Summary

This article is related to the different styles of the quality management which are used by the firms situated in JAPAN and America. In this article author compare the three different type of companies .1:Japanese firms operating in the UNITED STATES.2: American firms that are using a traditional approach to quality management and American firms which are using some Japanese approaches regarding quality management in the same industry. In last few decades many researchers work on the quality management styles which were adopted by the American and Japanese firms and find three main basics differences between them which are as follow. 1: A massive training program. 2: An annual program of quality management 3: An upper management leadership of the quality functions. They found that there is a link between quality management and general organizational performance. Due to this link quality control department can be classified/grouped in to three styles which are as follow:1 operations,2:promotion.3:inspection .Most of the Japanese firms follow almost all three styles of quality management especially promotional style and got success in the industry and gain more market share, reduce cost, improve productivity and increase profit, while most of the American firms ignore this fact and believed that there is no relation between quality management and general organizational performance most of the time they follow inspection style only. Although they also got success and profit but failed to obtained that status which Japanese organization got.Thus,it seems possible that American firms can implement a promotions style of quality management in their organizations and gain the same benefits from high quality goods that now seem to go to the Japanese.

Critical analysis:
This article is basically based on three style of quality management used by the American and Japanese firms. Following are the styles 1: inspection focusing on quality management by inspection of output. 2: promotion -which emphasis on the promotion of quality and the style typically identified with the Japanese 3: operation-emphasizing managing quality in operations processes. Here author compare the three different types of companies that used above styles and got success. Following are the companies: Japanese firms that function in united state, American firms that are using a traditional approach to quality management and American firms which are using some Japanese approaches regarding quality management in the same industry. Japanese quality management firms belief in benefits of quality management; quality control; promotion style; operation style and inspection style and they are more focus and concentrating on training to facilitate the employees. They also believe that there is a link between quality management and general organizational performance. According to us, the Japanese firms are highly dominating in term of quality because they are using a high standard of quality management and used all of the styles which are

inspection, Promotion and operation. In Japanese approach the quality management and general organizational performance is very necessary for organization. Almost all of the Japanese firms used mostly Deming 14 points of improvement. Like all firms adopt modern method of trainings, Kaizen strategy, break down the barriers between departments, eliminate exhortation, drive out fear, and dont make decision on the basis of cost. Dont rely on inspection and take actions etc. By adopting modern method of training Japanese firms deeply worked on massive training programs because they believed that after training the employees they are more capable to perform the job well, helped to create a positive friendly environment between workers and the management of the organization, helped to reduce the errors and after getting training each worker know how to perform the work .By using kaizen strategy they introduced new tools ,technology ,give guidance programs to workers ,change the designs according to situation and worked more on research and development programs. By using drive out fear strategy they give confidence to the workers. They also eliminate the exhortion by bringing statistical thinking and tools to employees because if the employees dont know tools the quality will not improve. Similarly these companies dont rely only on inspection and take proper steps and actions whenever they needed. Japanese style of quality management emphasize on promoting and facilitate the ideas throughout the company and making quality everyones responsibility. Due to better strategies Japanese firms were in a position to gain more market share, reduce cost, improve productivity and increase profit as compare to the American firms.

While Most of the American firms are using inspection style only which focusing on quality management by inspection of output. In our opinion, this style is totally wrong because only concentrate on this method and focus on output is not the sign of success and leads to so many problems in the organization i.e.: Whenever the problem occur in the production process the whole management suffering a lot problems in term of time consuming because in order to cut off the error there is a need to check the whole process from input to output which takes a lot of time, cost also affected and productivity decreases etc. Most of the American firms are not focusing on training programs which is very necessary for any organization to compete in the modern business world because if the employees are well trained then it helped to reduce the cost ,time saving and increased productivity. Most of the decisions taken by the American firms are also based on cost based system which is also very wrong because if we take the decisions on the basis of cost then it will affect quality. Similarly most of the American firms ignore this fact and believed that there is no relation between quality management and general organizational performance most of the time they follow inspection style only. Although they also got success and profit but failed to obtained that status which Japanese organization got.Thus,it seems possible that American firms can implement a promotions style of quality management in their organizations and gain the same benefits from high quality goods that now seem to go to the Japanese.

