The characters which distinguish the classes.

Despite the problems in recognizing basal angiosperm taxa, the standard distinctions between dicots and monocots are still quite useful. It must be pointed out, however, that there are many exceptions to these characters in both groups, and that no single character in the list below will infallibly identify a flowering plant as a monocot or dicot. The table summarizes the major morphological differences between monocots and dicots; each character is dicussed in more detail below. For more information, refer to the page on monocot morphology. MONOCOTS Embryo with single cotyledon DICOTS

Embryo with two cotyledons Pollen with three furrows or Pollen with single furrow or pore pores Flower parts in multiples of four Flower parts in multiples of three or five Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins reticulated Stem vacular bundles scattered Stem vascular bundles in a ring Roots are adventitious Roots develop from radicle Secondary growth absent Secondary growth often present Number of cotyledons -- The number of cotyledons found in the embryo is the actual basis for distinguishing the two classes of angiosperms, and is the source of the names Monocotyledonae ("one cotyledon") and Dicotyledonae ("two cotyledons"). The cotyledons are the "seed leaves" produced by the embryo. They serve to absorb nutrients packaged in the seed, until the seedling is able to produce its first true leaves and begin photosynthesis. Pollen structure -- The first angiosperms had pollen with a single furrow or pore through the outer layer (monosulcate). This feature is retained in the monocots, but most dicots are descended from a plant which developed three furrows or pores in its pollen (triporate). Number of flower parts -- If you count the number of petals, stamens, or other floral parts, you will find that monocot flowers tend to have a number of parts that is divisible by three, usually three or six. Dicot flowers on the other hand, tend to have parts in multiples of four or five (four, five, ten, etc.). This character is not always reliable, however, and is not easy to use in some flowers with reduced or numerous parts. Leaf veins -- In monocots, there are usually a number of major leaf veins which run parallel the length of the leaf; in dicots, there are usually numerous auxillary veins which reticulate between the major ones. As with the number of floral parts, this character is not always reliable, as there are many monocots with reticulate venation, notably the aroids and Dioscoreales. Stem vascular arrangement -- Vascular tissue occurs in long strands called vascular bundles. These bundles are arranged within the stem of dicots to form a cylinder, appearing as a ring of spots when you cut across the stem. In monocots, these bundles appear scattered through

the stem, with more of the bundles located toward the stem periphery than in the center. This arrangement is unique to monocots and some of their closest relatives among the dicots. Root development -- In most dicots (and in most seed plants) the root develops from the lower end of the embryo, from a region known as the radicle. The radicle gives rise to an apical meristem which continues to produce root tissue for much of the plant's life. By contrast, the radicle aborts in monocots, and new roots arise adventitiously from nodes in the stem. These roots may be called prop roots when they are clustered near the bottom of the stem. Secondary growth -- Most seed plants increase their diameter through secondary growth, producing wood and bark. Monocots (and some dicots) have lost this ability, and so do not produce wood. Some monocots can produce a substitute however, as in the palms and agaves.

Types of vascular bundles According to relative position of xylem and phloem, the vascular bundles are classified variously. (A) Radial vascular bundle In these types of vascular bundles, xylem and phloem tissues occur in separate groups on alternate radial positions. This is seen in roots. (B) Conjoint vascular bundles The xylem and phloem tissues are present on the same radius and just opposed to each other in conjoint vascular bundles. It is a common occurrence in dicot stems. Depending on the number and position of phloem group, conjoint vascular bundles are of two types: collateral type and bicollateral type. Collateral vascular bundles are very common type and seen in stems of dicotyledons except the members of Cucurbitaceae and some members of Convolvulaceae. Cambium may be present or absent in between xylem and phloem patches making the vascular bundle open or closed respectively. Bi-collateral vascular bundles contain two patches of phloem on either sides of the xylem on the same radius. The outer phloem or external phloem remains towards the periphery of the central cylinder and inner or internal phloem remains towards the centre. However, there are two patches of cambium found in these vascular bundles. The outer cambium separates outer phloem and xylem, where as the inner cambium separates the xylem and the inner phloem. The outer cambium is concave in shape and is more active than the inner planoconcave cambium strip which is inactive or less active (C) Concentric vascular bundles

Sometimes, the either xylem surrounds the phloem tissue or vice versa. Such vascular bundles are called concentric vascular bundles. When xylem surrounds the phloem tissue from all sides the vascular bundle is called amphivasal vascular bundle or leptocentric type. Such bundles are seen in monocot plant like Dracaena after secondary growth. When phloem surrounds the xylem tissue entirely, the vascular bundle is called amphicribal vascular bundle or hadrocentric type. Such vascular bundles are seen in pteridophytes like Lycopodium, Selaginella.

Tipe-tipe Jaringan Pengangkut

Written By Tohib Mustahib on Jumat, 21 September 2012 | 22:56
Tipe jaringan pengankut pada berbagai jenis tumbuhan dikelompokkan menjadi:

A. Kolateral 1) Kolateral Tertutup Tipe kolateral tertutup terbentuk bila antara xilem dan floem tidak terdapat kambium, melainkan terdapat parenkim. Berkas pengangkut tipe kolateral tertutup ini kadang dikelilingi jaringan sklerenkim yang sering disebut sebagai seludang berkas pengangkut. Berkas pengangkut tipe kolateral tertutup ini dapat dijumpai pada tumbuhan golongan Monokotil.

2) Kolateral Terbuka Pada tipe ini antara xilem dan floem terdapat kambium, misalnya pada tumbuhan dikotil dan Gymnospermae. Pada tipe kolateral terbuka, kambium merupakan penghubung antara xilem dan floem. Berdasarkan letaknya pada tipe ini, kambium dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu kambium fasikuler, bila kambiumnya terletak dalam berkas pengangkut dan kambium interfasikuler bila kambiumnya terletak di luar berkas pengangkut. Kambium fasikuler berperan dalam pembentukan floem ke arah luar dan xilem ke arah dalam.

3) Bikolateral Bikolateral merupakan tipe ikatan pembuluh dimana xilem diapit oleh floem luar dan floem dalam. Contohnya, pada tumbuhan Solanaceae (Suku terung-terungan)

B. Konsentris Disebut tipe konsentris, yaitu bila jaringan pengangkut yang ada terletak di tengah-tengah, sedangkan unsur jaringan pengangkut lainnya mengelilingi unsur yang berada di tengah itu. Pada tipe konsentris letak xilem dikelilingi floem atau sebaliknya. Tipe konsentris dibedakan menjadi dua.

1) Konsentris amphikribral Pada tipe ini letak xilem berada di tengah-tengah, dan floem mengelilingi xilem tersebut. Umumnya dijumpai pada tumbuhan golongan paku-pakuan (Pteridophyta).

2) Konsentris amphivasal Pada tipe ini letak amphivasal floem berada di tengah-tengah, sedangkan xilem mengelilingi floem tersebut. Contohnya pada Cirdyline sp. dan rhizoma Jeringau (Acorus calamus) .

C. Radial Tipe radial terjadi bila xilem dan floem bergantian menurut arah jari-jari lingkaran. Contoh terdapat pada akar primer dikotil dan akar tumbuhan monokotil.