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The rise of cosmetic surgery

recalls, she was painfully shy and constantly looked down Once the exclusive domain of wealthy older women, at the floor. NoW apparently, she's looking up, confident cosmetic surgery has now become a fashionable option for many young people. Today's teenagers live in a society and even singing in a school band. which increasingly accepts surgery as a way of improving However, despite the claims of surgeons, young people I L a person's appearance. lndeed the growing popularity ., fshould remember that cosmetic suigery ii no guarantee of cosmetic procedures,has opened up a new market in )- Lot happiness and things can go *rog.- In 2005, there was tourism. Those seeking 'nip and tuck'pn a budget can an investigation into the death of the-Nigerian president,s travel to Poland, Tunisia or even South Africa, where wife, whJdied in a Spanish clinic after hving surgery. surgery is cheaper' There have also been several confirmed casei of deaths For many teenagers, however, the effect of cosmetic surgery is more than just skin-deep. According to some psychotherapists, teenagers now choose to change their look for both physical and psychological reasons. This is because, between the ages of 1 3 and 19, self-esteem is vitally important to healthy personal development. One fashionable cosmetic surgeon from New York tells the story of one of his teenage patients. Before the surgery, he

resulting from liposuction and operations using stomach

staples.

The long-term health effects of these procedures should be the first concern of anyone considering cosmetic surgery. Perhaps the most important thing to bear in mind is that, for most people, what really counts is who you are not the way you look.

Are the sentences true or false? Quote words from the text to support your view.

4 Find words in the text that mean ...

a b c d a b c @

Cosmetic surgery has always been available

to everybody. F People still think that cosmetic surgery is unacceptable.p

Cosmetic surgery might help teenagers with

low self-esteem.\
Cosmetic surgery is now very safe. tr

What is the text about? Choose the best answer according to the text.
Differences in fashion trends between teenagers today and the previous generation. Cheap holidays abroad. The dangers of cosmetic surgery. The changng perception of the benefits of cosmetic surgery for today's teenagers.

Complete the sentences with the c6ffef' form of the verbs in brackets. a I )*,e be&eftnot believe) in using surgery as away of (upro,rJ (mprove) your appearance.

a trendy (adjective, paragraph 1) ]nlron"I'la b superficial (adjectival phrase, pur"ugruph Z)$l-t &{ c relating to the mind (adiective , paragraph 2XdF d definite (adjective, paragraph 3) c"tfi,r"aa,? e be aware of (phrase, paragraph 4) Nry-WI" si \n Nir N*-

Many teenagers 4lo and piercings in order a statement about themselves.

Patricia would

L today to MIG-

(get) tattoos
(make)

-__5c -

than t.LndcrrAffi.(undergo) plastic surgery. (see) today's craze of Some adults " " tU

rather

(do) aerobics

( (hr'n*
is

(alter) one's body as something

Describe in your own words the three most common reasons why people have plastic surgery.

that

wrng.

Peiffi,, g "+^Sa.i \
'

6 Would you ever consider having plastic surgery? Write an opinion essay in 80 to 100 words.

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&akmg a

difference
Manchester to make an impact - her help, organizing donations of clothes and money, made a big difference to the lives of many of the people affected by the disaster. Apart from donating money and time, there are other ways that people can help. Organizations like Amnesty International and Oxfam, to mention some of the most well-known, organize a variety of campaigns to raise awareness of problems around the world. Anyone can take part in the marathons and other fundraising events they organize in the UK or more exotic places such as Egypt or China. You can also make a difference by buying food and gifts at the fair trade shops set up by charities, as Lily does. The money you exchange for your purchase goes directly to farmers and producers, which allows them to develop their business and work their way out of poverty.

We live in a world in which the gap between rich and poor becomes wider every year. The consequences of poverty in developing countries have a big effect on developed countries. lmmigration nd terrorism, which are two problems facing Europe and the USA today, are linked to poverty in the developing world. However many people in developed countries and especially those working for charities now realize the importance of reducing the effects of this disparity. Lily Foster is one of those people. This 25-year-old clinician enjoys swimming, playing the guitar and working as a volunteer for Oxfam in her spare time. As a volunteer, she dedicates part of her free time to helping people in countries as far away as Indonesia. In fact when the 2004 tsunami left thousands of people hungry and homeless, Lily didn't have to move away from her home city of

Are the sentences true or false? Quote words from the text to support your vew.

a b 2

Find words in the text that mean the poorest countries in the world (noun phrase,
paragraph 1)

lf you work as a volunteer, you have to live abroad.

The way you shop can affect people in

inequality (noun, paragraph 1)

developing countries.

Choose the best answer accordng to

the text.

c d e 4 a b c d

devotes (verb, paragraph 2)

have an effect (phrase, paragraph 2)

to start a business (phrasal verb, paragraph 3)

Charities can help ...

1 2 3 4 b

the governments of developing countries.

citizens from poor countries.

Complete the sentences wth the correct form of the words in brackets.
George was (amaze) when he

the governments of developed countries.

discovered what people

Sheila

(donate).

immigrants and terrorists. Lily Foster is a good example of a ... 1 clinicalworker. 2 chartyvolunteer. 3 marathon runner.
charity leader.
In which other ways does Lily contribute

(buy) all her presents at her local Fair Trade shop until she (move) to a smaller town. My brother travels to
places like China and lndia to (raise) money for charity.

(excite)

My friend doesn't believe in others and I am

(help) (worry) about her.

to charities? 1 by working in a clinic 2 by donating half of her salary 3 by shopping at fair trade shops 4 by participating in running events How can people contribute to charities'work? 1 by participating in the events organized by
charities

Using the information about Lily, write about her life or about the life of a volunteer you know. Write 80 to 100 words.

