfhv/ irfrv/ fhqwur / hfxdflrqhv gh dvðqwrwdv
| hfxdflrqhv gh gluhfwulfhv,/ hv qhfhvdulr oohydu E1; d xqd gh odv h{suhvlrqhv gdgdv dqwhulrphqwh | @ {5 /
{ @ | 5 / {d5 . |e5 @ 4/ {5 . |5 @ u5 / {e5 |e5 @ 4/ |e5 {d5 @ 4 r vlpsohphqwh d d{ . e| @ f txh uhsuhvhqwdq
5 5 5 5 5 5
d sduäerod/ holsvh/ flufxqihuhqfld/ klsìuerod r vlpsohphqwh od uhfwd1

Ho wìuplqr pl{wr k{| hq od hfxdflöq fxdguäwlfd E1; lqglfd xqd urwdflöq gh hmhv/ dvðtxh sdud srghu
lghqwlfdu od föqlfd od hfxdflöq E1; gheh vxiulu sulphudphqwh xq fdpelr gh frrughqdgdv sdud oohydu od
hfxdflöq E1; d xqd hfxdflöq E1;3 grqgh qr dsduh}fd ho wìuplqr pl{wr fxdguäwlfr {|1
Whqlhqgr xqd hfxdflöq E1;3 hv ghflu/ k3 @ 3/ sdud vdehu txì föqlfd wlhqh frpr juäfd edvwd frpsohwdu
fxdgudgrv1
Hmhpsor 7<; Yhdprv txì juäfd wlhqh sru hfxdflöq
74{5 . 67| 5 57{| 58 @ 3 +E1<,
Vroxflöq= Frpr sdud holplqdu ho wìuplqr {| gh od hfxdflöq D{5 . E{| . F|5 . G{ . H| . I @ 3 +sru
vxsxhvwr txh E 9@ 3, edvwd wrpdu xqd urwdflöq hq xq äqjxor wdo txh
DF
fwj+5, @
E
vh wlhqh hq hvwh fdvr txh hv wdo txh
vhq @ 7@8 | frv @ 6@8
Dvðho qxhyr vlvwhpd RX Y hvwd gdgr sru
6 7 7 6
{@ x y | @ x. y
8 8 8 8
txh do vhu vxvwlwxlgr hq od hfxdflöq E1< qrv txhgd
x5 . 5y5 @ 4
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
x5 y5
. s @4
4 +4@ 5,5
Dvð/ qxhvwud hfxdflöq wlhqh frpr uhsuhqwdflöq juäfd xqd holsvh frq yìuwlfh vhfxqgduld Y6 @ +3> s45 ,/
Y7 @ +3> s45 ,/ fhqwur +3> 3, | yìuwlfhv pd|ruhv Y4 @ +4> 3,/ Y5 @ +4> 3, hq orv hmhv x y +jxud,
E171 FÖQLFDV 734
Holsvh urwdgd
733 DSSHQGL[ E1 JHRPHWUÐD DQDOÐWLFD
Dsshqgl{ F
Ixqflrqhv Uhdohv gh Grv Yduldeohv
Ghqlflöq F14 Oodpduhprv hvsdflr hxfolgldqr q0glphqvlrqdo do frqmxqwr Uq gh wrgrv orv duuhjorv
rughqdgrv +q0xsodv, +{4 > {5 > {6 > > {q , gh qýphurv uhdohv1
Xq hohphqwr +{4 > {5 > {6 > > {q , 5 Uq vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr hq Uq 1

Vh wlhqh txh +{4 > {5 > > {q , @ +|4 > |5 > > |q , vl | vöor vl {4 @ |4 > {5 @ |5 > > {q @ |q
Uq @ i+{4 > {5 > > {q , = {l 5 U> l @ 4 qj

Orv hvsdflrv U> U5 > U6 vh lghqwlfdq hq irupd qdwxudo frq od uhfwd/ ho sodqr | ho hvsdflr uhvshfwlydphqwh
+yhu jxud txh vljxh,1
Ghqlflöq F15 Xqd ixqflöq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv frq grplqlr D/ i = D U5 $ U hv xqd fruuhvsrq0
ghqfld wdo txh sdud fdgd sdu +{> |, hq D U5 h{lvwh xq ýqlfr hohphqwr } 5 U wdo txh } @ i+{> |,1
Qrwdflöq= Hq irupd dqäorjd/ vh ghqh ixqflöq uhdo gh q0yduldeohv
i = D $ U
frq D Uq
Revhuydflöq=
41 Qrwhprv txh xqd ixqflöq uhdo wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd ho frqmxqwr +r xq vxefrqmxqwr, gh orv
qýphurv uhdohv U1 Gluhprv txh xqd ixqflöq hv xqd ixqflöq frpsohmd vl ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd hv ho
frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv frpsohmrv F r xq vxefrqmxqwr gh ìo/ | d xqd ixqflöq od oodpduhprv ixqflöq
yhfwruldo vl ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd hv ho hvsdflr Up / frq p A 41
734
735 DSSHQGL[ F1 IXQFLRQHV UHDOHV GH GRV YDULDEOHV
51 Ho grplqlr Dgh xqd ixqflöq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv
i = D $ U
hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U5 / hv ghflu/ hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gho sodqr1 Sru rwud sduwh od juäfd gh od ixqflöq
itxh vh ghqh frpr
Judii @ i+x> i +x,, = x 5 D U5 j

@ i+{> |> i +{> |,, = +{> |, 5 D U5 j
hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U6
Dvð/ od juäfd gh i hvwä hq ho hvsdflr wulglphqvlrqdo | vh ghqrplqd Vxshuflh/ d glihuhqfld gh xqd
ixqflöq uhdo gh xqd yduldeoh fx|d juäfd hvwä hq U5 | vh ghqrplqd fxuyd hq ho sodqr1
61 Do ljxdo txh sdud ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh xqd yduldeoh/ vl } @ i +{> |, uhsuhvhqwd xqd ixqflöq uhdo gh
grv yduldeohv/ hqwrqfhv vxehqwhqghprv txh ho grplqlr gh i hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U5 sdud ho fxdo od
h{suhvlöq i +{> |, shuwhqhfh d U1
Hmhpsor 7<< Ghwhuplqhprv | judtxhprv ho grplqlr gh od vljxlhqwh ixqflöq uhdo

s
i+{> |, @ 4 {5 | 5 =
s
i vhuä ixqflöq vl od h{suhvlöq 4 {5 | 5 hvwä ghqlgd hq U> oxhjr 4 {5 |5 3 gh grqgh
Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 4j
fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflöq juäfd hv ho fðufxor xqlwdulr +jxud ,
Iljxud
Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh odv lpäjhqhv gh hvwd ixqflöq shuwhqhfhq do frqmxqwr oodpdgr Uhfruulgr
gh i/ ho fxdo hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U
736
Ho uhfruulgr hvwä irupdgr sru orv ydoruhv uhdohv txh wrpd } @ i +{> |, frq +{> |, 5 Grpi/ hv ghflu/
Uhfi @ ii+{> |, 5 U = +{> |, 5 Grpi j

s
Dvðsru hmhpsor> vl } @ 4 {5 |5
hqwrqfhv } wrpd ydoruhv uhdohv qr qhjdwlyrv/ hv ghflu/ } 31 Dghpäv/ hohydqgr do fxdgudgr whqhprv
} 5 @ 4 {5 | 5
{5 . | 5 @ 4 } 5
shur {5 . | 5 3/ oxhjr 4 } 5 3 | } 31
Sru or wdqwr
3}4
Dvð/
Uhfi @ ii +{> |, = +{> |, 5 Grpi j @ ^3> 4`
Qr vlhpsuh hv iäflo ghwhuplqdu ho uhfruulgr gh xqd ixqflöq gh grv r päv yduldeohv | hq od pd|ruðd gh orv
fdvrv/ ghvsxìv gh kdehu judfdgr od ixqflöq hq U6 / vh revhuyd sdud txì ydoruhv gh } h{lvwhq suhlpdjhq+hv,
+hvwr hv sur|hfwdqgr od juäfd gh i vreuh ho hmh },1
Hmhuflflr 833 Ghwhuplqdu | judfdu orv grplqlrv gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv1
s
4, i+{> |, @ {{5 8, n+{> |, @ {|
5 | 5
.| 5
5, j+{> |, @ {5 |5
{| 9, o+{> |, @ oq+7 m{ . |m,
s s
6, k+{> |, @ 7 {5 | :, s+{> |, @ s m{m m|m
s +4.7{,+4.9| ,4
7, m+{> |, @ 7{5 . | 5 49 ;, t+{> |, @ 5{.6|
Vroxflöq=
41 Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 9@ 3j @ U5 i+3> 3,j
51 Grpj @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 | 5 9@ 3j
61 Grpk @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = | 7 {5 j
71 Grpm @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {7 . |49 4j

5 5
81 Grpn @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 3j
@ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +{ 3 a | 3, b +{ 3 a | 3,j
@ +^3> 4^ ^3> 4^, ^ +` 4> 3`` 4> 3`,
91 Grpo @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = m{ . |m ? 7j
@ i+{> |, 5 U5 = 7 ? { . | ? 7j
:1 Grps @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = m{m A m|mj

@ i+{> |, 5 U5 = m{m ? | ? m{mj
;1 Grpt @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +4 . 7{,+4 . 9|, 3 a 5{ . 6| 9@ 3j

+Yhu odv juäfdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv gh odv 9 ýowlpdv hq odv jxudv txh vljxhq,1
F141 JUÄILFD GH IXQFLRQHV UHDOHV GH GRV YDULDEOHV 738
Hmhuflflr 834 Frqvlghuh od ixqflöq
i = D U5 $ U.
+{> |, $ i+{> |, @ m{| 4
{4m
Judtxh Grpi 1
Vroxflöq= Od h{suhvlöq m{| {4m hvwduä ghqlgd hq U vl { 4 9@ 3/ dghpäv i +{> |, 5 U vl m{4m 3/ shur
4 . {|4
m{ 4m 3/ oxhjr {| 4 3 gh grqgh
Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 4 3 a { 9@ 4j
fx|d juäfd hvwd do odgr l}txlhugr gh jxud >
Iljxud
Hmhuflflr 835 Frqvlghuh

j = D U5 $ ^4> 4^
+{> |, $ 5{{.5 |
Judtxh Grpj
Vroxflöq= Grpj @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = { 9@ 3 a 5{{.5 | 5 ^4> 4^j
5{ . | 5{ . |
5 ^4> 4^ +, 4
{5 {5
+, 5{ . | {5
+, {5 5{ |
+, +{ 4,5 | . 4
Sru or wdqwr
Grpj @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +{ 4,5 | . 4 a { 9@ 3j
fx|d juäfd hvwd do odgr ghuhfkr gh jxud
F14 Juäfd gh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv

Lqwhqwhprv dkrud judfdu od vxshuflh s
}@ 4 {5 | 5
Vhd } xqd frqvwdqwh/ hv ghflu mhprv }/ | yhdprv txì suhlpdjhq r suhlpäjhqhv oh fruuhvsrqgh1 Hv
ghflu/ vhd } wdo txh f @ }/ grqgh f xqd frqvwdqwh uhdo/ oxhjr/
s
f@ 4 {5 |5 frq f 3
,{ .|5 5
@ 4 f5 > 4 f5 3
hqwrqfhv vl f hv xqd frqvwdqwh +wdo txh 4 f5 3 | f 3,/ od hfxdflöq
{5 . |5 @ 4 f5
s
uhsuhvhqwd xqd flufxqihuhqfld frq fhqwur hq ho ruljhq | udglr 4 f5 +jxud BB0d,1
Sru hmhpsor vl f @ 3 vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 4
3 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @ 4j
s
Vl f @ 4@7 vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 7
48
48
4@7 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @ j
49
s
Vl f @ 4@5 vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 5
6
6
4@5 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 @ j
7
Vl f @ 4 vh wlhqh ho sxqwr
4 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @ 3j @ i+3> 3,j
s
Hq jhqhudo sdud fdgd f 5 ^3> 4` vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 4 f5
s
f @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 @ + 4 f5 ,5 j
Hvwdv flufxqihuhqfldv vh ghqrplqdq Fxuydv gh qlyho sdud lqglfdu txh do qlyho f +hq ho hmh }, vh
hqfxhqwud od flufxqihuhqfld f +jxud QQ l}txlhugd ,1
Vl } 5 Uhfi @ ^3> 4` hqwrqfhv odv suhlpäjhqhv gh } vrq orv +{> |, 5 U5 txh shuwhqhfhq d od flufxqihuhqfld
{5 . | 5 @ 4 f5 grqgh } @ f
Orv sxqwrv gh od vxshuflh txh uhsuhvhqwdq od juäfd gh } @ i+{> |, vrq gh od irupd
+{> |> i +{> |,, frq +{> |, 5 Grpi
hv ghflu/
+{> |> f, 5 U6 wdo txh {5 . | 5 @ 4 f5 frq f 5 ^3> 4`
jxud QQ
F151 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 73:
Hq od pd|ruðd gh orv fdvrv/ sdud judfdu od vxshuflh qrv edvwd glexmdu dojxqrv vxefrqmxqwrv gh Judii 1
dqwhulru qrv edvwd judfdu odv fxuydv gh qlyho +jxud QQ fhqwur, do qlyho f/ sdud rewhqhu
Hq ho hmhpsor s
od judfd gh } @ 4 {5 | 5 +jxud QQ0ghuhfkd,1 s
Revhuydu txh od juäfd gh i/ hv ghflu od vxshuflh txh uhsuhvhqwd d } @ 4 {5 | 5 hv od plwdg gh od
hvihud xqlwduld frq fhqwur hq ho ruljhq1 s
Dqäorjdphqwh/ srghprv rewhqhu odv juäfdv gh odv vxshuflhv= } @ 7{5 . | 5 oodpdgd frqr hoðswlfr |
} @ {5 . | 5 oodpdgr sduderorlgh +jxud I,
I
1
F15 Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv

Do ljxdo txh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh xqd yduldeoh/ vh ghqh ho äojheud gh ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv +r päv
yduldeohv,
Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv wdo txh G @ Grpi _Grpj 9@ !/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwhq ixqflrqhv
i . j> i j> i j frq grplqlr G | od ixqflöq i@j frq grplqlr i+{> |, 5 G = j+{> |, 9@ 3j grqgh
4, +i . j,+{> |, @ i+{> |, . j+{> |,

5, +i j,+{> |, @ i+{> |, j+{> |,
6, +i j,+{> |, @ i +{> |, j+{> |,
7, +i @j,+{> |, @ ij++{>|
{>|,
,
s
Hmhpsor 836 Vl i+{> |, @ oq+{ . |, | j+{> |, @ { vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv
Grpi @ i+{> |, = { . | A 3j>

