T.E (C.

E) SEM-VI Processing

Digital Image

INDEX
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Program for bilinear rotation of an image. Program for 2d Median Filtering. Program for compressing an image using Huffman coding Program for dilation of image. Program for Erosion operation. Program for histogram of a digital Image. Date Title of Experiment Program for addition Operation 1-1 2-2 3-6 7-8 9-9 10-10 11-11 12-13 14-16 Page No. Sign of Fculty

Program for complementing image. Program for detecting edges in an image

Experiment No: 1
A.Y 2011-12 1 K.T.P.C.O.E& T, OSMANABAD

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Aim: Program for addition Operation Apparatus Required: Computer,Matlab Software MATLAB Code: clear,close all; I=imread('testpat1.png'); figure,imshow(I); J=imread('rice.png'); figure,imshow(J); K=imadd(I,J); figure,imshow(K);

a)Testpat1.png b) rice.png

Added Image

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Experiment No: 2
Aim: Program for bilinear rotation of an image Apparatus Required: Computer, Matlab Software MATLAB Code: clear,close all; I=imread('trees.tif'); J=imrotate(I,35,'bilinear'); imshow(I); figure,imshow(J); OUTPUT:

Trees.tif

rotated image

A.Y 2011-12 3

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Experiment No: 3
Aim: Program for 2d Median Filtering for Salt and Pepper Noise without using MEDFILT2 Function.
Apparatus Required: Computer, Matlab Software.

Theory:
MEDIAN FILTER: In digital Image processing , removing the noise is one of the preprocessing techniques. The image noise may be termed as random variation of brightness or color information. There are various types of image noise. The random occurrence of black and white pixels is salt and pepper noise. Median filtering preserves the image without getting blurred. Median filtering is done on an image matrix by finding the median of the neighborhood pixels by using a window that slides pixel by pixel.

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The procedural steps for 2D median filtering

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MATLAB Code:
%READ AN 2D IMAGE A=imread('zebra.jpg'); title('IMAGE WITH SALT AND PEPPER NOISE'); figure,imshow(A); %PAD THE MATRIX WITH ZEROS ON ALL SIDES modifyA=zeros(size(A)+2); B=zeros(size(A));

%COPY THE ORIGINAL IMAGE MATRIX TO THE PADDED MATRIX for x=1:size(A,1) for y=1:size(A,2) modifyA(x+1,y+1)=A(x,y); end end

%LET THE WINDOW BE AN ARRAY %STORE THE 3-by-3 NEIGHBOUR VALUES IN THE ARRAY %SORT AND FIND THE MIDDLE ELEMENT for i= 1:size(modifyA,1)-2 for j=1:size(modifyA,2)-2 window=zeros(9); inc=1; for x=1:3 for y=1:3 window(inc)=modifyA(i+x-1,j+y-1); inc=inc+1; end end med=sort(window); %PLACE THE MEDIAN ELEMENT IN THE OUTPUT MATRIX B(i,j)=med(5); end end %CONVERT THE OUTPUT MATRIX TO 0-255 RANGE IMAGE TYPE B=uint8(B); title('IMAGE AFTER MEDIAN FILTERING'); figure,imshow(B);

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A.Y 2011-12 7

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Experiment No: 4
Aim: Program for compressing an image using Huffman coding Apparatus Required: Computer, Matlab Software MATLAB Code: function CODE = huffman(p) %HUFFMAN Builds a variable-lenght Huffman code for a symbol source. %CODE = HUFFMAN(P) returns a huffman code as binary strings in cell %array CODE for input symbol probability vector P. Each word in CODE %corresponds to a symbol whose probability is at the corresponding index % of P. % %check the input arguments for reasonableness. error(nargchk(1,1,nargin)); if (ndims(p) ~= 2) | (min(size(p))>1) | ~isreal(p) | ~isnumeric(p) error(P must be a real numeric vector.); end % Global variable surviving all recursions of function makecode global CODE CODE = cell(length(p),1); % Init the global cell array if length(p) > 1 % When more than one symbol p = p/sum(p); % Normalize the input probabilities s = reduce(p); % Do Huffman source symbol reductions makecode(s, []); % Recursively generate the code else CODE = {1}; % Else, trivial one symbol case! end %.% function s = reduce(p); %Create a Huffman source reduction tree in a MATLAB cell structure by %performing source symbol reductions until there are only two reduced %symbols remaining. s = cell(length(p),1); %Generate a starting tree with symbol nodes 1,2,3,.. to reference the %symbol probabilities. for i = 1:length(p) s{i} = i; end while numel(s) > 2 [p,i] = sort(p); % Sort the symbol probabilities p(2) = p(1) + p(2); % Merge the 2 lowest probabilities

