Introduction To Eurocodes March 20051

Introduction to Structural Timber
Design to the Eurocodes

Wood for Good
CPD seminars 2005
Timber Design To Limit States
EUROPEAN STANDARDISATION
Eurocodes provide a set of common technical
recommendations & a contractual design basis
To reinforce the competitive position of the European
Construction Industry
To establish a common basis for drawing up harmonised
technical specifications
Overview to European Codes and Standards (1/2)
EN 1990: Eurocode - Basis of structural design
EN 1991: Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures
EN 1995 -1 -1: General Rules - General
rules and rules for buildings
< Structural safety
< Loading
EN 1995 -2: Bridges
< Design and detailing
< Materials
< Durability
< Metal fasteners
connectors and hardware
< Components and
assemblies
< Foundations
EN 1997: Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical data
EN 1997-1
General rules
EN 1997-2
Design assisted by laboratory testing
EN 1997-3
Design assisted by field testing
EN 1991-1.1
Densities, self
weight and
imposed loads
EN 1991-1.2 Actions
on structures
exposed to fire
EN 1991-2 Traffic
loads on bridges
EN 1991-1.3
snow loads
EN 1991-1.4
Wind loads
EN 1991-1.5
Thermal actions
EN 1991-3 Actions
induced by cranes
and machinery
EN 1991-1.6
Actions during
execution
EN 1991-1.7 Accidental
actions due to impact
and explosions
< Adhesives
EN 1995 -1 -2: General Rules -
Structural fire design
EN 1995: Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structures
ENs
ENs
ENs
ENs
ENs
National Annexes to Eurocodes and their Purpose (1/2)
Examples of Nationally determined parameters are shown on the next slide
U
K
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
n
n
e
x
U
K
N
a
t
i
o
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a
l
A
n
n
e
x
U
K
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
n
n
e
x
National Annexes to Eurocodes and their Purpose (2/2)
Nationally-determined parameters in EN 1995-1-1:
Assignment of loads to load duration classes
- Assignment of timber constructions to service classes
- Partial factors for material properties
- Limiting values for deflections
- Limiting values for vibrations
- Design method for domestic floor vibrations
- Advice on nailed timber-to-timber connections
- Choice of method for design of wall diaphragms
- Mod. Factors for bracing of beam and truss systems
- Erection tolerances
- Structural safety
- Serviceability
- Durability
- Robustness
Highest level of reliability taken into account in
timber structures for grandstands
Requirements of a Structure designed to EN 1990
Steel shoe and concrete
pillar isolating round timber
column end grain from the
ground.
Exposed
untreated
oak timber
decking.
Capping
detail on
exposed
glulam floor
beam.
Durability: Examples of Practical Solutions
Robustness in Structural Design to EN 1990 (1/2)
On one hand robustness relates to disproportionate
collapse concept
Full scale disproportionate
collapse testing on a six storey
timber frame building for TF 2000
Contents of EN 1990
BS EN 1990: 2002 Basis of Structural Design (Eurocode 0)
Section 1 - General
Section 2 - Requirements
Section 3 - Principles of Limit States Design
Section 4 - Basic Variables
Section 5 - Structural Analysis and Design Assisted
by Testing
Section 6 - Verification by the Partial Factor Method
Annex A1 - (Normative) Application for Buildings
Annex B - (Informative) Management of Structural Reliability for
Construction Works
Annex C - (Informative) Basis for Partial Factor Design and Reliability
Analysis
Annex D - (Informative) Design Assisted by Testing
Contents of EN 1991
BS EN 1991: 2002 Actions on Structures (Eurocode 1)
Part 1
Part 1-1 - General actions - Densities, self-weight imposed loads for buildings
Part 1-2 - General actions - Actions on structure exposed to fire
Part 1-3 - General actions - Snow loads
Part 1-4 - General actions - Wind actions
Part 1-5 - General actions - Thermal actions
Part 1-6 - General actions - Actions during execution
Part 2 Traffic loads on bridges
Part 3 Cranes and machinery
Part 4 Actions in silos and tanks
EN 1995 supporting hENs and Product Specifications
Gluam and the CEN standards arrangements
Adhesives
EN 301
Testing
En 392
En 408
Wood
properties
EN 350
En 384
Strength
classes
En 1194
Production &