Grpj @ i+{> |, = { 3j
oxhjr G @ Grpi _ Grpj 9@ !/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwh od ixqflöq i . j ghqlgd hq G

s
+i . j,+{> |, @ oq+{ . |, . {
Revhuydflöq= Pxfkrv gh orv frqfhswrv ghqlgrv sdud ixqflrqhv gh xqd yduldeoh +frpr sru hmhpsor orv
xwlol}dgrv hq ho äojheud gh ixqflrqhv,/ wdpelìq vh ghqhq sdud ixqflrqhv gh grv r päv yduldeohv/ shur qr hv
srvleoh jhqhudol}du wrgrv hoorv d hvwh wlsr gh ixqflrqhv1 Xqr gh hvwrv hv ho frqfhswr gh ixqflöq fuhflhqwh |
ghfuhflhqwh/ ho txh qr vh sxhgh ghqlu sdud ixqflöq gh grv yduldeohv/ |d txh U5 qr hv xq frqmxqwr rughqdgr
+qr wlhqh vljqlfdgr/ sru hmhpsor/ od vljxlhqwh h{suhvlöq +{> |, ? +{3 > | 3 ,,4 1
4 Hv ghflu/ qr kd| xq vljqlfdgr txh vhd frpsdwleoh frq odv rshudflrqhv gh U2 1
73; DSSHQGL[ F1 IXQFLRQHV UHDOHV GH GRV YDULDEOHV
Sru rwud sduwh/ sdud ixqflrqhv uhdohv i | j gh grv yduldeohv qr srghprv ghqlu od frpsrvlflöq j i
sxhv Uhfj _ Grpi @ !1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl frqvlghudprv odv ixqflrqhv
i = D U5 $ U | j = E U $ U
hqwrqfhv wlhqh vhqwlgr ghqlu od frpsrvlflöq j i vl Uhfi _ Grpj 9@ !/ grqgh
Grpj i @ i+{> |, 5 Grpi = i+{> |, 5 Grpjj | +j i ,+{> |, @ j+i +{> |,,
Qrwh txh vl sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 Grpi> Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1
Hmhpsor 837 Vhd

i = D U5 $ U j = U $ U
s
+{> |, $ {| { $ {5
hqwrqfhv
D @ Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 3j
|
Uhfi @ U. Grpj @ U
oxhjr Grp+j i, @ Grpi |
s
+j i,+{> |, @ j+i+{> |,, @ j+ {|, @ {| hq D
Dqäorjdphqwh=
Hmhpsor 838 Vhd
j= U5 $ U i = U. $ sU
+{> |, $ +{ d,5 . +| . e,5 { $ {
3
hqwrqfhv s
+i j,+{> |, @ i ++{ d,5 . +| e,5 , @ +{ d,5 . +| e,5 frq +{> |, 5 U5
Vhd V @ i j/ grqgh GrpV @ Grpi j @ Grpj @ U5
Qrwhprv txh od ixqflöq s
V+{> |, @ +{ d,5 . +| e,5
uhsuhvhqwd od glvwdqfld gh xq sxqwr fxdotxlhud +{> |, hq ho sodqr d xq sxqwr gdgr +d> e,1
Dsshqgl{ G
Sureohpdv Plvfhoäqhrv Sduwh L
L1 Ghwhuplqh fxäohv gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
41 +;{> | 5 U,+{ . | 9@ 3 , s
{
s 54 5 ,
{5 .| 5
s
+{.| , { .|
51 +;{ 5 U,+ 7{ @ 5m{m,

5
61 +;{ 5 U,+{5 @ 49 +, { @ 7 b { @ 7,

71 +;{,+;|,+{> | 5 U. ,+ {|
4
{4 ,
81 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv d
e
?4
91 i{ 5 U @ mm
mm
4
{
{
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m4 {mj
:1 +;{ 5 U i3j, +{ ? 43 , 434
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sd5.e5 {
;1 +;d 5 U i3j,+;e 5 U,+ d 4,
<1 +;d 5 U. ,+;e 5 U. ,+;f 5 U. ,+d e , d ef,
431 +;{> | 5 U i3j, + {5m.
{m
|5
m{m,
441 +;{> | 5 U i3j, +6m{m m|m , s m5{m 5 45 ,
{ .|
451 +;{> | 5 U i3j, +{5 | 5 , mm{|mm 4,

t s s
461 i{ 5 U @ 4 {
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4j @ i{ 5 U @ { 4 {j
471 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv 4 ? e

d
481 i{ 5 U @ mm
mm
5
{
{
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m5 {mj
491 +;{ 5 U i3j, +{ : ? 3 , 4: A {4 ,
s 5 5
4:1 +;{ 5 U i3j,+;| 5 U,+ { 4,
{ .|
4;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq

{
s ?3
{ {
hv ydfðr
4<1 +;{ 5 U, +{5 {7 ,
s
531 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . 6{5 7 @ 3j @ 5
541 Ho ðqpr gh i{ 5 U@ 5{{.8 A 4j hv 08
551 Ho vxsuhpr gho frqmxqwr D @ i4 4
q
mq 5 Qj hv 31
73<
743 DSSHQGL[ G1 SUREOHPDV PLVFHOÄQHRV SDUWH L
561 Vl orj{ +8, ? 4 hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh 8 ? {1

orj8 {
4 hv ^6> 4^
orj8 +4@6,
s
581 5 orj 5 . +4 . 4
, orj 6 orj + { 6 . 5:, @ 3/ od hfxdflöq dqwhulru qr wlhqh vroxflöq srvlwlyd
591 Vl orjd e @ 6 | orjd f @ 5 hqwrqfhv orjf e5 @ 6 | ef @ d8
5{
5:1 i{ 5 Um 4
A 4j @ i{ 5 Um 4 A orj5 +{,j
5
orj +{,
5;1 Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. i4j vh wlhqh orje +d5 , orje +d6 ,1
s
5<1 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . {5 9 @ 3j @ 5
631 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d5 ,,
641 Od lqhfxdflöq
orj4@5 +d{5 . 4, ? orj4@5 +d,
wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr vroxflöq wrgrv orv uhdohv vl | vöor vl d 5`3> 4^
651 +;e 5 U. i4j, +orje +{, 4 , { e,
661 Vl i hv lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh
s
671 Vhd i+{, @ {5 4 > j+{, @ { . 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U
681 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d6 ,,
691 +;e 5 U. i4j, +orje + {4 , 4 , 4 {e,
6:1 Vl i hv el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh
s
6;1 Vhd i+{, @ {5 . 4> j+{, @ { 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U
6<1 Ho ydoru pðqlpr gh od ixqflöq i+{, @ {+{ 6, hv <@7
731 Vhd i = G $ ^6> 4^
{ :$ h{ 4
hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr pä{lpr gh i hv ^ oq+7,> 4^
s
741 Vhdq i +{, @ 5 { > j+{, @ oq+{5 . <, ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr pä{lpr gh od ixqflöq
j i hv ` 4> 44^1
751 Vl i hv xqd ixqflöq lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
761 Od vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq orj{ +{ . 4@5, ? 4 hv ydfðr1
771 Vl i +{, @ oq+{ . 7, | j+{, @ h{ . 6 vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv +j i ,+{, @ { . : | vx grplqlr hv U
LL1 Frpsohwdflöq=

s
{5
3 hv1111111111111111111
m{ 5m m4 {m

s
{5
3 hv 111111111111111
m6 {m m{ 5m
61 Od lqhfxdflöq
4 5 5
6 + ,8{.5{ <d{ 5{
6
wlhqh frpr vroxflöq d orv U vl d 51111111111111
744

u
4
m{ 4m hv11111111111111
{5 5{ . 4
81 Od lqhfxdflöq
8{.5.{5
4 5
6 <d{ 5{
6
wlhqh frpr vroxflöq d orv U vl d 511111111111111111111111

m{ 4m6 +m{ 5m,8

A 3 hv 111111111111111
m{5 . 5m
:1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq
+{5 . :{ . 43,+{5 6{ . 7,
? 3 hv 11111111111111111111
m{ . 6m
;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq

u
4 6
hv 111111111111111111111
{5 9{ . < 7
<1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq

u
4
4 hv 1111111111111
{ . 7{ . 7
5
431 Vhdq d 5 U 5 U. ho frqmxqwr i{ 5 U m m{ dm ? j hv ho lqwhuydor 11111111111111111

441 Vl { 5 U. > | 5 111111111111111111 } 5 U hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd
} }

{| {
451 Od sursrvlflöq
+ . 4,{5 7{ . + 4, A 3 +;{ 5 U,
hv yhugdghud vl | vöor vl 5111111111111111

461 Od sduäerod {5 5{d| 5d.| @ 6/ frq fhqwur hq +4> 5, vh deuh kdfld duuled vvl d 51111111111111
471 Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5 7{ . 6| 5 . 9| @ 7 | hv sdudohod
d od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111
481 Od uhodflöq {5 | 5 7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od föqlfd 1111111111111 frq fhqwur hq 11111111111111
491 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwäqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwrv hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7| 5 @ 971
Hqwrqfhv od ixqflöq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho äuhd gho uhfwäqjxor hq ixqflrq gh } hv= 11111111111111111
4:1 Od uhodflöq {5 | 5 . 7{ 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od föqlfd 111111111111111 frq fhqwur hq1111111111111

s
4;1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq i+{, @ orj+{5 9, 4 hv 1111111111111
s
4<1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq i+{, @ orj+{5 4, 4 hv 1111111111111111
531 Vhd i = G $ ^h5 > h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5:4h ,6{4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr pä{lpr gh i hv 111111111111
541 Vhd i +{, @ orj +{, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo
txh ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydfðr hv 11111111111111111
s
551 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr pä{lpr gh j i hv 111111111
561 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq s s
4 4 {5
i +{, @
{5
hv 11111111111111111111
571 Od uhodflöq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflöq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111
5
{ >{ ? 3 { >{ ? 4
581 Vhd i+{, @ | j+{, @ s hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111
5{ > { 3 { >{ 4
591 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru
s
{.4 { ?3 {4 4{8
i+{, @ j+{, @
{.5 { 3 { . : {A8
+d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111

+e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111

+f, +j i ,+{, @
5:1 Grv wxehuðdv wdugdq 9 krudv hq oohqdu xqd slvflqd1 Xqd vrod od oohqduðd 8 krudv päv gh sulvd
txh od rwud1 Hqwrqfhv fdgd wxehuð d wdugduðd lqglylgxdophqwh hq oohqdu od slvflqd 111111111111111 |
1111111111111111 uhvshfwlydphqwh
5;1 Vhd i = `3> 4î4j $ U
{ :$ { 4
.6
hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr hv 111111111111111
4
G141 UHVSXHVWDV D ORV HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV 746
5<1 Vhd i = U i4j $ U i4j

{ :$ 4{
{.4
xqd ixqflöq el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i 4 +{, hv ljxdo d 1111111111111111

631 Od ixqflöq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflöq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq
frqr gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ frpr hq od jxud/ hv i+k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv
11111111111111111
641 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq i +{> |, @
oq+4
{.|
{ |,
hv ho frqmxqwr 1111111111111 fx|d juäfd hv 11111111111
G14 Uhvsxhvwdv d orv Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv

Vroxflrqhv gh od vhfflöq 41814

4 3 4 3
41 +d, Idovr1 + , +e, Yhugdghur1 + ,
4 4 3 4
4 3 3 3
+f, Idovr1 + , +g, Idovr1 + ,
5 4 3 4
3 3 3 3
+h, Idovr1 + , +i, Idovr1 + ,
3 4 4 4

41 < shuvrqdv1
51 Ho suhflr gho sulphu | gho vhjxqgr yroxphq hv gh ' 6=333 1
61 6 phwurv | 9 phwurv/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1
71 Ho sulphu vdfr wlhqh ;3 nlorjudprv | ho vhjxqgr 93 nlorjudprv1
81 Ho shglgr vh frpsohwduä hq 5: gðdv1
91 4: nlorjudprv gh freuh | : nlorjudprv gh }lqf1
:1 Ho qýphur exvfdgr hv 971
;1 Ho qýphur exvfdgr hv 571
<1 Od yhorflgdg gho sulphu wuhq hv gh 83 np2k | od gho vhjxqgr 73 np2k1
431 54 np1
441 Od yhorflgdg gho flfolvwd hv gh 45 np2k | od gho frfkh 63 np2k1
451 < krudv ghvsxìv gh od vdolgd gho wuhq uäslgr1
461 Od yhorflgdg gho sulphu flfolvwd hv gh 47 np2k/ | od gho vhjxqgr 4; np2k> ho sulphur hvwä d 6 krudv
gho hqfxhqwur hq od fduuhwhud/ ho vhjxqgr/ 5 krudv1
471 <
7
olwurv sru plqxwr> 6 olwurv sru plqxwr1
481 Ho sulphu wudedmdgru wdugduä 47 gðdv/ ho vhjxqgr 44 gðdv hq uhdol}du lqglylgxdophqwh ho wudedmr1
491 Od sulphud pätxlqd shuirud 5 phwurv gh wýqho sru gðd/ | od vhjxqgd 6
5
phwurv sru gðd1
4:1 Od sulphud fxdgulood sxhgh uhdol}du od uhsdudflöq frpsohwd hq 43 gðdv/ | od vhjxqgd hq 48 gðdv1
4;1 Ho sulphu reuhur sxhgh kdfhu ìo vror ho wudedmr hq 45 krudv> ho vhjxqgr/ hq 57 krudv1
4<1 Od sulphud wxehuðd oohqd od slvflqd hq 43 krudv> od vhjxqgd/ hq 48 krudv1
531 Od uxhgd pd|ru gd 533 usp | od phqru 933 usp1
541 Ho sulphu prwru frqvxph 93 judprv gh frpexvwleoh sru krud> ho vhjxqgr/ 7; judprv gh frpexvwleoh
sru krud1
551 Od juýd gh pd|ru srwhqfld ghprud 57 krudv hq uhdol}du vrod ho wudedmr frpsohwr/ plhqwudv txh od gh
phqru srwhqfld ghprud 69 krudv1
561 Od dowxud hv k 68> 89fp vx udglr u 4<> 4<fp | ho yroxphq hv Y 46=:4 olwurv1

41 S4 +{> |, @ +5> 3, S5 +{> |, @ +3> 5,
51 S4 +{> |> }, @ +5> 5> 5,
61 S4 +{> |, @ +6> 4, S5 +{> |, @ +4> 6,
71 S4 +{> |, @ +7> 6, S5 +{> |, @ +7> 6,
81 S4 +{> |> , @ +3> 4> 4, S5 +{> |> , @ + 67 > 49

:
> 47 ,
s s s s
91 S4 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 , S5 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 ,
s s s s
S6 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 , S7 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 ,
:1 S @ + 46 > 46 > 46 > 4< ,
;1 S @ +7> 7> 7> 4,

s s s s
<1 V @ i+ 6> 6> ,> + 6> 6> , = 5 Uj
431 S4 +{> |> }> , @ + 65 > 5> 8

5
> 4, S5 +{> |> }> , @ + 65 > 5> 85 > 4,
441 S4 +{> |> }> , @ +4> 4> 3> 5, S5 +{> |> }> , @ +4> 4> 3> 5,
S6 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4, S7 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4,
s s s s
451 S4 +{> |> }> , @ + s 8@6> 8@6>s 8@6>s 8@45,s
S5 +{> |> }> , @ + 8@6> 8@6> 8@6> 8@45,

Or lqglfdgr hqwuh sduìqwhvlv +, hv vöor xqd d|xgd sdud xqd fruuhfwd mxvwlfdflöq
41 +d, I dovr=+{ @ 4> | @ 5,> +e, I dovr=+{ @ 5> | @ 4,

+f, I dovr=+{ @ 4@6> | @ 4@5,> +g, I dovr=+{ @ 4@;,
+h, Y hugdghur= +i, I dovr=+{ @ 4,>
+j, Y hugdghur= +k, I dovr=+{ @ 4> | @ 3,>
+l, I dovr=+V @ i6j,> +m, I dovr=+V @` 4> 3` ^ ^5> 4^,
+n, I dovr=+U 9@ U i5j,> +o, Y hugdghur=
51 +d, Yhugdghur1 +e, Yhugdghur1 +f, Yhugdghur1