According to regressions for quality management style the Regression of inspection is 0.17, promotion is 0.45 and operation is 0.47. According to theories higher the beta higher will be risk and in case of this article the operation style has high beta which is very risky as compared to promotion and inspection style. Conclusion From the above discussion we can conclude that Japanese firm are better than then the American firms because Japanese firms used both operational and inspection styles. While American firms adopt only inspection style.

Obbbbbbbbbbb Importance if education in economic development Importance of education

MPORTANCE OF EDUCATION Education is a social instrument through which man can guide his destiny and shape his future. An uneducated man can not become a part of development. Islam makes it compulsory for every man and woman to get education. in the modern age, nations desirous of progress spend huge amounts on education. Education occupies a fundamental place in the development of a country.

Importance if education in economic development

Education plays an important role in the socio-economic development of a country. Many problems of severe nature take birth in societies where education is given least importance. In other words, education is the prime mover of all progress whereas illiteracy is the real enemy and obstacle to a countrys development. The importance of education can be judged from the facts that an educated nation always moving in the right direction. Whereas, an illiterate nation fails to identify even its real issues of the society; leave alone the question and methodology regarding their solution.

Right from the inception of Pakistan till today, we have paid lip-service to the cause of education. Unfortunately, education has never remained a priority agenda by any governments of the country. Our literacy rate is hardly 40% (however government claims it to be more than 50%) which is quite unsatisfactory to meet the challenges of the twenty first century. It is hard to believe that without development in education, Pakistan would be able to achieve excellence in important fields of society. The solution to all our major social, political, economic and religious problems lies in giving due attention to education. Mass illiteracy in Pakistan has given birth to many problems like poverty, unemployment, over-population, beggary and terrorism. Such towering problems can be tackled only with the help of education. If Pakistan has to progress educationally, then every member of the society has to play its role towards its development. Once the country would achieve a satisfactory level of education, we would certainly be in a position to strengthen ourselves economically, socially and politically. Without sound education system in Pakistan , development of the country would remain a far cry.

IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY There is no concept of progress and development without education. All development countries have high literacy rate. * Education is a big source of evolution. It helps mankind to pass through many stages of evolution and reached to the present age of science and technology.

* It helped the mankind to conquer the forces of nature on the earth and also explored a number of secrets of space. * It helped the man to understand and protect environment for healthy atmosphere. * It helps to understand the ideology of a nation and also suggests different measures to strengthen this ideology. * It creates love for the state and it is also great source of patriotism, which a helps a nation to get progress. * It is a source of understanding the rights and duties of a citizen, which run side y side and without them society cannot run smoothly. * It is a big source of developing creative abilities of a person for the betterment of societies. * Economy of any country cannot get progress until citizens dont understand the economic progress of a country. Secondly economy is the base of development and progress. * Through education, more skilled people can be produced who can make the country developed. * Mineral wealth of a country contributes a lot for the development of a country. Education helps to explore and use of minerals for national development. * No development is possible without a skillful and trained human resource.

Education system in pakisan

Education in Pakistan is overseen by the government's Ministry of Education and the provincial governments The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into five levels: primary(grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate or SSC); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary (School) Certificate or HSC); and university programs leading to undergraduate and graduate degrees.

New

Seniors plz chek my out lines as i have been preparing for 2103's attempt. 1. current literacy rate of Pakistan 2.Education level i. primary education ii. middle education iii.high ( ix to x ) iv. intermediate ( xi to xii ) v .Higher education 3.Excessive role of private schooling & higher education 4. uncontrolled madarsa schooling 5.Above three unparalleled education sytem's out put 6.Flaw of successive education policies. 7.Feudal politician and bureaucrats role in education. 8.less education budget. 9.obsolete examination system 10.priority to higher education 11.neglecting gross root education 12.no significance on technical education. 13. untrained teachers 14.No effective mechanism of teachers training. 15.pressure group of associations of teachers. 16.no check and balance system. 17.no financial assistance to poor students. 18. lack of awareness of importance of education in remote areas.19.dissolution of HEC 20.unparalleled education policies of provinces. remedies or panacea 1. good governance 2.increasing education budget 3.one sound education policy for all gov private and madarsas schooling 4.chek and balance system. 5. conclusion A critical analysis of education system in Pakistan

