Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Priorities in Transition
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UNLD-LA
P. O. Box - 49
Chiang Mai University
Chiang Mai, 50202
Thailand
and
ISBN: 91-85214-41-8
Preface ............................................................................................... 95
Introduction ..................................................................................... 97
The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation and Another
Development" ................................................................................ 99
Kjell-Ake Nordquist: "Priorities in Transition and
Post-Transitional Challenges" ..................................................... 130
Walden Bello: "International Institutions, Transnational
Corporations and Globalisation: Future Challenges and
Alternative Perspectives" ............................................................. 130
Sheila Coronel: "The Role of Media in the Struggle for
Democracy, the Role of Media during Transition and
the Right to Know" ..................................................................... 130
Emilia Pires: "Strategies for Development-
Experiences from East Timor" ............................................... 137
International Resource Persons ................................................ 149
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Dr. Kjell-Ake Nordquist -
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Dr. Walden Bello -
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Sheila Coronel -
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rxm;cH&aom tajctae}uHK&onfvnf;&Sd+yD; tjcm;aom
tiftm;pkrsm;. tjrifrsm;udv k nf; tav;xm;azmfjy&ef arhavsmh
aewwf=uygonf? od@k aomf tcsK@d aomjy\emrsm;onf tkypf k
wck. tusKd ;pD;yGm;/ vlrsK;d wrsK;d .tusKd ;pD;yGm;xufyI kd trsKd ;om;
w&yfvHk;tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh oufqdkifaeaomudpPrsm; jzpfwwfyg
onf? ,if;jy\emrsKd;udk qufvufaqG;aEG; oifh=uygonf?
aemufaemifwiG f rD;yGg;rSr;D avmifonfEh , S f }uD;rm;onfh Edik if aH &;
jy\emrsm; jzpfrvmrD xdjk y\emrsm;.tajzud&k mS Edik &f eftwGuf
aqG;aEG; ES;D aESmtjrifzvS,Ef ikd af om “awG@qkaH qG;aEG;a&;pifjrif”h
wck zefw;D xm;ay;oifh ygonf?
25
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
- ykHrSeftajctaejyefvnf jzpfay:apjcif;
EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzwfoef;+yD;onfESifh EdkifiHwum
todkif;t0dkif;taejzifh rdrdwdk@.ta&;udpPudkwajz;ajz; aemufwef;odk@
ydk@vdkuf=urnfjzpfonf? OD;pm;ay;tjzpf qufvufpOf;pm;=uawmhrnf
r[kwaf y? Tod@k jzifh rdrw d @kd uakd xmufcH yHyh ;kd aeaom t&if;tjrpfrsm; avsmh
enf;usqif;vmEdik af omtajctaewGif a&enf;enf;udk olaomufrnf
igaomufrnf qdo k nfh yÉdyuQrsK;d udk a&Smif&mS ;&eftwGuf wwfEikd o f I
apmpGm OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhvkyfief;udpPrsm;udk }udKwifoabmwl
owfrw S x f m;Edik yf gu taumif;qH;k jzpfygonf? tvm;wlaumif;rGeo f nfh
enf;vrf;wckrSm rdrd.zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf udk,fydkifr[mAsL[m
csrSwfxm;jcif;ESifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rsm; tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;/ tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;ESihf qufqaH &;aumif;rGeaf tmif xde;f xm;&efjzpfonf? od@k rS
om ykrH eS af xmufyu hH nl rD r_ sm;qufvuf&&Sad eatmif jyifqifxm; Edik rf nf
jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&opftzdk@ rdrd.b¾ma&;tajccHay:wGifyif
&yfwnf&Sifoef&rnfjzpfonf? xdktwGufa=umifh ,cktcsdefrSpI rdrd.
b¾ma&;tajccHukd pl;prf;avhvmxm;oifo h nfh tcsed jf zpfonf? toGif
ul;ajymif;a&;+y;D csed u f mvonf jrefrmEdik if t H zd@k Edik if wH umrdom;pk tv,f
wGif Edik if wH umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;t=um;wGif wifw h ifw
h ,fw,f &yfwnf
oifah omtcsed t f cgvnf; jzpfoifyh gonf? Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf
quf qH&mwGif rdrd&yfwnfcsufudk rdrdzmomjyXmef;Edkifaom rdrd.
tqifah e&mudk owfrw S jf yXmef;Edik af om Edik if w
H cktjzpf zefw;D ,l=u&rnf
jzpfonf?
26
&Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f
27
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
- wm0ef,rl /_ wm0efcrH q
_ ikd &f mjy\em
txufuazmfjycsurf sm;Y yÉdyuQ. a,bl,stpdyt f ydik ;f (3) ck jzpfaom
yÉdyuQjzpfapaomjy\emrsm;/ yÉdyuQqikd &f m vlrsm;.tjyKtrlrsm;ESihf
yÉdyuQqikd &f mvlw@kd . oabmxm;rsm;ta=umif;udk azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpf onf?
Tt&mud p P r sm;ud k ajz&S i f ; &mY yÉd y uQ a jz&S i f ; enf ; trsd K ;rd s K;jzif h
vnf;aumif;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;.tpdyt f ydik ;f rsm;tm;vk;H twGi;f Y wnf+idrf
vk+H cKH r_&apatmif pDru H ikd w
f ,
G jf cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ vlra_ &;t& ,k=H unfr_
&&Sdap&ef wnfaqmufay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ajz&Sif;oGm;=u&rnf
jzpfygonf? Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvtwGi;f ESihf toGiu f ;l
ajymif;a&;umv+yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif vlra_ &;t&,k=H unfr_ &ap&ef
twGuf rdrdwdk@ rjzpfraeajzqdk=u&rnfh ar;cGef;rSm “rnfonfhudpPrsm;
jzpfco hJ enf;” qdak omudpP jzpfonf? “jrefrmEdik if . H ordik ;f opfukd rnfol
awGua&;om;rnfenf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf
(od@k r[kw)f tjcm; jynfe,frsm;rS jynfot l oD;oD;twGuf tm;vk;H u
vufcHEdkifaom ordkif;pmtkyfwtkyf jzpfay:vmEdkifrnfvm;” qdkonfh
ar;cGe;f rsm;yif jzpfonf?
ay:ayguv f mEdik af om tcufcqJ ;Hk jy\emrSm wm0efcrH /_ wm0ef,rl _
ydkif;qdkif&mjy\emyifjzpfawmhonf? jzpfysufcJh&onfh udpPjy\emrsm;
twGuf wpkw H OD;ay:rSmom wm0ef&ydS govm; [laomar;cGe;f rsK;d jzpfonf?
wm0ef&rdS E_ iS yhf wfoufI Edik if w
H um tjyifzufu jrifaomtjrifrsm; &SEd ikd f
ovd/k jynfwiG ;f vlxrk sm;u jrifaomtjrifrsm;vnf;&SEd ikd yf gonf? Tod@k
aom wm0efcrH /_ wm0ef,rl E_ iS yhf gwo f ufaomudp/P vlra_ &;t& ,k=H unfr_
wnfaqmufjcif;aomudpPESifh trsKd;om;tcsif;csif; jyefvnfoifhjrwf
a&;udprP sm;ESiyhf gwo f ufI ajz&Si;f ykH ajz&Si;f enf; trsm;tjym;&Syd gonf?
vl@usi0hf wftajcjyKr_p/H tedrhf - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ w&m;
Oya'tajcjyKr_pt H & tedrhf - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ rwl
uGjJ ym;aomudprP sm;udk csO;f uyfykH csO;f uyfenf; (4) rsK;d jzifh oH;k oyfq;kH jzwf
Edkifygonf?
28
&Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f
vl@usifh0wf w&m;Oya'tajcjyKyHkpH
tajcjyK
edrhf jrifh
- vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh
vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;wGif vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsm; azmazm
oDoaD y;cJ=h uonf? tpd;k &a[mif;u tm%mrv$t J yfrt D csed Yf wm0ef&dS
cJo
h rl sm; rnfo@l urkd # w&m;pGq
J t
kd a&;,ljcif;rjyK&ef qk;H jzwfcsucf sxm;um
aqmif&u G cf =hJ uonf?
- vlr_a&;t& n‡mwmcsrf;omcGifhay;jcif;
tmz&duwdu k &f dS Edik if t
H csK@d wiG f (Oyrmtm;jzifh - rdZk efbpfEikd if w
H iG )f
Tenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fcJh=uonf? ta=umif;rSm ppfom;tjzpft"rR
pkaqmif;odr;f oGi;f jcif;cHc&hJ aom uav;oli,frsm;udk tjypf,I l r&/ olw@kd
. aus;&Gmrsm;wGio f mrmeft&yfom;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnfaygi;f pnf; aexdik f
Edkifap&ef TuJhodk@aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? Tuav;ppfom;rsm;udk
vlra_ &;t&n‡mwm vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;vdu k o
f nf? olw@kd . vlrt _ odik ;f
t0dik ;f tajctaet& w&m;Oya'pHrsm;twdik ;f aqmif&u G &f ef rjzpfEikd af y?
- ppf&mZ0wfr_ckH&kH;
,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Edik if aH [mif;. ppfyrJG sm;twGi;f jzpfymG ;cJah om tr_rsm;
twGuf ppf&mZ0wfc&Hk ;Hk rsm;udk Oa&mywGif ,cktcgusio hf ;Hk ppfaq;aqmif
&Guaf eqJjzpfonf? TcH&k ;kH rsm;onf w&m;Oya'pHt& aqmif&u G jf cif;om
29
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
jzpf+yD;/ vlru
_ si0hf wfyikd ;f qdik &f mpHt& aqmif&u G jf cif;rsK;d r[kwaf y? vlra_ &;
t& vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGirhf sKd ;/ cGiv hf w
$ jf cif;rsKd ; vnf;r&Sad y?
- trSefw&m;ay:aygufa&;aumfr&Sif
awmiftmz&duEdik if w H iG f zG@J pnf;cJo
h nfh ykpH w
H rsKd ;jzpfonf? vlru _ sihf
0wfptH & ajz&Si;f vdrk E_ iS hf w&m;Oya'a=umif;t& ajz&Si;f vdrk y_ pkH u H kd aygi;f pyf
xm;jcif;jzpfonf? “trSeu f zkd iG [
hf 0efcyH gu/ tjypfrS vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGijhf yK
rnfjzpf+yD;/ jzpfygG ;cJah om jy\emrsm;tay:wm0efcyH gu w&m;pGt J jypf
ay;jcif;rS oufomuif;vGwcf iG jhf yKrnfyh pkH jH zpfonf”?
txufazmfjyygyHkpHrsm;teuf twdwfumvujzpfysufcJhaom
aumif;usK;d qd;k jypfrsm;twGuf rnfonfeh nf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Si;f rnfqo kd nf
rSm xdEk ikd if H .a&G;cs,rf _ Edik if o
H m;wd@k . oabmqENEiS hf "avhx;kH wrf;pOfvm
tay: Yom rlwnfayonf? Edik if w H um Oya'rsm;taejzifrh l urBmw0Sr;f
vHk;wrl wnf; jzpfap&ef tm;xkwf}udK;pm;tm;xkwfaeaomfvnf;/
wm0ef&rdS E_ iS hf ygwo f ufI &Si;f vif;aom oabmxm;rsK;d csrw S af y;Edik &f ef
aqmif&u G af e aomfjim;vnf; a&G;cs,&f rnfeh nf;vrf;onf um,uH&iS f
Edik if o
H m;rsm;ESio hf m ydIk oufqikd yf gonf? wm0ef&rdS j_ y\emudk rnfonfh
enf;jzifh&Sif;&Sif;/ EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOf wpHkvkH;udk
rxdcdkufap&ef udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;oGm;&efrSm ydkIta&;}uD;aomudpPjzpf
ygonf? rnfonfu h pd rP qdk ajz&Si;f =u&mY tay;t,l&&dS dS aphpyfaqG;aEG;
=u&efvnf; vdktyfygonf? TudpPrsm;twGuf rdrdwdk@oHk;pGJae=uaom
pum;w&yf&ydS gonf? ‚if;rSm toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;qdik &f m w&m;r#wr_
(Transitional justice) yifjzpfygonf? 'Drdkua&pDonf yifrtajccH
jy\em jzpfygonf? xkt d wGuaf =umifh rnfo@kd aom tjcm;jy\emrsm;
urS 'Dru kd a&pDtaumiftxnfaz:aqmifa&; vkyif ef;pOfukd rxdcu kd af p
oifhay?