+g, Idovr1 +h, Yhugdghur1 +i, Yhugdghur1
+j, Idovr1 +k, Yhugdghur1 +l, Idovr1
+m, Idovr1
61 +d, ^4> 3` ^ ^4> 4^1 +e, ^3> 4`1 +f, ^3> 4`1 +g, +{ 5 ^4> 4â| 5 U, b +{ @ 3 a | 5 U i3j,1 +i, `4> 4^1
71 +d, V @` 4@6> s
4^1 +e, Vs@`5> <^1 +f, V @`3> 4^1 +g, V @` 4> 3^^`4@:> 4^1
s s s s s
+h, V @`4@5> :9 46 ^^`4> :.9 46 ^1 +i, V @` 4> 45^^` 8> 3^^` 8> 7 44^^`45> 7 . 44^= +j,
V @ ^3> 4^1 +k, V @ ^3> 4^ +l, Vs @ ! +m, V @` 4> 5^ +n, V @ ^9> 4^ +o, V @ ! +p,
V @` 4> 9@46î3j +q, V @ ^ 45 :6 > 5` ^ ^4> 6` +r, V @ ^5> 657` +s, V @ !1 +t, V @ i4j +u,
V @ ! +v, V @ i5j
s s
81 +d, V @ !1 +e, V @ i4j1 +f, V @ i4 6> 5j1 +g, V @ U1
+h, V @` 4> 6@5`^`4@7> 4^1 +i, V @ U`4@7> 6^1 +j, V @` 4> 5^ +k, V @` 4> 5` ^ ^3> 6=8^1
+l, V @ U i3j +m, V @` :> 4^ +n, V @ ^4@6> 6`
s s
+o, V @`3> 4` +p, V @` :> 5^ +q, V @ ^ 8> 8` ^ i45j
+r, V @ ^6> :`1 +s, V @ ^4> 5` +t, V @ U +u, V @ i3j
91 D|xgd= Hvfulelu frpr hfxdflöq gh vhjxqgr judgr | txh ho glvfulplqdqwh hv xqd vxpd gh fxdgudgr
+s t,5 | 7d5 1
s
:1 ^ 4;43 ;7 > 4^
s
;1 +d, p @ :1 +e, p @ 5<@:1 +f, `4> 8^ +g, p @ 44 6 44 +h, `8> 4^1
s
<1 n @ 781
431 !
441 +d, Vxsuhpr= 9 <> 4> 9 <> 4> 9 <1 Lqpr= 04 / 3/ 04/ 3 / 04
+e, Vxsuhpr= 9 <> 9 h{lvwv> 9 <> 9 <> 9 <1 Lqpr= 4@5> 9 <> 4@5> 9 <> 4@51
451 +d, vxs D @ :@6 +e, ! +f, :@6
461 D|xgd= ghpxhvwuh txh { . vxs D hv frwd vxshulru gh { . D | dvð wdpelìq txh vxs+{ . D, { hv frwd
vxshulru gh D1
471 Q qr hv dfrwdgr | Q ]1
481 D|xgd= +l, Frqvlghuh q5.6

q
5q
@ 5 oxhjr 5 hv frwd vxshulru1 +ll, +; A 3,+<Q 5 Q, wdo txh 9
? %
+Surs1 Dutxlphgldqd,1
q q.6
491 D|xgd= +l, {q 3> ;q oxhjr 3 hv frwd lqihulru1 +ll, Sru Dutxðphghv <Q wdo txh Q
4
? frq 4
Q
A 5
6q.4
1
4:1 D|xgd= q | frpr Q qr hv dfrwdgr hqwrqfhv D wdpsrfr or hv1

5 5

5q .6
4.5q

5q
4.5q
Vroxflrqhv gh od vhfflöq 51:14

41 d, ^4> 4^> ^3> 4@5` s e, U i4j> Us i7j
f, ^5> 7@6`> ^3> 4@
s 6` g, ^4> 4^> ^ 5> 4^
h, ^4@5> 6@5`> ^3> 5` i, ` 4> 5` ^ ^3> 4^> U.

j, ^4> 4^> ^3> 4^ k, U i6j> U i4j
51 d, ` ;> 3^ e, ^4> 5^ f, ^49> 97^

g, ^<> 5934^ h, Qr h{lvwh i, ` 4> 6^^` 5> 5^^`8> 4^
61 d, ^5> 4^ e, `3> 4@6^f, ` 4> 4^

g, ^4> 4^ h, ^3> 4^

41 D+{, @ 5{+O
6
7{,
51 D+{, @ +{ 45 ,+ 4;
{
56 ,
s5
61 w+{, @ { .49
4;
. 43
63
{
s
71 F+{, @ 6 437 +7 {, . 8 437 < . {5
;
A
A 5=83{ 3 { 53
?
5=33{ 53 ? { 83
81 | @
A
A 4=:8{ 83 ? { 433
=
4=83{ 433 ? {
{ {
91 | @ 45
. 3=43+{ 45 45
,
:1 E+{, @ +533 . 53{,+;333 833{, 5333+533 . 53{,
;1 X +{, @ +4533 . 433{,+57 {,
<1 Y +{, @ {+49 5{,+54 5{,

s
431 Y +{, @
6
P{
{
> { 5`3> P ^
;
7 7
A
A 7d5 . ;d{ 3 { ? 7d
?
6<d5 { @ 7d
441 D+{, @
A
A 56d . 7d{ 7d ? { ? :d
=
5
85d5 { @ :d
451 Y +u, @ u5 +45 6u,> u 5`3> 7^1
461 S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{,> { 5 ^3> 53` _ ]
471 L+{, @ +583 . {,+; 3=34{,> { 5 ^3> 783`1
481 Plq F @ 6{ . 7|
V1D1 5{. 6| 69
5{. 5| 5;
;{. 5| 65
3{/ 3 |
491 Pd{ } @63{ . 53|

V1D1 9{. 6| 87
7{. 9| 7;
8{. 8| 83
3 {/ 3 |
4:1 Pd{ } @6333{ . 5333|

V1D1 {. 5| 9
5{. | ;
0{. | 4
| 5
3 {/ 3 |
G141 UHVSXHVWDV D ORV HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV 74:
4;1 d,Pd{ } @533F . 433P
V1D1 F. 5P 433
5F. 418P 454
F 83
P 78
3 F/ 3 P
Ho öswlpr F@83/ P@47> frqwulexflöq pä{lpd 44173310
e, Pd{ } @533F . 433P
V1D1 F. 5P 433
5F. 418P 463
F 83
P 78
3 F/ 3 P
Ho öswlpr gh hvwh qxhyr sureohpd hv= F@83/ P@53> frqwulexflöq pä{lpd 45133310
41 Wrgdv vrq el|hfwlydv
51 d, D @` 4> 3^^`4> 4^ E @ U i5> 5j

5
i 4 +{, @ {5{7
e, D @ ^3> 4î4j E @` 4> 3^^`4> 4^ i +{, @ + {4 ,5
4 {
61 d, Grp+j i , @ ^6@5> 4^
Grp+i j, @ U. e, Grp+j i , @ ^7<@7> 4^
e, Grp+j i , @ ^7<@7> 4^ s s
Grp+i j, @ ^4> 4^ f, Grp+j i , @` 4> 6 43` ^ ^6 . 43> 4^
s s
f, Grp+j i , @` 4> 6 43` ^ ^6 . 43> 4^
Grp+i j, @`4> 4^ g, Grp+j i , @ ^<> 4^
g, Grp+j i , @ ^<> 4^
qr h{lvwh od frpsxhvwd gh i r j h, Grp+j i , @ i3j
h, Grp+j i , @ i3j
Grp+i j, @ ^4> 4^
74; DSSHQGL[ G1 SUREOHPDV PLVFHOÄQHRV SDUWH L
;
? 9{ . 49 { 4
71 d, j i+{, @
= s
5{ . 6 4 { A 4
;
? 9{ . 4: {4
i j+{, @
= s
5 {.4 {A4
; s
? 9 { 47 3 { 49
e, j i+{, @
= s s
5 {:4 { A 49
; s
? 5 6{ . : : :@6 { 4
i j+{, @
= ss
5 {4: {A4
;
? 6{5 . 4;{ . : { 5`> î3j
f, j i+{, @
= s
{s
5
. 9{ 4 { 5`
s 4> ` ^ ^> 4^=
grqgh @ 6 43 @ 6 . 43
;
? <{5 . 93{ . <4 { 4 { 9@ :@6
i j+{, @ s
=
{.7 {8 {A4
;
? 43 {@<
g, j i+{, @
= s
7 s{ 5 4 { A <
; ss
A
? 6{ . : 5 5@6 { 4
i j+{, @ t
= ss{ 4 5
A
{ 433
s
h, j i+{, @ 6 4 m{m . : 4 { 4
; s
? 4 m6{ . :m ;@6 { 5
i j+{, @ s
= s
5 { 4?{7
;
A
A 4;{ . 6< { 5` 4> ;@6`
A
A
? s
81 j i+{, @ 6{ . ; { 5` ;@6> 4`
A
A
A
A s
= 7{ { 5`4> 4^
91 e, k+{, @ 46 +{5 . 6{ 4, | ho grplqlr hv U

f, Grp @ ^6@5> 4^ Uhf @ ^<@7> 4^> i 4 +{, @ s
6. <.7|
s
5
f*, Grp @` 4> 6@5` Uhf @ ^<@7> 4^> i 4 +{, @ 6

5
<.7|
G141 UHVSXHVWDV D ORV HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV 74<
:1 Grpk @ ^5> 4^> k4 +{, @ orj5 +{5 . 7,

;1 Grpi @ U > Uhfi @ U. > Qr10
<1 d, Grpi @`3> 8@7^> Uhfi @ U> Grpj @ U> Uhfj @` 4> 4^
e, Grp+i j, @ U. > +i j,+{, @ orj8@7 +4 . 6h{ 7h5{ ,
s
f, Grpi @`3> 8@;^ Uhfi @` 4> 5^> i 4 +{, @
8 5849+8@7,{
s
;
f*, Grpi @`8@;> 8@7^ Uhfi @` 4> 5^> i 4 +{, @

8. 5849+8@7,{

41 +d, orj s
6 6s
8
85
+e, orj sd676
5 s{5|.f
+f, orj | s 7 f{
51 +d, { @ 5@6
+e, { @ 4:@7
+f, { @ 4@6
+g, Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq hv ydfðr
s
+h, { @ 8 . 6
s
+i, { @ :5
+j, { @ 5
61 +d, { @ 3> 34 > { @ 3> 334
+e, { @ 5 > { @ 3> 58
+f, { @ 5 > { @ 46
4.s54 4s54
54
+g, { @ 43 5 > { @ 43 5
+h, { @ 7
+i, { @ 4 > { @ 8
+j, { @ 3 > { @ 4
+k, { @ orj: ;
+l, { @ orj4>38 5
+m, { @ orj8 7 > { @ orj8 9
+n, { @ 4
orj6 +8@6,
s
+o,
5
{ @ 8
+p, { @ 5
+q, { @ 5
+r,
:
{ @ orj89 : + 8;4: ,
+s, { @ 57
s s
71 +d, ` 65 6: > 4^^`7> 6.5 6: ^
t t
+e, ` 4> 87 ` ^ ^ 87 > 4^
+f, d A 4 `6> 9` > d ? 4 ^9> 4^
+g, `3> 6^
+h, `3> 4< `^` 46 > 4` ^ ^6> 4^
s
+i, ^ 5
> 4^
+j,
5
` 4> 4^
+k, ` 4> 67 ^
+l, ` 4> orj: ;`
s s
+m, `3> 5 5
^^`5 5
> 4^
+n, `4@7> 4^
+o, `6> 4^
+p, `3> 6^^^ 44 > 7^=
+q,
6
`5> 4^
81 +d, Frpr 3 ? { 9@ 4 | 3 ? | 9@ 4 Vl ts 9@ 4 hqwrqfhv odv vroxflrqhv vrq { @ +dt e, ts4

4 4
| @ +des , ts4
+e, { @ 83 > | @ 53
+f, { @ 45 orj 7< 6 > | @ 4
7
orj 56 +59 @68 ,
+g, { @ 5orj9 < > | @ orj9 < 5orj9 <
+h, { @ 8> | @ 9 r { @ 89 > | @ 4
+i, { @ 6@5 > | @ 4@5
+j, Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq hv ydfðr1
+k, { @ d5 > | @ d5 r { @ d5 > | @ d5
6 4 4 6
+l, { @ + 65 ,6 > | @ + 65 ,5 r { @ 4> | @ 4

+m, { @ 65 > | @ 4
5
91 +d, l, 47/5 dôrv ll, 55/8 dôrv

+e, ' 719<6
+f, ' 75<13<9
Vroxflrqhv Sureohpdv Plvfhoäqhrv

L1 410 I 510 I 610 Y 710 I 810 I
910 I :10 I ;10 I <10 I 4310 I
4410 Y 4510 Y 4610 Y 4710 I 4810 I
4910 Y 4:10 I 4;10 Y 4<10 I 5310 I
5410 I 5510 I 5610 I 5710 I 5810 I
5910 Y 5:10 I 5;10 I 5<10 Y 6310 I
6410 Y 6510 I 6610 I 6710 I 6810 I
6910 I 6:10 I 6;10 I 6<10 Y 7310 I
7410 I 7510 I 7610 I 7710 I
LL1
41 `6@5> 4^1
51 `8@5> 4^î5j1
61 ^8@;> 4^1
71 ` 4> 3` ^ ^5> 4^
81 ^6@;> 4^1
91 U i4> 5j
:1 ` 8> 5^î6j1
;1 ^8@6> 46@6` i6j1
<1 ^6> 4` i5j1
431 `d > d . ^1
441 `3> 4`1
s
451 ` 8> 4^1
461 `4> 4^1
471 | . 4 @ 56 +{ 4,1
481 klsìuerod frq fhqwur +5> 4,1
s
491 D+{, @ 7{ 49 7{5 1
4:1 klsìuerod frq fhqwur +5> 4,
4;1 ` 4> 7^^`7> 4^1
s s
4<1 ` 4> 44^^` 44> 4^1
531 ` orj5: +6,> orj5:h +6h,`1
541 ^7> 3`1
551 ` <:> 436î6j1
561 ^4> 4` i3j1
571 ` 4> 5`1
; 5
? { {?3
581 +j i ,+{, @ 7{ 3 { ? 4@5
= s
5
5{ { 4@5
591 +d, U ^4> 5^
+e, U. s
{.4 { 5 ^3> 6`
3
+f, +j i ,+{, @
{ . 8 { 5 U. ^3> 6`
5:1 43 | 481
5;1 Uhfi @` 4> 5^^`6> 4^
5<1 i 4 +{, @ {
{.4
4
1
631 i +k, @ +8 k7 ,5 k> k 5`3> 53^1
641 i+{> |, 5 U 5
= 4 { | A 3> { . | 9@ 3j
Dsshqgl{ H
Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv
Oðplwh gh vxfhvlrqhv
Hmhuflflr 839 Kdoodu orv oðplwhv gh odv vxfhvlrqhv
41 4> 45 > 46 > > +4,q

q4
>
51 4 > 6 > > 5q
5 7 5q >
4
61 3=7> 3=76> 3=766> 3=766> 3=76666>
Hmhpsor 83: Ghprvwudu ho vljxlhqwh oðplwh olpq$4 s

qq
4
$
@3
Ghprvwudflöq= Sdud hoor sulphur yhuhprv od ghvljxdogdg vljxlhqwh

Vhd n | q vljxlhqwh qýphurv qdwxudohv wdo txh 4 n ? q1
Dvð 3 ? q n | 3 n 4
oxhjr 3 q n 4 | 3 n 4
Sru or wdqwr
3 +q n 4,+n 4,
3 qn q n5 . 4
q 4 +q n,n
or dqwhulru hv ydolgr sdud 4 n ? q1
q\
4
+q 4,q4 +q n,n
n@4
+q 4,q4 +q 4,$ +q 4,$
s s s
+q 4, q4 ++q 4,$,5 q 4 q4 +q 4,$
Dvð khprv ghprvwudgr