2 3 4

by organizing their own campaigns to raise

awareness

by doing their shopping in department stores by going on expensive trips to China

Crirne fiction
Suspense and mystery stories have been popular literary genres for a long time. Detective novels, which exploit our

fascination with the subtleties of the human brain, are clear favourites within this genre. Why do people enjoy reading about terrible crimes? One reason could be our curiosity about what makes ordinary people, like the next-door neighbour, turn into monsters capable of the most horrific crimes. Another possibility is that reading a thriller, and getting absorbed in i! makes you forget whatever real worries you may have. We also identify with the characters very easily since they are usually portrayed as ordinary people living in familiar surroundings. Crime fiction as we know it today, began in the mid-nineteenth century with the creation of the first fictional detective, C. Auguste Dupin by Edgar Allan Poe. The Murders in the Rue Morgue, written in 'l 841, shifted the focus of mystery stories from the description of shocking events and eerie settings to the study of the psychological

reasons for people committing evil crimes. Following poe,s style, Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes became the archetypal scientific detective who always solves his cases through common sense, careful observation and logic.

The best-known mystery writer in history is Agatha Christie who wrote more than 80 detective novels. Herfictional detectives, the Belgian Hercules Poirot and the elderly Miss Marple, became classics of the genre. In stories such as Murder on the Orient Express and The Body in the Librory, the detectives solve intriguing crimes and generally bloodless murders that occur in English country houses and exotic locations. These crimes take plaee among the members of a group who all become suspects in the crime. American author Patricia Highsmith and the British writer Ruth Rendell, are two examples of writers who explore the criminal mind and develop complex plots that challenge the reader's concepts of morality and justice. Their criminals are presented in such a sympathetic way that you can't help feeling closer to them than to their victims.

Answer the questions below in your own words and based on the ideas in the text. a Why do people generally identify with the
characters in detective novels?

4 Find words in the text that mean ...

b c

How did mystery stories change in the 19th century?

What type of crimes do Agatha Christie's

detectives investigate?

a b c d e

take advantage (verb, paragraph 1)

normal(adjective, paragraph 2) upsetting (adjective, paragraph 3)

most famous (adjective, paragraph 4) old (adjective, paragraph 4)

2 Are the sentences true or false? Quote words from the text to support your vew.

Match the words to the definitions. 1 shifted a a book or film with an

exciting story, usually involving crime

a b

We use detective stories as a way of evading reality. Sherlock Holmes was the first fictional detective.

2 3 4 5

evil

b c d e

changed from one thing to another

details that are not

thriller
eerie

Choose the best answer accordng to the

immediately obvious
very bad
strange, mysterious and

text.
The scientific detective ...

subtleties

a b c d

always solves crimes. solves crimes by listening carefully.

frightening

empathizes with the criminal.

uses a process of logical

deduction to solve crimes.

6 Write a story about somethng frightening that happened to you or describe a detective story you have read. Write 80 to 100 words.

.;

*i-.

,.

Slomr fCIo'd
Everybody can identify fast food products like hamburgers, hot dogs and pizza, but what about slow food? Well, the Slow Food movement started as a reaction against the overwhelming influence of American fast food outlets that have replaced local food restaurants worldwide. Slow Food was founded by ltalian writer Carlo Petrini during the 1980s as a protest against the opening of a McDonald's franchise near the Spanish Steps in Rome. He decided it was tme to end the dominance of fast food and promote the idea that people should take time to enioy real, tasty meals with friends and family.
Slow Food has become a large organization with more than 83,000 members from countries like ltaly, Germany, Switzerland, the USA France, Japan and Creat Britain. They promote the need for consumer information, the preservation of gastronomic traditions and the safeguarding of traditional cultivaton and processing techniques. Among their many national and international prolects is the Ark of Taste, which has created a catalogue

of those foods that are in danger of extinction at the hands of global standardization. They also develop educational programmes for children. For example they are now campaigning in the USA to include dietary education in the school curriculum, iust like maths or languages. Slowing down to eat is one way of improving your quality of life thinks Carlo Petrini. But he doesn't stop there. The Slow Cities movement began in 1999 as a group of iust 30 ltalian cities but has rapidly expanded to include over 100 cities worldwide. Member cities aim to provide good, local food and hospitality while also using energy more efficiently and trying to cut down on waste. They believe that rather than using technology as a way of doing things more quickly, we should use it to enable us to enjoy a slower pace of life. The message from Slow Food and Slow Cities is that the way we eat makes a difference not only to our health and well-being but can also have a positive impact on our environment.

Choose the best answer accordng to

the text.

Slow Food is an international movement that

promotes... eating healthy and nutritious international food. b eating hamburgers and hot dogs. c taking time to eat'real'food. d eating American fast food all over the world. The Ark of Taste is a Slow Food project which

Find words in the text that mean ... a objection (noun, paragraph 1) b appetizing (adjective, paragraph 1) c protection (noun, paragraPh 2) d quickly (adverb, paragraph 3)

4 Complete the sentences wth the correct form of the words in brackets.

1 The Slow Cities movement

(change) the way our towns in the future. (look)

aims
a

at...

guaranteeing consumers' health. preserving our world's diversity of foods. making cities environmentally friendly.

b
c

distributing industrial standard products worldwide.

(want) to Slow Food members (healthy) eating change teenagers' habits. (eat) a meal with our family should (look forward) be something we all to.

2 Answer the following questions n your own words and based on the ideas in the text.

1 2

My friend Monicawillneverforget (eat) at that French restaurant. They had such an (amaze) meal.

Why did Carlo Petrini create Slow Food? What are the beliefs of the Slow Cities movement?

5 Write an emailto a friend describing a typical day in your life. Write 80 to 100 words.

Uni,

Bollywosd
Everybody thinks that the world's largest cinema industry Hollywood, in Los Angeles. However, the global film capital is not, in fact, Hollywood but Bollywood; the centre of Indian film-making. Bollywood is located in Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) where over 800 films are made each year, more than double the number of feature films produced in the United States.
is

and highly paid. The lead star can receive as much as 40o/o of the typical $2 million budget for the film. Indeed, stars may be in such high demand that they can be working on ten films at once! Indian films are becoming more and more popular around the world, especially in American and British cities wnere there are large South Asian communities. Bollywood films help these people stay in touch with their culture as well as exposing western audiences, who are starting to appreciate these Bollywood films, to Indian influence. The Oscar-nominated director Mira Nair, whose film Monsoon Weddingwon the Colden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 2001, has done much to offer a contemporary view of lndian culture in herfilms. Bride and prejudlce, the Indian version of Jane Austen's Pride ond prejudice, is another example of an Indian film that has won over western audiences with its vibrant colour, group choreography and

Indian film making, which began in the early 20th century with the shooting of the first silent Indian film, takes place in Bollywood's film production centre known as 'Film City,. The industry has boomed since then and today there is a large number of cinemas in Mumbai. Indian films have a characteristic style. They are colourful musical productions which last three to four hours with an interval. The plots include dozens of songs and dances featuring over 100 choreographed dancers, with lots of action (though no bloodshed), romance and a happy ending. Audiences enjoy watching their favourite stars, like the gorgeous Aishwarya Rai, who are extremely popular

jolulmusic.