30
&Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f
tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'frsm;. tESpfcsKyf
twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vkH;u vufcHEdkifaom ppftm%m&Sif
qef@usiaf &; bkrH [mAsL[mwckukd a&;qG&J efvt kd yfa=umif;/ tpkwpku
aqG;aEG;cJyh gonf? xdrk [mAsL[mt& vkyif ef;pOfwiG f Edik if w H umzdtm;
wd;k jr‡iahf p&ef aqmif&u G af &;vnf; vdt k yfygonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmjynf
wGi;f &Sd Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;taejzifh ydI k vGwv f yfpmG v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G f Edik cf iG hf
&ap&ef/ ydI k ae&m&vmap&ef tm&kpH u kd zf efw;D oifah =umif;vnf; yg0ifyg
onf? Edik if w H umtodik ;f t0kid ;f od@k wdu k w f eG ;f ajymqd&k mY vuf&pdS pftpd;k &
onf Edik if u H t kd yk cf sKyfEikd pf rG ;f &Sad om tpd;k &wckr[kwaf =umif; oabmayguf
vmap&ef wdu k wf eG ;f pnf;&H;k oGm;&ef vdyk gonf? ppftpd;k & udk pD;yGm;a&;t&/
oHwrmefa&;t& ydwq f @kd ta&;,lrr_ sm;jzifh tiftm;enf;csed @J ap+yD;/ w+ydKif
eufwiG f vufeufuidk t f iftm;pkrsm;rS ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; t&Sed t f [kef
wd;k wufaqmifjcif;&Guo f mG ;&ef vdt k yfygonf? ukvor*~wiG f csO;f uyf
pnf;&k;H &mY jrefrmEdik if t H a&;udk vk+H cKH a&;aumifpt D qift h xd a&mufatmif
&nfreS ;f csux f m;I wd;k jr‡iahf qmif&u G o f mG ;oifyh gonf?
tjcm;aqG;aEG;csufwckwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ydkrdkus,fjyef@onfh
vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf e&mrsm; &&Sv
d mapa&;twGuf zefw;D =u&mY/ twduk t f cHacgi;f
aqmif (a':atmifqef;pk=unf — bmomjyefo)l taejzifh awG@qaHk qG;aEG;
a&;twGuf wdusaom rlupd rP sm; jyXmef;I aqG;aEG;yGpJ m;yGaJ y:od@k pwif
wifjya&;jzpfygonf? xdt k cg e0w (etz) ppftpd;k &taejzifh rjzpfrae
olr. tqdjk yKcsurf sm;udk wke@f jyefvm&awmhrnfjzpfonf?
jrefrmEdik if q
H ikd &f m ukvor*~txl;oHu, kd pf m;vS,rf S tqdjk yKaom
“trsdK;om;nDvmcH” wckusif;y&efqdkonfh tqdkjyKcsufrSmvnf;
pdw0f ifpm;zG,f jzpfygonf? Tudpu P kd Edik if aH &;xd;k ppfwckqifEikd &f ef tcGihf
tvrf;w&yftjzpf jrifoifhygonf? ratmifjrifonfh ,cif trsdKom;
nDvmcHuo kd m jrifIpOf;pm;ae=urnft h pm;/ rdrw d @kd twdu
k t
f cHtiftm;pk
rsm;taejzifh tjcm;nDvmcHwcktwGuf }udKwifjyifqifrr_ sm;/ tpDtpOf
rsm;udk jyifqifoifah yonf? rnfonft h a=umif;a=umifh rdrw d @kd wek @f qikd ;f
ae=u&rnfenf;? Todk@ rdrdwdk@upwifjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; abmvHk;u
rdrw
d @kd ajcxJ uefciG &hf onfh tajctaeudak y;vmrnfjzpfonf?
31
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
32
Edik if w
H umtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/
Edik if aH bmifausmaf umfyakd &;&Si;f }uD;rsm;ESihf *vdb
k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ?
tem*gwfprd af c:r+rsm;ESit hf jcm;tjrif&a+ 'gifrh sm;
a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvv
f kd
Focus on Global South
a0:vf'efb,fvkd
Edik if w
H umtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/
Edik if aH bmifausmaf umfyakd &;&Si;f }uD;rsm;ESihf *vdb
k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ?
tem*gwfprd af c:r+rsm;ESit hf jcm;tjrif&a+ 'gifrh sm;
a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvv
f kd
Focus on Global South
wifjycsuyf xrydik ;f wGif urBmvk;H qdik &f mpD;yGm;a&;pepfEiS fh urBmw0Sr;f quf
pyfaeaompD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;wd@k ukd wifjyxm;ygonf? 'kw, d ydik ;f wGif
t"duEdkifiHwumaiGa=u;b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom EdkifiH
wumaiGa=u;&HyaHk iGtzG@J / urBm@b%f ESihf urBm@uek o f , G af &;tzG@J / ta&S@
awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;toif; (tmqD,)H wd@k . jzpfay:vmyHo k rdik ;f tusO;f
ESihf zG@J pnf;yHw
k @kd ukd wifjycJyh gonf? wwd,tydik ;f rSm jrefrmEdik if w H ;kd wuf
zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf jzpfEdkifzG,f&m&Sdaom tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;udk
t=urf;zsO;f wifjyxm;ygonf? aemufq;Hk tydik ;f wGirf l tkypf v k u
kd af qGaEG;r_
&vm'frsm; tESpcf sKyfukd az: jyxm;ygonf?
35
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
• vuf0g;}uD;tkyt
f &if;. v$r;f rd;k r_/
• A[dktpdk;&. cdkifrmaomaps;uGuftay: xdef;csKyfxm;onfh
pnf;rsO;f rsm;ESihf aps;uGut
f ay:tpd;k &rS 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufvyk u
f ikd f
aer_/
• vkyt
f m;ESihf t&if;t=um;&Sd vlra_ &;t&tjyeftvSef tay;t,l
jyKr_ ponft
h csurf sm;jzpfonf?
zG@H +zdK;qJEikd if rH sm;ud=k unfyh gu xdEk ikd if rH sm;udk wDxiG x
f m;aom a0g[m&
t& “EdkifiHawmfu taxmuftyH@jyKxm;aom t&if;&Siftpdk;&rsm;”
owfrw S af z: jyavh&=dS uygonf? TEdik if rH sm;. t"duxljcm;csuv f uQ%m
rsm;rSm -
• vltzG@J tpnf;wGif t"duv$r;f rd;k xm;aom vlwef;pm;rSm ajrydik f
&Sif}uD;rsm;/ urBmhajrmufjcrf; (zGH@+zdK;+yD;) EdkifiHrsm;. t&if;ESifh
r[mrdwf zG@J xm;=uaom b¾mt&if;&Si/f ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
vkyif ef;&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;omjzpfonf?
• ,if;pD;yGm;a&;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rSoGif;ukefudktpm;xdk;Edkif&ef
twGuf pufrx _ al xmifa&;udvk yk af qmif=uonf? jynfwiG ;f 0,fvkd
tm; (aps;uGu)f udk jznfq h nf;ay;&ef&nf&, G o
f nfh xkwvf yk af &;
pepfrsK;d jzpfonf? oGi;f uket
f ay: tcGet f aumufukd tqrwef
jr‡ifhxm;um oGif;ukefyrm% (udkwm) uef@owfaompepfudk
toHk;jyKavh&Sd=uonf?
• Edik if aH &; ta&miftaoG;rnfo@kd yif&o
dS nfjzpfap/ Edik if aH wmf (tpd;k &)
. tcef;u¾onf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvGefta&;ygcJh
onf? ukex f wk vf yk jf cif;rSonf ukepf nfzvS,jf cif;/ ukepf nfjzef@jzL;
jcif;txd pD;yGm;a&;b0. e,fy,freS o f r#wiG f tpd;k &u0ifa&muf
pGufzufonf?
1980 0ef;usirf pS I aemufyikd ;f *vdb
k ,fvu
kd af Z;&Si;f acwfukd ajymif;
vmaomtcg t"duusaom xl;jcm;csuv f uQ%mrsm;ajymif;vmonf
udk awG@=u&onf? ‚if;wd@k rmS —
36
a0:vf'efb,fvkd
• Edik if w
H umukeo
f ,
G rf t
_ wGuf t}uD;tus,cf sKyfuikd rf r_ sm; avsmh
csay;jcif; (wHcg;zGiahf y;jcif;) 1 ESihf trdsK;om;pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;udk
umuG,af y;onfh ud, k uf sKd ;pD;yGm;umuG,af &;eH&rH sm; +ydKusomG ;
jcif;/
• b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ t}u;D tus,cf sKyfuikd rf r_ sm;avsmch sI vGwv
f yf
vmjcif;2/ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ukd tuef@towfjzpfapaom twm;
tqD;rsm;udk z,f&mS ;ypfvmjcif;f /
• Edik if w
H um wdu
k &f u
kd &f ifE;DS jrKwfErHS r_ sm; vGwv
f yfpmG pD;qif;cGi&fh
vmjcif;/
• odk@aomfvnf; vkyftm;rsm;a&G@ajymif;r_tay: wif;=uyfonfh
uef@owfcsurf sm; qufvufwnf&adS ejcif; wd@k jzpfygonf?
txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m
(EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ Oya'a&;&m) jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpD
tpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) [kac:onfh tpDtpOf
rsm;atmufwiG f ,if;ok@d aom ukeo f ,G af &;vGwv f yfr/_ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_
vGwv f yfvmjcif;ESihf &if;ES;D jrKwfErHS _ vGwv f yfvmjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm=u
jcif;jzpfonf? “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f mjyefvnf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmuf
a&;tpDtpOf” udk ajrmufurBmjcrf;Edik if rH sm;rSma&m/ awmifurBmjcrf;Edik if H
rsm;rSmyg aqmif&u G cf =hJ uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;Edik if rH sm;wGif Tjyefvnf
zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_ tpDtpOfudk (a&*if0g'§oufcsm0g') [kac:=u
onf? Tt,ltqt& tpd;k &uvlrz_ v l akH &; udprP sm;wGif aqmif&u
G af y;
aer_ &yfqdkif;ap&efjzpf+yD;/ aps;uGuftwGif; tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzuf
aer_ukd z,f&mS ;&efjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif vkyt f m;ESihf t&if;t=um; tjyef
tvSef ndE‡ i_d ;f r_utkd qk;H owfap&efEiS hf t&if;&So d zl ufu tompD;&ap&ef
jzpfonf?
awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl EdkifiHawmfuaxmufyHhxm;aom
pDru
H ed ;f vkyif ef;rsm; 1980 ckEpS rf sm;tapmydik ;f umvwGif aºuG;+rDtusyf
wnf; ESihf &ifqikd v f m&aomtcg acs;aiGEiS hf taxmuftyHrh sm;&&eftwGuf
“tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
(Structural Adjustment Program) udk vdu k ef mvkyaf qmifc=hJ ujcif;
37
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
40
a0:vf'efb,fvkd
41
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
Edik if w
H umaiGa=u;b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;rsm; —
‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESifh awmifurBmbufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;
tay:tusKd;oufa&mufapr_?