4 4
3 s s
q
q$ q
| sru whrupd gh dfrwdplhqwr whqhprv
4
olp s @ 3
q$4 q q$
756
757 DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV
t s
s s s s
Hmhpsor 83; Gdgd od vxfhvlöq 5> 5 5> 5 5 5>
Fdofxodu ho oðplwh gh od vxfhvlöq
Vroxflöq= Srghprv qrwdu txh hvwä vxfhvlöq hvwd ghqlgd sru uhfxuuhqfld sru od vljxlhqwh irupxod=
s s
d4 @ 5 dq @ 5dq4 =
Xvdqgr hvwd lqirupdflöq srghprv ghprvwudu txh hvwd vxfhvlöq hv fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd1
Sulphur yhdprv txh hv dfrwdgd/ fodudphqwh 3 ? dq / dghpäv srghprv ghprvwudu sru lqgxfflöq txh
dq ? 5/ sdud hoor yhprv orv vljxlhqwhv=
l, d4 ? 5
ll, dq4 ? 5 , 5dq4 ? 7 hv ghflu / dq ? 5
Vhjxqgr yhdprv txh od vxfhvlöq hv hvwufwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
s u
dq.4 5dq 5
@ @
dq dq dq
shur sru od sulphud sduwh ylprv txh dq ? 5/ hv ghflu/ 4 ? d5q / oxhjr
u
dq.4 5 s
@ A 4@4
dq dq
| frq hoor hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh dq.4 A dq 1
Xvdqgr orv grv uhvxowdgrv dqwhulruhv whqhprv txh od vxfhvlöq hv frqyhujhqwh/ dvð/ vhd O @ olpq$4 dq A 3
O5 @ olp d d
q$4 q q
@ olp 5dq4
q$4
@ 5 olp dq4
q$4
@ 5O
Sru or wdqwr olpq$4 dq @ 51

t
s s s s s
Hmhuflflr 83< Gdgd od vxfhvlöq 5> 5 . 5> 5 . 5 . 5>
Fdofxodu ho oðplwh gh od vxfhvlöq
Hmhuflflr 843 Ghprvwudu orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv
41 olpq$4 5qq @ 31
51 olpq$4 5q$ @ 31
q
61 olpq$4 qdq @ 3/ frq d A 41

n
71 olpq$4 dq$ @ 31
q
81 olpq$4 qqq$ @ 31
91 olpq$4 orjdq+q, @ 3/ frq d A 41
Hmhuflflr 844 Ghprvwudu txh orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv qr h{lvwh1
41 olpq$4 vhqq1
51 olpq$4 4 . q.4
q frv+q@5,1
758
61 olpq$4 vhf+q@5,1
71 olpq$4 + +q4, . 1
q 4.+ 4,
q
5
s7 q6 q vhq q
Hmhpsor 845 Fdofxodu olpq$4 .
q.4
+ + $,,
Vroxflöq=
s7 q6 q vhq q s
olpq$4 @ olpq$4 q .qq.4+vhq +q$,,
44@q
7 6
. + + $,,
q.4 t4 4 @q
q . q6 +vhq +q$,,
@ olpq$4
7
4
q
t
4.
Yhdprv sulphur olpq$4 7

q . q6 sdud hoor uhfrughprv txh olpq$4 qs @ 3/ oxhjr
4 4 4
4 4
olp . 6 @3
q$4 q q
| sru or wdqwr u
4 4
olp . @ 3>
7
q$4 q q6
dghpäv sru od surslhgdg gho fhur dqltxlod whqhprv
u
7 4 4
olp . vhq+q$, @ 3>
q$4 q q6
sru rwur odgr whqhprv txh
4
olp +4 . , @ 4=
q$4 q
dvð
s7 q6 q vhq q t4
q . q6 +vhq +q$,,
4
olpq$4 @ olpq$4
7
. + + $,,
q.4 4
q
@ 34 =
4.
s s s s
Hmhpsor 846 Fdofxodu olpq$4 + 6 7 6 ; 6 5 6,1
q
Vroxflöq= Sdud srghu fdofxodu hvwh oðplwh/ qhfhvlwdprv xvdu od surslhgdg gh srwhqfld1
s s s s
olpq$4 + 6 7 6 ; 6 5 6, @ olpq$4 6+5 . 7 .. 5q,
q 4 4 4

4 +4@5,q.4
@ olp
q$4 6

4 +4@5,

olpq$4
4 +4@5,q.4
@ 6
4 +4@5,
@ 6+ 4+4@5, ,
4
@ 65 @ <=
Qrwhprv txh od surslhgdg ixh xvdgd sdud xqd h{srqhqfldo gh edvh frqvwdqwh1

{ { {
olp frv+ , frv+ , frv+ q ,=
q$4 5 7 5
Vroxflöq= Vhd
{ { {
D @ olp frv+ , frv+ , frv+ q ,=
q$4 5 7 5
Uhfrughprv odv vljxlhqwhv lghqwlgdghv wuljrqrphwulfdv
5 frv frv @ frv+ . , . frv+ ,>

5vhq frv @ vhq+ . , . vhq+ ,>
dvð hqwrqfhv whqhprv

{ { 4 6{ {
frv+ , frv+ , @ frv+ , . frv+ , >
5 7 5 7 7
sru or wdqwr
{ , frv+ { ,
frv+ {5 , frv+ {7 , frv+ {; , @ 4
frv+ 67{ , . frv+
6{

@ frv+ 7 , frv+ {; , frv {7 frv+ {; ,
5 7 ;
5
4
@ 4
7
frv+ :;{ , . frv+ 8;{ , . frv+ 6;{ , . frv+ {; , >
Sru lqgxfflöq srghprv ghprvwudu txh=
q4
{ { { 4
5
[4 +5n . 4,{
frv+ , frv+ , frv+ q , @ q4 frv =
5 7 5 5 5q
n@3
Yroydprv do hmhuflflr ruljlqdo
D @ olpq$4 frv+ {5 , frv+ {7 , frv+ 5{q ,

S5q4 4
@ olpq$4 5q44 n@3 frv+ +5n5.4, {,
q , S5q4 4
q
@ olpq$4 5q44 vhq +{@5q , n@3
vhq + {@5
frv+ +5n5.4, {,
S5q4 4
q
@ olpq$4 5q4 vhq4 +{@5q , n@3 frv+ +5n5.4, { ,vhq+ { ,

S
q 5q
@ olpq$4 5q vhq +{@5q , n@3 +vhq+ 5q , vhq+ 5q ,,

4 5
q 4
4 5n{ +5n5,{
@ olpq$4 5q vhq 4+{@5q , +vhq+ +5 5q5,{ , vhq+ 55q{ ,,

q
q4 4,{@5q4 , q4 ,

@ olpq$4 vhq ++55q vhq+{@ 5q ,
. vhq +{@5
5q vhq +{@5q ,
q4 q4 q4 ,
@ olpq$4 vhq ++5 {4,{@5 , vhq{@ . vhq{@ vhq{@
5
q +{@5 5
q
5q4 q4
4
+{@5q , +{@5q ,
@ vhq{ { =
5
Hmhuflflr 848 Fdofxodu orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv
q5 .4 1
41 olpq$4 433333q
51 olpq$4 6q5q.7 q.8 1

6
6 .9
s s
61 olpq$4 + q . 4 q,1
s s
71 olpq$4 + 6 q . 4 6 q,1
s s
81 olpq$4 + 7 q5 . 4 q,1
s6 q5 vhq q
91 olpq$4 q.4
+ $,
1
:1 olpq$4 q.4q q.4 1

+ 5, .6
q
+ 5, .6
;1 olpq$4 q q1
q .4

5
5
<1 olpq$4 d d5 ..dq frq +mdm ? 4> mem ? 4,1

e e5 ..eq
4. .
4. .
431 olpq$4 + q4 q5 . q6 . +4,q q ,1

q4
75:
441 olpq$4 + q4 5 . q5 5 . . +q

q5 ,1
5 5 5
4,
451 olpq$4 + q4 6 . q6 6 . . +5qq64, ,1

5 5 5
461 olpq$4 + 45 . 565 . 586 . . 5q5 q ,1

4
471 olpq$4 + sq45 .4 . sq45 .5 . sq45 .6 . . sq45 .q ,1
481 olpq$4 + 445 . 546 . . q+q4.4 ,

s s s s
491 olpq$4 + 5 7 5 ; 5 5 5,
q
4:1 olpq$4 5.6vhq +

q
q, 1
t
7.
4;1 olpq$4 5.6

7. q1
q
t
4<1 olpq$4 6 +6 sq sq , .5
1
q.7
6
531 olpq$4 5q 7.6

q5 .q 1
vhq +q,
5
541 olpq$4 qq

.+4,
1
q
+4,q
551 olpq$4 1
49
q.4 .8q.4
75q .8q
561 olpq$4 q .6q 4@q 1

q 6q .4

8
8
571 olpq$4 + 45 . 4
7
. . 5 q ,1
4
581 olpq$4 +4 4
6
. 4
<
. + qq44 ,1
4,
6
591 olpq$4 q5 1

5 5 5
4 .5 .6 . .
q6
5:1 olpq$4 qvhq +q$,
q5 .4
s
5;1 olpq$4 q qq.4.q
6 5
5<1 olpq$4 q 7. q
5
q
s s s
631 olpq$4 + q . 4 q,+ q . 6,
s
641 olpq$4 q5
q
651 olpq$4 5
q.4 .6q.4
5q .6q
s
661 olpq$4 d . dq frq d A 3
q q
s
671 olpq$4 q+ q5 . 4 4,
s
681 olpq$4 + q5 . 8q q,
691 olpq$4
q q5:
q$,.:q.4
vhq +
q
6:1 olpq$4 4 . 78q
6;1 q8q.6q5 vhq+5@q5 ,

6
.4
6<1 olpq$4 +5q . 6q ,4@q 1

75; DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV
Hmhuflflr 849 Vhd dq @ 6qq$ {q 1

Uhvroyhu olpq$4 dqdq.4 ? 41
Hmhuflflr 84: Vhd idq j xqd vxfhvlöq dfrwdgd1

q6 .4 1
Fdofxodu olpq$4 dq .frv+ q,
Hmhuflflr 84; Vhd idq j xqd vxfhvlöq frqyhujhqwh1

q.4 1
Fdofxodu olpq$4 dq .+ 4,q
Hmhuflflr 84< Juäfdu odv ixqflrqhv
41 | @ olpq$4 frv5q {
51 | @ olpq$4 {
{q
s
4.
61 | @ olpq$4 q
4 . {q
71 | @ olpq$4 dufwj+q{,
Hmhuflflr 853 Ho wìuplqr jhqhudo xq gh od vxfhvlöq x4 @ 45 / x5 @ 87 / x6 @ :; / x7 @ 4:

/ wlhqh od irupd
5 4
/ vl q hv xq qýphur lpsdu/ | 5 5.4
q / vl q hv xq qýphur sdu1
49
q q
Kdoodu olpq$4 xq
5q
Hmhpsor 854 Od vxfhvlöq x4 > x5 > x6 > wlhqh sru oðplwh d 9@ 31

Ghprvwudu txh olpq$4 xxqq.4 @ 41 Bc Txì vh sxhgh ghflu vreuh hvwh oðplwh vl d @ 3 B +Prvwudu hmhpsorv,1
Vroxflöq= Frpr whqhprv olpq$4 xq @ d | oxhjr wrgd vxevxfhvlöq hv frqyhujhqwh do plvpr oðplwh/ hv
ghflu/ olpq$4 xq.4 @ d | sru or wdqwr whqhprv txh
olpq$4 xxqq.4 @ olp

olp
q$4 xq.4
q$4 xq
@ d @4
d
Vl od vxfhvlöq frqyhujh d fhur whqhprv yduldv dowhuqdwlydv1
Hmhpsor 4 olpq$4 q4 @ 3
olpq$4 xxqq.4 @ olpq$4 + q.4 4
,@ q4
@ olpq$4 q.4 @ 4
q
Hmhpsor 5 olpq$4 q4$ @ 3 | hq hvwh fdvr whqhprv
olpq$4 xxqq.4 @ olpq$4 4@4+@q+.4,$

q,$
@ olpq$4 q.4
4
@3
Hmhpsor 6 olpq$4 n4q @ 3 frq 4 ? n/ n 5 Q
olpq$4 xxqq.4 @ olpq$4 4@n

+q.4,
4@nq
@ olpq$4 n4 @ n4
Hmhpsor 7 olpq$4 vhqq @3
q
Hq hvwh fdvr qrv txhgd ho vljxlhqwh oðplwh
q.4 vhqq
olp >
q$4 q vhq+q . 4,
ho sulphur gh orv fxdohv hv frqyhujhqwh d 4 | ho vhjxqgr qr hv frqyhujhqwh/ sru or wdqwr ho oðplwh wrwdo
qr h{lvwh1
75<
Hmhuflflr 855 Xq vhjphqwr gh orqjlwxg d% hvwd glylglgr hq q sduwhv ljxdohv1 Vreuh fdgd xqd gh
hoodv wrpäqgrod frpr edvh/ vh kd frqvwuxlgr xq wuläqjxor lvövfhohv/ fx|rv äqjxorv hq od edvh vrq gh 78r 1
Ghprvwudu/ txh ho oðplwh gho shuðphwur gh od oðqhd txheudgd dvð irupdgd hv glihuhqwh gh od orqjlwxg ruljlqdo/
d shvdu txh sdvdqgr do oðplwhv od oðqhd vh frqixqgh jhrpìwulfdphqwh frq ho vhjphqwr ruljlqdo1
Hmhuflflr 856 Ho sxqwr F6 glylgh do vhjphqwr F4 F5 hq grv sduwhv ljxdohv/ ho sxqwr F7 glylgh d vx yh}
do vhjphqwr F5 F6 hq grv sduwhv ljxdohv> ho F8 kdfh or surslr frq ho vhjphqwr F6 F7 | dvð vxfhvlydphqwh1
Ghwhuplqdu od srvlflöq oðplwh gho sxqwr Fq 1
Oðplwh gh ixqflrqhv
41 olp{$4 {{5
6
.4
4
51 olp{$4 {{7 6{.5

6
7{.6
61 olp{$8 { {58{58
5
.43
71 olp{$4 {6{.6{4.5
5
81 olp{$5 {5{ 5{
5
7{.7
91 olp{$4 4 { {6
4
4
6
s{
:1 olp{$4 { 4
4
s{
;1 olp{$97 s6 { ;
7
s6 {
<1 olp{$4 s7 { 4
4
431 olp{$: 5 5s{ 6

{ 7<
441 olp{$7 s {
s {
6 8.
4 8
s{ s {
451 olp{$3 .4
{
4
461 olp{$5 vhq

{
{
471 olp{$3 vhq{6{

481 olp{$3 vhq
vhq 6{
8{
491 olp{$3 dufvhq {

{
4:1 olp{$3 dufwj 5{
vhq 6{
4;1 olp{$3 {{vhq 5{

.vhq 6{
4<1 olp{$4 {5

4
vhq +{,
531 olp{$4 {
oq+4.43 ,
{
541 olp{$3 dufwj {
{
551 olp{$3 oq+frv {,
{5
s s vhq {
561 olp{$3 4.vhq {
wj {
4
s6 {
571 olp{$3 4.
{
4
581 olp{$5 +4{frv {

5 ,5
s s
591 olp{$3 5
5 vhq
4.frv
{
+ ,
{
5:1 olp{$3 4
vhq { wj4{
5;1 olp{$@7 frv {vhq {

{
frv+5 ,
5<1 olp{$3 fvf { fwj{
631 olp{$5 +{5 7,vhq+ {

4
5
,
s
641 olp{$4 +{{4,5 45{
s {
651 olp{$3 4.
{
4
661 olp{$@5 +@5 {,wj+{,

t t
671 olp{$3 vhq+ 4 . {4 , vhq+ {4 ,
681 olp{$3 6{
vhq 5{
5

vhq 5 +6{, 8{
691 olp{$ s
36
{s
{ { .4 .4
s {5 s {
6:1 olp{$3
4.
{5 { .
4 5
6;1 olp{$3 vhq