Read the questons and answer usng your own words.

4 Find words in the text that mean ...

a b

What is Bollywood? What are the differences between Indian productions and western cinema?

2 Are the sentences true or false? Quote words from the text to support your vew.

a b c
3

a b c d e f

long films (noun phrase, paragraph 1) filming (gerund, paragraph 2) become very popular (verb, paragraph 2) beautiful (adjective, paragraph 3) very well (adverb, paragraph 3) remain familiar with (phrase, paragraph 4)

Bollywood stars find it hard to get good roles

in films.

Bollywood films are only popular in Asian countries. Hollywood makes more films everyyear than Bollywood.

5 Complete the sentences wth the correct relatve pronoun. a We didn't know the street the cnema was, so we didn't make it on time.

Choose the best answer accordng to the text. The popularity of Indian films is based on ... a complicated plots with a surprising turn at the end. the use of music, songs and dance to criticise ndia's social and political situation. telling romantic stories through joyful songs
f

My favourite actor is Ceorge Clooney, remains single. I haven't seen the movie they are talking about. Have you? March is the month Awards Ceremony is held.

the Oscar

6 Write

and dances.

hiring unknown stars in the leading roles so that common people can identify with them.

a revew of the last film you saw, or the last concert or match you attended. Write 100 to 120 words.

X
The art of movement
Parkour has appeared in various television advertisements, news reports and documentaries. lt was even in Madonna's Hung Upvideo. This new sport - which some think of as a kind of dance - is about moving through the urban
landscape with fluidity, while dodging its obstacles. Sbastien Foucan and David Belle created parkour by running, climbing and jumping across Paris. They wanted to cross the city in a straight line, despite any obstacles which lay in their way. The aim of parkour is to become Parkour has just started to catch on in cities like New York, Montreal and London. In the UK there are around 600 parkour followers who keep in touch through the website lJrbqn Freeflow. They use colourful nicknames, write blogs and recommend attending events where you can watch parkourists in action to really appreciate how exciting this soort can be.

part of the environment in order to develop both mind and body. Parkour really tests your capacity to interact with urban features like rails or steps using movements such as vaulting, jumping and other acrobatics with the aim of moving smoothly through your town or city. You have to train yourself, physically and mentally, for the possibility of facing bigger and bigger challenges.

The main point of parkour is that anybody can do it and there are no fixed rules about what you should do. You don't have to follow a format and neither do you need special equipment, except for good trainers and clothes that let your body breathe. You should start out at a low level of difficulty and work your way up slowly. Joining more experienced people as a beginner is also advisable. However, you should remember that there is a huge risk of injury in this sport and you should avoid trying to emulate expert David Belle's nine metre leaps between the roofs of buildings without a wire or safety net!

Are the sentences true or false? Quote words from the text to support your vew.

4 Rewrite the sentences followng the

instructions.

1 2

Parkour is a new sport that originated in the streets.

Parkourists are in conflict

'l

Write a question for which the underlined words

are the answer: You

with the urban

landscape.

havetowear@to

Read the questons and answer usng

your

own words.

1 2 3

do parkour. )oin the following two sentences with a relative pronoun.

Parkour followers are very fit people. They must move smoothly across a city.

What is the philosophy of parkour? How has parkour caught on outside France? Do you think this is an easy sport to do? Cive at least two reasons to support your answer.

Write about a sport or other pastme that you enioy. Write 120 to 150 words.

Match the words to the definitions. 'l dodging a something that is difficult to do

2 3

vaulting

b physicalharm challenge c avoid something

quickly

by moving

4 catch on d something that is a good idea 5 advisable e jumping over something using
your hands

injuries

to become fashonable

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A wCIrd of wermxrg eb&u relat8oms$rps

Relationships are an important part of life and are supposed to be fun and special. Most of the time, relationships make us feel good about ourselves. Being with someone who values and respects us increases our levels of self-esteem

and confidence and generally makes us happier. In a healthy relationship people negotiate issues without giving each other a hard time. Unfortunately, finding the right partner is not always easy and you may end up in an unhealthy relationship. So, what are the warning signs? Jealousy is one. lf your partner gets upset whenever you talk to a member of the opposite sex it could be the beginning of something more serious. lf your partner tries to control your life, the relationship is no longer a healthy one.

It is fairly easy to recognize the symptoms of a stressful relationship. lf you can't sleep because of feelings of depression, anxiety or sadness about your relationship, then it isn't working. When people start blaming themselves for things that are not their fault, feeling guilty or miserable for no reason or have trouble trusting others, it is time for them to say goodbye to their partner.
lf a relationship ever turns violent, it has to end. There good reason to stay with a person that harms you. Despite the difficulties involved in walking out of an abusive relationship, especially if you are deeply emotionally involved, you must do it. Your partner may apologize and promise never to hurt you again, but it will be just a matter of time before the abusive behaviour returns. So, if you are in an unhealthy relationship, get help right away.
is never a

Read the questions and answer usng

your

c d e 4

own words.

I am sure my boyfriend has forgotten our anniversary.

a b c d 2

What are the benefits of relationships? How do we know when we have an unhealthy relationship with another person? What are the symptoms of emotional stress? Why do you think many people have problems leaving abusive partners?

My boyfriend must ... My boyfriend is always jealous when I talk to other boys. I don't know what to do.