Edik if w
H umaiGa=u;&HyakH iGtzG@J (tdik -f trf-tufz)f /
urBmb h %f/ urBmu
h ek of ,
G af &;tzG@J ('AvsL-wD-td)k ESihf
ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H)
42
a0:vf'efb,fvkd
43
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
urBmb
h %f (World Bank)
1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif ppf'%fcHcJh&aom Oa&myjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
&nf&, G cf sujf zifh zG@J pnf;cJah om tzG@J r&S nf&,G cf suaf jymif;vJum urBmb h %f
jzpfay:vmcJo h nf? ‚if;.&nf&, G cf surf mS ajrmufurBmjcrf;rS t&if;tjrpf
rsm; awmifurBmjcrf;Edik if rH sm;od@k pD;qif;apa&;ESifh zG@H +zdK;a&;tultnDrsm;
ay;onfh tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf aqmif&u G af &;jzpfonf? urBm@b%fwiG f
ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;onf t"duusaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpf+yD;/
ta=umif;rSm t&if;xnfh0ifa=u;pepft& trsm;pkxnfh0ifxm;aom
a=umifh jzpfonf? urBmb h %fwiG f tqH;k tjzwfjyKvkyo f nft
h cg rJay;Edik f
onfh tiftm;onf xnf0h ifonft h &if;tay:tajccHxm;I qH;k jzwfcsuf
ay;ydik cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
1960 ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;ESifh 1970 ckESpfrsm;a&mufaomtcg
urBmb h %f. axmufyahH &;bwf*suaf iGyrm% tqrwef }uD;rm;vmcJh
onf? zufpzkH @HG +zdK;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsm;udk wm0ef,al qmif&u G &f aom yifrtzG@J
tpnf;}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? urBmhb%f. taxmuftyHhtrsm;pkonf
tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh jzwfoef;oGm;=u&onf? 1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif;
a&mufvmaomtcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&vmonfh
vufsm*dk%f;/ vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfudk axmufcHtm;ay;
olrsm;u urBmhb%ftay: a0zefar;cGef;xkwfvmcJh=uonf? wcsKd@u
qdv k #if urBmb h %fuzkd suo f rd ;f ypf&efyif aqG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? ta=umif;rSm
urBmhb%ftaejzifh tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh tultnDay;aoma=umifh
cdkifrmaom A[dktpdk;&rsm;jzpfvmap&ef zefwD;ay;ae+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'
usio hf ;kH &eftwGuf tajctaeESit hf cGit
hf vrf;rsm;udk zefw;D ay;aeonf[k
jrifvm=uaom a=umifhjzpfonf? aemufqkH;Y urBmhb%ftaejzifh
“tajccHtaqmuftOD qdik &f mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
rsm;udk ‚if;.vkyfief;pOfwGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;apjcif;jzifh/ ‚if;.vkyfief;
wm0efrsm;udk ajymif;vJapv#uf urBmb h %fukd zsuo f rd ;f rcH&apa&;twGuf
u,fwifEikd v f u kd f =uonf? rlvwm0efjzpfaom zG@H +zdK;r_tultnDay;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;tpm;/ urBmb h %fonf pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGiahf y;apa&;twGuf
armif;ESiw f ukd w f eG ;f aeaom tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvmcJo h nf?
44
a0:vf'efb,fvkd
urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@ (WTO)
urBmu h ek of , G af &;tzG@J onf 1948 ckEpS u f xJu ay:ayguv f mcJ&h ef&adS omf
vnf;/ aemuftESpf (50) t=um 1995 ckEpS u f sroS m wu,ftaumif
txnfay:vmcJo h nf? TumvtawmtwGi;f *wf (GATT)3 ac:
oGi;f ukeq f ikd &f m taumufceG Ef iS hf ukeo f , G af &;qdik &f mtaxGaxG oabm
wlnDcsuftzGJ@ taejzifh&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:
aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf _ rsm;pGmtm;enf; cJo h nf? 1980 ckEpS rf sm; tapmydik ;f wGif
tar&duefjynfaxmifp. k pD;yGm;a&;onf ukeo f , G rf t
_ ay:ydrk kd rSw
D nfvm
+yD; yd@k uek rf sm;twGuf aps;uGurf sm;vdt k yfvmcJo h nf? TtajctaewGif
ukefoG,fr_udk }uD;=uyfxdef;csKyf&eftwGuf ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aom
urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sd&rnfqdkonfh t,ltqjyefvnftouf0if
vmcJo h nf? &SpEf pS =f um ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG;cJ=h u+y;D aemuf O&ka*G;pm;yG0J ikd ;f tpnf;
ta0;t+yD;wGi/f urBmu h ek o
f ,G af &;tzG@J }uD; ('AvsL-wD-td)k udk zG@J pnf;cJh
=uonf ? urB m h u k e f o G , f a &;tzG J @ }uD ; . oabmwl n D c suf r sm;t&
ukefoG,fr_wGif ta&twGuft&uef@owfr_rsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=umif;
owfrw S jf yXmef;cJ+h y;D jzpfovd/k ,if;wd@k tpm; oGi;f uket f ay:pnf;=uyfonfh
tcGepf epftjzpfom ajymif;vJowfrw S Ef ikd =f uawmhonf?
urBmu h ek of , G af &;tzG@J }uD;taejzifh oabmwlncD surf sm;wGif e,f
y,fus,fus,fjyef@jyef@udk v$rf;+cHKxm;+yD;/ pdkufysdK;a&;xGufukefqdkif&m
ukeo
f ,
G rf v_ yk if ef;rsm;ESihf 0efaqmifrv _ yk if ef;qdik &f mukeo
f ,G rf _ (a&&&Sad &;
rSonf ynma&;0efaqmifrv _ yk if ef;rsm;txd) rsm;txdyg0ifonf? 'AvsL-
wD-tdk tzG@J onf ukeo f ,G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;tjyif ukeo f ,G rf E_ iS q
hf ufE,G f
aom jy\emrsm;udyk g v$r;f +cHKaqmif&u G v f mcJo h nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh —
• ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_y%mrqdkif&m
oabmwlncD surf sm; (TRIMs)4
• ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&m
oabmwlncD surf sm; (TRIPs)5 ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
ukeo
f ,G af &;ESio
hf ufqikd af om &if;ES;D jrKwfErHS y_ %mrqdik &f m oabm
wlncD surf sm; (TRIMs) t&qdv k #if a'oqdik &f mzlvakH &;twGuf owf
rSwaf omcGwJ rf;pepfrsK;d udk xlaxmif&efrjzpfEikd af wmhay? pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;
45
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
46
a0:vf'efb,fvkd
tmqD,HtzGJ@ (ASEAN)
tmqD,HtzGJ@.tjzpfqdk;rSm pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ut+rJwap EdkifiHa&;
udpPrsm;. vufatmufa&mufoGm;wwfjcif; jzpfonf? tmqD,Hudk
pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tzGJ@wcktjzpf zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpf
onf? tmqD,t H zG@J twGi;f Y tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf r[mAsL[mt&udk
xifxif&mS ;&Sm;uGjJ ym;r_rsm; &Sad e=uonf? Edik if t H csK@d (Oyrm- tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/
rav;&Sm;) u tmqD,u H kd tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;t=um; vGwv f yfaom ukef
oG,af &;pepf xlaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&u G vf o kd nf? tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;
t=um; ,cif “usm;Edik if rH sm;” .atmifjrifrp_ epfukd jyef@ygG ;ap&efaqmif
usO;f ay;onfh ykpH w H cktjzpfjrif=uonf? tjcm;Edik if rH sm; (puFmyl) url
tmqD,u H kd Edik if wH umvGwv f yfaomukeo f ,G af &;. a&S@ajy;tzG@J wck[k
&_jrif=uonf? tmqD,. H a'oqdik &f m yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;pDrcH sut f &
tm&Svw G vf yfaom ukeo f , G af &;a'o6 (Asia Free Trade Area) udk
xlaxmif&efjzpfaomfvnf;/ wu,fwef; (AFTA) jzpfajrmufvmap&ef
avmavmq,ftm;jzifh rnforl # trSew f u,ftm;xkwrf r_ sK;d r&Sad y?
tmqD,t H zG@J . wlnaD omtajccHjy\emrSm Ta'otwGi;f ae
xdik =f uaom jynfov l xl rk sm;u tmqD,pH rD cH suu f kd olw@kd EiS hf roufqikd f
ovdk oabmxm;ae=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? tmqD,o H nf Edik if aH &;xdyyf ikd ;f
acgif;aqmifwpkESifh wwfodynm&Sif xdyfydkif;wpk. pDrHcsuftjzpfom
qufvufwnf&Sdae+yD;/ tmqD,HtzGJ@twGif; 'Drdkua&pDenf;us jyKjyif
ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vnf; aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif;vnf; r&Sad o;ay? tmqD,t H zG@J
u tcsed jf zKef;aecsed w f iG f tjcm;a'oqdik &f mtzG@J rsm;u rsm;pGmtaumif
txnfay: c&D;a&mufcJh=u+yD;/ w&kwfEdkifiHtaejzifh urBmvkH;qdkif&m
pD;yGm;a&;.wu,fhtiftm;w&yftjzpf ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? tmqD,H
Edik if rH sm;twGuf ar;p&mar;cGe;f rSm — rdrw d @kd Eikd if rH sm;tzd@k w&kwEf ikd if .H
xkwu f ek yf pPn;f rsm;twGuf aps;em}uD;wcktjzpf ajymif;ae+yDvm; qdo k nfh
ar;cGef;yifjzpfawmhonf? tmqD,HuJhodk@aom a'oqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsdK;&Sdzdk@awmh vdktyfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xda&mufonfh
jyKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm; rvkyaf qmifEikd yf gu tmqD,o H nf bmr#tok;H us
vdrrhf nf r[kwaf y?
47
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
jrefrmEdik if t
H wGuf tjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;a=umif;rSm rnfonfv h rf;jzpfEikd o
f
enf;? a&G;cs,&f mwGif rnfonft h csurf sm;udk tajccHIa&G;cs,f rnfenf;?
jrefrmEdik if t H aejzifh “t}uHwv l #iaf emufvo l mp+rJqokd nfh tusKd ;tjrwf
rsKd ;” &&eftcGit hf vrf;&Syd gonf? ta=umif;rSm aemufusrjS yKjyifajymif;vJ
cGiv hf yk &f aoma=umifh a&S@rvS rf;xGiof mG ;olrsm;. aumif;usK;d qd;k jypfrsm;udk
oifcef;pm,lEikd af om a=umifjh zpfonf? vGecf o hJ nf (25) ESpf =umumv
rsm;twGif; awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;udkwGef;tm;ay;cJhaom zGH+zdK;r_ykHpH
trsK;d rsK;d udk taotcsm qef;ppfoifcef;pm,l&ef ta&;}u;D ygonf?
• urBmph ;D yGg;a&;ESihf qufpyfxm;aomukex
f w
k v
f yk rf y_ pkH ?H rdrw
d @kd .
pD;yGm;a&;onf urBmhvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGg;a&;pepfESifh csdwfqufaygif;
pyfxm;+y;D urBm}u;D . ukex f wk v
f yk rf r_ sm;wm0efcaJG 0vkyu
f ikd rf t
_ &
xkwv f yk af ejcif;ESihf aps;uGutf &vnf;aygi;f pnf;xm;aom yHpk rH sK;d
jzpfygonf?
• acwfopfvpfA&,fay:vpDrsm;? ukefoG,fr_rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
cGifhjyKxm;jcif;/ uef@owfxdef;csKyfr_rsm;rS avsmhayghay;a&;ESifh
yk*v
~ u d ydik v
f ufo@kd vkyif ef;rsm;v$aJ jymif;ay;a&;?
• xkwfukefwifydk@r_udktav;ay;jcif;? ydk@ukefrsm;vufcHrnfh aps;
uGufrsm;udk rdrdukefxkwfvkyfa&;pepf armif;ESiftm;tif*sifwck
tjzpf &_jrifaompepfjzpfygonf? jynfwiG ;f 0,fvtkd m;udk tav;
xm;rwGufyg?
• EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;tay: rSDcdkr_? EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;udk
EdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf ta&;ygaom r[mAsL[mtqHk;
tjzwftjzpf &_jrifyrkH sK;d jzpfygonf?
• aºuG;+rDwif&Sdr_? ydk@ukefudktav;ay;onfh acwfopfvpfA&,f
oabmw&m;t& pD;yGg;a&;zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufr_ yHpk w
H iG f Edik if .
H pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;taejzifh tdik -f trf-tufz/f urBmb h %fEiS hf ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;b%frsm;/ yk*v ~ u
d aiGa=u;ta&mif;t0,fvyk if ef;
rsm;. aiGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm;tay: rsm;pGmrScD akd e&+yD; aºuG;+rDrsm;
jzifh weifwh yd;k 0efyd aewwfygonf?