{7 5{6 {5
+6{,vhq +7{,
; { s
? {4{ { 9@ 4
6
Hmhuflflr 858 Vhd i +{, @

=
d {@4
Fdofxodu ho ydoru gh d gh prgr txh h{lvwd olp{$4 i +{,
;
A
?
9{.4;{ 8{.9
{?6
5
{4
Hmhuflflr 859 Vhd i +{, @
A
=
s{.456
{.6 {A6
Fdofxodu olp{$6 i +{,
; frv {4
? 6{5 { 9@ 3
Hmhuflflr 85: Vhd i +{, @
=
d {@3
Ghwhuplqdu ho ydoru gh d gh prgr txh h{lvwd olp{$3 i +{,
Hmhuflflr 85; Vhd +

4frv {
@5 ? { ? @5> { 9@ 3
6
j+{, @ {vhq +5{,

d {@3
Ghwhuplqdu d 5 U gh prgr txh j vhd frqwlqxd hq ` @5> @5^1

764
Hmhuflflr 85< Vhd +

h+d5 4,{ 4.6+{4, { 9@ 4
i+{, @ {4
6d{ { @ 4
Ghwhuplqdu d 5 U gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 41
Hmhuflflr 863 Vhd + s

{ frv { @7 { @7> { 9@ 3
i +{, @
4 frv +5 ,
{5
d {@3
Ghwhuplqdu d 5 U gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq ^@7> @7`1
Hmhuflflr 864 Ghwhuplqdu/ vl h{lvwh/ odv frqvwdqwhv D | E gh prgr txh od vljxlhqwh ixqflöq vhd frqwlqxd
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{5 | 5 @ :
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glvwlqwd gh fhur1
Hmhpsor 88: Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh od ixqflöq | @ i +{, ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru
h6{ . h{| 5{.| @ 43=

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Hmhpsor 88; Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh od ixqflöq | @ i +{, ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru
vhq+{ |, @ dufwj+{|,=
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h{| frv+{ |, @ vhq+{| 5 ,

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+3>3,
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+4> 4,1
Hmhuflflr 895 Prvwudu txh od ixqflöq | ghqlgd lpsolfðwdphqwh sru od hfxdflöq {| @ oq+|, . 4/ vdwlvidfh
wdpelìq od uhodflöq1
g|
| 5 . +{| 4, @3
g{
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ìvwd frq od uhfwd gho udglr irfdo do sxqwr | od uhfwd gho hmh gh od sduäerod1
Vroxflöq= Frqvlghuhprv od sduäerod | @ 7f{5 +|d txh xqd wudvodflöq qr fdpeld orv äqjxorv, | ho sxqwr
+s> 7fs5 ,/ oxhjr od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hv
| 7fs5 @ ;fs+{ s,
| od hfxdflöq gh od qrupdo frq s 9@ 3 hv
4
oq = | 7fs5 @ +{ s,=
;fs
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irfdo/ wlhqh txh sdvdu sru orv sxqwrv +s> 7fs5 , | +3> f,/ sru or wdqwr whqhprv
7fs5 f
ou = | f @ {=
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Hmhuflflr 89: Ghwhuplqdu od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd {| . dufvhq+{ |, @ 3 hq ho sxqwr

+5> 3,1
Hmhuflflr 89; Hq od sduäerod | @ {5 vh kdq pdufdgr grv sxqwrv fx|dv devflvdv vrq { @ 4/ { @ 61 Sru
hvwrv sxqwrv sdvd od vhfdqwh 1 Bc Hq txì sxqwr gh od sduäerod od wdqjhqwh d ìvwd hv sdudohod d od vhfdqwh
wud}dgdB
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fx|d devflvd hv { @ 4@51
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{5 fx|d hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hv sdudohod do hmh
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5
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d od sduäerod hq ho sxqwr D> o5 | o6 vrq odv uhfwdv qrupdohv hq orv sxqwrv E | F1 Fdofxodu ho äuhd gho
wuläqjxor ghwhuplqdgr sru odv uhfwdv o4 > o5 | o6 1
Hmhuflflr 8:8 Fdofxoh d vl od uhfwdv 9{ | 4 @ 3 hv qrupdo d od fxuyd | @ {6 . d{ . e hq +3> 4,
Hmhuflflr 8:9 Frqvlghuh od hfxdflöq

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s
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txh ghqh lpsoðflwdphqwh d | frpr ixqflöq gh {1

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{5 . | 5 @ 9{ 7| . 8
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hq { @ 5 frq | 5` 5 > 3^1
Hmhuflflr 8;3 Ghwhuplqh n 5 U +vl h{lvwh, gh prgr txh od hfxdflrqhv gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd F
hq +4> 7 , sdvd sru ho ruljhq
F = | dufwj+{, @ n| 6 vhq+{,
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sru ho sxqwrv +8> 3,1
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Lqwhusuhwdflöq iðvlfd
Hmhuflflr 8;7 Ho udglr gh xqd hvihud fuhfh xqliruphphqwh frq yhorflgdg gh 8fp2vhj Bc D txh yhorflgdg
fuhfhud ho äuhd gh od vxshuflh gh od hvihudB | ho yroxphq gh od plvpd fxdqgr ho udglr vhd ljxdo d 83fp1
Hmhuflflr 8;8 Vl ho yroxphq gh xq flolqgur dxphqwd d ud}öq gh 6fp6 @vhj1 Fdofxodu od ud}öq gh fdpelr
gh od vxshuflh gho flolqgur hq ho lqvwdqwh fxdqgr k @ 4 | vdelhqgr txh k @ 6u1
Hmhuflflr 8;9 Ho yroxphq gh xq fxer fuhfh d od yhorflgdg gh 63p6 @plp hq ho lqvwdqwh hq txh od dulvwd
plgh 53p1 Fdofxoh od yhorflgdg frq txh yduðd od dulvwd1
Hmhuflflr 8;: Od wlhuud txh ylhuwh xqd hvfdydgrud do ulwpr 6p6 @plq irupd xq frqr fx|r udglr hv frq0
vwdqwhphqwh ljxdo do greoh gh od dowxud1 Kdoodvh od yhorflgdg d txh yduðd hvwd ýowlpd hq ho lqvwdqwh hq txh
od dowxud hv 4;p1
Hmhuflflr 8;; Xq edufr qdyhjd sdudohodphqwh d xqd frvwd uhfwd d xqd yhorflgdg gh 45ploodv2kuv1 | d xqd
glvwdqfld gh 7 ploodv1
BcFxäo hv od yhorflgdg gh dsur{lpdflöq d xq idur gh od frvwd hq ho lqvwdqwh hq txh glvwhq 8 ploodv do
idurB
Hmhuflflr 8;< Xq erwh vh dfhufd d xq pxhooh phgldqwh xqd fxhugd gh odujr 9pwv dwdgd d vx surd1 Od
fxhugd sdvd sru xq dqloor mr do pxhooh/ txh hvwd 425 phwurv päv dowr txh ho h{wuhpr gh od fxhugd frq
yhorflgdgd gh 5fp2vhj1
Kdoodu od yhorflgdg frq txh ho erwh vh dfhufd do pxhooh fxdqgr vh kd uhfrjlgr 4 phwurv gh fxhugd1
Hmhuflflr 8<3 Od dowxud gh xq wuläqjxor htxlodwhur d ud}öq gh 6fp2vhj1
BcFxäo hv od yhorflgdg gh dxphqwr gho äuhdB
Hmhuflflr 8<4 Ho gldphwur | od dowxud gh xq flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr vrq/ hq xq flhuwr lqvwdqwh 43fp/ 53fp/
uhvshfwlydphqwh1
Vl ho gldphwur dxphqwd 4 p2plq1 Ghwhuplqh frpr yduðd od dowxud gh prgr txh ho yroxphq vhd frqvwdqwh1
Hmhuflflr 8<5 Xqd yðd gh ihuurfdulo fux}d xqd fduuhwhud edmr xq äqjxor gh 93 1 Xqd orfrprwrud glvwdq
493 phwurv gho fuxfhq | vh dohmdq gh ìo d xqd yhorflgdg gh 433 Np2kuv1 Xq dxwrprylo glvwdq gho fuxfh 493
phwurv | dfhufd d ìo frq xqd yhorflgdg gh 83Np2kuv1
Bc D txh ud}öq vh dowhud od glvwdqfld hqwuh orv grv ghvsxhv gh phgld krudB
Hmhuflflr 8<6 Xq exv vh ghvsod}d hq olqhd uhfwd sdudohod d od yhuhgd frq xqd udslghv gh 45 phwurv2 vhj d
7 phwurv gh hood
Bc frq txh udslgh} vh dsur{lpd d xq glvfr sduh xelfdgr do erugh gh od yhuhgd hq ho lqvwdqwh hq txh glvwhq
8 phwurv gho glvfr SDUHB
774
Hmhuflflr 8<7 Xqd hvfdohud gh 83 phwurv gh odujrv vh ghvol}dq sru xqd sduhg yhuwlfdo gh 48 phwurv gh dowr1
Vl od yhorflgdg frq txh vh ghvsod}d ho h{wuhpr vxshulru hv frqvwdqwh h ljxdo d 5 pwv2vhj1
Bc Frq txh yhorflgdg v ghvsod}d ho h{wuhpr lqihulru hq ho lqvwdqwh hq txh h{wuhpr vxshulru hvwd hq 6
phwurv gho vxhor1
Hmhuflflr 8<8 Od dowxud gh xq wuläqjxor htxlodwhur dxphqwd d ud}öq gh 6 fp@vhj1

Ghwhuplqdu od udslgh} gh fuhflplhqwr gho äuhd1
Hmhuflflr 8<9 Xq jorer vh kdood d 93 pwv gh dowxud vreuh xqd fduuhwhud uhfwd | vh hvwd hohydqgr yhuwlfdo0
phqwh frq xq udslgh} gh 6pwv@vhj1 Hq hvh lqvwdqwh sdvd xq dxwr txh yldmd d 53pwv@vhj1
BcFrq txì udslgh} dxphqwd od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho jorer | ho dxwr 8 vhjxqgrv ghvsxhvB
Hmhuflflr 8<: Xq iduro vh hqfxhqwud hq or dowr gh xq srvwh gh 49 slh gh dowxud1 Xq qlôr gh 8 slhv gh
dowxud vh dohmd gho srvwhd xqd yhorflgdg gh 7slh@vhj
BcFrq txì udslgh} vh pxhyh ho h{wuhpr gh vx vrpeud fxdqgr ìo vh hqfxhqwud d 4; slh gho srvwhB
Sureohpd gh Pä{lpr | Pðqlpr

Hmhuflflr 8<; Hq xqd sdufhod/ vh ghvhd hqfhuudu grv sruflrqhv gh whuuhqr gh ljxdo äuhd +frpr hq od jxud,
frq xqd pdood gh orqjlwxg O1 Ghwhuplqdu odv orqjlwxghv gh prgr txh ho äuhd hqfhuudgd vh pä{lpd1
+D|xgd= H{suhvh ho äuhd gh odv sdufhod hq ixqflöq gh {1,
{ {
Hmhuflflr 8<< Hq od ulehud gh xq uðr gh 6 np gh dqfkr kd| xqd sodqwd hoìfwulfd/ hq od rwud ulehud 7 np
fruulhqwh duuled kd| xqd iäeulfd1 Ho frvwr gh whqghu xq fdeoh sru wlhuud +oðqhd dìuhd, hv gh ' 63 sru phwur
| gh ' 83 sru phwur/ vl vh wlhqgh edmr ho djxd +fdeoh vxepdulqr,1 Ghwhuplqdu fxdqwr fdeoh gh vhu whqglr
hq irupd vxepdulqd gh prgr txh ho frvwr gho whqglgr vhd pðqlpr1
+D|xgd= Ghwhuplqh od ixqflöq frvwr gho whqglgr gh fdeoh gh od sodqwd hoìfwulfd d od iäeulfd hq ixqflöq
gh {/ grqgh { uhsuhvhqwd od orqjlwxg gho fdeoh whqglgr hq irupd vxepdulqd1,
Hmhuflflr 933 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xqd fdmd vlq wdsd frq edvh uhfwdqjxodu d sduwlu gh xqd krmd uhfwdqjxodu
gh fduwöq gh 49 fp gh dqfkr | gh 54 fp gh odujr/ uhfruwdqgr xq fxdgudgr hq fdgd hvtxlqd | greodqgr orv
odgrv kdfld duuled1 Hqfxhqwuh odv glphqvlrqhv txh plqlplfh od fdqwlgdg gh pdwhuldo qhfhvdulr1 +D|xgd=
H{suhvdu Y +yroxphq gh od fdmd, frpr xqd ixqflöq gh od yduldeoh {/ grqgh { hv od orqjlwxg gho odgr gho
fxdgudgr,1 Yhu jxud1
a
a aa{
aa aaa
a a aa
a a aa
{ a
Hmhuflflr 934 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq ghsövlwr delhuwr gh edvh fxdgudgd | sduhghv yhuwlfdohv frq P fp5 gh
pdwhuldo1 Ghwhuplqdu od orqjlwxg gh xqd dulvwd gh prgr txh ho yroxphq vhd pä{lpr
+D|xgd= Ghwhuplqh od ixqflöq yroýphq hq wìuplqrv gh {/ grqgh { lqglfd od orqjlwxg gh xq odgr gh od
edvh,1
Hmhuflflr 935 Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gh xq flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr gh udglr u | dowxud k hvwä lqvfulwr
hq xq frqr gh dowxud 45 | udglr gh od edvh 7 gh prgr txh vx yroxphq vhd pä{lpr1
+D|xgd= H{suhvh ho yroýphq Y gho flolqgur frpr xqd ixqflöq gh u1,
Hmhuflflr 936 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq uhflslhqwh flolqgulfr gh phwdo vlq wdsd txh whqjd xqd fdsdflgdg gh
op6 1 Hqfxhqwuh odv glphqvlrqhv txh gheh whqhu sdud txh od fdqwlgdg gh pdwhuldo vhd pðqlpd/ vxsrqlhqgr
txh qr vh ghvshuglfld qdgd hq od frqvwuxfflöq1
Hmhuflflr 937 Xqd yhqwdqd wlhqh od irupd gh xq uhfwäqjxor frurqdgr sru xq vhplflufxor1 Kdooh odv gl0
phqvlrqhv gh od yhqwdqd txh shuplwhq dgplwlu päv ox}/ vxsrqlhqgr txh ho shulphwur gheh vhu gh 8p1
Hmhuflflr 938 Vh ghvhd txh od säjlqdv gh xq oleur whqjdq xq äuhd gh <33fp5 frq pdujhqhv gh 518fp dedmr
| d orv odgrv/ | gh 418fp duuled 1 Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gh od säjlqd txh gduäq od pd|ru äuhd srvleoh
sdud ho wh{wr1
Hmhuflflr 939 Xq krwho txh freud ';3 +groduhv, gldulrv sru kdelwdflöq/ gd suhflrv hvshfldohv d juxsrv txh
uhvhuyhq hqwuh 63 | 93 kdelwdflrqhv1 Vl vh rfxsdq päv gh 63 fxduwrv/ ho suhflr glvplqx|h hq '4 sru fdgd
fxduwr duuled gh orv 631 Hq hvwdv frqglflrqhv Bcod rfxsdflöq gh fxäqwdv kdelwdflrqhv sru xq juxsr surgxfhq
ho lqjuhvr qhwr pä{lpr1B
Hmhuflflr 93: Fdofxoh ho yroxphq gho frqr flufxodu uhfwr päv judqgh txh vh sxhgh lqvfulelu hq xqd hvihud
gh udglr U1
Hmhuflflr 93; Grv srvwhv yhuwlfdohv gh 6 | 7 phwurv vh kdoodq fodydgrv hq xq vxhor d qlyho | vxv edvhv
glvwdq 8 phwurv1 Fdofxoh od orqjlwxg pðqlpd gh fdeoh txh vh qhfhvlwdq sdud whqhu grv wudprv uhfwrv ghvgh
od sxqwd gh xqr gh orv srvwhv kdvwd xq sxqwr hq ho vxhor | gh dkðkdvwd od sxqwd gho rwur srvwh1
Hmhuflflr 93< Od vxpd txh vh jdvwd hq ho frpexvwleohv sdud od fdoghud gh xq edufr hv sursruflrqdo do
fxer gh od yhorflgdg1 Hv vdelgr txh vl ho edufr pdufkd d 43np sru krud/ vh jdvwäq 63 groduhv sru krud gh
frpexvwleohv1 Orv ghpäv jdvwrv txh qr ghshqghq gh od yhorflgdg vrq gh 7;3 groduhv sru krud1
Bc D txì yhorflgdg gho edufr hv pðqlpd ho jdvwr wrwdo sru xq nlorphwurB
Hmhuflflr 943 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq vlor sdud dopdfhqdu judqr frq xqd fdsdflgdg gh u@61 Ho vlor kd gh
whqhu od irupd gh xq flolqgur uhpdwdgr sru xqd eryhgd vhplhvihulfd1 Vl ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflöq sru phwur
fxdgudgr hv ho wulsoh hq od sduwh vhplhvihulfd txh hq od sduwh flolqgulfd1 Fdofxoh odv glphqvlrqhv gho vlor
txh kdfh pðqlpr ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflöq1
Hmhuflflr 944 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xqd fdmd gh edvh fxdgudgd gh yroxphq 585 fp6 1
Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gh od fdmd sdud txh ho frvwr gh ideulfdflöq vhd pðqlpr/ vl vh vdeh txh=
Ho frvwr gh odv wdsd hv ' 5 sru fp5
Ho frvwr gh od edvh hv ' 8 sru fp5
Ho frvwr gh orv odgrv hv ' 6 sru fp5 1
Sureohpdv gh Fhuwdphqhv
Fdsðwxor 4
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
41 +;{> | 5 U,+{ . | 9@ 3 , s
{ s 54 5 ,
{ |
+ . , {5 .|5 { .|
s
51 +;{ 5 U,+ 7{5 @ 5m{m,
61 +;{ 5 U,+{5 @ 49 +, { @ 7 r { @ 7,
71 +;{,+;|,+{> | 5 U. ,+ {|
4
{4 ,
81 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv de ? 4
91 i{ 5 U @ m{m
m {m
4
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m4 {mj
:1 +;{ 5 U i3j, +{ ? 43 , 4
43
? {4 ,
s
;1 +;d 5 U i3j,+;e 5 U,+ d d.e 4,
5 5
<1 +;d 5 U. ,+;e 5 U. ,+;f 5 U. ,+d e , d ef,
431 +;{> | 5 U i3j, + {5m.