dimension
EN 385 EN 386
EN 387 EN 380
11 standards, in 5 groups:
Overview to European Codes and Standards
Scope of Eurocode 5:
- Design of buildings and civil engineering work in timber
i.e. solid timber in sawn or pole form, glued laminated
timber or wood based panels and other structural
timber composites such as LVL.
- Only concerned with requirements for mechanical
resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance
of timber structures.
- In compliance with principles and requirements given in
EN 1990.
Contents of EN 1995-1-1
Section 1 - General
Section 2 - Basis of design
Section 3 - Material properties
Section 4 - Durability
Section 5 - Basis of structural analysis
Section 6 - Ultimate limit states
Section 7 - Serviceability limit states
Section 8 - Connections with metal fasteners
Section 9 - Components and assemblies
Section 10 - Structural detailing and control
Annex A - (Informative) Block Shear and Shear Plug Failure
Annex B - (Informative) Mechanically jointed beams
Annex C - (Informative) Built-up columns
Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
Part 1.1 - General rules and rules for buildings
NATURE OF EC5
Safety format, basis of design, references to loads, presentation principles,
identical to those for steel, concrete, etc. (via EC0)
Safety format is clear and transparent.
Modification factors are pure principles (e.g. Duration of load factor is 1.0
at test duration & 0.6 for permanent condition)
Fewer fail safe concepts than in BS 5268; No tables of material properties,
joint strengths etc
Significantly greater empowerment to informed designers (e.g. harmonised
beam-columns in 3D, joint failure modes transparent, serviceability
discretion)
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES
Principles
> Statements, definitions,
requirements
> No alternative
Application rules
> Generally recognised, follow principles, satisfy requirements
> Alternatives & extensions acceptable
e.g. for timber in UK within TRADA Guidance Documents
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ULS & SLS? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ULS & SLS?
ULS ULS
ULS Limits MUST NOT be breached
Factors of safety incorporated at various levels to
ensure conservative estimates of structural capacity,
related to the required reliability
Codified design limits are relatively inflexible, since
related to material properties & design actions
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ULS & SLS? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ULS & SLS?
SLS SLS
In some instances, exceeding SLS design limits
may be acceptable (e.g. A rare, reversible effect, such as an
event causing unacceptable vibration levels once every year)
Design assumptions should relate as reasonably
as possible to the actual service conditions
Certain degree of flexibility in design limits since
they relate to acceptable performance & are affected
by context & expectation (e.g. Expectations of workshops,
offices & homes all markedly different)
> Characteristic Values > Characteristic Values
> Partial Coefficients > Partial Coefficients
> Design Values Of Actions > Design Values Of Actions
> Action Combinations > Action Combinations
> Strength Design Values Of > Strength Design Values Of
Materials Properties Materials Properties
> Examples > Examples
Ultimate Limit States Design
CHARACTERISTIC VALUES CHARACTERISTIC VALUES
Actions
Permanent G
k
mean
Variable Q
k
50 years
Materials
Strengths f
k
5 percentile
Stiffness E
0,mean
mean
E
0,05
5 percentile
PARTIAL COEFFICIENTS PARTIAL COEFFICIENTS
G
Permanent actions
Q
Variable actions
M
Material properties
Partial Factors and their Purpose (1/2)
Partial factors
F
are applied to actions. They increase
values of actions and effects of actions to allow for:
- Uncertainty in representative values of actions
- Design model uncertainty in actions and action effects
Partial Factors and their Purpose (2/2)
Partial factors
M
are applied to material properties. They
reduce material properties and member resistances to
allow for:
- Uncertainty in material properties
- Design model uncertainty in structural resistance
PARTIAL COEFFICIENTS PARTIAL COEFFICIENTS
Design Points
DESIGN VALUES OF ACTIONS DESIGN VALUES OF ACTIONS
Representative Values
0
Combination coefficient