48
a0:vf'efb,fvkd
49
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
50
a0:vf'efb,fvkd
• EdkifiHawmfrSyHhydk;ay;jcif;? a'otqifhukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;udk
jzpfEikd o
f a&G@ qufvuf&iS o
f efaeap&ef A[dt k pd;k &rSyyhH ;kd r_rsm;ay;ae
&OD;rnfjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;udk A[dk
wae&mwnf;rS csKyfudkifxkwfvkyfjcif;rsKd; rjzpfapoifhyJ/ a'o
toD;oD; tqift h oD;oD;Y jzef@cx
JG w
k v
f yk Ef ikd af p&ef A[dck sKyfuikd rf u_ kd
avsmhcsay;&rnfjzpfonf?
• a*[aA' (obm0ygw0f ef;usi)f ESihf vltzG@J tpnf;? zG@H +zdK;r_vyk f
ief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u
G af eaomfvnf; obm0ygw0f ef;usif
ESihf o[Zmw rjzpfojzif/h ygw0f ef;usiuf kd ysupf ;D aprnf qdyk gu
wd;k wufro _ nf a&wdo k abmom aqmifvrd rhf nf? umv=umvm
onfESifhtr# zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;onfvnf; jyefvnfysufpD;&
onfEiS hf }uHK&vdrrhf nf?
txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if t
H wGuf t}uHjyK&aomf —
• zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpt
k wGi;f ukex
f w
k v
f yk if ef;yHpk u
H kd rnfuo
hJ @kd
aqmif&u G rf nfenf;? pD;yGg;a&;t& rnfuo hJ @kd yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G f
Edik o
f enf;? enf;ynmt& rnfuo hJ @kd yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G =f urnf
enf;? ukeo f , G rf j_ yK =u&mwGiv
f nf; jynfaxmifp. k tcsK@d ae&mrsm;
u zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufr&_ Edik af omfvnf; tcsK@d aom a'orsm;/ jynfe,f
rsm;u xdcu kd ef pfemae&aom yHpk rH sK;d udv
k nf; a&Smif&mS ;&efvt kd yf
ygonf?
• 'Dru
kd a&pD jrefrmEdik if aH wmfopftaejzifh urBmu
h ek o
f ,
G af &;tzG@J /
urBmah iGa=u;&HyaHk iGtzG@J EiS hf urBmb
h %f paom Edik if pH t
kH zG@J tpnf;
rsm;ESifh rnfodk@rnfyHkqufqHa&;rsKd;xlaxmifxm;&Sdrnfqdkonf
rSmvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;I }udKwifawG;qxm;oifhaom
ar;cGef;rsm;jzpfygonf?
51
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
tkypf v
k u
kd af qG;aEG;r_&vm'frsm; tESpcf sKyfEiS hf ar;cGe;f rsm; ok;H oyfcsurf sm;
52
a0:vf'efb,fvkd
NOTES:
53
'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;twGi;f Y owif;rD', D m. tcef;u
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvY owif;rD', D m.tcef;u ESihf
vlxrk sm;.od&ydS ikd cf iG hf
&St
D v
D m udv
k ekd ,f
Center for Investigative Journalism zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if ?H
&St
D v
D mudv
k ekd ,f
'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;twGi;f Y
owif;rD',
D m.tcef;u / toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvY
owif;rD',D m.tcef;u ESiv hf xl rk sm;.od&ydS ikd cf iG hf
&St
D v
D m udv
k ekd ,f
Center for Investigative Journalism zdvpfydkifEdkifiH?
yxrydkif; aqG;aEG;csufrsm;wGif jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfay:vmap&ef
v_y&f mS ;wduk yf 0JG ifaepOfumvtwGi;f Y owif;rD', D mrsm; aqmif&u G Ef ikd f
aom tcef;u¾udak qG;aEG;xm;+yD;/ ta&S@awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;. tawG@
t}uHKrsm;udk Oyrmay;azmfjyxm;ygonf? 'kw, d ydik ;f aqG;aEG;csurf sm;wGif
EdkifiHa&;pepftoGifajymif;vJr_ jzpfay:+yD;aemufydkif; owif;rD'D,mrsm;rS
aqmif&GufEdkifaom tcef;u¾udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? wwd,ydkif;wGif
jynfot l rsm;. owif;rsm;&&Syd ikd cf iG t
hf cGithf a&; (The Right to Infor-
mation) ESihf ygwo f ufI aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? vufawG@usaom t}uHjyK
csufrsm;/ owif;ESifhrD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;ESifh ygwfoufaom Oya'rsm;/
owif;rD', D morm;rsm;. usi0hf wfrsm;udk pwkwyˆ ikd ;f wGif aqG;aEG;wifjy
xm;ygonf? aemufq;kH ydik ;f wGif tkypf v k u
kd af qG;aEG;r_rsm;rS xGuaf y:vm
aom &vm'ftESpcf sKyfukd wifjyxm;ygonf?
'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y
owif;rD'D,mrsm;.tcef;u¾
rnfuo hJ @kd aom tm%m&Sit f yk cf sKyfa&;pepfrsK;d Yrqdk tm%m&Sit f pd;k &rsm;
u tm%mESio hf wif;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkycf sKyfuikd f xm;avh&=dS uygonf?
TuJo h @kd aom vuf0g;}u;D tkyx f ed ;f csKyfrr_ sK;d udk tpd;k &tzG@J rjS zpfap/ vly*k Kd~ vf
wOD;ujzpfap/ xde;f csKyfxm;wwf+yD; vlxrk sm;u rnfuo hJ @kd aomowif;rsK;d
od&o dS ifo h nf [laom qH;k jzwfcsurf sKd ;udk xdt k m%m&Sirf sm;u jyKvkyyf g
onf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm; usqHk;&onfESifhtr# xdkuJhodk@tm%mESifh
owif;rsm; tay:xde;f csKyf csKyfuikd rf r_ sm;onfvnf; wppD+ydKuGo J mG ;avh
&Syd gonf? tm%m&Sirf sm;. owif;csKyfuikd rf r_ sm;tay: qef@usiaf eaom
tiftm;pk rsm;onf vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f Y &Sad ewwf+y;D xdt k iftm;pk
57
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
58
&St
D v
D mudv
k ekd ,f
59
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
toGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;umvowif;rD',
D mrsm;.tcef;u¾
pepfwckrS pepfwcko@kd toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvrsm;qdo k nfrmS vGepf mG rS
xdvG,f&SvG,f/ txdtcdkufrcHaomumv jzpfonf? Tumv wGif
vlxktwGif;vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;wdk;wuf&&Sdvm+yD;/ rnfodk@rnfyHk
tm%mcsdefcGifv#m xdef;nd‡Edkifrnfudk tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfhumvvnf;
jzpfonf? TumvwGif pepfopfo@kd toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv. vkyif ef;
tqifq h ifu
h kd vltrsm;od&EdS ikd &f eftwGuf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;ay;&m
Y owif;rD', D mrsm;onfta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾rS wm0ef&adS eonf?
rnfonfh tajctaejzpfysuaf eonf? vltzG@J tpnf;&Sd u¾toD;oD;&Sd
jynfot l rsm;taejzifh rnfo@kd rnfyt kH wlwuGy;l aygi;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd =f u
onf qdkonfudk owif;rD'D,mrsm;u vltrsm;od&Sdatmifaqmif&Guf
ay;Edik o
f nf? xd@k tjyif Edik if o
H m;wOD;. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk ynmay;&ef
60
&St
D v
D mudv
k ekd ,f
61
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
62
&St
D v
D mudv
k ekd ,f
63
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
64
&St
D v
D mudv
k ekd ,f
65
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
66
&St
D v
D mudv
k ekd ,f
vGwfvyfaomowif;rD'D,mrsm;.tuef@towf
trsm;od=uonft h wdik ;f jrefrmEdik if t H zd@k udv k ekd t D yk cf sKyfa&;acwfu pI
zdEydS t
f yk cf sKyfaom tpd;k &tqufquf}uKH vmcJ=h u&onf? xdt k wdwf tarG
qd;k rsm; useaf evdrOhf ;D rnf jzpfonf? xdt k wdwu f mvrsm;wav#mufv;kH wGif
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u owif;rsm;vGwfvyfpGm pD;qif;r_udk uef@owf
csKyfcs,cf =hJ u+yD;/ vGwv f yfpmG azmfjy ajymqdck iG u hf v kd nf; csKyfcs,cf hJ =uonf?
tpd;k &topftaejzifh olw@kd u, kd u f o kd w l @kd umuG,Ef ikd &f ef Ttkycf sKyfa&;
enf;vrf;rsm; Oya'rsm;tcsK@d ukd qufvuftoH;k jyKaeao;aom tajc
taevnf; }uHK&Edik af o;onf? Tod@k owif;xde;f csKyfaom Oya'rsm;udk
qufvufusio hf ;kH ae&jcif;rSm wdik ;f jynftajctae rwnf+idraf o;aom
a=umifh jzpfEdkifovdk/ Towif;uef@owfaom Oya'rsm;udk }udKwif
umuG,fr_w&yftaejzifh toHk;jyKvdkaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf?
ta&;}u;D aomtcsurf mS urBmw0Sr;f vH;k wGiw f nf&adS eaom Edik if t H oD;oD;&Sd
Oya'rsm;u EdkifiHawmfwcktaejzifh EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udk
umuG,fay; &efvdktyfovdk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wcktaejzifh rdrdudk,fudk
umuG,fay;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;&Sda=umif; todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;
yifjzpfonf? wnf&SdaeqJjzpfaom vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;.
Oya'rsm;uyif Edik if w H cktwGuf tE &W m,fta&;w}u;D }uKH awG@vm&aom
tajctaewGif TuJo h @kd Oya'jzifh umuG,yf ikd cf iG u hf kd todtrSwjf yK cGijhf yK
xm;onf? tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdo k nfrmS tºuGi;f rJrh [kw?f od@k aomf xdo k @kd
tpd;k &rsm;taejzifh umuG,yf ikd cf iG hf tcGit hf a&;udt k oH;k jyK&mY ae&mwdik ;f Y
tus,t f jyef@ toH;k jyKjcif;rsK;d r[kwyf J xl;jcm;aom tajctaew&yfrS
om uef@owftoH;k jyKa&; jzpfonf? xdo k @kd r[kwyf gu tpd;k &rsm;zufu
tm%mtvGo J ;kH pm;r_rsm; ay: ayguv f mEdik f ao;onf? Tod@k tpd;k &rsm;
umuG,yf ikd cf iG u hf kd toH;k jyK&mY &St d yfaomtuef@towfrsm;udk Oyrmay;
azmfjy&v#if atmufazmfjyyguo hJ @kd aom tajctaersm; jzpfonf?
• EdkifiHawmf. vHk+cHKa&; tusKd;pD;yGg;udkwdkuf&dkufxdcdkufEdkifaom
tajctaerS umuG,af y;jcif;/ Tod@k Eikd if aH wmf. tusK;d pD;yGg;udk
umuG,&f mY Edik if aH wmfv+kH cKH a&;udk wdu k &f u kd +f crd ;f ajcmufcaH e &aom
tajctaewGirf S umuG,t f yfovd/k +cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&r_ rSmvnf;
txl;ta&;ay:tajctae jzpfoifo h nf?
67
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
68
&St
D v
D mudv
k ekd ,f
69
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
owif;rD',
D mrsm;wGirf wlujJG ym;aomtoHtrsK;d rsK;d tjriftrsK;d rsK;d
udk =um;od&apa&;twGufvkyfaqmifEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;
jrefrmEdik if u
H o
hJ @kd aom Edik if rH sK;d Y wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk aexdik =f uonfh
tm;avsmpf mG xdrk wlujJG ym;aom vlrsK;d toD;oD;.toHrsm;/ tjrifrsm;udk
rD', D mrsm;Y xif[yfazmfjya&;rSm vGepf mG rS ta&;}uD;ygonf? xdo k @kd rwl
uGjJ ym;aom toHrsm;/ tjrifrsm;/ vlrsK;d toD;oD;. ar#mv f ifch surf sm;udk
owif;rD'D,mrsm;Y jrifawG@=um;&apa&;twGuf Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;
csrSwfI xdef;nd‡aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfonf? Todk@aqmif&Guf&mY
atmufygenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&u G af y;Edik o
f nf?
• tpd;k &rS taxmuftyHrh sm;ay;jcif;? tpd;k &taejzifh yHEk ydS pf ufrsm;
wnfaqmuf&ef taxmuftyHrh sm;ay;jcif;/ vdt
k yfaomtajccH
taqmuftODrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHrh sm;ay;jcif;ESihf owif;
rD',
D mvkyif ef;rsm;twGuf aiGa=u;taxmuftyHrh sm;ay;jcif;?