{m m{m,
|5
441 +;{> | 5 U i3j, +6m{m m|m , s m5{m 5 45 ,

{ .|
451 +;{> | 5 U i3j, +{5 | 5 , m{m

m|m 4,
t
461 i{ 5 U @ { 4j @ i{ 5 U @ s{ s4 {j
{
4
471 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv 4 ? de
481 i{ 5 U @ m{m
m {m
5
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m5 {mj
491 +;{ 5 U i3j, +{ : ? 3 , 4: A {4 ,

s 5 5
4:1 +;{ 5 U i3j,+;| 5 U,+ { 4,
{ .|
4;1 Vl d=e 5 U wdo txh de 3 hqwrqfhv s s s

de @ d e
4<1 +;d> e 5 U ,+d ? e , d5 A e5 ,
776

{
s ?3
{ {
hv ydfðr
541 +;{ 5 U, +{5 {7 ,
s
551 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . 6{5 7 @ 3j @ 5
561 Ho lqpr gh i{ 5 U@ 5{{.8 A 4j hv 08
571 Ho vxsuhpr gho frqmxqwr D @ i4 q4 mq 5 Qj hv 31
581 Ho vxsuhpr gho frqmxqwr s
i{ 5 ] = m{5 6m ? 7j hv :
s
591 +;{> | 5 U i3j, + m{m.|5 m{m,
m{m |
s s s{
5:1 Vl { vdwlvidfh od hfxdflöq 8{ . 4 @ 5{ 5 . 5 hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gh od h{suhvlöq s {
8 .4
5 5
hv 51
LL Frpsohwdflöq=

s
{5
3 hv1111111111111111111
m{ 5m m4 {m

s
{5
3 hv 111111111111111
m6 {m m{ 5m
61 Od lqhfxdflöq
4
6 + ,8{.5{ <d{ 5{
5 5
6
wlhqh frpr vroxflöq ho frqmxqwr gh orv U vl d 51111111111111
u
4
m{ 4m hv11111111111111
{ 5{ . 4
5
81 Od lqhfxdflöq
8{.5.{5
4
6 <d{ 5{
5
6
wlhqh frpr vroxflöq ho frqmxqwr gh orv U vl d 511111111111111111111111
m{ 4m6 +m{ 5m,8

A 3 hv 111111111111111
m{5 . 5m
:1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq
+{5 . :{ . 43,+{5 6{ . 7,
? 3 hv 11111111111111111111
m{ . 6m
778
;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq

u
4 6
hv 111111111111111111111
{ 9{ . <
5
7
<1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq

u
4
4 hv 1111111111111
{ . 7{ . 7
5
431 Vhdq d 5 U> 5 U. ho frqmxqwr i{ 5 U m m{ dm ? j hv ho lqwhuydor 11111111111111111
441 Vl { 5 U. > | 5 11111111111111111/} 5 U hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd

} }

{| {
451 Od sursrvlflöq
+ . 4,{5 7{ . + 4, A 3
hv yhugdghud vvl 5111111111111111
461 Odv vroxflrqhv gho vlvwhpd

{ @ 5{
| @ 7|
} @ }
5{5 . 7| 5 . } 5 @ ;
vrq 1111111111
471 Grv wxehuldv wdugdq 9 krudv hq oohqdu xqd slvflqd1 Xqd vöod od oohqduðd 8 krudv päv gh sulvd txh
od rwud hqwrqfhv fdgd wxehuld wdugduðd lqglylgxdophqwh hq oohqdu od slvflqd 111111111111111 | 1111111111111111
uhvshfwlydphqwh
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Vl ho udglr gho flolqgur uhfwr glvplqx|h hq xq 43( plhqwudv txh vx dowxud dxphqwd hq xq 45(1
hq txh wdqwr sru flhqwr yduðd>
d, ho yroxphq gho flolqgur Yf @ u5 k
e, ho äuhd odwhudo gho flolqgur1 Df @ uk
51 Uhvroyhu
{5 | 5 @ 5+{| 6,
5+6 {|, @ +{5 | 5 ,
6{ | 9{ | 6 @ 3
5
Fdsðwxor 5
41 Vl orj{ +8, ? 4 hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh 8 ? {1

orj8 {
4 hv ^6> 4^
orj8 +4@6,
s
61 5 orj 5 . +4 . 54{ , orj 6 orj + { 6 . 5:, @ 3/ od hfxdflöq dqwhulru qr wlhqh vroxflöq srvlwlyd
71 Vl orjd e @ 6 | orjd f @ 5 hqwrqfhv orjf e5 @ 6 | ef @ d8
81 i{ 5 Um 4
orj5 + {, A 4j @ i{ 5 Um 4 A orj5 +{,j
91 Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. i4j vh wlhqh orje +d5 , orje +d6 ,1
s
:1 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . {5 9 @ 3j @ 5
;1 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d5 ,,
<1 Od lqhfxdflöq
orj4@5 +d{5 . 4, ? orj4@5 +d,
wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr vroxflöq wrgrv orv uhdohv vvl d 5`3> 4^
431 +;e 5 U. i4j, +orje +{, 4 , { e,
441 Vl i hv lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh

s
451 Vhd i +{, @ {5 4 > j+{, @ { . 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U
461 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d6 ,,
471 +;e 5 U. i4j, +orje + {4 , 4 , 4 {e,
481 Vl i hv el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh

s
491 Vhd i +{, @ {5 . 4> j+{, @ { 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U
4:1 Ho ydoru pðqlpr gh od ixqflöq i+{, @ {+{ 6, hv <@7
4;1 Vhd i = G $ ^6> 4^

{ :$ h{ 4
hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr pä{lpr gh i hv ^ oq+7,> 4^
s
4<1 Vhdq i+{, @ 5 { > j+{, @ oq+{5 . <, ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr pä{lpr gh od ixqflöq j i
hv ` 4> 44^1
531 Vl i hv xqd ixqflöq lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
541 Od vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq orj{ +{ . 4@5, ? 4 hv ydflr1
551 Vl i+{, @ oq+{ . 7, | j+{, @ h{ . 6 vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv +j i ,+{, @ { . : | vx grplqlr hv U
561 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv el|hfwlydv hqwrqfhv ho surgxfwr i j hv el|hfwlyd
571 Vl A 3/ od ixqflöq i +{, @ oq+{5 . 4, wlhqh pðqlpr devroxwr1
LL Frpsohwdflöq=
41 Od uhfwd | @ 8{ . e qr lqwhuvhfwd d od sduäerod | @ 5{5 5{ . 6 vl e 51111111111111
51 Od sduäerod {5 5{ d| 5d . | @ 6/ frq fhqwur hq +4> 5, vh deuh kdfld duuled vl | vöor vl
d 51111111111111
61 Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5 7{ . 6|5 . 9| @ 7 | hv sdudohod d
od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111
71 Od uhodflöq {5 | 5 7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od föqlfd 1111111111111 frq yìuwlfh hq 11111111111111

77:
81 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwäqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwr hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7|5 @ 971 Hqwrqfhv
od ixqflöq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho äuhd gho uhfwäqjxor hq ixqflöq gh { hv= 11111111111111111
{
91 Od uhodflöq {5 |5 . 7{ 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od föqlfd 111111111111111 frq fhqwur hq1111111111111
:1 Sdud d 511111111| e 5 111111111111 od ixqflöq +sduäerod, i+{, @ {5 . d{ . e hv ghfuhflhqwh hq ^5> 4^

s
;1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq i +{, @ orj+{5 9, 4 hv 1111111111111
s
<1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq i +{, @ orj+{5 4, 4 hv 1111111111111111
431 Od vroxflöq gh od lqhfxdflöq

orj4@6 +m{m 5,
orj< +6,
orj4@6 7
hv 111111111111111
441 Vl od ixqflöq i vh ghqh frpr
i = ` 5> 4î7j $ U
{ :$ m{m
4
7
hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflöq i hv 1111111111111
451 Vhd i = G $ ^h5 > h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5:4h ,6{4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr pä{lpr gh i hv 111111111111
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj +{, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo txh
ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydflr hv 11111111111111111
s
471 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr pä{lpr gh j i hv 111111111
481 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq s s

4 4 {5
i +{, @
{5
hv 11111111111111111111

d{5 . 4 { 3
491 Frqvlghuh od ixqflöq i +{, @ hqwrqfhv i hv lq|hfwlyd vl | vöor vl d 5 11111111111111 |
{5 . e { ? 3
e 5 111111111111111
4:1 Od uhodflöq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflöq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111

5
{ >{ ? 3 s{ > { ? 4 hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111
4;1 Vhd i+{, @ | j+{, @
5{ > { 3 { >{ 4
s
4<1 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv { wdo txh i+{, @ +{ . 5,+{ 6, wlhqh xq ydoru pðqlpr hv 1111111111111111
531 Vhd i = `3> 4î4j $ U hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr hv 111111111111111

{ :$ {4
4
. 6
541 Vhd i = U i4j $ U i4j xqd ixqflöq el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i 4 +{, hv ljxdo d 1111111111111111
{ :$ {.4
4{
551 od ixqflöq i+{, @ 5{ m{m ghqlgd hq ^5> 8` wlhqh xq pä{lpr devroxwr hq { @11111111111 | xq ydoru
pðqlpr devroxwr ljxdo d 11111111111
561 Od ixqflöq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflöq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq frqr
gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ hv i +k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv 11111111111111111
571 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq i+{> |, @ {|, hv ho frqmxqwr 1111111111111

oq+4
{.|
| od juäfd gh hvwh frqmxqwr hv 11111111111
s {5
581 Vl i+{, @ h 4
1
+d, i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111

+e, i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111
+f, i dofdq}d vx ydoru pä{lpr hq 11111111111111
+g, Ho ydoru pðqlpr gh i hv 111111111111111
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd irupd xq uhfwäqjxor gh 73 slhv gh odujr | 53 slhv gh dqfkr1 Vx surixqglgdg
dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 6 d : slhv hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 57 slhv | ghvsxìv frqwlqýd do plvpr
qlyho orv uhvwdqwhv 48 slhv/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud/ od fxdo pxhvwud xqd vhfflöq wudqvyhuvdo1 Vl od
slvflqd vh hvwä ydfldqgr/ dofdq}dqgr xq qlyho k hq ho odgr päv surixqgr1 Ghwhuplqh ho yroxphq Y +k,
gho djxd hq ixqflöq gh od dowxud k/ hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr1
51 Od frpsdôld gh duulhqgr gh dxwrv Mlphqh}%/ duulhqgd fkhyhwwh d ' 431833 sru gðd | 73 shvrv sru
nloöphwur uhfruulgr/ plhqwudv txh od frpsdôld Dudqfleld% duulhqgd ho plvpr wlsr gh dxwr d ' ;<33
sru gðd | d 93 shvrv sru nloöphwur1
+d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qýphur gh nlorphwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gðd/ hqfxhqwuh od ixqflöq FD +{,txh

uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu xq fkhyhwwh hq od frpsdôld Dudqfleld% hq hvh gðd1
+e, Fxdqwrv nlorphwurv vh gheh uhfruuhu hq ho gðd sdud txh ph frqyhqjd duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od
frpsdôld Mlphqh}%1
61 Uhvroyhu od vljxlhqwh lqhfxdflöq

orj6{ +<{, . orj6 +{6 , 5
71 Ghwhuplqh ho grplqlr gh od ixqflöq

i = G U $ ^5> 4^
{ :$ m{{.5
4
m
Fdsðwxor 6
41 Vl olpq$4 dq @ O hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq vhq

q h{lvwh1
q
51 Vl idq j hv xqd vxfhvlöq ghfuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq h{lvwh

77<
61 Od vxfhvlöq idq j hv frqyhujhqwh grqgh

6
q > q 5333 q6 > q A 5333
d, dq @ e, dq @
q > q A 5333
4 4
q > q 5333
s s s
71 Od vxfhvlöq idq j @ i+ q . 4 q, q . 6j frqyhujh d 4@5
LL Frpsohwdflöq=
41 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh q

q5 6q
olp . s
q$4 q.4 7
49q7 . 8
hv 11111111111111111
51 Vhd dq @ 6q {5q hqwrqfhv
q

dq.4
olp ?4
q$4 dq
vvl { 5 111111111111111
61 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh hv
5q 5q . frv+q$,
olp s . hv 111111111111111
q$4 6
q6 . 8 5q.4 . 4
71 Ho oðplwh
+5,q . frv+q,
olp @ ==============
q$4 6q . 7
81 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh olpq$4 hv 1111111111111111111

vhq +q,.+ 4,
q .86q.4
q.8q
91 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh olpq$4 mvhq hv 1111111111111111111

6
5+q.4,
.
q ,m
+<
<q 7.8q
:1 Vhd i+{, @ olpq$4 {{5q / hqwrqfhv ho juäfr gh i hv 1111111111

5q
4
.4
;1 Ho oðplwh
olp h q6 4 @ ============
+ ,
q5 .4
q$4
<1 Ho oðplwh olpq$4 q hv 111111111111

vhq +q,
s s
431 Ho oðplwh olpq$4 +q+ <q5 . 6 <q5 . 8,, hv 111111111111
441 Vhd dq @ q$+{qq4, hqwrqfhv

q

dq.4
olp ?4
q$4 dq
vl | vöor vl { 5111111111111111111111
451 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh vljxlhqwh s
6
;q6 . 5q frv +4@q,
olp . q
q$4 q 7 .8
hv 111111111111111
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Vhd
i = `4> 4^ $ U
s j = U i3j $ U
{ 4
{ :$ orj8 + { 4, { :$ 8{ 8{
8
+d, Ghwhuplqh vl i hv el|hfwlyd + vl qr or hv uhvwulqjlu i gh prgr txh or vhd, | hqfxhqwuh i 4

+hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr,
+e, Ghwhuplqh od ixqflöq j i +hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr,
+f, Fdofxoh orv vljxlhqwhv oðplwhv +vl h{lvwhq,
olp j+q, olp +j i,+{,

q$4 {$5
Fdsðwxor 7
41 Vhd i +{, xqd ixqflöq frqwlqxd hq U | i+q, @ q5 / dghpäv/ vhd
olp j+{, @ 8>

{$+4@5,
hqwrqfhv vh sxhgh ghflu txh
olp +i j,+{, @ 8=
{$+4@5,.
51 Ho ydoru gh olpq$4 @q, hv 5 1

5q.4
5 frv+4
6 q .87q 8
61 olpq$4 +q5 . 8q,vhq+ q5 .8

4
q, @ 4
71 Vhd i | j ixqflrqhv1 Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d ij++{{,, qr h{lvwh1
81
m{ 7m 4
olp qr h{lvwh
{$6 6{
91 Ho oðplwh olp{$8@5 ^6{` h{lvwh1
:1 Ho oðplwh olp{$3 @{, hv 4

vhq +4@{,
+4
;1 Ho oðplwh olp{$ vhq +{,

+{,
hv 4
<1 Ho oðplwh olp{$ vhq +{ ,

+{ ,
hv 4
431 Sdud ghprvwudu txh olp{$5 {5 @ 7> gdgr srvlwlyr/ edvwd wrpdu @ m{.5
/ dvl vh wlhqh m{ 5m ? ,
m
m{5 7m ? 1
441 Vhd
6{ . : { 4
i +{, @
{5 .8{.7 { ? 4
{ 4
5
Ghwhuplqh ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh od vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv
+d, olp{$4 i+{, @ 7

+e, olp{$4 i+{, @ 7
+f, i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr U
451 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh olp{$4 vhq{

+{,
4
hv
461 Ho oðplwh olp{$3 vhq5 { oq+ {45 , qr h{lvwh1

471 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv1
Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{,j+{, qr h{lvwh1
784
481 olp{$ vhq +6{,

vhq +5{, @ olp{$3 vhq +6{,
vhq +5{,
491 olp{$3 vhq+ {4 . , qr h{lvwh1
4:1 olp{$d i | olp{$d j qr h{lvwhq/ hqwrqfhv olp{$d + ij , qr h{lvwh 1
4;1 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh olp{$7 ^{`m{ . 7m hv 31

4<1 Vl oðplwh gh i fxdqgr { $ d h{lvwh | oðplwh gh j fxdqgr { $ d qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j, qr
h{lvwh1
531 Wrgdv odv ixqflrqhv vljxlhqwhv vrq frqwlqxdv hq K
s
+d, i +{, @ {> K @ U. i4j
+e, i +{, @ {{.4
5
4 > K @ U i4j1

6 {4
+f, i +{, @ > K @ U.
vhq +{,
{ { ?4
+
vhq +4@+{4,, { 9@ 4
541 Od ixqflöq i +{, @ 4@+{4,
hv frqwlqxd hq 41
{@4
LL Frpsohwdflöq=
41 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh olp{$7 +{vhq +{,

7, frv+{,
hv 111111111111
51 Ho oðplwh olp{$8 +{8,5 vhq 6+{8,5 hv 111111111111

4.frw5 + {8, {5 43{.58
s
d{mdm > d ? 3 hv 111111111111
61 Ho oðplwh olp{$d d{d5
71 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh olp{$3 {5
4.frw5 + {, hv 11111111111111111
81 Orv ydoruhv gh D | E wdo txh od ixqflöq
;
? {4
vhq 5+{ 4,
>{ A 4
i +{, @ D{5 . 5 >{ @ 4
=
E{ . 8 >{ ? 4
uhvxowd frqwlqxd hq wrgrv orv uhdohv vrq D 5 1111111111111 E 5 11111111

91 Vhd {6 .5:
{3
i+{, @ {5 <
6 frv+{ . , { A 3
Ghqlgd hq xq grqlplr dsursldgr/ vxefrqmxqwr gh U
+d, Ho pä{lpr grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg gh i hv 111111111

+e, i wlhqh glvfrqwlqxlgdg uhsdudeohv hq orv sxqwrv 111111111
+f, Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv hq txh i wlhqh glvfrqwlqxlgdg luuhsdudeohv hv 111111111111111
s
e5 / frq e ? 3/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gho oðplwh gh i +{, fxdqgr { wlhqgh d e hv 111111111111
:1 Vhd i+{, @ {{m em 5
;
? 6{5 . 8 { A 4
;1 Vhd i+{, @ { . 5 { @ 4 Hqwrqfhv orv ydoruhv gh | txh shuplwhq txh od ixqflöq i +{,
=
46{ . { ? 4
vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq @11111111111 | @ 111111111111
<1 Orv ydoruhv gh D / E txh shuplwhq txh

;
5D{ . {5
? > {A4
i+{, @ E+{ 4, . 8 > { @ 4
=
8{ . E > {?4
vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq 11111111111111
431 Vhd d 5 U wdo txh ; d+4{5 ,

? vhq { 3?{?4
i +{, @
=
{.d {4
od ixqflöq i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vvl d @ ====================
441 Vhdq d> e 5 U wdo txh ;

A
?
vhq +d{,
vhq{+e{, {?3
{
i+{, @ 4 {@3
A
= {5 d5
{d { A 3> { 9@ d
i vhuä frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vvl d @ ==========> e @ ===========
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
; 4frv+{@6,
A
A >{ ? 3
A
A
{
?
41 i+{, @ 5{ . 5d . 4 > { @ 3 grqgh d> e vrq qýphurv uhdohv mrv=
A
A
A
A
= ds{5 .{6
{ .e >{ A 3
+d, Fdofxoh ho oðplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 31

+e, Fdofxoh ho oðplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i hq 31
+f, Fdofxoh orv oðplwh odwhudohv gh i hq 041
+g, Hqfxhqwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e/ sdud txh i +{, vhd frqwlqxd hq 04
+h, Hqfxhqwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e/ sdud txh i +{, vhd frqwlqxd hq 3
Fdsðwxor 8
41 Vl j qr hv ghulydeoh hq d shur frqwlqxd hq d | i hv ghulydeoh hq d hqwrqfhv ho surgxfwr i j qr hv

ghulydeoh hq d1
51 Vhdq A 3/ od ixqflöq i +{, @ h{ wlhqh vöor xq pä{lpr hq orv uhdohv1

5
61 Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd ghqlgd lpsoðflwdphqwh sru
| @ dufvhq+{|,
hq ho sxqwr +4@5> 3, hv 5{ 5| @ 41
71 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ +{ 4,5@6 qr wlhqh pðqlpr

s
81 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ { 5 qr wlhqh pä{lpr | qr wlhqh pðqlpr1
91 Vl j+{, @ vhf+8{, . { | i 3 +{, @ 6h5{ hqwrqfhv +i j,3 +3, @ 6h5

786
:1 Vl od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh od edvh gh xq wuläqjxor hv gh 6 p2vhj | od dowxud 7 p2vhj/ hqwrqfhv

od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh vx äuhd hq ho lqvwdqwh txh fxdqgr vx edvh hv gh 45 phwurv | vx dowxud
gh 53 phwurv hv gh 87 p5 2vhj
;1 Wrgd ixqflöq dfrwdgd wlhqh h{wuhprv

s
<1 Od ixqflöq i +{, @ 7 4 { qr wlhqh h{wuhpr1
LL Frpsohwdflöq=
41 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru

s
{.4 {?3 {4 4{8
i+{, @ j+{, @ hqwrqfhv
{.5 {3 { . : {A8
+d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111

+e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111

+f, +j i ,+{, @
+g, Od ghulydgd gh od ixqflöq j i hq ho sxqwr 5 hv 11111111111

s
4 d{ { 3
51 Vl i +{, @
6
vhq{ . e { A 3
+d, i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl | vöor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111

+e, i hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 vl | vöor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111
61 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh
olp +frv {,fvf { hv 11111111111111111111

{$3
71
olp +{5 . frv +5{,,
5
{ hv===========
fvf +6 ,
{$3

vhf { . wdq { 3 ? { ? @5
81 Frqvlghuh j+{, @ s ho ydoru gho oðplwh
{ @5 { @5
olp +h+@5{, wdq+{, . j+{,,hv 111111111

{$@5
91 Vl i 3 +{, @ h / j+{, @ frv+ 55 , hqwrqfhv +i j,3 +3, @111111111111111

7{ {
:1 Vl ; 6
A
A { . oq+{, { A 4
A
A
?
i +{, @ 5{ . 4 {@4
A
A
A
A
=
frv+5{, {?4
hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 111111111111111
s
;1 Od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ + {,frv { . dufvhq
s6 {7+{ , hv j3 +{, @11111111111111111111
6
<1 Vl ;
A
A 5{ frv +{, {?3
A
A
?
i +{, @ 6{ {@3
A
A
A
A
= s 6
{ . 7{5 {A3
hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 111111111111111
431 Od ghulydgd gh s
6 vhf +{, h{
5
i +{, @
orj8 +{6 . 4,
hv 11111111111111
441 Od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @ vhq+{5 . 4,dufwdq+{.5,
hv 1111111111111111
451 Od ghulydgd gh
vhq+{ 5, { A 5
i +{, @
{5 {4
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj6 { hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr gh od ghulydgd gh i +{, hv Grpi 3 @ 111111111111111
471 Vhd i xqd ixqflöq frq ghulydgd g{gi @ 5{ . 4 | j+{, @ frv5 { . vhq{/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gh +i j,3 +,
hv 11111111111111111111
s
481 Vhd K+{, @ 6 i +hd{ oq+{,,/ frq i +{, xqd ixqflöq ghulydeoh hq U/ hqwrqfhv K 3 +{, hq U. hv 1111111111111111
491 Vhd i +{, @ +{5 . 4,vhq +{, / hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, hv 11111111111

{.d {A3
4:1 Vhd i +{, @ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru d txh kdfh ghulydeoh od ixqflöq i hq @7 hv
vhq+{, { 3
111111111111111
4;1 Vhd i +{,@ +{5 . 47,dufvhq +{ hqwrqfhv g{
gi m @
6
.4,
{@4
s6
4<1 Vhd i +{, @ +vhq+{7 . 5 ,, { .8 sdud { 5` @;> @;^ hqwrqfhv g{
gi hv ljxdo d111111111111111
531 Od ghulydgd gh | @ +{5{ ,6{ frq { 5 U. i4j hv 1111111111

541 Vhd i +{, od ixqflöq ghqlgd sru=
Dvhq +{,
{A
i +{, @ {
{6 . E {
Od ixqflöq hv ghulydeoh hq vl orv ydoruhv gh D | E vrq 1111111111111

551 Vhd d 5 U > e> f 5 U ; s s
? +{ ,6 . 5d{ { ? s
i+{, @ f s {@
= s
frv+ +{7 . 5 ,@5, . e{
d {A
s
+d, i hv frqwlqxd hq sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f111111111111111
s
+e, i hv ghulydeoh hq sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f 111111111111111
; 6
? { {A3
561 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+{, { @ 3 hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh i hv 11111111111111111111111
=
7{5 {?3
788
571 Vhd 6{5 | 5 . wdq+| 6 , @ 4/ hqwrqfhv hq xq frqmxqwr dsursldgr od ghulydgd gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hv=
g{ @1111111111111
g|
s
581 Gdgd od uhodflöq vhq+ 7 frv+{6 , . | 5 7, @ 5
hood ghqh fhufd gho fhur xqd ixqflöq ghulydeoh i /
hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh g{gi m
{@3 hv1111111111
5
591 Vhd K+{, @ {I 4 +{, frv+I 4 +{,,/ frq I 3 +{, 9@ 3 sdud wrgr { hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh K+{, hv
K 3 +{, @1111111111111
5:1 Orv odgrv gh xq wuläqjxor gh shuðphwur pðqlpr frq äuhd md D/ dvð frpr wdpelìq md vx edvh e vrq
1111111111111111
5;1 Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh od ixqflöq gdgd sdudphwulfdphqwh sru

{ @ 6+w 4,5 . 8
| @ 9w6 vhq+w, > w 5 U
hq ho sxqwr +;> 3, hv 1111111111111111
5<1 Od ixqflöq i +{, @ +{5 4,7 hv fuhflhqwh hq ho vljxlhqwh frqmxqwrv 1111111111111111
631 Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd { oq | . | 5 @ vhq+{|, hq +@5> 4, hv 11111111111111111

s
641 Od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od juäfd gh i+{, @ { . 5 hq ho sxqwr +4> 6, hv1111111111111
651 Od ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflöq i +{, hv i 3 +{, @ 6{ . :vhq+{ 4,+{ 5, . ; | i +4, @ 5> i+5, @ 6 hqwrqfhv
+i 4 ,3 +5, @111111111111111
661 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+6{, frv+5{, . 4/ frq { 5` @;> @;^/ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflöq lqyhuvd hq ho
sxqwr 4/ hv ghflu/ gig{ +4, hv 1111111111111111
4
671 vhd i +{, @ 5vhq+{, frv+{,> { 5`@7> 6@7^ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflöq lqyhuvd hq ho sxqwr
3/+ gig{ +3,, hv 111111111111111111
4
681 Ho oðplwh
4
olp + ,wdq+{,
{$3. {
hv 111111111111111111
691 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh olp{$3 +4 . 6{,+4@5{, hv 1111111111
6:1 Ho ydoru gho oðplwh olp{$4 +4 {,frv+{@5, hv 11111111111111
6;1 Gdgd od fxuyd {| . | 6 {5 @ 4 hq irupd lpsoðflwd1 Fxdqwrv sxqwrv gh od ixqflöq | @ i +{, wlhqh uhfwd
wdqjhqwh sdudohod d hmh { 111111111111111
6<1 Xq mduglq hv glvhôdgr frq od irupd gh xq vhfwru flufxodu gh äqjxor | udglr u frpr hq od jxud1 Ho
mduglqhur fxhqwd frq vhploodv vhpeudu Dp5 1 Sdud ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho mdugðq gh wdo irupd
txh vh jdvwh or phqrv srvleoh hq fhufdor hqwrqfhv od ixqflöq d pðqlpl}du hq od yduldeoh u hv 111111111111111
731 Ho uhfwäqjxor DEFG gh äuhd pä{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od juäfd gh | @ {6 / ho hmh R[ +xq odgr vreuh
hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 5 wlhqh äuhd ljxdo d 11111111111111
741 Ho uhfwäqjxor DEFG gh äuhd pä{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od sduäerod | @ 7{5 / ho hmh R[ +xqr gh orv odgrv
hq hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 9 wlhqh äuhd ljxdo d 111111111111111
751 Vhd s+{, @ {6 . d{5 . e{ . f xq srolqrplr frq frhflhqwhv d> e| f/ hqwrqfhv s+{, wlhqh xq pä{lpr
orfdo hq { @ 4 | xq pðqlpr orfdo hq { @ 6 vl vxv frhflhqwhv vrq ljxdohv d 11111111111111111111
761 Grv wuhqhv vh dohmdq gh xq fuxfh txh irupd xq äqjxor gh <3 d yhorflgdghv gh 493np@k | 453np@k1
Fxdqgr ho sulphu wuhq hvwd d ;3np gho fuxfh hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg frq txh vh hvwdq dohmdqgr orv
wuhqhv hv gh 111111111111111
771 Odv dvðqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv gh i +{, @ {+{65,vhq {
.{5 9{
vrq +hv, 1111111111111111
781 Orv sxqwrv gh lq h{löq gh | @ oq+ { {.4