You...
You are very tired because you don't get enough sleep at night.
lf

Find words in the text that mean ... a problems (noun, paragraph 1)

you...

b c d e 3 a b

sad or angry (adjective, paragraph 2) signs (noun, paragraph 3)

Complete the sentences wth the correct form of the words in brackets.

a b c

extremely unhappy (adjective, paragraph 3) hurts (verb, paragraph 4)

Rewrite the sentences usng the words gven.

Sandra and Bill will continue going out if you

(date) each other Robert and Sheila (not seem) for three years, but he very happy about their relationship. (have) low self-esteem People who (danger) are potential victims of relationships. (stay) in an Never (abuse) relationship.

don't warn her.

Unless ... Peter didn't ask Ann out because he didn't qet

her phone number. lf Peter...

Write a dialogue between you and your boyfriend or girlfriend explaining why you want to break up. Write 120 tol50 words.

.'':::::ll:::i:::l::lli:lall::l'l::::::::l

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extinctioxr
While sceptics point to the fact that the Earth is entering a natural phase of warming, environmentalists argue that humanity's contribution to the warming of our planet could push us over the edge. The Earth has faced five mass extinctions in its 4.5 billion year history and we may be responsible for the next one. Conservationists warn that the consequences of this sixth extinction could threaten our own survival. We rely on the planet's biodiversity which includes the oceans, the forests, animals and plants - for medicine, shelter, clean air and water. However our population is increasing, our industry and agriculture are consuming natural habitats and pollution is poisoning the food chain.

More than a quarter of the Earth's animals and plants could disappear forever over the next 50 years; victims of global warming and of man's destruction of the world's wildlife habitats. A recent study carried out in Europe, Central and South America, South Africa and Australia shows how global warming is dangerously affecting the world's plant and animal species. In the Artic, for instance, forests are replacing tundra, which is home to millions of birds, like geese. The study suggests that if temperatures continue to rise, many species will disappear because they can only survive under specific climatic conditions.

Another effect related to the rise in temperatures, is the reduction in size of some species. Doctor Simon Hamilton, a biologist from Marston University, Oxford, says that the warming of the oceans is preventing some invertebrates from reaching their maximum size. This has a knock-on effect for carnivorous animals that need to hunt for their food: if their prey gets increasingly smaller, these predators won't have enough food to survive. Consequently, the whole food chain is put at risk, increasing the possibility of extinction.

that governments are beginning to take environmental matters more seriously. Protected areas have doubled in size since 1993 and now cover about 12o/o of the Earth's surface. More and more countries are implementing the policies drawn up by conventions such as the Kyoto Protocol in order to reduce greenhouse emissions. However difficult it may be to get a world consensus about this, we must respond to this challenge or we could end up facing our own extinction.
So, there still hope? There are signs

Read the text and answer usng your own words.

a b

Find words in the text that mean ... a changing (verb, paragraph 1)

What are the possible causes of animal and plant extinction?

Why could the 'sixth extinction' have such dramatic consequences for humankind?

b c d

connected (adjective, paragraph 2)

depend (verb, paragraph 3)

putting in place (verb, paragraph 4)

2 Choose the best answer accordng to the text.

4 Match the words to the definitions.

Clobal warming threatens biodiversity because ... a many species can only survve in protected
areas.

b c d

poisoning the food chain. each species needs specific climatic conditions to survive. it is destroying the natural habitat of many it
is

1 rise 2 facing 3 threaten 4 habitat 5 drawn up

a b c d e

home environment endanger

written
increase

having to dealwth

Complete the sentences wth the correct form of the words in brackets.

plants and animals.

Some countries are starting to address species extinction by ... promoting the setting up of new industries in protected areas. b following measures to limit global warmng.
c

Experts suggest

into

(do) more research (develop) renewable energy. (contribute) to global warming,

bBy
There are many

man is puttng his

own

(exist) at risk. (danger) species

that

(live) on Planet Earth.

promoting populaton growth and expansion. cutting down plants and trees in favour
of agriculture.

(threaten) Environmentalists are the government with huge demonstrations (prevent) if they do nothing to

globalwarming.

6 What do you think people can do to protect the environment? Write 120 to 150 words.

u*6
Los verbos modales I Verbos modales
to, willy shall son verbos auxiliares modales. Estos verbos son especiales y tienen rasgos caractersticos que los diferencian de otros verbos.
Can, could, must, need, moy, might, should, ought

Verbos modales de obligacin, consejo y prohibicin

Rasgos de los verbos modales

No exigen el auxiliar do en las formas negativas e interrogativas.
He shouldn't drink so much.

Con you help me, pleose?

Willyou morry me? I couldn't finish on time. No se les aade -s en la tercera persona del singular. He might get tickets for the event.
She con do judo.
Les

sigue el infinitivo sin fo.

You mustn't drink alcohot the night before the

competition.

No van precedidos niseguidos de tq excepto ought

to.

porticiple. Cuando los verbos con y must tienen que usar una de estas formas, se sustituyen por las formas correctas de be oble toy hove to, que no son verbos modales, pero son equivalentes a'con y must. l'll be able to speok ttalion one doy.

ought to go to the gym more often. No tienen forma para el infinitivo, -ing ni
You

el post

l'll hove to finish my homework tomorrow. After having to work lote, I wos reolly tired.
Being able to speok English is o useful skiil. I hove had to wait for the bus becouse my dod hos not been oble to pick me up todoy.

Grammar reference

Verbos modales de capacidad y permiso

Los modales perfectos

lcan swim.
My friends con't speok
Sponish.

,',.io,iipress,rb'iii..r,
]..,in.::pr.eiei:],,:,]:,:'
i

may

might have
+ pasr participle

She might hqve been swimming. Her hoir is

t::: t:::i: tl:

ti:i::::t::

il

I I

:il

ii

iI

wet.
They moy not hove known we were waiting

cou[d
,' ,
a,,a'.,.,,1

He could ski when he was only four.