Education is a systematic process of establishing the pillar of society. It brings up an empty mind with discourse tongue of awareness. The literal meaning of education and supplementary definition particularly on the ground of Pakistan poses an alarming condition. Sine the birth of newly independent state Pakistan, education lagged behind due to deliberate negligence of parochial feudal and state politician in particularly and bureaucracy in generally. From the emergence of Pakistan there has been centered censure by conscious group of common people and civil society, finally both influence over the government to think over seriously on their discussing point In the dilemma of authoritarian long regime and fragile civil government, education has been neglected because elite group from ruling class whether in military or so called civil representative, did not seriously boost the level of education through sound education policies. Instead of, political uncertainty, nepotism culture, thirst of power perpetuated the level of education in dregs of glass. Pakistan inherited the system of education from British but after that no significant changes has been brought in education system of Pakistan. Consequently, the literacy rate have become less than the regional countries which got independence abreast of Pakistan. According to the Education Report 2009, it shows overall figures on education, literacy rate rose to 67 pr cent in 2009-10 than it was 57 per cent at the period of 1998-99. Out of literacy rate, male literacy stood 68 per cent and female 58

per cent in 2009-10. Female literacy rate was 57 per cent in 2008-09. Therefore, a slight one per cent increase was recorded during the period of 2009-10. Literacy rate is measured from the prevailing level of education in the country. There are five education levels are operating in Pakistan, primary, middle, high schooling, intermediate and university education. Unfortunately, the policy maker of education has been determined and focused only on higher education. Through such policy, an independent body of Higher Education Commission ( HEC) was established to look after overall universities education through code of conduct and various allocations of budgeting the universities including foreign scholarships in various programs. To improve the quality of higher education, primary education has been ignored since the independence of Pakistan. Although the primary level of education do have a founding role of developing the nation in every walk of life. Some Asian and almost every Western developed countries hold the reign of education and developed their economies from the utilization of modern education. In contrast, country like Pakistans education witnesses of dilapidated condition by terms of structural and management problems. There are 154000 primary schools with 420000 teachers do exist in both the urban and rural areas of Pakistan. Majority of them are two or three classes of school buildings where nursery to five class education is given. One can assume the running of such schools in squeezed class. Result as, a bulk of incompetent students are being produced for upcoming level of education. One side the education condition is like that and on other side the schools with out teachers, having no furniture, schools are being used as guest house by landlords are other factors to mar the quality of education. Middle school (vi-viii) is too reflects as the primary one with out guided steps by the government of Pakistan. All efforts to increase the quality of higher education on negating the gross root education have produced anarchy in education system of Pakistan; because, a country with heavy population along with expanding rate of unemployment with lack of education is threat even to democracy. The reason of expired middle education system is followed by the primary education. Moreover, feudal system, extreme poverty, lack of good governance, no effectual procedure of poverty scholarships demoralized the already shabby society to reluctant on educating their children when above problems knock the door of poor families. Consequently, a sharp decrease of enrolment (0.2 %) in middle school from 5.426 million in 2007-08to 5.414 million in 2008-09. It was also estimated to decrease the enrolment of middle school to (0.6 %) during 2009-10. Secondary education, after the passing of middle education the students are required to pass national exam under the divisional control of Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE). There are 24322 schools with 439316 teacher are functional. Despite, such huge numbers of middle schools and teachers have not improved the quality of education. There are 8 per cent of Pakistanis are graduates. Male contribution is (6.3%) and (3%) of female. The 8b per cent of graduates are subdivided to age cohort between 57-67, 47-57, 37-47 and 21-37. Hence the university enrolment is recorded 10.319 million despite pivotal of education policy. A country with 180 million people, 01 million figures shows the backwardness of country men. One side the illiteracy rate in Pakistan is enlarging day by day in account of rapid growth of population, and on other side the gulf between poor and rich is also increasing. The factors responsible