• owif;rD',
D mvkyif ef;rsm;udk axmufyahH y;Edik &f ef tcGet
f wkwrf sm;
owfrSwfjcif;? (Oyrmtm;jzifh- &kyfjrifoH=um; puf0,folxHrS
tcGefaumufcHIowif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;odk@ axmufyHhjcif;?
Tod@k axmufy&hH mwGiv f nf;/ owif;rD', D mXme}uD;rsm; xufpm
v#i/f vkyif ef;i,frsm;udk ydI
k axmufyjhH cif;)?
• z&efcsKdufvkyfief;rsm;ESifh vdkifpifrsm;udk (txl;ojzifh toHv$ifh
vkyif ef;rsm;Y) cGaJ 0csay;jcif;? Oyrmtm;jzifh tpd;k &rS rl0g'oD;oef@
csrwS I
f z&efcsKud v f yk if ef;rsm;csay;&mY wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;toD;oD;
&&Sdap&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;rS r#r#
ww&&Sdap&eftwGufvnf;aumif; pepfwuspDrHay;Edkifonf?
70
&St
D v
D mudv
k ekd ,f
72
&St
D v
D mudv
k ekd ,f
vkyif ef;rsm;udk axmufcyH yhH ;kd oifo h nf[k aqG;aEG;=uonf? wdik ;f &if;om;
bmompum;rsm;jzifx h wk v f i$ rhf nfh owif;rD',D mvkyif ef;rsm;twGuf vnf;
z&ef c sKd u f E S i f h vd k i f p if r sm;cG J a 0 csay;oif h o nf [ k tjrif & S d = uonf ?
a0;uGmvSr;f aom a'orsm;&Sjd ynforl sm; rSvnf; owif;tcsut f vuf
rsm;&&SEd ikd af p&ef/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; yHyh ;kd oifo h nf[k aqG;aEG;=u
onf? a'oqdkif&m owif;rD'D,mrsm;ESifh &yf&Gmrsm;&Sdowif;rD'D,m
vkyfief;rsm;. pD;yGg;a&;t& &SifoefEdkifapa&;twGuf wdkuf&dkuftpdk;&
taxmuftyHjh zifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ od@k wnf;r[kwf tjcm;0ifaiG&&SEd ikd f
aom tcGeftwkwfpepfjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ a=umfjimrsm;rS &&Sdrnfh
0ifaiGrsm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; aqmif&u G o f ifo
h nf[k aqG;aEG;=uonf?
awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_umvtwGif;ESifh aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif
twdu k t f cHvy_ &f mS ;r_EiS hf qufpyfaeaom owif;rD', D mrsm;. tcef;u¾
ESihf ygwo f ufIpd;k &dryf yl efru _ kd azmfjy=uonf? rpPuv kd ekd ,fvf u a0zefa&;
udv k ufco H ifah =umif; tav;ay;aqG;aEG;onf? twdu k t f cHtzG@J tpnf;
rsm;onfyif a0zefa&;vdt k yfa=umif;ESihf rdrpd nf;&H;k a&;e,fy,f&v dS x
l rk sm;.
wke@f jyefou H jkd yefvnfem;axmif&ef vdt k yfonf[k aqG;aEG;onf? a0zefr_
ESihf rdrw d @kd .vkyif ef;atmifjrifru _ w
kd ifjyr_=um;wGif vlxrk sm;taejzifh r#r#
wwod&EdS ikd o f ifo h nf[k aqG;aEG;onf? w}udrw f iG f 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k & ay:
ayguv f mygu owif;rD', D mrsm;udk Oya'/ vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;jzifh xde;f
csKyfrnfhtpm; olwdk@zmomtjyeftvSefxdef;nd‡apaom enf;tm;jzifh
aqmif&Gufapoifha=umif; t}uHjyKonf? owif;rD'D,mrsm;taejzifh
tcsi;f csi;f pkz@JG um usi0hf wfqikd &f m usix hf ;kH rsm;jyXmef;jcif;/ owif;aumifpD
zG@J pnf;jcif;rsm; aqmif&u G o f ifoh nf? od@k ro S m owif;rD', D morm;rsm;.
vkyfydkifcGifhtvGJoHk;pm;jyKr_rsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifrnf jzpfonf?
owif;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfvHk+cHKa&;/ EdkifiHawmftusKd;pD;yGg;
qdik &f mudprP sm;twGuf umuG,af y;Edik &f ef xde;f csKyfuef@owf&mY vnf;
aumif;/ vlrsm;. yk*v ~ u
d qdik &f mudprP sm;udk umuG,af y;&ef xde;f csKyf&mY
vnf;aumif; udpw P ckcsi;f tay: tao;pdw&f dS oifo h nf? Tta=umif;
jycsuu f o kd ;kH I tm%mtvGo J ;kH pm; rjzpfap&efvnf; umuG,o f ifoh nf[k
aqG;aEG;wifjyonf?
73
zG_H z+ Kd ;r+twGurf [mAsL[m (ta&SŒwDarmtawGŒt}uHK)
tDrv D ,D m yD&ufpf
ta&SŒwDarmEdik if /H pDruH ed ;f ESib
hf ma&;0ef}u;D Xme
tDrv
D ,
D myD&ufpf
tDrv D ,D m yD&ufpf
ta&SŒwDarmEdik if /H pDruH ed ;f ESib
hf ma&;0ef}u;D Xme
zGH@+zdK;r_r[mAsL[mcsrSwfEdkif&efjyifqif=uyHkvkyfief;tqifhqifh
toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGufjyifqif=ujcif;?
ta&S@waD rmEdik if H vGwvf yfa&;twGuf v_y&f mS ;wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJ uaom (25)
ESpfwmumvtwGif; ta&S@wDarmjynfolrsm;. tem*gwftwGuf
jyifqifrq_ Ikd txl;r&Scd ahJ y? xdu
k pd rP mS vGwv f yfa&;twGuf v_y&f mS ;wdu k yf JG
0ifaeolrsm;. OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G &f rnfh vkyif ef;wcktjzpf rowfrw S f
cJ=h uay? awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_. xdyyf ikd ;f wGif Edik if aH &;tpktzG@J i,f&+dS yD;
trsm;pku jynfya&muf ae=u&onf? vlrsm;pkjzpfaom v_y&f mS ;aeol
atmufajcxkrsm;rSm ta&S@waD rmEdik if t H wGi;f Y &Sad e=uonf? Tumv
twGi;f wGif ta&S@waD rmjynforl sm;twGi;f rS ynm&Sirf sm;/ u|r;f usio f rl sm;
trsm;tjym;ay:ayguv f mcJah omfvnf; xdo k rl sm;udk awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_
twGi;f od@k wufwufºuGºuGyg0ifvmatmif rodr;f oGi;f Edik cf =hJ uay? 1998
77
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
pDru
H ed ;f a&;qGaJ &;vkyif ef;udk vG,uf v
l #ijf refap&ef yg0ifaqmif&u G f
ae=u&aom olrsm;oabmayguef m;vnfI yg0ifaqG;aEG;Edik af p&ef ar;cGe;f
(4) ckukd csay;cJo h nf? xdak r;cGe;f (4) ckukd ajzqdjk cif;jzifh jy\emrsm;udk
csO;f uyfEikd af p&ef }uHqcJo
h nf? ‚if; ar;cGe;f rsm;rSm —
rdrdwdk@rnfonfhtqifhae&mwGif&Sdaeoenf;?
80
tDrv
D ,
D myD&ufpf
rnfonfhae&modk@a&mufatmifoGm;vdkoenf;?
trsK;d om;w&yfv;kH . wlnaD omtjrifw&yfxw k ,f &l &SEd ikd &f eftwGuf wEdik if H
vH;k twdik ;f twmod@k aqG;aEG;t}uH&,lrr_ sm; jyKvkyo f nf? xd@k tjyif Tod@k
aqG;aEG;t}uH&,laomvkyif ef;pOftm;jzifh vlxt k m;vH;k u TpDrcH suu f kd
olwdk@.udk,fydkifpDrHcsuf wcktjzpf cH,loabmaygufvmapa&;twGuf
jzpfonf? tpd;k &u csrw S af y;aompDrcH suo f ufouf[k xifrw S rf aeapa&;
twGujf zpfonf? ta&S@waD rm&Sd aus;&Gmtm;vH;k eD;yg;jzpfaom &Gmaygi;f
(500) ausmfY tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyfonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif
ta&S@waD rmEdik if t H aejzifh ouU&mZf 2020 Yrnfuo hJ @kd aom Edik if t H jzpf
jrifvo kd enf;[laom ar;cGe;f udk &Gmom;tm;vH;k od@k ajzaponf? vlxrk sm;
tm;vHk;twGuf ta&;t}uD;qHk; OD;pm;ay;vkyfief; (3) ckrSm rnfonfh
vkyfief;rsm; jzpfoenf;? TOD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; aemuf
qufwaJG r;cGe;f rsm; qufajz aponf? olw@kd .tjrif (ar#mrf eS ;f csu)f twdik ;f
&&Sdapa&;twGufausmfv$m;&rnfh jy\emrsm;u rnfonfhjy\em
rsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqygoenf;? Tjy\emrsm;udk rnfonfhenf;jzifh
ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfenf;? Tjy\emrsm;ajz&Sif;ay;a&;twGuf vlxkrsm;u
rnfuJhodk@ulnDay;Edkifrnfenf;? vlxkvlwef;pm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
rnfonft h cef;u¾u 0ifa&mufun l D ajz&Si;f ay;Edik f oenf;? yk*v ~ u d
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh rnfonfhtcef;u¾u ulnDajz&Sif;ay;=u
rnfenf;? tpd;k &taejzifh rnfuo hJ @kd aqmif&u G af y;Edik f oenf;? pojzifh
ar;cGef;rsm; ajzaponf? TuJhodk@aom vlxkrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;aom
avhusichf ef;rsm;rSm ta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm trsK;d om;w&yfv;kH
twGuf wlnaD omtjrif (ar#mrf eS ;f csu)f w&yfcsrw S Ef ikd cf +hJ yD; zG@H +zdK;r_ vkyif ef;
rsm; twGuv f nf; OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;csrw S f Edik cf ahJ oma=umifh jzpfonf?
vltrsm;. oabmwlnrD &_ &ef udpo P nfvnf; ta&;}u;D yg onf? od@k ro S m
tem*gwfpDrHcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif acsmarG@vG,ful
aprnf jzpfonf? tu,fI TudprP sm;udk tajymif;tvJvyk f vdyk gu
vlxkxH jyefoGm;I t}uH^m%f &,l&efyifjzpfonf? Tenf;tm; jzifh
xdyfydkif;EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;twGif;Yvnf; rvdktyfaom tjiif;yGg;
r_rsm;udk avsmeh nf;ap+yD;/ vlxrk sm;twGuv f nf; ajyma&;qdck iG &hf vmap
onf? ta&S@waD rmEdik if o H pftwGuf ta&;w}uD; vkyaf qmif&efupd rP sm;
82
tDrv
D ,
D myD&ufpf
rnfodk@rnfyHkoGm;=urnfenf;?