I

,..,

io,ipress abil ity

:l,,in,the past

couldn't ride a bike when

To ask permission

for them.

lwos a child.
Dod, con I go to the concert?
:,;11,,;@p!Q1|:hauettbme,'money
,:,:l:apfrdl?ltt..::riri..t,l',:t..

Should

shouldn't
have + past

You should hove rested ofter such a long roce. You

eiprei!,,,,,,, ,,,,l,,,,,1 criticismr'or1$!Ve,,,,

and make polite reques$

shouldn't have eoten

S ve ry.' fi t. S b g,

advice ith::pas!

participle must have

+

so much chocolate.
: 5-l1g:,,ls,o
k:

"'

lo express
,,,,ce!:tfi!S, o'9 ,.r,.!egiaalggnllu.!io n
1,:,i:ltli1,p*,,,:',
.1, ,.

part

,l& .yl{l(0nrettn?
',';Yolu,li bo,rrow this CD

if

you ilKe.
,'Same'students con't ,':weuL,their own clothes to school.

Toexpress I ,ii,
perm issio,1in!h,,, Present .'t ,,,ttt,
,,.,:,'.

Pl:il,kl.P1..,,,,

must have been to the gym a lot lately.

::canl!,:hg,|'er,.,,
'*p5t,;;;,,,,
1,, 1;,1

,::PaffiiPte.:,..:a.

He can't hove stolen the money. He was ot home with me oll moming. They could have won

,tt:[,o,expe!i.i,,,1,];1r:',rr1'
,.,,,i

mPgs9!bill$r,]n

oast

'thq,
l

could stay out until mdniqht when Iwos 16.

I We

,,u]di;

6...

rpast r''

,:.To!i.i.,*dig:...:i,il

:PartciPle

the motch but their best player got nlured.

permitted / able to do a past

l
t,

couldn't wear

jewellery

at

1,oiU$;,by!tyquir:::..i:'
1tdidttl!1oo.&i.rtit;111.i;.:

school.

Verbos modales especulatvos y de deduccin

might go shopping later.

tt could roin todoy,

She con't be a professional. She's not good enough.

To express

negative

deduction
To express

They must be the some

ployers.

They're oll weoring

T-shirts.

the

affirmative

deduction

unitl
\&,fx'$&&xNg

em

e>pXmXmrx

*$seld

When you write an opinion essay, you want to convince the reader that your point of view is correct. You must give reasons and examples to prove your point.

Do you think that appearance is rnore irnportant than personality?

Fanagrapln 1 Introdur*s lh*
th*"ne:

What to write
Say

what;"c"

Some people think that beaury is onJy skin-deep.They only notice the external appearance ofta person. but in my

lhink boui :,. lhen:*. Cive a c'::'

*pi*i*n

agree

n:

:'

opinion. personaliry is very important too. People who are hrppy with themselves are normally atrractive to others.so when I meet someone I look at their appearalc,e.:and their
personality. ,
,

elisaEr*eing r,vith,,. ' Use phrases like: .

orfrrsn ... &s

!st

Fanagnaplr 2 .xplains lhs re*sons f*r y*ur *pi*i*n

Ia ,..-, to me that it is harmful to worr)a to,rn r"t about your looks.'Ioo many people try,to corrform to the images of beaury we see in the media and some stop eating or they exercise too rnuch to improve their appearance. I think that eating a healt\ diet and plaf ing:r a sport because you enjoy it will help you to feel good about yourself. In addition, you learn to accept yourself

Wlrat ts write
ive cxen:ples r :upp*fr y*ur

*pini*n. Llse phrases lik*: i ik*f ikci ':' idt;*r .. al*t

the way you are.

lsaragraplr 3
{*ncludes the
*553y

In short, people who are only interested in their looks sometimes forget to feel hrppy about themselves,They Forget rhat your personaliry affects the way you look.
As I see it, when you feel god,

What to write Su*r*larise ihe c:

yu *re
n-:aK

youlook good too.

f*siai youi
like: l

Llse expre ss -,-,

a. ,

::

:*:
:-

;:
'

'

ili,t: |

;ho;

ril}r].|.11rw*:

:r:'r:iiil

Usefu! expressons lt se*ms l* n:* iie ... As I se* it ... lt i: cl*e;' I {il*ir'l} b*li*r iiat .." {dr:n't} lhi*k lhnt .. I i**n'f) ngr** llal ... in rcnrix:l**...
l

Common errors
Word
... they only notice the appeoronce superticial ... | ... they only notice the superficial appearonce ... r'
Easily confused words Look is used instead of seem:

order

'

;
$

u:Y:_i:::::

.,o

... when you ... when you

too.l y' good too. feel good, you took

feel good, you seem good

unit/
Writing
m

b*wgx"ephy
What to write
Vdrii* ai:ort wfere

When you write a person's biography, include relevant and interesting facts about the person's life and organize them chronologically.

a biography of a person you Y-til" think

makes a difference.

Paragraph

ives b*ckgrnund

dst*ils ab*,t t|:e persnr their *arly iife and inl*resls

AngelinaJolie was born in Los Angeles in 1975. She srudied at rhe Actors Studio for fwo years. but dropped out of her acring classes to become a model.Ar the age oF 16. she went back to acting, following in the footsteis of her father. the famous a ctor JonVoight. Jolie's first leading role was rn Cyborg 2 in 1 993. By 19gg, won rhee Golden Globes as well as an Oscar for the !d
the role o{ Laya Croft in the film version of the video game Tomb Rdider. She continued to develop her image as a sensual bur strong heroine in rhe film Sky Captiin and the Woild ofTomorrow in2004, and then again in-Mr and Mrs
Smith in2005. Jolie's exciring career parallels her private liG. She has been married twice, but at present she lives with the actor Bracl Pitt.They have fbur children: Ma ddox,Zahara and pax, who are adopted; and their biological daughter, Shiloh.lolie became aware of the humanitarian problems in the wodd

lhe p*rs*n lvs i]*rn, anylhing :ignificant ah*ut th*ir fa*:ily, and a!::*ut lheir
rnan inlsr*sls anci

:r*{es:i*n.

Use

rJ.

phr*ses iii<e: ... 1".,e* fom *.". ,4i il* cgr.