for reinforce the class conflict, education is the foremost contributor. In result of, private education system came on gloomy horizon in providing the qualitative education only those strata who afford high fee structure. Such heavy fee structure badly hit the poor strata, result as they could not equip modern education to their children. Comparatively, private leaner lag behind public learner in competitive exams and avail of high official jobs. Therefore poor become more poor and rich become more richer. The third system responsible for aggravating education system of Pakistan is Madarsah school system. Such religious schools are being operated by religious scholars on their creative way of teaching having no interference or directions from government. Madaresah schools only provide religious education according to their cult and creed on expulsion of western education. In 1882 Deoband school under the leadership of Muhammed Qasim Nanativi openly negated Sir Syed Ahmed khans Ali Garh college. Later unprecedented events proved Sir Syeds doctrine correct to acquire we stern education, which is not against Islam, mostly propagated by religious clergy. But a rift between two important institutions devised the Muslim Umma in groups. Same the case is being contested by Pakistani Government since its independence. Certainly, a country with multi-educational policies procures chaos in a country. Pakistan is a land of such chronic diseases.\ Ideally, a unanimous and monotones education policy is prerequisite to achieve satisfactory literacy rate. A ten or more than ten years time period is allocated to overcome hurdles with good governance. In Pakistan, there has been a problem of good governance. Every successive government comes up with new education policy on expulsion of previous. Thereupon, repercussion of each government is Pakistan have marred the structure of education since 1947. Although article of 38(d) in Constitution of Pakistan guarantees of free education is a right of every citizen and respected government is bound to take measures to provide basic education to intermediate. Article 38 (b). To remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period. In spite of, constitutional guarantee in the constitution in Pakistan, the government is openly violating the constitution. The current coalition Government led by PPP brought new education Policy 2009. Although the features of education policy 2009s are remarkable but, despite it seems impracticable, because lasing mind set of politician and bureaucracy. Comparatively, the education budget of Pakistan in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is less than the regional countries. The current education budget of Pakistanis just 2.5 % of GDP whilst Nepal 2.7%, Srilanka 3.2%, India 3.5% and Bangladesh is 3.5%. The low education budget shows the negligence of education. Remember, 95 per cent of education budget is incurred on salaries and maintenance. Outdated examination system is another point of discussing the standard of education in Pakistan. The primary to middle examination system is splendid for increasing the role of teacher in its class. Such school teachers are responsible to seek exam from the course they cover in class. Hence students are acquainting of how to prepare for exam. Irrespective of primary-middle examination, IV to XII examination process has been enlarged from class teacher to boards selective teachers. The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE), a divisional board has a significant role to rule out the syllabus for IV to Xii respectively; and keep right to form a exam paper in its own supervision. This rationale of conducting exam is excellent but lack of communication system between school and