Tae&mwGif rdrw d @kd omG ;vdak om &nfreS ;f csurf sm;&&Sad &;twGuf (5) ESpf
pDru H ed ;f rsm;a&;qG&J ef aqmif&u G &f mwGif t"duu|r;f usio f rl sm;. tcef;
u¾a&mufvm=uonf? wEdik if v H ;kH rS t}uH&,la&;qGpJ pk nf;xm;aom
“ouU&mZf 2020 trsK;d om;ar#mrf eS ;f csu”f ESifh “u¾tvdu k Of ;D pm;ay;
vkyif ef;rsm;” u wpHv k ;kH +cHKiHrk ad om ausm&d;k awG;ac:r_uakd y;xm;+yD; jzpf&m
u|rf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh r[mAsL[mrsm;ESifh oufqdkif&mrl0g'
rsm;udk qufvufa &;qGJ=uonf? Ta&;qGJxm;aom r[mAsL[mESifh
rl0g'rsm;u trsK;d om;zG@H +zKd ;r_prD u H ed ;f . tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;jzpfvmawmhonf?
xdt k csed w f iG yf if yk*v~ u d vkyif ef;rsm;ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;/ tpd;k &r[kwf
aom tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (tJe-f *s-D td)k rsm;ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;
ygwrD sm;ESihf aomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aompdwyf g0ifpm;oltiftm;pkrsm;
ESihf t+ydKifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;/ t}uH&,lrr_ sm;vnf; jyKvkyaf qmif&u G af eao;
onf? Tvkyif ef;tpDtpOfEiS hf b¾ma&;bwf*suu f kd trsK;d om;ygvrD mefrS
uef@uu G of rl &Sd wcJeufoabmwl ay;onf? Edik if w H umrdom;pkrv S nf;
Tvkyif ef;rsm;aqmif&u G af er_tay: tifwu kd t f m;wdu k tf m;ay;=uonf?
aemufq;kH wGif TtpDtpOfrsm;onf tpd;k &vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;twGuf
Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;rS tv_&iS rf sm;/ zG@H +zdK;a&;tultnDay;a&; rdwaf qG
EdkifiHrsm;qufqH&mY vufudkifxm;&rnfh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rlwck
ozG,fjzpfvmcJhonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS tultnDay;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;wifjy
tqdjk yKvmygu rdrw d @kd qx JG m;aom r[mAsL[m. tpdwt f ydik ;f ESiuhf ukd n
f D
aom pDrcH surf sm;udo k m vufco H nf? rdrv d yk if ef;pOfwiG f rnfo@kd tm;jznfh
rnfudk pOf;pm;aomyHkpHjzpfvmapcJhonf? odk@aomf trsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;a&;
pDrcH sut f wdik ;f taumiftxnfazmfa&; twGuv f yk if ef;rsm;wGif tcuf
tcJjy\emrsm;pGmESifh &ifqdkifae&ygao;onf? ta=umif;rSm T
r[mAsL[mygvyk if ef;pOfrsm;ESihf rl0g'rsm;udk vufawG@taumiftxnf
83
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
rdrdwdk@vkyfief;wdk;wufr_rsm;udkrnfuJhodk@wdkif;wm=urnfenf;?
rdrdwdk@vkyfief;rsm; atmifjrifwdk;wufr_rsm;udk wdkif;wm=uaom
vkyif ef;tqifrh mS ,ae@umvta&S@waD rmwGif aqmif&u G af eqJ udpjP zpf
onf? rdrw d @kd taejzifh aumufc&H &Sad omtcsut f vuf ude;f *%ef;a'wm
rsm;tay: tajcjyKI oifhawmfaom owfrSwf&nfrSef;csuf (ypfrSwf)
rsm;xm; &So d nf? xdo k @kd ypfrw S rf sm;xm;&S&d mY rdrw d @kd wiG f tcuftcJtuef@
towf &Sad eaom aiGtm;/ vltm;/ enf;ynmponfw@kd ukd xnfw h u G f
csichf sed u
f m aemif (5) ESpt f =umwGif jzpfapvdak om &vm'fEiS hf csed x f ;kd I
vufawG@us aomypfrw S &f nfreS ;f csurf sm; csrwS yf rkH sK;d jzpfonf?
aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;yGJvkyfief;pOfrsm;
(ta&S@waD rm. aqmif&u G cf &hJ r_rsm;teufr)S rdrw
d @kd &&Scd ahJ om ta&;
t}uD;qH;k oifcef;pmwckrmS acgi;f aqmifrt _ wGi;f Y pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _ &Sad e
&efjzpfonf? EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom
urBmb h %f/ tm&Sz@HG +zdK;a&;b%f/ Edik if w H umaiGa=u;&HyakH iGtzG@J ponfw@kd rS
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf vufcaH wG@qakH omtcg rnfo@kd rnfyo kH abmxm;
rnf/ rnfo@kd rnfyv kH ufcH awG@qrkH nfukd acgi;f aqmifrsm;tcsi;f csi;f =um;Y
}udKwifnE‡d i_d ;f xm;jcif;rsm;/ wlnaD omoabmxm;&,lxm;jcif;rsm; &So d ifh
onf? (ta&S@waD rmtawG@t}uHKt&) Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm; tae
jzifh rdrdwdk@udkcsOf;uyfvm=u&mY tcgrsm;pGmwGif pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;
oabmwlvufrw S af &;xd;k &ef pmcsKyfrsm;xlxpJ mG ,laqmifvmwwf=u+yD;
84
tDrv
D ,
D myD&ufpf
‚if;pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;wGif a&;om;xm;aompmom;rsm;rSmvnf;
vltrsm;em;rvnfEikd af om ynm&Sit f oH;k tE_;H rsm;ESihf a&;om;xm;=u
onf? xdk udprP sm;udk qH;k jzwfta=umif;jyefay;&efupd rP sm;udv k nf; tcsed w
f kd
twGi;f jyef=um;ay;yg&ef ZGww f ukd w
f eG ;f E_;d aqmfwwf=uonf? t}udrrf sm;
pGmwGif Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ab;Y enf;ynmydik ;f qdik &f mt& t}uHay;
Edik o
f rl sm;r&S=d uyJ xdo k rl sm;qH;k jzwfcsucf say;&efwu kd w
f eG ;f aeaom udp&P yf
rsm;Y rnfonft h ESpo f m&oabmaqmifa=umif; oabmrayguEf ikd jf zpf=u
&onf?
vufawG@t}uHjyKcsufrsm;
• tu,fI Edik if w
H umaiGa=u;b¾ma&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS ud,
k pf m;
vS,rf sm;ESihf awG@qckH iG jhf yK&efawmif;cHvmygu (od@k r[kw)f Edik if EH pS cf k
t=um; tusK;d wly;l aygi;f aqmif&u G af &; tultnDupd rP sm;twGuf
aqG;aEG;p&mudprP sm;twGuf awG@qckH iG ahf wmif;vmygu oif.ab;
em;wGif Oya'ydkif;qdkif&m t&t}uHay;Edkifaomol ,Hk=unf&
avmufaom enf;ynmydik ;f qdik &f mt}uaH y;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf twlom
vufcaH wG@qkH oifo h nf?
• tu,fI oifuqH;k jzwfta=umif;jyefay;&ef pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;
udk &ufwt kd wGi;f om}udKwif&&Syd gu/ (tu,fI pm&Gupf mwrf;
rsm;uvnf; oif.vufaxmuf0efxrf;rsm; em;vnfEikd rf nfqykd g
u) olw@kd ukd ay;Iaocsmavhvm cdik ;f apoifo h nf? +y;D aemufawG@&dS
csufrsm;udk rdrdxHodk@jyefvnfwifjy t}uHjyKcdkif;apoifhonf?
oifxh o
H @kd jyefvnfwifjyaom pmwrf;taejzifh wdw k o dk mjzpfoifh
onf? (2 - 3 rsuEf mS xuf rydak p&)? zwfIavhvmcdik ;f xm;aom
pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk +cHKiHkrdaom “tr_aqmifvl}uD;rsm;zwf&ef
tESpfcsKyf” (Executive Summary) yHpk rH sK;d jzpfapoifo h nf?
• oifw
h iG f Tpm&Gupf mwrf; (pmcsKyf) rsm;ESiyhf gwo
f ufI oif.enf;
ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&m t}uHay;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef tcsdeftvHkt
avmuf&apoifhonf? xdkaemufrSom tv_&SifEdkifiHrsm; tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;. ud, fk pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf awG@qo
kH ifo
h nf?
85
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
vlom;t&if;tjrpfjy\em?
ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHjyifywGifaexdkif=uaomolrsm;xJrS
wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;rnfr#&o dS nf/ rnfonfah e&mrsm;wGif aexdik =f uonf
udk }udKwifI vlom;t&if;tjrpfppfwrf;aumuf,rl _ jyKxm;Edik cf o hJ nf?
xdkodk@ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfysufcJhaom
tajctaersm;udk oifcef;pm,lEikd cf +hJ yD;/ ta&S@waD rmwGif tvm;wljzpf&yf
rsK;d rjzpfap&ef umuG,af qmif&u G f t}uaH y;Edik cf =hJ uonf? od@k ygaomfvnf;
rdrw d @kd taejzifh rdrw
d @kd . tawmfq;kH taumif;qH;k ynm&Sirf sm;udk vufvw G f
oGm;cJ&h onfh tajctaersm;vnf; &Scd o hJ nf? Edik if w H umrdom;pkrsm; tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;rS pdwaf pwemxufxufoefoefjzifh ta&S@waD rmEdik if o H @kd tul
tnDay;csifaecsdefwGif rdrdwdk@a'ocHrsm;. pGrf;aqmif&nfenf;yg;r_rsm;
a=umifh tultnDrsm; tjynfht0vufcHr&,lEdkifaom tajctae
vnf;&SdcJhonf? tajccHta=umif;rsKd;pHk&Sdaomfvnf; ta=umif;wckrSm
vlrsm;tm;vH;k udv k cwajy;nD ay;r_jzpfonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh tcsK@d
aom ynm&Sirf sm;udk qufvufxed ;f xm;Edik af &; cufvmonf? Tod@k
vc wajy;nDay;aomrla=umifh jynfyod@k a&mufae=uaom ta&S@waD rm
wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;udk rqGaJ qmifEikd af wmhay? xdo k rl sm;rSm wajz;ajz;ESihf
rdrdaexdkif&if; EdkifiHrsm;odk@jyefoGm;=uawmhonf? ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHtzdk@
rdr. d tawmf qH;k u|r;f usio f rl sm; qH;k &_;H =u&onf? xdEk ikd if &H yfjcm;a&muf
wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;zufu jyef=unfyh guvnf; Edik if EH pS cf w k iG cf I
G aexdik f
ae=uaom rdom;pkrsm;. 0efux kd ed ;f odr;f Edik af &;qdo k nfrmS Tvkycf rsK;d jzifh
rjzpfEdkif=u? Twwfodynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHtwGufta&;ygaom
tcef;u¾rsm;jzpfaom tqifjh rifrh efae*smrsm;wm0efukd aqmif&u G jf znfh
qD;ay;Edkifolrsm; jzpf=uonf? EdkifiHwGif;&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm; EdkifiH&yfjcm;odk@
oifwef;rsm;oGm;aecsed w f iG f tpm;xd;k aqmif&u G af y;Edik o
f rl sm; jzpf=uonf?
tqifjh rifph rD cH ef@caJG &;acgi;f aqmifrsm; tqifjh rifrh efae*smrsm; vdt k yf
aeaom jy\emonf ,ae@ta&S@wDarmtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;
&ifqdkif}uHKawG@ae&aom jy\emjzpfonf? ajz&Sif;&ef acgif;cJaeaom
jy\emvnf; jzpfonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap vuf&adS jz&Si;f aer_ yHpk rH sK;d jzifh
qufvufwnf+ird af tmifxed ;f odr;f xm;a&;qdo k nfrmS Edik if t
H wGuv f eG pf mG
86
tDrv
D ,
D myD&ufpf
vufawG@t}uHjyKcsufrsm;
• oif. txl;c|eq
f ;kH olrsm;udk a&G;cs,yf g? xdo
k rl sm;udk ae&mrSev
f rl eS f
&if;ES;D jrKwfEo
HS nft
h aejzifh ae&mcsxm;yg?
• tpd;k &. vlx0k efaqmifrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;ya,m* (pGuf
zufr)_ uif;&Si;f r_&adS p&ef txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf? rnfonfEh ikd if aH &;
ygwDaemufcHjzifh vmonfudkr=unfhyJ/ t&nftcsif;jynfh0aom
u|r;f usio
f rl sm;udo k m wm0efxrf;aqmifap oifo h nf? xdo
k rl sm;
udk qkay;'%fay;jyKvkyf&mYvnf; tvm;wlt*wduif;pGm
aqmif&Gufoifhonf?
• Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;t=um;wGif tjyef
tvSe, f =kH unfr_ &Sod ifo
h nf? tu,fI Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u
rdrv
d x
l xk rJ S wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;udk r,H=k unfy/J Edik if w
H umt}uH
ay;rsm;udk ydIk ,H=k unfaeygu ud,k u f sK;d enf;Edik o
f nf?