Panagnaph 2
esrr!brs the rn*in e,*nl: !n ih* pers*n': lil*

Best SupportingActress {or Grl, Interrupted.Two years larer, she became an international superstar when she played

What tc wnite
Wrilr **r:ut ir:rpn*ant *venls in lh* p*rs*n's lile in clrr***!*gic*l cnjer. Inc!ud* i:*th p*sitiv* an* negative asp*ets. tl-rt phr*s*s lil<*: in ;ffl ... $y ,fff ... I.* r*r'* ir;irr ...

Panagnaph 3
C*nelxeies th* bi*graphy, s{*tinE chiev*n:**ts end fle"s{}nei i*3r},

I i,
sK|i\$:.]j:]i:i:lll,,:.W

filming Twb Raider Cambodia, a poor and exploired country. AFrer rhis experience. she dlcided to supporr the United Narions work in refugee camps and then became a goodwill ambassador for the N', n.fun.. Agency in 200l.AngelinaJoJre is a srar wirh a heart, thal's *hy I think she's a person who makes a difGrence.
she was

while

What to wn*te
[rpl;ir: {h* ihings
lht *:*!E* ih* pers** sp*rl ty*f f*as*ns fol rhc*:inE l* rvrile *i:n*l th*x" Llse *xpre:.ri*r:s ilc*:
I

ft*il

{rr il i"rdrll...
*,1y...

.
.

-a

Useful
Cj

expressions
t,'; .tai.,r::.,lln,

Common errors
Word order
Verbs in English sentences always need a subject: By 1999 had won on Oscar. By 1999 she had won an Oscar. career exciting parallels Jolie's her life private. X

| i

:eas']$j i At I S ... ' At the *g* *l I $ ... Th*n ... I *u; Surinq hls t h*r :lc_ lifcii:::* ... I tr*t ! !:ry ::)
[ve ntu*!ly .. " At pr*:*nt ... tin*liy ilir:t ... Lat*r... Aiisr ih*t "..
..
"

:l {,1.{i ,tt?.,},J}::.

i
l
I

y'

Jotie's exciting career parallets her privote life.

Easily confused words At present is used instead of actually (which means ,in fact,): Actuolly she lives with ... tC At present she lives with ... t/ For actors, role is used instead of paper
lolie's first leoding paper ... I lolie,s first leadinq role

./

WrtnS e nex"x"ative
When you write a narrative, you tell a story in which the description of past events is given in chronological order.

What to write
Set the scene

with

details of the time, ine place and the chaiacters in your

sion- o!' anecdote.

Paragraph

'l

,- ^ ^a ---^. ' U)C Plird)tr)

l;l-^. llc.

O:ens the story

What to write
Paragraph 2
Describes the main

Write abou: l^.'rai

hnncnori :ni

evnts in the story

how the characters

reacted. Use pnrases

l, Deg't' ,', ' Nken ... At titcr n''|ffisnt ... 6uc,'t',',

:lt(e;
l

What to write
Sonrething about ihe con:equences of the events and what

Paragraplr 3
Coneiudes the s!:ry anei reveals any unexpected events

reievance the story

has fci- yo or others

iir lhe present. Use

expressions like:
have
i

haven': -.t- '!'2

Since

sfie

:i'..t'

Useful express0r"ts Lasl sumnre r ... .A week late r".. 5*delenly ... At that mrnent ... Finally ... That evening ,4. few days l*ie r ... Afterwards ".. ,{t last ...

Common errors
Sequence of tenses The past perfect is used to refer to actions that happened
,earlfer,in the,past:

'The'londlsdy asked if we sow a ghost.

I t/

The landlady asked if we had seen a ghost-

Gerunds and infinitives

I don't enjoy wotching scory fims. ( My friend ond I decided visiting ... I
I don't enjoy to watch scory films-

My friend ond I decided to visit ...

y'
',:',,,:.,,
,,:,::::,:,,

Translation

errors ln thot moment ... I At that moment ... y'

'r'

"":r"

fll

unit{
Writing
am &mfwrmaX *e&&*r
When you write an informal letter you should use a friendly style, an appropriate layout and state a clear reason for writinq.

What to write
Top right hand

corner
Addr*:s anC date

r. . .':,). I :l t.,.
.......:.'.1.']'

ri,,

.. . i . l4ElmAve
Birmrngham

Wriie where ycu

!iv* aricl lh* eiat*"
{Se ear"*{xl rith

ih*

: ,

l6th Merh 2002

ehhr*vl*tci f*"nr 1sl 2nd 3rC)

Greeting Begi:: y**r leller

wiih Sr*r ...
'!

DearJavi,..']''....''.'....']....
Thanks for your lener:,,Sorry I havent beenin iouchfor so long but I've been really busylevising for my end of term exams.The good thing is that we'll soon have our Easter
holidays so
I;11

Wl'at ts write
[xpl*in why y*u'r"* wnting. ih*nk y*xr l"lcnd lcr thc!r lert leit*r *r *p*l*g!;*

Paragraph
!

rhave sorrre tir,ne

to chill out.

l*r

*lr**j*ces ihc lcttcr end giv*: r*as*n f*r writins

Anyway, apart florn studfng I've been out with my friends

n*i hav!ng wriit*n

r*l*nli3'.
like:
Llsc phras*s

on Friday nights we go to that that music club I discovered with you last surirrrier. Do you remember
a

lot

?N*;}r;*l;r

Marcia? She is playing for the school football team now

Faragraph 2 ir'*: illi*ln:a l!*': ;i:**i y**rs*ll *r* r*rcnl *v**is Paragrall'l 3 i*nlludrs y*lr

and she's getting so good that they wanr to make her

l*f*r frrry I i:yr'l fer r t*r;ri;ir' * xliJ.

captainl Can you believe it? Also, Marcia, David and I are thinking about going hiking in the mountains during the
Easter holidays--We are going to drive ro the I,ake District.

lffhat to
Tcll

rnnite

Why don'r you come over? It'li be good fun. I have to go now, but write soon and tell me if you feel like coming so hat I can tell the orhers.
Bye ltor now.

i: new in yci:r lii*.

r frit*d w'**t

i{tt{i

What to w"ite
Us* phras*s like: ,ilijir **.,"

Tirn

Signing ciff

ll::ii

li*r *rii *trr.

