GASPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY(TKK564)

Instructor:Dr.Istadi (h (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi // ki di id/ f/i di ) Email:istadi@undip.ac.id

I t t B k d Instructors Background
y BEng.(1995):Universitas Diponegoro y Meng.(2000):Institut Teknologi Bandung y PhD.(2006):Universiti Teknologi Malaysia y Specialization: y CatalystDesignforEnergyConversion y Process P D Design i for f Energy E C Conversion i y CombustionEngineering y ComputationalFluidDynamic(CFD)

CourseSyllabus: ( (Part1) y )
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 8.

DefinitionsofNaturalGas,GasReservoir,Gas g andGasp g g Drilling, production(Pengertian gasalam, gasreservoir,gasdrilling,dan produksi gas) OverviewofGasPlantProcessing(OverviewSistem Pemrosesan Gas) GasFieldOperationsandInletReceiving(Operasi Lapangan Gasdan Penerimaan Inlet) GasCompressionSystem (Sistem Kompresi Gas) GasTreating(Pengolahan Gas) GasDehydration(DehidrasiGas) FirstAssignment Ujian TengahSemester

CourseSyllabus: ( (Part2) y )
1. 2. 3. 3 4 4. 5. 6 6. 7. 8.

HydrocarbonRecovery(Pengambilan Kembali Hidrokarbon) NitrogenRejectionandTraceComponentRemoval (Penghilangan Nitrogendan Komponen lainnya) NaturalGasLiquid q Processing gandSulfurRecovery y (Pemrosesan Cairan GasAlam dan Penghilangan Sulfur) GasTransportation andStorage(Transportasi dan Penyimpanan Gas) LiquifiedNaturalGas#1(GasAlamCair) Li ifi dNatural Liquified N t lGas G #2 # (Gas G Al AlamC Cair i) SecondAssignment Ujian j Akhir Semester

LITERATURES
1. A.J.Kidnay,W.R.Parrish,(2006),

FundamentalsofNaturalGasProcesssing, Taylor&FrancisGroup,BocaRaton
2.

H.K.AbdelAal,M.Aggour,andM.A.Fahim, (2003). ( 3) PetroleumandGasFieldProcessing g. MarcelDekker,Inc.,NewYork.

DefinitionsofNaturalGas,GasReservoir,Gas Drilling,andGasproduction(Pengertian gasalam, gasreservoir,gasdrilling,dan produksi gas)

Week#1

DefinitionsofNaturalGas,GasReservoir, G Drilling, D illi and dG P d i Gas GasProduction

y WhatisNaturalGas? y Thegasobtainedfromnaturalundergroundreservoirs eitherasfreegasorgasassociatedwithcrudeoil y Containslargeamountsofmethane(CH4)alongwith decreasingamountsofotherhydrocarbon y Impurities I iti such hasH H2S, S N N2,and dCO CO2areoften ft f found d withthegas yg generally ycomessaturatedwithwatervapor. p

WhyareOilandGassoUseful?
y Oilisliquid.Meaningthatoilmaybetransported

anddeliveredthroughpipe y The Th primary i useof fnatural lgasis i asafuel f l,it i i isalso l a sourceofhydrocarbonsforpetrochemicalfeedstocks andamajorsourceofelementalsulfur y Naturalgaspresentsmanyenvironmental advantages g overp petroleumandcoal y Carbondioxide,agreenhousegaslinkedtoglobal warming,isproducedfromoilandcoalatarateof about b 1.4to1.75times i hi higher h than h f fromnatural lgas

PollutantsperBillionBtuofEnergy

PrimarySourcesofEnergyinthe Worldin2003

Majorprovennaturalgasreserves bycountry

UnitedStatesenergyconsumption byfuel

SourceofNaturalGas(GasReservoirs)
y Conventionalnaturalgasgenerallyoccursindeep y y y y y

reservoirs eitherassociated withcrudeoil(associatedgas)orin reservoirsthatcontainlittleornocrudeoil(non associatedgas) Associatedgasisproducedwiththeoilandseparatedat thecasinghead orwellhead. Gasproducedinthisfashionisalsoreferredtoas casinghead gas,oilwell gas,ordissolvedgas. Nonassociated gasissometimesreferredtoasgaswellgas ordrygas. gas However, However thisdrygascanstillcontain significantamountsofNGLcomponents. Roughly93%ofthegasproducedintheUnitedStatesis nonassociated