college authority and concern officers of board have created uncertainty among students about the extracting paper for the exam. The following are the flaws in examination system. I. Ineffective communication between school/college authority and BISE board. It is seen that teacher do not complete the assigned course to its students. Hence the quality and standard of examination vulnerable for students. II. But it is obligation of the board to form exam paper according to the course. III. Political or absent teacher in regular classes have further spoil the examination process IV. No modernization in exam system are the keywords found in the current exam system. Basically, from last two decades, all importance has given to standardize higher education or university education; for this purpose, another two universities are established from 132 to 134. An independent body Higher Education Commission (HEC) was formed to regulate the universities of Pakistan. On some extent, the HEC has succeeded in towards it purpose, but after the 18th amendment, HEC was dissolved and to be made the education a provincial subject. In quest of to boost the higher education, the gross root or primary education was entirely ignored which provides the foundation of quality education. Thus, ignoring the primary education, the level of illiteracy further increased. Therefore, Millennium Goal for 2015 in education policy 2009 seems impracticable. Along with primary education, technical education of woman vocation and poly technical education has been set aside of no importance. Basically, technical education play vital role to decrease the rate of unemployment on immediate basis. There are numbers of technical institutions are in ready position to provide technical education but due to mismanagement these liable no beneficial since their structural presence. One side in advanced countries, the respected government has described the system of teachers training as to equip modern techniques of teaching method to their teachers. Consequently, they are now are the champions of modern civilization in science, art, philosophy, literature. In contrast, Pakistan too launched same pattern for training their teachers, but inefficiencies almost succumb to outstanding process. On other side, teachers too have failed to attend regular classes on available old culture of teaching method from primary to college level in rural and urban areas. The Education department is not taking stern measures against these elements due to political reconciliations. In result of present scenario, government itself provided an opportunity to teachers to gather on one plate form and form teachers union to protect the rights of teacher if any official matter may arise to his/her. In these days, the teacher union has appeared a resisting force in front of government machinery. There are many unions of teacher according to its level, such as, primary, middle, secondary and universities. Such associations have started politics in their affairs. Eventually, education department can not regulate with out consultation associations of teachers. It too has deteriorated the education. No proper mechanism of scholarship program to deserved students and financial assistance to poor students is another factor responsible to limiting the education only accessible to affordable families. There are number of international agencies providing education funding to provinces of Pakistan as to eradicate illiteracy from the country. Such agencies are World Bank, Asian Development Bank and

United Nations agencies, but due to corruption in education department, no considerable achievement carried out. Remedies Good governance is a first pre-requisite factor to embark on the every essence of policy to build up society through key education. The Quaid-e- Azam rightly emphasized the acquirement of education on addressing in All educational Conference at Karachi, Nov, 27,1947, said, The importance of education and the right type of education can not be over emphasized. If we are to make any real, speedy and substantial progress, we must earnestly tackle this question ad bring our educational policy and programme on the lines suited to the genius of our people, consonant with our history and culture, and having regard to the modern conditions and vast developments that have tken place all over the World. Good governance leads ruling class or chosen representatives to take very steps that have far reaching impact on the socio- economic position. In Pakistan, there have been gaps towards attainment of qualitative education in account of weak administration. Hence it is necessary to reshape administrative machinery as to rightly deliver the founding education to its people. The second very step after good governance is to increase education budget from 2.5 % of GDP to 8% of GDP. To increase education budget it means the government will have no constraint of financing but, instead of, government will be able to meet cope education matters according to its need. The third required step to improve education, a sound and unanimous education policy is indispensable. Though, after passing of 18th Amendment Bill in the Constitution of Pakistan, education ministry ultimately became a provincial subject. The province needs to call on joint meeting of MoE to draft and agree upon one education policy as to bring all systems of education under strict check. The forth needed step of implementation is of governments regulation in educatio n. Through administrative strictness it could be ensure that the writ of state is accessible, therefore no compromised can be tolerated in case of inefficiencies in regard to implementation. The fifth element is to implementation of education Policy 2009. According to the education Policy 2009, the Government of Pakistan declares that it will ensure education for all and will increase literacy rate from 67 to 87% till the end of 2015. Further says that university enrollment will be brought to 1.5 million from 01 million. Conclusion All constraints in education system in Pakistan require sincere efforts to resolve administrative and management problems by the effectiveness of the government of Pakistan. Pakistan experiences a country of religious intolerance and much more multi-crisis land. War on terror since 2001; have revealed the administrative flaws in the administrative machinery of Pakistan. It is time that the current Government of Pakistan must tackle education problem because illiteracy is even threat to democracy.

