Comparative study of vector control with direct power control for grid side converter of DFIG wind power

generation system
Meihua Zhao, Yi Ruan, Yang Shen Bingying Ye, Qinhong Zhong
School of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation Shanghai University Shanghai, 200072, China

Zhao Meihua
Department of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology Luoyang, 471023, China Zhaomh2009@yahoo.cn

AbstractDeveloping a high performance control strategy for grid side PWM converter of DFIG wind power generation system is a significant point. In this paper, first, deriving and analyzing the mathematical model of grid side PWM converter, a vector control strategy is proposed. Second, the voltage vectors influence on the active power change and the reactive power change was analyzed, a direct power control based on a new switching table was proposed. At last, comparative experiments were tested for vector control and direct power control strategy. The feasibility and correctness, advantage and disadvantage of the control strategy are verified by experimental results. Keywords- DFIG wind power generation; grid side converter; space vector control; direct power control (DPC)

For grid side PWM converter, different control strategies are proposed in recent years, the main control systems are space vector control and direct power control (DPC) [5-6].Vector control has been widely applied for its fixed switching frequency, the sinusoidal output current, the low harmonic component and high voltage utilization ratio. In recent years, DPC becomes a study hotspot for its simple control model, has no use for the PWM modulation module and fast dynamic response [7-10]. In this paper, first, a space vector control strategy for grid side converter was proposed based on its dynamic mathematical model. Then the influence of the voltage vector on active and reactive power variations were analyzed, the DPC strategy was proposed based on novel switch table [1112]. Finally, the two control strategies were compared with experiment. Experimental results verify that the two schemes are correct and feasible, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of them, two kinks of feasible control strategies are provided for the grid side converter of DFIG wind power generation system. II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF GRID SIDE CONVERTER
S1
a b c S2

I.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, much attention has been paid on clean renewable energy sources like solar and wind .Wind energy is gaining momentum because of its relatively low cost [12].Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind power generation system is becoming increasing popular for its some advantages such as maximum wind-energy capturing, fourquadrant active and reactive power regulation and low converter cost [3-4] .Schematic of DFIG wind power generation system is shown in Fig.1.

S3 ia ib ic
ea eb ec

S4

S5

S6
N

Fig.2 Schematic of three-phase grid side converter of DFIG wind power generation system

Schematic of grid side converter of DFIG wind power generation system shown in Fig.2. Where Udc is DC link voltage , ua , ub and uc are the output voltages of the converter
Fig.1 Schematic of DFIG wind power generation system

ia , ib and ic are the output currents, R , L is respectively the resistance and inductance of filter reactor, ea , eb , ec is respectively three-phase grid phase voltage. N n is respectively lower bridge arm common point and the neutral point of power supply.

The function of rotor side PWM converter is to realize power control of wind power generation system. The control objective of grid side PWM converter is to maintain the stability of the DC link voltage (Udc) and to adjust power factor.
Fund: This paper and its related research are supported by grants from the postgraduate innovation foundation of Shanghai University. Fund Number: SHUCX112182

978-1-4244-8165-1/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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According to KVL gets dia dt u a 1 0 0 ia ea dib (1) ub = L dt + R 0 1 0 ib + eb 0 0 1 ic uc ec dic dt Coordinate transformation from three-phase stationary ABC frame to two -phase stationary frame is given

Equation (5) contains the coupling of active current reactive current iq . In order to decouple

id and

id and iq , assuming

di e + L + Ri u a dt (2) = u e + L di Ri dt Transformation from the stationary to the synchronous dq frame, which is rotating with the angular frequency can be obtained as follows u d id ed iq d id  = L + R + + L (3) dt iq id uq iq eq Equation (3) is the main basis for proposing vector control strategy. III. VECTOR CONTROL STRATEGY By placing the d -axis of the rotating coordinates on the grid voltages synthesis vector E s ,the Space vector is shown in Fig.3,where U s is the output voltages synthesis vector of the grid-connected inverter I s is the output current synthesis vector of the grid-connected inverter VL is the inductance voltage synthesis vector is Power factor Angle. is the angle between E s and

