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Module 1.3 Risk Management Techniques used in Oil and Gas Industries
Examples of Process System that would require Major Incident Risk Analysis
Concept safety evaluation, often to compare different design options Fire and explosion risk analysis Evacuation, escape, rescue analysis Vulnerability analysis of emergency systems Ship/platform collision studies Dropped object studies
Examples of Process System that would require Major Incident Risk Analysis
Dispersion, toxicity and smoke ingress analysis Explosion overprotection prediction Fire loading analysis of structures and determination of optimized fire protection arrangements Emergency readiness analysis Temporary refuge impairment study
Principals of Risk Management: Risk management can be defined as: The process of analyzing exposure to risk and determining how to best handle such exposure.
Risk Management
Qualitative Risk Assessment This approach is commonly known as qualitative or subjective risk assessment Does not assign hard figures/values Takes into account likelihood and consequences only
Hazard Identification Hazard : The potential to cause harm. Harm including ill health and injury, damage to property, plant, products or the environment, production losses or increased liabilities.
Assessing the Risks Risk : The likelihood that a specified undesired event will occur combined with the severity of the undesired event
The simple computation gives a risk value of between 1 and 9 enabling a rough and ready comparison of risks In this case the lower the number, the greater the risk, and so prioritises the hazards so that control action can be targeted at higher risks.
Controlling Risk Risk Transfer This refers to the legal assignment of the costs of certain potential losses from one party to another. The most common way is by insurance Risk Reduction Here the risks are systematically reduced through control measures, according to the hierarchy of risk control
ALARP:
Legislation requires employers to reduce risks to a level that is as low as is reasonably practicable (sometimes abbreviated as ALARP) To carry out a duty so far as is reasonably practicable means that the degree of risk in a particular activity or environment can be balanced against the time, trouble, cost and physical difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk
ALARP describe the level to which we expect to see workplace risks controlled Sacrifice Time Trouble Money
Risk
Use of Modelling
Modelling is usually used in order to provide input to a risk assessment process Historically, modelling has considered the effects of loss of containment and potential effects of fire (thermal radiation) and explosion (blast) on the plant itself and any neighbours. Evacuation processes and systems can also be modelled.
Use of Modelling
This usually results in blast zones being identified, affecting future planning or the placement of the process plant. On a small scale this can be seen in the placement of domestic gas tanks and workplace acetylene & oxygen bottles. In other words, it is used prior to build or modification.
HAZOP HAZard or OPerability Studies As a basis for the HAZOP study the following information should be available:
Process flow diagram Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&IDs) Layout diagrams Material safety data sheets Provisional operating instructions Equipment data sheets Start-up and emergency shut-down procedures.
Definitions
No part of the design intent occurs, such as no flow in a pipeline due to blockage. A quantitative increase or decrease of some parameter, such as flow, temperature, etc. All the design intentions are fulfilled and something happens in addition Only part of the design intention is fulfilled The logical opposite of the design intention occurs Something completely different than intended occurs
1
Severity Rating 1 Minor injury, minor damage Lost time injury, illness, major damage Major injury, disabling illness, major damage Single fatality, or permanent total disability Multiple fatalities Description Delay only Very Unlikely
2
Unlikely
3
May happen
4
Likely
5
Very likely
6
Certain or imminent
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
Fault Tree Analysis Example Consider the simple circuit diagram shown below:
Fault Tree Analysis The corresponding fault tree for the above circuit, with the top event (or hazard) being the lamp not working is as follows:
Fault of Person
Accident
Injury
Hazard Realisation
Accident Casual Chain: Swiss Cheese
The accident causal chain as explained by the Reason model, sometimes called the Swiss Cheese
Hazard Realisation
Accident Casual Chain: Swiss Cheese
Hazard Realisation
Loss of containment leading to: Ignition leading to: Explosion & Fire leading to: Damage, injury, death, destruction