Education is the most constructive factor for any society as it opens new horizons for the people to perceive things in different dimensions. A nation cannot properly understand national aims and goals, if the majority of people remain uneducated. They cannot understand the value of unity and discipline in life and remain unaware of the latest advancements. Education improves human, Physical and other resources which further improve the factors of production. So, it is important to set a proper system for education. Education is the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and the provincial governments, whereas the federal government mostly assists in the education, accreditation and finances for research. The article 25-A of Constitution of Pakistan obligates that State will provide free and compulsory quality education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a manner as determined by law. Education system is the most important need and top priority in a country but the quality of education has a declining trend in Pakistan. Pakistans progress in improving its human development indicators has been uneven. Poor education and weak accountability systems spoil the precious public money and hamper the way of effective education. Pakistans education system remains failed in educating the common people. Lack of management, poor polices and bad planning are the causes while corruption also plays its role in destroying the education system. We must have changed our education system and syllabus after 1947 as Singapore, India and Malaysia have done. Pakistans overall literacy rate is almost 55% which is very poor. We are far behind than other countries; even, in subcontinent, we have lowest literacy rate. Insufficient funds and poor allocation of funds in the budget for education are also major hindrances in the growth of education sector. Pakistan is one of the eight countries in the whole world that spend less than 2% of GDP on education. Pakistan has lots of educational institutions but the problem is that all of them are not well-groomed and cannot compete with todays educational requirements. If some private institutions provide quality education, they are out of common publics reach. In my point of view, the most awful thing in our education system is the division of Education in different levels. There is a major difference between private and public education. Even after 66 years of independence, we do not have a syllabus for all. There are English, Urdu and Religious divisions which create confusion and chaos in the society. So, there must be equal education for all so that there might not be any difference between rich and poor. Pakistan needs to impose emergency in education sector through right policies and proper planning otherwise Pakistans survival is in danger. If Pakistan wants to grow, it needs major reforms in education system.

Another division of Education System in Pakistan according to the School System 1.1. Public Schools or Government Schools These schools are managed and financed by the government. Unfortunately, the majority of the schools are in poor condition. There is no any merit system; teachers and other staff are appointed by the ministers on their own wishes. There is no any accountability; a large number of GHOST SCHOOLS AND GHOST TEACHERS are listed in the documents. They are receiving funds and pays, but, in reality they did not exists. In Rural areas, the buildings of public schools are mostly held by Waderas and Feudal. They use them as marriage halls, otaks, bethaks etc. Public schools are the nurseries of all vice and immorality. (Henry Fielding) 1.2. Elite Class Schools (private schools) Due to badly failure of government in providing the Education, the Elite Class Education System in Pakistan got successes very quickly. Today, even poor prefer to send their child in these private schools but because of high fee structure many aspirants are unable to part this Education System. It is generally accepted that, the standard of Elite Class Education System is more reliable and first-rate than Public Schools and Madarsas. There is accountability, transparency and checking system. Generally, the students of private schools are more competent than those of public schools and Madarsas. The government should take lessons from this Education System. These are successive models for the government i.e. CITY SCHOOL, BEACON SCHOOLS, PAK-TURK SCHOOLS etc. 1.3. Madarsas Madarsas are the largest NGOs of the world. Today in Pakistan about 8000 Madarsas are working. They provide not only Education but also accommodation and food. They provide Islamic as well as worldlyEducation. Mostly, poor parents who are unable to educate their child prefer this Education System. The government should introduce the reforms for the Madarsas and improve their standard. This will be helpful in two ways. Firstly, it will provide free of cost education to poor child. Secondly, it will lessen the burden the government.

Before the 18th Amendment, the EducationSystem in Pakistan was the responsibility of Federal Government. The Ministry of Education at Federal level was responsible for formulating Policies, Planning and Promotion of Educational facilities across the country. But, after the passing of 18th Amendment, the responsibilities of Education System are divided among the Federation and the Provinces. The responsibilities of the Provinces 1.To set the Curriculum