* ud 1 = ud Es + Liq (6) * uq1 = uq Lid According to (5) and (6) can obtain did * + Rid = ud L 1 dt (7) L diq + Ri = u * q q1 dt From (7) it can be seen that decoupling control of active

current id and reactive current iq can be achieved by using the coordinate transformation and vector orientation. In order to make the output currents track the reference current, the PI current controllers can be utilized [13-14] .In this case, the output voltages of the PI current controllers are as follows * * * ud 1 = K p (id id ) + K i (id id )dt (8) * * * uq1 = K p (iq iq ) + K (iq iq )dt i The d-axis reference voltage and q-axis reference voltage are expressed as * * ud = Es Liq + ud 1 (9) * * uq = Lid + uq1
From 7 to 9 , the voltage, current double closedloop control strategy of the grid side converter can be got, which is shown in Fig.4. The power factor can be controlled via changing q-axis current. Coupling term are expressed as

a -axis.

udCOMP = Liq + Es uqCOMP = Lid

(10)

One main problem of vector control system is that its performance depends highly on accurate machine parameters such as resistance and inductances. Therefore, direct power control (DPC) was proposed
g

PLL
ia , ib , ic
* ud

eab , eac

Fig.3 Diagram of Space vector

The output voltages in the synchronous dq frame are expressed as

* udc

* id

id
iq

dq abc
* ud 1

* u

udc

e d = Es eq = 0

* iq

* * uq uq 1

udCOMP
uqCOMP

* u

(4)
IV.

udc

Fig.4 Vector control strategy of the grid side converter

where, Es is the amplitude of voltage synthesis vector E s  Substituting (4) into (3) gets did + Rid = ud Es + Liq L dt (5) L diq + Ri = u Li q q d dt

DIRECT POWER CONTROL(DPC)

The basic ideas of direct power control (DPC) is that switching vectors were selected form the optimal switching table based on instantaneous errors of active and reactive and the angular position of converter terminal voltage vector.

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Active power and reactive power are controlled by hysteresis control [15].

The hysteresis control law is given as S P = 1 Pref P > H P  (11) Pref P < H P SP = 0 SQ = 1 Qref Q > H Q (12) SQ = 0 Qref Q < H Q
where, H P H Q is respectively the hysteresis bandwidth of active power and reactive power. S P = 1 ( SQ = 1 ) represents
active (reactive) power needs to be increased, S P = 0 ( SQ = 0 ) represents active (reactive) power needs to be reduced, Pref ,

The impact of different space voltage vector on active power change and reactive power change can be expressed as Ts Pi = L [e (k )u i (k ) + e (k )u i (k )] Ts 2 2 i = 0,1,...,7.  [e (k ) + e (k )] L Ts Qi = L [e (k )u i (k ) e (k )u i (k )]

18
where, Pi Qi represents the variation of active power(reactive power) when voltage vector

ui functions. uai

Qref is respectively a given value for active power and reactive

power . According to (2) gets

u i represents  component of the output voltage

of the grid-connected inverter in the reference frame when voltage vector

ui functions.
Ts L
2 2 2 U dc e (k ) + e (k ) 3

di L = u ea Ri dt L di = u e Ri dt

Dividing the two sides of (18) by (13) gets

Assuming three-phase power grid voltage balance and the sampling period is Ts .then (13) can be discredited as

T i = i (k +1) i (k) = s [ua (k) e (k) Ri (k)] L T i = i (k +1) i (k) = s [u (k) e (k) Ri (k)] L

(14)

cos sin Pi = 2 / 3U u i (k ) + 2 / 3U u i ( k ) dc dc e2 (k ) + e2 (k ) 2 / 3 U dc cos sin Qi = u i (k ) + u i (k ) 2 / 3U dc 2 / 3U dc

i = 0,1,...,7.