Schematic S h i overview ofnatural gas industry

NaturalGasCompositions
y Water isalmostalwayspresentatwellheadconditions

butistypicallynotshownintheanalysis y Unlessthegashasbeendehydratedbeforeitreaches the h gasprocessing i plant, l y thecommonpracticeistoassumetheenteringgasis saturatedwithwaterattheplantinletconditions. conditions

TypicalgasCompositions

TypicalgasCompositionin Indonesia

ProcessingandPrincipalProducts
y Twoprimaryusesofnaturalgas: y Asafuel y Asapetrochemicalfeedstock y Threereasonofnaturalgasprocessing: y Purification.Removalofmaterials,valuableornot,that inhibittheuseofthegasasanindustrialorresidentialfuel y Separation.Splittingoutofcomponentsthathavegreater valueaspetrochemicalfeedstocks,standalonefuels(e.g., propane), p p orindustrialgases g (e.g., g ethane,helium) y Liquefaction.Increaseoftheenergydensityofthegasfor storageortransportation y WhatisdifferentofPurificationandSeparation?

GenericRawGasandProductSlate

ProductSpecifications
y NaturalGas: y The h compositionof fnatural lgasvariesconsiderably d bl from f locationtolocation,and y aswithp petroleump productsing general, ,thespecifications p forsalableproductsfromgasprocessingaregenerallyin termsofbothcompositionandperformancecriteria y Fornaturalgasthesecriteriainclude:Wobbe number, number heatingvalue,totalinerts,water,oxygen,andsulfur content. y Thefirsttwocriteriarelatetocombustion characteristics. y Thelatterthreeprovideprotectionfrompipeline plugging l i and dcorrosion. i

SpecificationsforPipelineQualityGas

LiquidproductSpecification
y Aswithg gases,specificationsforliquidproductsare

baseduponbothcompositionandperformance criteria. y For F li liquid idproducts, d the h performance f specifications ifi i include:Reidvaporpressure,water,oxygen,H2S,and totalsulfurcontent. y Safetyconsiderationsmakevaporpressureespecially importantfortheliquidproductsbecauseof regulationsforshippingandstoragecontainers.

Combustion Co bust o Characteristics C a acte st cs

y Naturalgasisasafuel pipelinegasisnormallybought

onthebasisofitsheatingvalue y Determinationoftheheatingvalueofafuelinvolves twoarbitrarybutconventionalstandardstatesforthewater formedinthereaction:

y Allthewaterformedisaliquid(grossheatingvalue,

frequentlycalledhigherheatingvalue[HHV]) y Allthe h waterformed f di isagas( (neth heating i value, l f frequently l calledlowerheatingvalue[LHV])

y Theheatingvalueisnormallycalculatedat60Fand1atm

(15.6Cand1.01atm), ( ) standardconditionsforthegas industry,and,thusatequilibrium,thewaterwouldbe partiallyliquidandpartiallyvapor.

HeatingValue.
y Heatingvaluesforcustodytransferaredeterminedeither

bydirectmeasurement,inwhichbombcalorimetry isused, orby of b computationof fthe h value l onthe h basis b fgasanalysis. l y Theformulasforthecalculationofidealgasgross heating gvalues,onavolumetricbasisare(Gas ( Processors Association,1996):

y Theequationsassumethatthegasanalysisisgivenonadry

basis,thatwaterisxW whenthegasissaturatedatthe specifiedconditions.

y Themolefractioncanbecalculatedfrom:

y Thevaporpressureofwaterat60F(15.6C),thecommonbase

temperature, p ,is0.25636 5 3 p psia ( (1.76754 7 754kPa). ) y Themostcommonlyusedbasepressures,Pb,andthevaluesof(1xW) arelistedbelow.

C t h Perhitungan P hit Contoh HV

y Example1.2CalculatetheheatingvalueoftheAlbertagasgiveninTable1.4.

gvalueforthebutanestobethatofisobutene,andforthe Assumetheheating C5+fraction,usepurehexane. y Table1.10showsthecalculationswithheatingvaluesobtainedfromAppendix B.Thismixturehasagrossheatingvalueof1,202.2Btu/scf (44,886kJ/Sm3). N t th Note that tcredit diti isnot tgiven i f forth theh heating ti value l associated i t dwith ithH H2S Si in contractualsituations.Itisunlikelythatagasstreamwith3.3%H2Swouldbe burned.