2.To set the Syllabus 3.Standards of Education up to Grade 12 (F.Sc, H.S.C, I.Com, etc). 4.Islamic Education The responsibilities of Federation are following 1.Planning and Policy 2.External Affairs; Signing, implementation and monitoring of Bilateral and Multi-lateral Educational Agreements, Pacts, Protocols, MoUs 3.Controlling of Libraries, museums, and similar institutions 4.Federal agencies i.e. FATA 5.Special Studies 6.Inter-provincial matters and co-ordination. 7.Legal, medical and other professions. 8.National planning and national economic coordination including planning and coordination of scientific and technological research. 9.National Education Policy and clear cut Domain over the following acts. 1. 1.Centres of Excellence Act 1974 2.Area Study Centres Act 1975 3.Pakistan Study Centres Act 1976 4.National Book Foundation Act 1972 5.Fed. Board of Intermediate & Sec Education Act 1975 6.Federal Directorate of Education Isb. [Article 142 (d)] 7.Federal Supervision of Curricula, Textbooks and Standards of Education Act 1976 8.National Education Foundation Ordinance 2002

Wikipedia Pakistans poor performance in the education sector is mainly caused by the low level of public investment.Public expenditure on education has been 2.2 percent of GNP in recent years, a marginal increase from 2 percent before 1984-85. In addition, the allocation of government funds is skewed towards higher education, allowing the upper income class to reap majority of the benefits of public subsidy on education. Lower education institutes such as primary schools suffer under such conditions as the lower income classes are unable to enjoy subsidies and quality education. As a result, Pakistan has one of the lowest rates of literacy in the world, and the lowest among countries of [15] comparative resources and socio-economic situations. Qualitative Dimension

In Pakistan, the quality of education has a declining trend. Shortage of teachers and poorly equipped laboratories has [15] resulted in the out-dated curriculum that has little relevance to present day needs. Quantitative Dimension Causative factors include defective curricula, dual medium of instruction, poor quality of teachers, cheating in the examinations and overcrowded classrooms. However, efforts are on the way of moulding the curriculum to meet its [15] national requirements. Gender Differences There is great difference in the rates of enrollment of boys, as compared to girls in Pakistan. According to UNESCO figures, primary school enrolment for girls stand at 60 per cent as compared to 84 per cent for boys. The secondary school enrolment rate stands at a lower rate of 32 per cent for females and 46 per cent males. Regular school attendance for female students is estimated at 41 per cent while that for male students is 50 per cent

Gender disparity
See also: Women's education in Pakistan In Pakistan, gender discrimination with regards to education occurs amongst the poorest households but is non[12] existent amongst rich households. Only 18% of Pakistani women have received 10 years or more of [12] schooling. Among other criticisms the Pakistani education system faces is the gender disparity in enrollment levels. However, in recent years some progress has been made in trying to fix this problem. In 1990-91, the female to male ratio (F/M ratio) of enrollment was 0.47 for primary level of education. It reached to 0.74 in 1999-2000, showing the F/M ratio has improved by 57.44% within the decade. For the middle level of education it was 0.42 in the start of decade and increased to 0.68 by the end of decade, so it has improved almost 62%. In both cases the gender [19] disparity is decreased but relatively more rapidly at middle level. The gender disparity in enrollment at secondary level of education was 0.4 in 1990-91 and 0.67 in 1999-2000, showing that the disparity decreased by 67.5% in the decade. At the college level it was 0.50 in 1990-91 and reached 0.81 in 1999-2000, showing that the disparity decreased by 64%. The gender disparity has decreased comparatively [19] rapidly at secondary school. However, the gender disparity is affected by the Taliban enforcement of a complete ban on female education in the Swat district, as reported in a January 21, 2009 issue of the Pakistan daily newspaper The News. Some 400 private schools enrolling 40,000 girls have been shut down. At least 10 girls' schools that tried to open after the January 15, 2009 deadline by the Taliban were blown up by the militants in the town of Mingora, the headquarters of [20] the Swat district. "More than 170 schools have been bombed or torched, along with other government-owned buildings."