The instantaneous active power and reactive power of the grid-connected inverter in the stationary frame are expressed as P = e i + e i (15) Q = e i e i Ignoring the variations of the power grid voltage within a PWM sampling period, the active and reactive power variations within the two consecutive sampling periods can be expressed as P = P (k + 1) P(k ) = e [i (k + 1) i (k )] + e [i (k + 1) i (k )] (16) Q = Q(k + 1) Q(k ) = e [i (k + 1) i (k )] e [i ( k + 1) i ( k )] Substituting (14) into (16) and neglecting the voltage drop across resistance gets T T 2 2 P = s [e (k )u (k ) + e (k )u (k )] s [e (k ) + e (k )] L L (17) Q = Ts [e (k )u (k ) e ( k )u ( k )] L

19 The waveforms of Pi and Qi Shown in Fig.5. In order to optimize three-phase grid converter output voltage vector, the output space is divided into 12 sectors, space voltage vectors and sectors are shown in Fig.6. Where = arctan(e / e ) .

(a) Influence on active power when voltage vector used Pi

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V. EXPERIMENT An experimental hardware platform is developed to compare the performance of vector control with DPC. Assuming grid is ideal. Experiment parameters are shown in table 2. TABLE2 EXPERIMENT PARAMETERS Parameters
(b) Influence on reactive power when voltage vector used Qi Fig.5 Influence on power when voltage vector used u2 (110) u3 (010)
4 3
4 3

Value

Nominal power DC link voltage Grid voltage Inductance of AC side

PN = 3KW U dc = 200V V U = 380V  L = 3mH 

2
2

u4 (011)

5
6 7

7 8

u0 u7
9

12 12 9 10 11

u1 (100)

Grid angular frequency PWM switching period

= 2 f = 314rad / s

10

11

u5 (001)

u6 (101)

Fig.6 Space voltage and sectors

Ts = 100s  The experiment results for vector control

According to Fig.5 and Fig.6, switching table for DPC can be given as table.1 TABLE1 SWITCHING TABLE FOR DPC

SP
1

SQ
0 1 0

u2 u1 u4 u5
7

u2 u1 u4 u5
8

u3 u2 u5 u6
9

u3 u2 u5 u6
10

u4 u3 u6 u1
11

u4 u3 u6 u1
12

(a) Power factor is 1 ( iq*=0A)

SP
1 0

SQ
0 1 0 1

u5 u4 u1 u2

u5 u4 u1 u2

u6 u5 u2 u3

u6 u5 u2 u3

u1 u6 u3 u4

u1 u6 u3 u4
(b) Reactive power compensation ( iq*=-5A) Fig 8 steady experimental waveforms of a phase voltage and current for vector control

Schematic of DPC on the grid side converter is shown in

Fig.7
Power Caclculation Grid angle Calculation

eab , eac ia , ib
Fig .9 Dynamic experimental waveforms of a phase voltage and current for vector control

P Q
P*
Q
*

N
Sp
Sq
Switching Table

)The experiment results for DPC

udc

Fig 7 Schematic of DPC on the grid side converter

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established a sound foundation for the next study of doubly fed wind power generation system. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to thank the IEEE for providing this template and all colleagues who previously provided technical support
(a) Power factor is 1(P*=1000W,Q*=0var) [1]

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[2]

[3] (b) Reactive power compensation (P*=500W, Q*=750var) Fig 10 steady experimental waveforms of a phase voltage and current for direct power control

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

Fig.11 Dynamic experimental waveforms for direct power control from (P*=1000W, Q*=0var) to (P*=500W, Q*=0var)

[8]

Comparing Fig 8 and Fig 10, Fig 9 and Fig 11 can be seen, whether using vector control or direct power control strategy, the System maintains perfect performance in steady and transient conditions. From Fig.8 to Fig.9 show that voltage vector control strategy has a good sinusoidal current, a small harmonic component. Comparing Fig 9 with Fig 11, obviously, DPC results in higher current harmonic distortion than vector control. But transient performance of DPC is better. VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, both vector control and DPC strategies for grid side converter were proposed. Comparing Fig.8 with Fig.10, Fig 9 with Fig 11, in the same conditions, the steady state performance of the vector control is better than that of, DPC. But dynamic response of DPC is better. All in all, both the quality of the steady-state behavior and the transient response of vector control and DPC are good, which

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

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