$fr.icr'*lq

I Common errors
!*rry i h*ve*'i wrili*n f*r s* **9. i'v* g*t:* n:*lh t* {ell y*u. I w*: h;ppy ,l :*rry t* ir*e " *i:*,l ... ilcw h;vsr y** i:***? il*l,l'i: slhi:*i g*ing? l-h*t's al! i*; :ll'r'. I *an'l l'v*!l t* her'fr*n:,v*u. i-**king f*rwr* i* s**ing y*u. fi*ns* lvril* s**n T*ke e*re, ltr*l lvis*as, $y* l*r n*r,v l-v*,
Sequence of tenses

i \ I
{

to refer to plans: ... l( We are going to drive ... ( Word order for direct questions
f uture forms are used We drive to the Lake District

\ You remember Marcia? I Do you remember Marcio? ! Translation errors i Use of the preposition on instead of the article before dates:
y'
the Fridoy nights X

",

on Fridoy nights

r'

Wr&timg e review
When you write a review, you give your opinion about a book, play, film or concert. Film and book reviews often summarize the main events in the plot.

.;Write a re l"TV series.

Paragraph
1

What to write
ldentify the fil'n,
series or book, give

States tl'e prfrose of the ;"eview

the name of the directol and lhe

leading actors.

Paragnaph 2
Describes the filnr, series, [:ook cr plot

What to write
State where and

when the action

takes place . Ci'.,e
a summary of the

:toryline: the

n-:ain

cvents and brie reasons for-them

Paragraplr 3 ecneiuC*s lh*

review

happeni ng.

What to write
[x:lain your
reas*ns for

reecrnrnending the

ci

":cl reeorrmenorng
se rie:, film or b*ok that you're

reviewing.

Usefu! expressCIns
ne *f n:y favcurite iilnrs I lY se ries / bocks i: . The story is :el in I rluring ... The liinr is irritating I boring / ciuii. It is a greal I rvonejerfui / fantastlc i:*ch. Therc are three rea:ons why I w:xld I w*ridn'i reecnrn:end this TV scries tc anybody"
Whe n a re lative pro
n

oun,'is,the-'subject, persona

pronouns are omitted

...

six

friends who theylivnNew',York City in the 90s

Wn*t8rxg a desen$p&iorx

sf e px.sem

When you describe a person, it is important to include lots of personal details about them. This will make your description more interestinq for the reader.

'Write

a description

you adrnire.
Paragnaph

of

a person

Presents the subject

of ihe deseripti*n

Retired French footballer Zinedine Zidane,who was born on 23rdJune 1972.is consiclered to be one of the footballing icons of his generarion.As rhe son ofAlgerian immigrants, he endured an incredibly tough childhood in Marseille, where he was brought up, but he later became a symbol for racial inregration in France and around the world.
Zizou.as he is called by Friends. is tall, dark-skirLned and well-built.With the ball at his feet. audiences always roared with delight. He could change the flow oFa game in an insant and his passing and dribbling skills were exceprional. During his career. he played lor cop reams likeJuvenrus and Reai Madrid although his greatest success was when he scored the two goals thar led France to victory in the

What to write
ive inf*rrnation b*ut the pe rson's

trigins and b*ckgr'*und"

What to write
*escribe the rncst irnp*l"i*nt Cetaii: *f the perscn; l:eigh{, physique, c*nrplexicn etc. Use adi*rtives like : icli t*orf, tkn, *entrighf t.lslJ*frilt

Faragnaph 2
Cive: e physiral description *f ti:*
su 3

jeci

l998World Cup final. He is now a rich and famous man. who enjoys wearing well-cut suirs. No wonder he became Christian Dior\ 6rst maie modell
Zizou s a modest. quiet and rather shy person who prefers spending time wirh his tamily than in front of the camera. FIowever, his'discipline and control famously deserted him when he was shown the red card fb head-burting an Italian player in the 2006\Xrorld Cup final. Despite
this incident, most people will remenrber him for his footballing talent. Now reried, Zidane lives happily with his wifeVronique arld their children but is also involved
sri1l

What to write
ive i:ic"n*tl*:

*i:*ui lhe

pcrs*n's

Paragraph

ehar*riel, nn* menll*n *ny

lncide nls whie h

snls rvlth Nh* pcrsr:n's cheraeter

in several charicy project admiration

s. Zdarre is a man thar deserves

qred*irs:rr
'''"''""''"i l'ry tJseful xpressens

illustrat* ihis. lncl**j* a silr*mary *i iheir lik*s *nd dislik*. Use *djeei!ve: like : {;il p*isi ;l},:
. i;.tC"

i*r;;rerl

{
{

I shos I lhin I *v*rw*ight / rv*lt-}:rilr I f*ng I sh*rt heired I p;rle I dark-skir:n*cl I $ gc*c*-l**kinE I slunning / b**rtiiui
Tall

$}hys*eal

e$>ps*rane*

$ $ $

Common errors
Word ofder for degree adverbs and adjectives
on incredibty tough chitdhood ... The adjective in English doesnlt change form for plural nouns tops teoms ... top teoms ... y'

{}"*n"aet*r Qxict I p*licnt I shy I nr*cjest / fascinating I r:utg*i:rg j intr*v*rt*C Sene r*ils l fxnny I plea:ant I baclle n:p*rec*

1.roug!

incredbty chitdhood ...

t/

Translation errors poss time with his fomily

...

spend time with his famity ...

Wr&tXmS e'daXmguxe
When you write a dialogue, you should use informal language to make it sound natural.

A dialogue
i)"ese

'Write a dialogue about asking sorneone out.