Education expenditure as percentage of GDP

Public expenditure on education lies on the fringes of 2 percent of GDP. However, the government recently approved [23] the new national education policy, which stipulates that education expenditure will be increased to 7% of GDP, an [24] idea that was first suggested by the Punjab government. Author of an article, which reviews the history of education spending in Pakistan since 1972, argues that this policy target raises a fundamental question: What extraordinary things are going to happen that would enable Pakistan to achieve within six years what it has been unable to lay a hand on in the past six decades? The policy document is blank on this question and does not discuss the assumptions that form the basis of this target. Calculations of the author show that during the past 37 years, the highest public expenditure on education was 2.80 percent of GDP in 1987-88. Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP was actually reduced in 16 years and maintained in 5 years between 197273 and 2008-09. Thus, out of total 37 years since 1972, public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP either decreased or remained stagnant for 21 years. The author argues if linear trend were maintained since 1972, Pakistan could have

touched 4 percent of GDP well before 2015. However, it is unlikely to happen because the levels of spending have had remained significantly unpredictable and unsteady in the past. Given this disappointing trajectory, increasing public expenditure on education to 7 percent of GDP would be nothing less than a miracle but it is not going to be of godly nature. Instead, it is going to be the one of political nature because it has to be "invented" by those who are at the helm of affairs. The author suggests that little success can be made unless Pakistan adopts an "unconventional" approach to education. That is to say, education sector should be treated as a special sector by immunizing budgetary allocations for it from fiscal stresses and political and economic instabilities. Allocations for education should not be affected by squeezed fiscal space or surge in military expenditure or debts. At the same time, there is a need to debate others options about how Pakistan can "invent" the miracle of raising education expenditure to 7 percent of GDP by 2015

Statistics
[edit]Literacy

rate

Literacy Rate - Pakistan

Literacy Map Pakistan

Literacy by Province

Literacy by Federal Area

Literacy over time in selected districts

It needs to be highlighted that from census to census the definition of literacy has been undergoing a change, resultantly the literacy figure has vacillated irregularly during the last 5 census. An update of the five censuses is as [29] under:

Year of [29] [29] [29] [30] [30] Female Total Urban Rural [29] Male census

Definition of [29] being "literate"

Age [30] group

1951

19.2%

[31]

12.2%

[31]

16.4%

--

--

One who can read a clear print in any language

All Ages

1961

26.9%

[31]

8.2%

[31]

16.3%

34.8%

10.6%

One who is able to read with understanding a simple letter in any language

Age 5 and above

1972

30.2%

11.6%

21.7%

41.5%

14.3%

One who is able to read and write in some language with understanding

Age 10 and Above

1981

35.1%

16.0%

26.2%

47.1%

17.3%

One who can read newspaper and write a simple letter

Age 10 and Above

1998

54.8%

32.0%

43.9%

63.08%

33.64% One who can read a newspaper and write a simple letter, in any language

2004

66.25%

41.75%

54%

71%

[32]

44%

[32]

Age 10 and Above

2009

[1]

69%

45%

57%

74%

48%

Education System in Pakistan, Issues and Problems

Country Country Iran Sri Lanka Maldives India Bhutan Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal
Issues and Problems About Education:

Ranking 2005 99 93 96 127 134 135 139 136

(out of 177 countries) 2006 96 93 98 126 135 134 137 138 2007 94 99 100 128 133 136 140 142

Lack of Knowledge / guidance:- Here are the most unguided student in the Pakistan. Neither the parent due to their ignorance nor the teachers due to lack of professionalism are able to guide them. Lack of guidance/Knowledge is very serious problem which student face in our country in Pakistan education maximum parents are uneducated so they cant guide their children better.

Educational System:- The educational system of Pakistan is based on unequal lines. Medium of education is different in both, public and private sector. This create a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments.

Lack of Technical Education:- lack of technical education is a biggest flaw in the educational policy that has never been focused before. Therefore, less technical people means less. Untrained Teachers:- There are teachers in government schools are not well trained. When People who do not get job in any other sector, then they try their luck in educational system. They are not professionally trained teachers so they are unable to train a nation.

Psychological problems:- Students due to high expectations of their families and absence of guidance for both the parents and students experience a lot of psychological stress, which has a retarding effect on their growth.

Literacy Rate Of Pakistan:

PAKISTAN = 55 % (Male = 67 %,Female = 42%) Province Literacy Rate Punjab= 60.2% Sindh = 57.7% NWFP = 49.9% Baluchistan = 48.8%