• rwlujJG ym;aom tjriftrsK;d rsK;d udk axmifph akH tmif em;axmifoifh
onf/ wifjycGijhf yKoifo
h nf? rdr. d Edik if aH &;ygwrD S vlrsm;. t}uH
ay;csurf sm;jzifo
h m usO;f ajrmif;I ra&mif&h aJ poifah y? &&SEd ikd o
f r#
aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;vH;k udk toH;k cs&efvo kd nf?
• rdrv
d x
l rk sm;xJrS ynmwwfy*k Kd~ vfrsm;udk Edik if w
H umtzG@J tpnf;
rsm;/ Edik if w
H um tJe-f *s-D tdrk sm;xJrS qGaJ qmiford ;f oGi;f oGm;jcif;
87
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJjcif;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&,ljcif;?
rwlujJG ym;aomtv_&iS Ef ikd if rH sm;ESihf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;=um;wGif pDru H ed ;f rsm;
a&;qGJjcif;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&,ljcif;udpPrsm;tm;vHk;udk tpdk;&
vufxYJ csKyfuikd x f m;Edik &f ef ta&;}u;D ygonf? yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ &,ljcif;
udprP sm;udk urBmb h %fvt kd zG@J tpnf;rsK;d u vG,v f ,
G Ef iS hf ulnaD qmif&u G f
ay;Edik o
f nf[k qdv k mEdik o f nf? od@k aomfow l @kd tay:rScD I kd TudprP sm;udk
vufvw $ f rxm;oifah y? rwlujJG ym;aomtv_&iS rf sm;/ tzG@J tpnf;toD;
oD;udk qufq&H eftwGuf rdru d ,kd yf ikd rf rl sm; &Sx
d m;oifo h nf? rdrEd ikd if tH wGuf
vufrw S x f ;kd vdu
k &f onfh tvSLaiG (*&ef@aiG) rsm;udk rdrEd ikd if t H wGi;f oH;k pGJ
ap&ef pepfwuspDppf&rnf jzpfonf? trsm;pkaom tvSLaiGrsm;rSm
enf;ynm qdik &f maxmufyu hH nl D t}uHay;r_upd rP sm;ESihf ukeo f mG ;wwf=u
onf? qdv k okd nfrmS — olw@kd t}uHay;0efxrf;rsm;vpmESihf ukeo f mG ;wwf
+yD;/ 0ifvmonfhaiGu olwdk@ukd,fwdkifjyefoHk;oGm;onfh tajctaersKd;
jzpfwwfonf?
vufawG@t}uHjyKcsufrsm;
• pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJjcif;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&,ljcif;udpPrsm;
twGuf tpd;k &twGi;f wGif oD;oef@,el pfwckz@JG I xm;&So
d ifo
h nf?
oif.&Sdaeaom vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;xJrS aqG;aEG;&eft&nf
tcsi;f u|r;f usio
f /l rdr,
d =kH unf&avmuforl sm;udk TXmersK;d wGif
wm0efay;tyf oifo h nf?
• EdkifiHwumtvSL&Sifrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;ESifh aumif;rGef
eD;pyfaomqufqHa&;udk xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf? tvSL&SiftzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;. zG@J pnf;xm;&Syd pkH epfEiS hf vkyif ef;vkyu
f ikd af qmif&u
G yf kH
rsm;udk aocsmavhvmxm;oifo h nf? Tenf;tm;jzifh oif.vuf
axmufrsm;u tvSL&Sit f zG@J tpnf;rsm;.owif;rsm;udk od&adS e+y;D /
88
tDrv
D ,
D myD&ufpf
tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'frsm;.tESpfcsKyf
aqG;aEG;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwufa&mufolrsm;u ar;cGef;rsm;ar;&mwGif
trsK;d om;pDru H ed ;f a&;qG&J mwGif vlxrk sm;taejzifyh g0ify;l aygi;f aqmif&u G f
vmatmif rnfuJhodk@wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfcJhoenf;[k ar;=uygonf? rpP
yJ&ufpf u&Si;f jy&mY xdo k @kd y;l aygi;f aqmif&u G &f ef wdu
k w f eG ;f E_;d aqmfcsuf
rsm;udk vlr_todkif;t0dkif;xJrS tjyKoabmxm;&Sdolrsm;rSwqifh aomf
vnf;aumif;/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;rSwqifh ,ckvGwfvyfa&;&vmaom
tcsed Yf vlxyk ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;onf rnfr#ta&;}u;D a=umif; ynmay;
0g'jzef@csjd cif; jzifv
h nf;aumif; aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf[k &Si;f jyygonf? aus;&Gm
tqifh ndE‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;Y vlxrk sm;udk (Oyrmtm;jzifh — wdik ;f jynf.
89
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
NOTE:
1
National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT)
90
Edik if w
H umrS a[majymolynm&Sirf sm;?
Edik if w
H umrS a[majymolynm&Sirf sm;?
“jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;”
tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf
usif;yaomaqG;aEG;ESD;aESmyGJ
2002 ckEpS /f ZEM0g&D (8) &ufae@rS (12) &ufae@txd
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (NDF) / jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;rsm;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) (UNLD- LA) ESifh 'uf
[rfrm;&_d;azmifa';&Sif; (Dag Hammarskjold Foundation) wdk@rS
OD;aqmifusi;f yonf? trsK;d om;jyefvnf &if=um;apha&;tpDtpOf (NRP)
rS yHyh ;kd ulno
D nf?
a0gvf'if b,fvdk
Walden Bello
a0gv'f if b,fvo kd nf xdik ;f Edik if H befaumuf+rdK@wiG t
f ajcpduk af om
ay:vpDa&;&m okawoe tzG@J wzG@J jzpfonfh (Focus on the Global
South) tzG@J (awmifurBmjcrf;a'o txl;jyKavhvma&;tzG@J ) udk pwif
wnfaxmifol n$e}f um;a&;rSL; jzpfonf? xdt k &ifu u,fvzD ;kd eD;,m;jynf
e,f/ tkwuf vef+rdK@&dS pm;a&&dumQ ESihf zG@+H zdK;wd;k wufa&; rl0g'qdik &f mXme
(pm;a&&dumQ yXr) tr_aqmif!eG }f um;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJo
h nf?
y&ifhpwefwuUodkvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJh+yD;/ ,if;wuUodkvfrSyif
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bG@J &+yD;aemuf u,fvzD ;kd eD,m;wuUov kd f (bmuav+rdK@) Y pmoif=um;
ay;aepOf/ xdk wuUov kd af usmif;&Sd ta&S@awmiftm&Sqikd &f m avhvma&;
XmeY wGzJ ufIokawoDtjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf?
olonf EdkifiHwum w&m;r#wr_ ESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf
v_y&f mS ;r_ wGif vlord sm;xif&mS ;aom OD;aqmifwu kd yf 0JG ifol wOD; jzpf+yD;/
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f ufI OD;aqmifa0zefaeaom
93
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94
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&SDvm udkvdke,f
Sheila Coronel
1989 ckEpS rf S ,cktxd (The Philippine Center for Investiga-
tive Journalism) tzG@J tpnf;wGif tr_aqmif!e$ =f um;a&;rSL; wm0ef
,laeol jzpfonf? ,if;tzG@J tpnf;onf owif;rsm;udk aemufa=umif;
ajcajcjrpfjrpf pkpH rf;ppfaq;+yD; owif;ay;ydjk cif;udk txl;jyKaqmif&u G af e
aom vGwfvyfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;tusdK;tjrwf
twGuf aqmif&u G af ejcif;r[kwo f nf/h tpk&, S , f mrsm;xm;&Sjd cif; r&So
d nfh
tzGJ@wckjzpfonf? TtzGJ@. t}uD;tuJtjzpf pkHprf;ppfaq;I &&Sd
vmonfo h wif;rsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ppfaq;}uD;=uyfjcif;/ aps;uGuw f iG ;f
tjcm;olrsm;pdw0f ifpm;ygu 0,f,t l oH;k cs Edik &f ef aps;uGuwf ifay;jcif;/
pmtkyrf sm;/ rSww f rf;qdik &f m pDruH ed ;f rsm;ud=k uyfrwfjcif;rsm; aqmif&u G f
&ygonf? 0efxrf; (16) a,mufukd vuf&pdS rD t H yk cf sKyfaeygonf? ,if;tzG@J rS
wESpfv#if av;}udrfxkwfa0aom pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;owif;r*~Zif;.
pmwnf; tjzpfvnf;aqmif&u G af eygonf?
1995 ckEpS rf S ,cktxd xdik ;f Edik if /H tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if H ESihf eDaygEikd if w
H @kd &dS
owif;pmq&mrsm;twGuf pkpH rf;ppfaq;&onfh owif;ay;yd@k jcif;qdik &f m
oifwef;rsm;udk ay;cJoh nf?
1987 ck E S p f r S 1995 ck E S p f t xd e,l a ,mh w d k i f ; owif ; pmES i f h
vef'ef+rdK@EiS hf refcsupf wm+rdK@xw
k f onf*g', D efowif;pmrsm;. reDvm+rdK@
owif; axmuf tjzpfaqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf?
1986 ckEpS rf S 1988 ckEpS t
f xd reDvm oHawmfqifh (The Manila
Chronicle) owif;pmwGif txl;owif;a&;om;olEiS hf aqmifyg;&Siw f OD;
jzpfonf? ,if;owif;pmwGif owif;rsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;ESihf zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if .
H
rsuaf rSmufa&;&mrsm;udk a&;om;cJo
h nf?
1982 ckEpS rf S 1986 ckEpS t f xd zdvpfyikd f jrifuiG ;f us,f r*~Zif; (Phil-
ippine Panorama Magazine) wGif Edik if aH &;udprP sm;udk a0zefa&om;
oljzpfco
hJ nf? zdvpfyikd .
f Edik if aH &;ESihf vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f mESihf ygwo
f uf
aomaqmif;yg;rsm;pGmudak &;om;cJo h nf?
95
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&SJvf-atmfum aemh'fuGpf
Kjell-Ake Norkquist
96
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t,frDvD,m yD;,m;pf
Emilia Pires
Ò Ò Ò Ò Ò
97
Preface
A democratic Burma - that is what we struggle for. We want
democracy, we want peace, and we want human rights to be
respected in our country. The most apparent hindrance to this
vision is the dictatorship of the military junta. Burma has been
ruled by the military for forty years. Forty years of brutal
oppression and extreme poverty.
The movement working for a democratic Burma is large
and diverse, but united in the struggle for democratic change.
The regime will fall one day and the power will once again be
in the hands of the peoples of Burma. This may take several
years, but it may also happen very soon. When this day comes
we have to be prepared to take this unique chance to shape a
new society based on the visions and beliefs of the peoples of
Burma.
At that point we will stand before a new set of challenges
and new kinds of massive pressure will be put on our country.
Not being prepared for this, not already having a plan for
development at this point, might lead us to a situation where
the majority of the population is alienated from the political
process once again. Years of struggle might have been in vain.
We may suddenly find ourselves in a situation where foreign
companies control our natural resources, thereby controlling
our exports. We may find ourselves highly indebted to
international financial institutions, forced to abide by their rules
and in effect handing over sovereignty to them.
Preparations have to start now. A participatory process
needs to be built right away to begin the formulation of
development strategies that are based on the thinking of the
Burmese, our own particular desires, visions, aspirations and
hopes - not on the models of northern countries and
international institutions. We have the benefit of being a late-
comer. We have a unique opportunity to learn from other
countries' mistakes and successes, and decide on our own way
from the very start.
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Another Development for Burma
David Taw
Chair, Seminar coordinating committee
100
Introduction
This document contains summaries of the presentations
delivered at a high-level seminar for the leadership of the
Burmese democracy movement. It was held in Mae Sod,
Thailand, on 8-12 January 2003, and organised by the Dag
Hammarskjold Foundation together with the United Nation-
alities League for Democracy-Liberated Areas (UNLD-LA)
and the National Democratic Front (NDF) and in collaboration
with the National Reconciliation Program (NRP).
The seminar was the first in a series under the title of
'Another Development for Burma'. The purpose of the
seminar series is to present alternative perspectives on
development and to give participants an opportunity to
discuss important development issues beyond the immediate
liberation struggle.