Sam: ' Hi, Claiqe How's it going? Claire: Hiya. Sam. I'm great. rhanks. Sam: Umm ... Are you doing anything this evening? Claire: Well. I'm going ro Phoebe's.We've got a chemistry tomorrow and we want to revise for it together.
,

What to
w"te Try tc in:itate
natural speech. NJs* shart setl*nces anai

:ls a

ccnversati:n

belwe*n lw$ r m"e

peoBl*.

test

Sam:

quesli*ns.
Lar:gu*ge

What about tomorrow. then? Claire: Diot Matt tell you? It's Sophie's birthday and,we'r. going to take her out for a pizza.Why don't you come? : Sam; Nobody told me,arrythin$ abouf lt, ' , Claire: Sorry about that. Matt wat supposed to tell 1.,ou.An1'way, I'm free on Fqiday nighL How about then? : Sam: Yeah! PerGct. Do you fancy going ou for dinner? Claire: That sounds nice.Therei a new Italian resturant thaCs just opened not far from here.Do you fancy golng ihere?
: ,

sh*uld i:*

iniornal" llse phr*ses like:

iirl llow rc yr;;
yr Jc*ey grrr:d rt;i

Crr*92

le

,lcr:. .f *ct scLtt'i.: ii*i: / t:irt. Yr,c,

Sam:

'Well

rxti

... isnt it a bit expensive?

Claire: I could

ask nry sister. She went there last weekend and she said that rhe food and the atmosphere were fantasric.

Sam:

OK, then.Actually, Phil owe! n1e some money and I think it's about time he paid me back so don't worry it's expensive.What time shall I pick you up? Claire: Around eight? Sam: Ok. see you tolnorrow at eight.

if
l

Claire:

Yeah, see you!

Usefu! expressons
ilcw': ii goi*g? l'nr g:-eat, t*anks l)* y*u larry gcing oul? *K.
V*"*: f*rrrs
Are you

Common errors
Modalverbs are used
Do I pick you up?
as auxiliary verbs

to make quesons-

Sholl I pick you up?

t/

for making

Spe|ling errors
Its (possessive) and it,s (pronoun - verb): ... its time he poid me back * it's time ke paid me back y'

;rrense"ner"!ts
l*rnr"*

dli*g arything thrs e.''ening j 5tu rcla),?

i'm E*ing tr Ph**be's 0 tak* her t* .". \Afhy de n't y*u l*n*? lVhat tin:e :heXl I pitk y*u up?

'

Translation errors
I'm sorry I orrive ate!

: Use be late instead of arrive late:

l'm sorry I'm lote! r'

's instead of the ... of:

It's the birthdoy of Sophie.

lt's Sophie's birthday.

\Nr*t&r"xg e Cesan*pt*mr"x mf m pXace

When you write a description of a place, it is important to use a variety of adiectives. This will make your description more interesting for the reader.

Faragraph
plaee

'l

lntr*rluees the

One of my favourite places is the Doana national park, one oFthe biggest wetlands in Europe.This picturesque area of lancl *rr.r, located in Huelva' in the south-west
of Spain. is a perfect refuge l'or wildliFe.

What to write
ive detai!s cf the place and ioe*lirn

FaraEraph 2
ilescrib*: the pl;:c* in n:*"e detail

The park is home to many beautiful and exotic species including red deer. boar, wild horses and flamingoes. Doana is probably the only home left in the overdeveloped south ofEurope for endangered species such as the lberian lyrx and the imperial eagle.This scenic park also offers an opportuniry for visitors to learn about
rhe unspoilt flora of the region and irs unique biodiversiry. Visitors are taken in groups, with ipecially tained guides, to tour the park and learn about the different animals that live there and their habitats.

What to w'ite
Cive sp*cific delai!s abc:l the plare;

whal makes lN :peciel, differenl

and intcresting?

Paragraph
d*scr!pti*n

Ccnclude: lhe

Despite the problems posed b-v drought and human activiw-from agricultrrre and tourism to the nerv towns being built around the edge of the park-Doana has managed to survive and is frequently visited today. Ifyou love wildlife, a visit to this wonderful park will be an unforgettable experience.

Wlrat to wnite
D*srribe a*y
pr*!:!e ms

thr*at*n!ng th* piac*. Cive ycu:" pers*nal *plnicn ab*i:t t!:* plaec.

Useful expressons f* ih* n*rlh i s*::lh I v-*est j L*cl** i:r... w*tlend: j r:*'sh*s I l*lct I c*n:l / i:eeelr
,&*$]*et{v*s

*es{.

'rThe,r'ticle
j
Use

,Comm,oR errors

'

"

I n*uiriain

the when the norun has been Previously mentioned. ... a pork olso ollows visitors ... X y' the ... _ " -rpark also allows visitors ...

fx*tir J n*gniiit*nt ,i i:c*l*tui I lv*n**$":! j

sr*n!c I quiel I ;rrei*nt I h*g*

structures Comparative -
tt is the most big wetlond Pork ... X 'lt is the bggest wetlond pork ... y'

Wrttnxg a fon srd ogcnsf essay

When you write a for and against essay, you must state the advantages and disadvantages and give your personal opinion.

What to write
Restate, in your own worels, the title of the essay. State lhat the"e are both advantages

What
Paragraph
loprc
1

Intrcduces ihe

and disadvantages to the activity referred

to in lhe tille.

What to write
Cive exarnples of positive aspects of the theme. Incli"Ce

Paragraph 2
Stales the

reasOns t0 supp{].t

advaniages

these. Use phrases like: tn tha ont han

... ln adton
...

What to write
Cive the argurnents against the thenre. lnelude exaniples and reasons lo explain why these are relevant. Use expressions llke:

Paragraph
States lhe

disadvantages

n the athe.r tnnd fur"therncrs ...

...

Faragraph 4
ConeluCes yc*r'

What to write
Give a balaneed sumrnary *f all the advantages en{l disadvantages associa|ed with the thenne. ACe* your

argumnt

personal opinion. Use

seful exp!'essons
t"f

phrases like: ll sssns

la n*'thal ... {ron ny

point af vi*vr
...

n Nhe tirsl place "".

Morecver...
l--lowever...

l\rverthe less "..

Further-::cre ... Yet ... ln aCdilicn ... n lhe cne hanei ...

Nhe

clher

hancl.".