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Air Solubility in Water

Amount of air that can be dissolved in water - decrease with temperature - increase with pressure
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The amount of air that can be dissolved in water increase with the system pressure and decrease with the temperature.

Deaeration
When fresh water is heated up, air bubbles start to form. The water can obviously not hold the dissolved air with increasing temperature. At 100 oC (212 oF) water starts to boil - the bubbles are formed by evaporated water or steam. If the water is cooled down at then again reheated, bubbles will not appear until the water starts to boil. The water is deaerated .

Solubility Ratio
The solubility of air in water can be expressed as a solubility ratio: Sa = ma / mw where Sa = solubility ratio ma = mass of air (lbm , kg) mw = mass of water (lbm , kg) (1)

Water Water Heating Gases in Water

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Temperature

Henry's Law
Solution of air in water follows Henry's Law - "the amount of air dissolved in a fluid is proportional with the pressure of the system" - and can be expressed as: c = pg / k H where c = solubility of dissolved gas k H = proportionality constant depending on the nature of the gas and the solvent pg = partial pressure of the gas The solubility of oxygen in water is higher than the solubility of nitrogen. Air dissolved in water contains approximately 35.6% oxygen compared to 21% in air. (2)

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0
oC oF

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Length

1
m km in ft yards miles nautical miles

Solubility of Air in Water

Temperature (oF) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 Gauge Pressure (psig) 40 60 0.0967 0.1321 0.0836 0.1143 0.0742 0.1014 0.0669 0.0916 0.0614 0.0840 0.0589 0.0750 0.0536 0.0730 0.0501 0.0699 0.0475 0.0654 0.0452 0.0624 0.0432 0.0598 0.0413 0.0574 0.0395 0.0553 0.0378 0.0534 0.0361 0.0514 0.0344 0.0496 0.0326 0.0477 0.0306 0.0457

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80 0.1676 0.1449 0.1296 0.1162 0.1067 0.0990 0.0928 0.0877 0.0833 0.0796 0.0765 0.0736 0.0711 0.0689 0.0667 0.0647 0.0628 0.0607 100 0.2030 0.1756 0.1559 0.1408 0.1293 0.1201 0.1126 0.1065 0.1012 0.0968 0.0931 0.0898 0.0869 0.0844 0.0820 0.0799 0.0779 0.0758

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Volume

1
m3 liters in3 ft3 us gal

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Velocity

1
m/s km/h ft/min ft/s mph knots

0 0.0258 0.0223 0.0197 0.0177 0.0161 0.0147 0.0136 0.0126 0.0117 0.0107 0.0098 0.0089 0.0079 0.0068 0.0055 0.0041 0.0024 0.0004

20 0.0613 0.0529 0.0469 0.0423 0.0387 0.0358 0.0334 0.0314 0.0296 0.0280 0.0265 0.0251 0.0237 0.0223 0.0208 0.0192 0.0175 0.0155

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Example - Calculating Air Dissolved in Water

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Pressure

Air dissolved in water can be calculated with Henry's law. Henry Law's Constants at a system temperature of 25oC (77oF) Oxygen - O2 : 756.7 atm/(mol/litre) Nitrogen - N2 : 1600 atm/(mol/litre) Molar Weights Oxygen - O2 : 31.9988 g/mol Nitrogen - N2 : 28.0134 g/mol Partial fraction in Air Oxygen - O2 : ~ 0.21 Nitrogen - N2 : ~ 0.79 Oxygen dissolved in the Water at atmospheric pressure can be calculated as: co = (1 atm) 0.21 / (756.7 atm/(mol/litre)) (31.9988 g/mol) = 0.0089 g/litre

1
Pa (N/m 2 ) b ar mm H2 O kg/cm 2 psi inches H2 O

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Flow

1
m 3 /s m 3 /h US gpm cfm

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~ 0.0089 g/kg Nitrogen dissolved in the Water at atmospheric pressure can be calculated as: cn = (1 atm) 0.79 / (1600 atm/(mol/litre)) (28.0134 g/mol) = 0.0138 g/litre ~ 0.0138 g/kg Since air is the sum of Nitrogen and Oxygen: ca = (0.0089 g/litre) + (0.0138 g/litre)

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= 0.0227 g/litre ~ 0.023 g/kg Calculating air dissolved in water for some other pressures at temperature 25oC (77oF) can be summarized to: Pressure, abs (atm) Dissolved Air in Water (25oC) (g/kg) 1 0.023 2 0.045 3 0.068 4 0.091 5 0.114 6 0.136

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Dissolved Oxygen in Fresh Water

Engineering Standards

Deariation
For maximum deaeration the water should be heated up to 212 oF (100 oC) at atmospheric pressure. This is common in steam systems where fresh water is supplied to the system through an heated deaeration tower on the top of the condensate receiver tank. It is also common to install deaeration devices on the hot sides of heat exchangers in heating distribution systems to force the dissolved air out of the system. Note! Since the maximum deaeration is limited by the minimum static pressure and maximum temperature in the system - the best deaeration result is achieved in positions at the hottest and highest levels of the systems and/or at the suction side of pumps.
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