The seminar was attended by more than 30 participants,
including international resource persons, Dag Hammarskj?ld
Foundation staff, NRP coordinators and organising committee
members. The following resource persons were invited to the
seminar: Kjell-Ake Nordquist from the Department of Peace
and Conflict Research at Uppsala University, Walden Bello
from Focus on the Global South in Bangkok/Manila, Sheila
Coronel from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
(PCIJ) in Manila and Emilia Pires from the Ministry of Planning
and Finances of East Timor.
The seminar was structured around presentations and
discussions on the nature of democratic transition, the role of
the media in strengthening democracy and public participation,
and globalisation and economic development. The East Timor
experience during transition and the post-transitional period,
especially in dealing with international institutions, was given
special attention.
The seminar was facilitated and chaired by Dr Chao Tzang
Yawnghwe (NRP), Teddy Buri (MPU) and David Taw (NDF).
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102
The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation and
'Another Development'
104
Summary of presentations
Priorities in transition
Every conflict has three components. These are conflict issues,
conflict behaviours and conflict attitudes. They can
influence each other, for example when we have a military
operation (conflict behaviour), which may influence the other
components by creating hardened attitudes, thus constructing
a vicious circle. In order to break the vicious circle we can act
to change any of the components. For a transition to take
place we need change in all three components. A transition
period is defined here as the period between the first
establishment of a change order, when the main actors have
decided on change, and the establishment of the new order,
for example a new constitution.
When we speak of priorities in transition, priorities are
generally identified for three different reasons: They can be
things that you do just because they are necessary and/or logical.
Secondly, priorities can be normative, based on judgement or
ideology. Thirdly, priorities can be based on limited resources,
e.g. lack of people, limited competence, or economic constraints.
A structural view of transition dimensions
Most societies can be seen as having three structural levels: the
top, the middle level and the grass roots. Each of these levels
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108
Kjell-Ake Notdquist
agreement. At the political level this means that the main political
actors have agreed that there needs to be major change. The
talks preceding the fundamental agreement are usually a crucial
task. For these talks to bear fruit it is vital to consider who the
main actors to be party to a fundamental agreement are. The
rule of thumb is that anyone who could break the agreement
should take part in forming the agreement. On the security level
the fundamental agreement should mean that cease-fires are in
place everywhere. If there is no security, people feel unsafe
and might pull out of the process.
The second aspect in a transition period is the preparation
for a new government. At the political level this usually leads to
some kind of transitional governmental structure. At the security
level it usually includes the recruitment and training of a new
police force and army.
The third aspect of a transition period is the establishment
of a political structure: elections and the adoption of a new
constitution. On the security level it involves the establishment
of new security forces, e.g. police and army.
The fourth aspect of a transition period concerns the
institutionalisation of new political structures. Here, the political
dimension involves the creation of new government agencies
and institutions while the security dimension involves the
professionalisation of the new security forces through training
and education.
The fifth aspect of the transition is social and political
trust-building. Politically, this requires an examination of
whether or not the new structure is free of corruption, and
whether or not it is treating citizens fairly and equally. On the
security level it is important that the new security forces
respect human rights and that the legal system is independent
of the political system.
The final question for building trust in a society concerns
how the past can be understood: how to interpret the common
history of suffering?
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Another Development for Burma
Post-transitional challenges
Transition in Burma is something we, who want to see change
in Burma, look forward to. This is an inside perspective. From
the outside, a transitional period is looked upon very cautiously
as a period of uncertainty. The transition period should ideally
be relatively short; it should not become the 'normal' condition.
We will now look at what happens after the transition period
and what major tasks a government will face then.
Normalisation
The international community will gradually de-prioritise
your case. In order to avoid conflict when resources are
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Kjell-Ake Nordquist
War reparation
There will be a need to deal with the modern history of Burma
and its impact on society. This is not really a part of the transition
process because it takes years and years, and is thus essentially a
post-transition challenge. Yet, early on it is important to prepare
for such challenges as:
- Bringing back refugees and internally displaced persons.
- Rebuilding the infrastructure.
- Dealing with the psychological and social stress caused by
violence and the armed struggle.
- Reintegrating soldiers in society.
The former soldiers in the liberation army have usually
been away from home for several years and have sacrificed
much in their struggle. On a personal level they suffered greatly
for this, and may lack education, job training, etc. They have a
high moral standing, but at the same time they are unprepared
for normal life and lack skills. If this group is not supported it
will be a problem. It is easy for them to take up arms again.
The issue of responsibility
We said earlier that the three common components of con-
flicts are conflict issues, behaviour and attitudes. These are to
be dealt with through various ways of conflict resolution,
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112
Kjell-Ake Nordquist
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Another Development for Burma
114
International Institutions, Transnational
Corporations and Globalisation:
Future Challenges and Alternative Perspectives
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118
Walden Bello
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Another Development for Burma
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Walden Bello
World Bank
In the 1950s the World Bank was changed from a reconstruc-
tion agency for war-torn Europe into a development agency
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Walden Bello
ASEAN
The tragedy of ASEAN is that the economic project is always
subordinated by the political. It was built as an anti-commu-
nist organisation. There are underlying strategic differences within
ASEAN. Some countries (Indonesia, Malaysia) have seen the
creation of free trade among ASEAN members as a model
for recreating the previous 'Tiger' system among ASEAN mem-
bers, while others (e.g. Singapore) have seen it as a prelude to
international free trade. The regional integration project of
ASEAN has seen the creation of AFTA (the Asia Free Trade
Area) but there is currently no real effort to make AFTA a
working reality.
An equally fundamental problem is that the people do not
feel part of the project. ASEAN remains the project of the
political and technocratic elites and has not been democratised.
While ASEAN has been wasting time, other regional projects
have come into being and China has become an economic
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Walden Bello
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Another Development for Burma
126
The Role of Media in the Struggle for
Democracy, the Role of Media during
Transition and the Right to Know
The first part of the presentations concerns the role of the media
in fighting for change, with examples from other countries in South-
east Asia. The second part concerns the role of the media in the
post-transitional situation. The third part is about the Right to
Information. Practical advice and examples of information and
media legislation and media codes of conduct are given in the
fourth section. The last section contains a summary of the group
discussions.
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Sheila Coronel
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Another Development for Burma
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Sheila Coronel
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Sheila Coronel
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Another Development for Burma
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Sheila Coronel
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Another Development for Burma
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Strategies for Development: Experiences
from East Timor
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Another Development for Burma
142
Emilia Pires
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Another Development for Burma
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Emilia Pires
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Another Development for Burma
Practical recommendations:
- If you are asked to receive a representative of any of the
IFIs, or bilateral donors, you must always be accompanied
by your relevant technical staff and legal people.
- Ask to be given the relevant documentation a few days in
advance, in a language that your people understand, to
allow them to study it and advise you on its contents. The
documents should always be brief. Ideally what comes to
you should really be no longer than two or three pages. It
should be an executive summary of the main document.
- Ensure you have sufficient time to discuss the document
with your technical people before discussing it with the
representatives of the donor community.
Human resources
The East Timorese made a human resource survey to find all
their technical persons living outside East Timor. These technical
people were aware of what had happened in other countries
and so they worked towards ensuring that similar things would
not happen in East Timor. Nonetheless, we still failed to ensure
we kept our best people. We faced situations of lack of local
capacity to deal with a generous international community, which
for a number of reasons - including that of sustainability - felt
that everyone should be paid at the same level. Obviously this
did not attract the Timorese in the diaspora and gradually we
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Emilia Pires
Practical recommendations:
- Identify your best people and invest in them.
- Ensure the public sector is depoliticised and served by the
best of professionals, no matter which political party they
come from. Reward them accordingly.
- There should be trust between technical people and
politicians. There is a high risk that politicians will trust the
international experts more.
- Ensure different perspectives are represented. Don't
confine yourself to the people from your own political
parties. Use all available resources.
- To avoid educated locals being absorbed by the international
institutions and NGOs, make an agreement with
international organisations to set the same wages for all
local staff.
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Another Development for Burma
Practical recommendations:
- Establish a unit within government for planning and
coordination. Choose your best human resources - people
with excellent negotiation skills and whom you trust to work
there.
- Maintain good and close relations with all donors and ensure
good knowledge of donors' systems and procedures. In
this way your people will be able to get information from
the donors and recommend which donors to turn to for
different projects.
- Develop a good database to track and capture the aid flow
and output in the country. Otherwise there will be duplications.
- Ensure capacity-building in projects. Make explicit demands
for what you want to be part of the projects.
- Ensure job creation in projects. Sometimes a project can
be done slowly but in a labour-intensive way, sometime
fast with big machinery. You need to balance this. The
decision is yours.
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Emilia Pires
149
International Resource Persons
Appendix
Walden Bello
Walden Bello is the founding director of Focus on the Global
South, a policy research institute based in Bangkok, Thailand.
Prior to that, he was executive director of the Institute for Food
and Development Policy (Food First) in Oakland, California.
Educated at Princeton University, where he did his
doctorate in sociology in 1975, he subsequently taught at
University of California, Berkeley, where he was a research
associate with the Center for South East Asian Studies.
A renowned campaigner for international justice and
development and one of the leading independent critics in the
South of current global economic arrangements, he is the
author of numerous books, including:
Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippines (1982)
Brave New Third World? Strategies for Survival in the Global
Economy (1990)
Dragons in Distress: Asia's Miracle Economies in Crisis (with
Stephanie Rosenfeld) (1991)
People and Power in the Pacific: The Struggle for the Post-Cold
War Order (1992)
Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and
Global Poverty (with Shea Cunningham) (1994)
A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern
Thailand (with Shea Cunningham and Li Kheng Poh) (1999)
Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy (2002).
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Another Development for Burma
Sheila Coronel
From 1989 to the present, Executive Director of the Philippine
Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ), an independent,
nonprofit agency that specialises in investigative reporting. As
head of the agency, supervises journalists doing investigative
reports, edits and markets their articles, oversees book and
documentary projects, and administers a staff of 16 people.
Also acts as editor of a quarterly investigative reporting maga-
zine published by the Center.
From 1995 to the present, conducted training on
investigative reporting for journalists in Thailand, Indonesia
and Nepal.
From 1987 to 1995, Manila correspondent of The New
York Times and The Guardian of London and Manchester.
From 1986 to 1988, special reports writer and columnist,
The Manila Chronicle. Wrote reports, features and analyses on
current Philippine affairs.
From 1982 to 1986, political affairs writer, Philippine
Panorama Magazine. Wrote magazine articles on Philippine
politics and society.
154
Appendix
Kjell-Ake Nordquist
Kjell-Ake Nordquist is Associate Professor and Head of the
Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala Uni-
versity, Sweden. His research has dealt with conditions for
durable boundary agreements, autonomy as a conflict-solving
mechanism and social and political reconciliation after civil wars.
Since 1997 Kjell-Ake Nordquist has been involved in the
process towards independence for East Timor, first as an
expert on autonomy and conflict resolution for a bi-partisan
East Timorese study group, and since the referendum 1999
and until today, as a mediator/facilitator between the two main
groups in the conflict, i.e. originally CNRT/Falintil and pro-
Indonesian/militia groups, respectively. He has also served as
an adviser to Swedish mediators in international conflicts, and
arranged a number of seminars between groups in ongoing
armed conflicts through the Department of Peace and Conflict
Research.
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Another Development for Burma
Emilia Pires
Emilia Pires, born in East Timor and the oldest of a family of
seven, was a refugee in Australia for 25 years - from 1975 to
2000. Graduated from Latrobe University with a Bachelor of
Arts degree in Statistics in 1983, and completed in 1994 a
Graduate Diploma in Government Law at the University of
Melbourne, Australia. Worked for over 15 years as Victorian
Public servant for the Human Services Department (Housing).
Then moved on to work for Xanana Gusmao, as his
development officer in 1999. In 2000 Emilia Pires was
nominated by Sergio Vieira de Mello as the Head of the
National Planning and Development Agency of the first
Transition Government of East Timor, under the United
Nations. During the 2nd Transition Government of East Timor,
she became the Secretary of the Planning Commission and
was responsible for the first National Development Plan for
East Timor. At the time of the seminar she worked as Senior
Advisor to the Ministry of Planning and Finances of the
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Her responsibilities
included the monitoring of the implementation of the
National Development Plan and the Management of
External Assistance to East Timor. She has since left East Timor
to study at the London School of Economics, where she
intends to document and analyse her experiences from East
Timor further.
156