5 , vrq 111111111
5
791 Od juäfd gh i+{, @ {5 wlhqh lqqlwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv +xqd sru fdgd sxqwr,1 Grv gh hvwd uhfwdv
wdqjhqwh sdvd sru ho sxqwr +4> 3,/ xqd gh hood hv od wdqjhqwh d rwur sxqwr1 Ho sxqwr hv 11111111111
7:1 Od juäfd gh od ixqflöq i +{, @ +{5 4,7 wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{löq hq 1111111111111
7;1 Od juäfd gh i +{, @ +{5 4,7 hv 11111111111111111111
7<1 Vhd i +{, @ {5{4 > i 3 +{, @ +{

5 4,5 >
5{
i%+{, @ 5+6{5 .4, hqwrqfhv
5
+{5 4,6
+d, i hv fuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111

+e, i hv frqfdyd +kdfld duuled, hq 1111111111111
+f, i wlhqh dvðqwrwd yhuwlfdo hq 111111111111
+g, i wlhqh dvðqwrwd krul}rqwdo hq 1111111111111
831 Odv dvðqwrwdv gh | @ s{{55 4

vrq 1111111111
841 Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i+{, ghqlgd lpsolflwdphqwh sru od uhodflöq
s
wdq+{|7 , 5 oq+ |, @ 3
hq +3> 4, hv 1111111111
851 Od hfxdflöq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd +5{ . 6|,5 +6{ 5|,5 @ 57 hq +4> 4, hv 11111111111111111
861 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ { hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq 11111111111111111
871 Od ixqflöq | @ +vhq{,5 . { ghqlgd hq ^3> ` wlhqh xq pä{lpr hq { @ 111111111111111111111
881 Od ixqflöq i+{, @ {5 h{ hv hvwulfwdphqw ghfuhflhqwh vöor hq ho lqwhuydor 1111111111111
891 Od yhorflgdg gh ghvydorul}dflöq gh xq htxlsr sru ho xvr gho plvpr hv sursruflrqdo hq fdgd prphqwr
d vx frvwr uhdo |1 Od h{suhvlöq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho hqxqfldgr dqwhulru grqgh n hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd
| w hv ho wlhpsr hv 1111111111111
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Ghulyh
s
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6
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61 Xwlolfh od hfxdflöq gho Rydor gh Fdvvlql1
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| +5> 5,B
+f, Hqfxhqwuh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh dq orv sxqwrv dqwhulruhv hq orv txh vh sxhgdq1
71 Vhdq 5 U> e 5 U1
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g5 | g|
5d . d5 | @ 3> d frqvwdqwh
g{5 g{
81 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr | vhplhvihudv hq
orv h{wuhprv +yhu od jxud, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr sru slh fxdgudgr gh orv h{wuhprv
hv ho greoh gho gh od sduwh floðqgulfd/ grqgh ho frvwr gho phwur fxdgudgr gho flolqgur hv S 1 BcTxì
glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr vl od fdsdflgdg ghvhdgd hv gh 43 slh6 B
D|xgd= Yf @ u5 k Yh @ 76 u6 Df @ 5uk Dh @ 7u5
91 Xq fdpshvlqr wlhqh glqhur sdud frpsudu 4833 phwurv gh dodpeuh gh sxdv/ wdo fdpshvlqr ghvhd fhufdu
frq 8 kheudv gh dodpeuhv xq whuuhqr uhfwäqjxodu hq vx suhglr/ hq fdvr txh { uhsuhvhqwh xq odgr gho
uhfwäqjxor/ ghwhuplqh od ixqflöq D+{, äuhd gho whuuhqr fhufdgr frq hvwh dodpeuh hq whuplqrv gh {1
Phgldqwh/ od juäfd gh od ixqflöq D+{, hqfxhqwuh odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr frq pä{lpd äuhd
s
:1 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq hvwdqtxh hq irupd föqlfd +uhfwr, frq fdsdflgdg sdud ;3336 5 olwurv1 vl 4 olwurv
s
gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh fxeuh 6p5 gh vxshuflh1 BcFxdohv ghehq vhu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr sdud
txh vh xvh xqd fdqwlgdg pðqlpd gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh B BcFxäqwrv olwurv vh ghehq frpsudu sdud
slqwdu wdo frqrB s
D|xgd= Vxshuflh gh xq frqr gh udglr u | dowxud k hv u u5 . k5 | vx yroxphq hv 46 u5 k1 Fxlgdgr
frq odv xqlgdghv
;1 Grv iäeulfdv D | E txh vh hqfxhqwudq d 7 ploodv xqd gh od rwud/ hplwhq kxpr frq sduwðfxodv txh
frqwdplqdq ho dluh gh od uhjlöq 1 Vxsrqjd txh ho qýphur gh sduwðfxodv suryhqlhqwh gh fdgd iäeulfd hv
gluhfwdphqwh sursruflrqdo d od fdqwlgdg gh kxpr h lqyhuvdphqwh sursruflrqdo do fxer gh od glvwdqfld
ghvgh od iäeulfd1 Bc Txì sxqwr hqwuh D | E whqguä od phqru frqwdplqdflöq vl od iäeulfd D hplwh ho
greoh gh kxpr txh od iäeulfd E B
<1 Fdofxodu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr lqyhuwlgr +gh prgr txh orv hmhv frlqflghq, gh yroxphq pä{lpr txh
vh sxhgh lqvfulelu hq xq frqr gh dowxud d fp | udglr e fp1 Fxäo hv ho yroxphq pä{lpr1
431 Xqd hvfdohud gh 53 slhv gh odujr hvw dsr|dgd frqwud xqd pxudood1 Ho slh gh od hvfdohud hv duudvwudgr/
dohmäqgrod gh od pxudood d ud}öq gh 5 slhv sru vhjxqgr BcD txì yhorflgdg vh ghvol}d kdfld dedmr ho
h{wuhpr vxshulru gh od hvfdohud hq ho lqvwdqwh txh ho slh gh hood/ hvwä d 45 slhv gh od pxudood B
441 Frqvlghuh i+{, @ +4 . {4 ,{
+d, Ghwhuplqh Grpi

+e, Fdofxoh olp{$3. i +{,
+f, Fdofxoh p @ olp{$4 i +{{,
+D|xgd = Fdofxoh olpx$3. x i+4@x,
+g, Fdofxoh e @ olp{$4 i+{,
+h, Bc Txì sxhgh ghflu gh orv oðplwhv +6, | +7, fxdqgr { $ 4B +vrq ljxdohv r glvwlqwrv,1
+i, Judtxh | @ i +{,/ frqvlghudqgr od lqirupdflöq rewhqlgd dqwhulruphqwh | vdelhqgr txh odv
juäfdv gh i 3 +{, | i 33 +{, vrq
451 Vhd i od ixqflöq frqwlqxd `0:/53` vdoyr hq orv sxqwrv 06 | 43 | txh vdwlvidfh or vljxlhqwh
+d, olp{$:. i +{, @ 5

+e, olp{$6 i+{, @ 5
+f, olp{$6. i +{, @ 6
+g, olp{$53 i+{, @ 6
+h, olp{$43 mi+{,m @ .4
+i, od wdeod
{ 0: 08 06 04 3 4 6 8 43 53
!
i *+{, . . ! ; ! 3 3 3 ! 0 6 . 3 0 ! . 3
! !
Judtxh i
i+{, 0 0 6 8 3 8 6 9 53
461 Frqvlghuh/ sdud ho dqäolvlv | od juäfd gh od ixqflöq i

{4,6 > i 3 +{, @ +{4,5 +{7, | i 33 +{, @ 45+{4, 1
i+{, @ +5+{5,5 +{5,6 +{5,7
Lqglfdu hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh=

+d, Ghwhuplqh ho Grpi
+e, Orv ydoruhv gh { grqgh od juäfd fdpeld gh frpsruwdplhqwr1
+f, Orv vhfwruhv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr
+g, orv vhfwruhv grqgh od juäfd hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled | grqgh hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Sxqwrv Lpsruwdqwh
Vljqr gh i 3 +{,
Vljqr gh i 33 +{,
Fuhflplhqwr |
Ghfuhflplhqwr
Frqfdyd | frqyh{d
+h, Odv dvðqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv vrq

+i, Odv dvðqwrwdv reolfxdv vrq
+j, Judtxh
471 Frqvlghuh/ sdud ho dqäolvlv | od juäfd gh od ixqflöq i/
{6 > i 3 +{, @ {5 +{6, | i 33 +{, @ 9{ 1
i+{, @ +{ 4,5 +{4,6 +{4,7
Lqglfdu hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh=

+d, Ghwhuplqh ho Grpi
+e, Orv ydoruhv gh { grqgh od juäfd fdpeld gh frpsruwdplhqwr1
+f, Orv vhfwruhv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr
+g, orv vhfwruhv grqgh od juäfd hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled | grqgh hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Sxqwrv Lpsruwdqwh
Vljqr gh i 3 +{,
Vljqr gh i 33 +{,
Fuhflplhqwr |
Ghfuhflplhqwr
Frqfdyd | frqyh{d
78<
+h, Odv dvðqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv vrq

+i, Odv dvðqwrwdv reolfxdv vrq
+j, Judtxh

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Pdwhpäwlfd sdud Lqjhqlhuðd

Vdud Dudqfleld Fduydmdo

LL Fäofxor Glihuhqfldo 4;6

7 Oðplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv 54:

E Jhrphwuðd Dqdoðwlfd 6;<

F Ixqflrqhv Uhdohv gh Grv Yduldeohv 734

G Sureohpdv Plvfhoäqhrv Sduwh L 73<

H Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 756

Orv Qýphurv Uhdohv

Or dqwhulru vh uhvxph glflhqgr txh U hv xq Fxhusr Rughqdgr Frpsohwr1

415 D{lrpdv gh Fxhusr

yhprv txh qr vh fxpsoh od fodxvxud edmr od vxpd1

lll, H{lvwh 4 5 Q wdo txh sdud wrgr d 5 Q

ly, Sdud wrgr d> e 5 Q

] @ i= = = > 6> 5> 4> 3> 4> 5> 6> = = =j @ Q ^ Q ^ i3j

lll, H{lvwhqfld gh qhxwur=

ly, H{lvwhqfld gh lqyhuvr=

41514 Hvwuxfwxud gh Juxsr

ll, H{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwr qhxwur=

lll, H{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwrv lqyhuvrv=

Hvwr vh ghqrwd uhvxplgdphqwh> +J> , hv juxsr1

Wrgrv orv hohphqwrv gh J fxpsohq wrgdv odv surslhgdghv

H{lvwh do phqrv xq hohphqwr gh J txh qr fxpsoh dojxqd surslhgdg

+{4 > |4 ,  +{5 > |5 , @ +{4 {5 > |4 . |5 ,

Hqwrqfhv +F> , qr hv juxsr1 Hq hihfwr> +4> 5,> +6> 8,> +4> 7, 5 F

++4> 5,  +6> 8,,  +4> 7, @ +4 6> 5 . 8,  +4> 7,

Sru rwud sduwh

+4> 5,  ++6> 8,  +4> 7,, @ +4> 5,  +6 +4,> 8 . 7,

Frpr +4> 44, 9@ +6> 44,/ hqwrqfhv qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg dvrfldwlyd1

Hmhpsor 8 = Vhdq J @ i+{> |, = { 5 T > | 5 ]j |  od rshudflöq ghqlgd sru=

Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1

d, Ho hohphqwr qhxwur gh J hv +3> 3,1

d, Idovr/ h{lvwh +5> 6, 5 J/ wdo txh

+{> |,  +4> 3, @ +4> 3,  +{> |, @ +{> |,

+3> 3,  +{> |, @ +3> |, 9@ +4> 3,

hv ghflu/ +3/ 3, qr wlhqh lqyhuvr1

+{> |,  +{3 > |3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 ,

41515 D{lrpdv gh U frpr Fxhusr

Sursrvlflöq 416 Hq orv qýphurv uhdohv whqhprv

l, Ho qhxwur dglwlyr hv ýqlfr

Frpr 33 5 U/ hq sduwlfxodu vh sxhgh wrpdu d @ 33 hq 414/ dvðwhqhprv txh

Dqäorjdphqwh frqvlghudqgr e @ 3 hq 415 vh wlhqh

Frqhfwdqgr odv fdghqdv 416 | 417 vh wlhqh txh

hv ghflu/ vxsrqhu txh vh yhulfd

Sursrvlflöq 417 Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv

l, +d . e, @ +d, . +e,

+d . e, . +d, . +e, @ +d . +d,, . +e . +e,,

hqwrqfhv whqhprv sru glvwulexwlylgdg

e 3 . ++e 3,, @ e 3 . e 3 . ++e 3,,

Dghpäv/ sru frqpxwdwlylgdg/ BB vh wlhqh txh

txh hv od rwud ljxdogdg txh txhuðdprv suredu1

ll, +e, @ +4e, @ +4,e

Ghprvwudflöq= Wrpdqgr d @ 4 | e @ 4 hq yll, vh wlhqh txh

| wrpdqgr d @ 4 hq yl, vh wlhqh

Revhuydflöq= Vl d> e 5 U i3j/ hqwrqfhv>

Hmhpsor < Vhdq d> f 5 U> e> g 5 U i3j

Q @ i4> 5> 6> 7> 8> = = =j

Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv Hqwhurv1

] @ i= = = > 6> 5> 4> 3> 4> 5> 6> 7> = = =j

Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv Udflrqdohv1

vrq qýphurv udflrqdohv/ sxhv hoorv vh sxhghq h{suhvdu gh od irupd

| vlpsolfdqgr fdgd xqd rewhqhprv h{suhvlrqhv udflrqdohv päv vlpsohv

4> 657 @ 664

Hvwr vh ghqrwd uhvxplgdphqwh> +J> , hv juxsr1

+{4 > |4 , +{5 > |5 , @ +{4 {5 > |4 . |5 ,

Hqwrqfhv +F> , qr hv juxsr1 Hq hihfwr> +4> 5,> +6> 8,> +4> 7, 5 F

++4> 5, +6> 8,, +4> 7, @ +4 6> 5 . 8, +4> 7,

+4> 5, ++6> 8, +4> 7,, @ +4> 5, +6 +4,> 8 . 7,

Hmhpsor 8 = Vhdq J @ i+{> |, = { 5 T > | 5 ]j | od rshudflöq ghqlgd sru=

Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1

+{> |, +4> 3, @ +4> 3, +{> |, @ +{> |,

+3> 3, +{> |, @ +3> |, 9@ +4> 3,

+{> |, +{3 > |3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 ,

hv ghflu/ vxsrqhu txh vh yhulfd

| vlpsolfdqgr fdgd xqd rewhqhprv h{suhvlrqhv udflrqdohv päv vlpsohv

Hmhpsor 43 Ghwhuplqhprv vl vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv

Xqd ghqlflöq päv suhflvd gh srwhqfld hv od vljxlhqwh

Vhd q 5 ] / d 9@ 31 Vh ghqh od srwhqfld uhdo gh edvh d | h{srqhqwh q sru=

Hmhpsor 45 Vhdq d> e hq U/ wdohv txh od h{suhvlöq vljxlhqwh hvwì ghqlgd hq U=

Ghwhuplqh sdud txì ydoruhv gh { 5 U od h{suhvlöq hvwä ghqlgd hq U/ | vlpsoltxh1

Hmhuflflr 46 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh1

Ho sulphur glr xq ehqhflr gho 58(/ oxhjr vh yhqglö hq

edmr od rshudflöq gh surgxfwr ghqlgd sru

Vh ghqh ho frqmxqwr gh orv qýphurv uhdohv qhjdwlyrv frpr

Ghqlflöq 4144 Gluhprv txh d hv pd|ru txh e ö e hv phqru txh d vl | vöor vl