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p(1) = []; % and prune the lowest one s = s(i); % Reorder tree for new prbabilities. s{2} = {s{1},s{2}}; % and merge & prune its nodes s(1) = []; % to match the probabilities end %.% function makecode(sc, codeword) % Scan the nodes of a Huffman source reduction tree recursively to % generate the indicated variable length code words. % Global variable surviving all the recursive calls global CODE if isa(sc,cell) % For cell array nodes, makecode(sc{1},[codeword 0]); % add 0 if the 1st element, makecode(sc{2}, [codeword 1]); % or a 1 if the 2nd else % For leaf (numeric) nodes, CODE{sc} = char(0 + codeword); % create a char code string end

Result: f = [0.1875 0.5 0.125 0.1875]; c = huffman(f)

A.Y 2011-12 9

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Experiment No: 5
Aim: Program for Dilation Operation Apparatus Required: Computer, Matlab Software MATLAB Code: I = IMREAD('CAMERAMAN.TIF'); SE = STREL('BALL',5,5); I2 = IMDILATE(I,SE); IMSHOW(I), TITLE('ORIGINAL') FIGURE, IMSHOW(I2), TITLE('DILATED')

OUTPUT

CAMERAMAN.TIF

DILATED IMAGE

A.Y 2011-12 10

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Experiment No: 6
Aim: Program for Erosion operation. Apparatus Required: Computer, Matlab Software MATLAB Code: I = imread('cameraman.tif'); se = strel('ball',5,5); I2 = imerode(I,se); imshow(I), title('Original'); figure, imshow(I2), title('Eroded'); OUTPUT

Cameraman.tif

eroded image

A.Y 2011-12 11

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Experiment No: 7
Aim: Program for histogram of a digital Image. Apparatus Required: Computer, Matlab Software MATLAB Code: clear; close all; I= imread('moon.tif'); imshow(I); figure, imhist(I);

OUTPUT:

A.Y 2011-12 12

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Experiment No: 8
Aim: Program for complementing image. Apparatus Required: Computer, Matlab Software MATLAB Code: clear; close all; I = imread('coins.PNG'); k= imcomplement(I); imview(I); imview(k);

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OUTPUT:

image 1

image2

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image 3

image4

Experiment No: 9
Aim: Program for detecting edges in an image Apparatus Required: Computer, Matlab Software

Theory:
There are many operators in MATLAB for finding images 1. Sobers Operator 2. Roberts Operator 3. Prewitts Operator 4. Laplacian of Gaussian Method 5. Zero-Cross Method, etc.

To use them in MATLAB there is a function called as edge(I).

Syntax :
BW = edge(I)

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BW = edge(I,'sobel')

BW = edge(I,'prewitt') BW = edge(I,'roberts') etc.

Description :
BW = edge(I) takes a grayscale or a binary image I as its input, and returns a binary image BW of the same size as I, with 1's where the function finds edges in I and 0's elsewhere.

By default, edge uses the Sobel method to detect edges but the following provides a complete list of all the edge-finding methods supported by this function:

The Sobel method finds edges using the Sobel approximation to the derivative. It returns edges at those points where the gradient of I is maximum. The Prewitt method finds edges using the Prewitt approximation to the derivative. It returns edges at those points where the gradient of I is maximum.

The Roberts method finds edges using the Roberts approximation to the derivative. It returns edges at those points where the gradient of I is maximum.

The Laplacian of Gaussian method finds edges by looking for zero crossings after filtering I with a Laplacian of Gaussian filter.

The zero-cross method finds edges by looking for zero crossings after filtering I with a filter you specify.

The Canny method finds edges by looking for local maxima of the gradient of I. The gradient is calculated using the derivative of a Gaussian filter. The method uses two thresholds, to detect strong and weak edges, and includes the weak edges in the output only if they are connected to strong edges. This method is therefore less likely than the others to be fooled by noise, and more likely to detect true weak edges.

The parameters you can supply differ depending on the method you specify. If you do not specify a method, edge uses the Sobel method.

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MATLAB Code:

i = imread('far.jpg'); I = rgb2gray(i); BW1 = edge(I,'prewitt'); BW2= edge(I,'sobel'); BW3= edge(I,'roberts'); subplot (2,2,1); imshow(I); title('original'); subplot(2,2,2); imshow(BW1); title('Prewitt'); subplot(2,2,3); imshow(BW2); title('Sobel'); subplot(2,2,4); imshow(BW3); title('Roberts');

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Result:
The edge detection of the image is done.

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