1
Frequent coefficient

2
Quasi-permanent coefficient
Recommended values of factors for buildings - EN
1990:2002
Building use categories - domestic, residential; office;
congregation, shopping; storage; traffic
Snow requires reference also to EN 1991-1-3
Treated more severely in Finland, Iceland, Norway,
Sweden
Wind in EN 1991-1-4
Bridges - different factors in relevant parts of EN
1990 & EN 1991
ACTION COMBINATIONS ACTION COMBINATIONS
Fundamental design situations - ULS
ACTION COMBINATIONS ACTION COMBINATIONS
Examples (Actual e.g.s
in STEP & TRADA GDs)
1 - Self Weight + Snow, Short Term
> Combination giving greatest axial force in columns
2 - Self Weight + Wind, Short Term
> Combination requiring anchorage against uplift
3 - Self Weight + Snow + Combination Value of Wind Loading, Short Term
> Combination giving greatest axial force combined with
bending
4 - Self Weight + Wind + Combination Value of Snow Loading, Short Term
> Combination giving greatest moment in columns
Deriving Design Values of Mechanical
Properties
EN 1990 expression (6.3)
Key: X
d
Design value of a material property;
X
k
Characteristic value of a material property;
M
Partial factor for material property;
Conversion factor taking into account
volume and scale effect, effect of moisture
and temperature, any other relevant
parameter.
For Timber and Timber-based Materials correct to EN
1995-1-1:
Recommended values of
M
EN 1995-1-1 Table 2.2 - Recommended
partial factors for material properties (
M
)
Fundamental combinations:
Solid timber 1.3
Glued laminated timber 1.25
LVL, plywood, OSB 1.2
Other wood-based materials 1.3
Connections 1.3
Punched metal plate fasteners 1.25
Accidental combinations 1
DESIGN VALUES OF MATERIALS PROPERTIES DESIGN VALUES OF MATERIALS PROPERTIES
Materials Properties
Solid timber 15 strength classes C14 - D70
EN338
Glulam 5 strength classes GL20 - GL36
EN1194
Panel prEN European standards
Products for test methods & established products
Ultimate Limit State Design
Strength class Standard name Origin
C14 C16 C18 C22 C24
Douglas Fir UK GS SS*
Larch UK GS GS
British Pine UK GS SS
British Spruce UK GS SS
British Softwoods
Timber graded in accordance with BS 4978
K Modification Factors
K
mod
duration and moisture
k
crit
lateral instability beams
k
c
buckling columns
k
def
deformation
K
ser
slip
k
h
depth and width
k
ls
load sharing
Service Classes
Service Class 1 Timber in buildings with heating and protected from
damp conditions - e.g. Internal walls, internal floors
(other than ground floors) and warm roofs.
Service Class 2 Timber in covered buildings - e.g.Ground floor structures
where no free moisture is present, cold roofs, the inner
leaf of cavity walls and external single leaf wall with
external cladding.
Service Class 3 Timber fully exposed to the weather - e.g. exposed parts
of open buildings and timber used in marine structures.
SERVICE CLASSES SERVICE CLASSES
Service Class 1
Service Class 2
Service Class 3
Values of k
mod
to EN 1995-1-1 UK National Annex (1/2)
Illustrations to the three Services Classes in EN 1995-1-1:
Service class 1 Service class 2 Service class 3
Service class 1 Service class 2 Service class 3
M.C. ~ 12% M.C. ~ 20% M.C. > 20%
Permanent 0.6 0.6 0.5
Instantaneous 1.1 1.1 0.9
Load duration
Long-term
6 months - 10 years
0.7 0.7
0.7
Medium-term
1 week - 6 months
Short-term
< 1 week
0.55
0.8 0.8 0.65
0.9 0.9
Values of k
mod
for solid timber (from EN 1995-1-1 Table 3.1 Values of k
mod
)
Values of k
mod
to EN 1995-1-1 UK National Annex (2/2)
To check the bending and shear load carrying capacity of
a glulam floor beam.
Part 3 - Illustrated Run Through a Simple
Ultimate Limit State Check
Strength Modification Factors
Partial safety factor for glulam,
M
Glulam, service class 1 and short-term loading, k
mod
Depth factor, k
h
Lateral stability factor, k
crit
Bending Check (1/2)
M
k m, mod h crit
d y, m,
f k k k
f
=
Design bending resistance according to
EN 1990 Expression (6.3) and EN 1995-1-1 Clause 2.4.3.
Bending Check (2/2)
1
f
d y, m,
d y, m,
EN 1995-1-1 Expression (6.11), and k

m
, factor
considering redistribution of bending stresses in a cross
section, is inapplicable with single-axis bending.
Shear Check
M
k v, mod
d v,
f k
f
=
Design shear resistance according to
EN 1990 Expression (6.3) and EN 1995-1-1 Clause 2.4.3.
d y, m, d y, m,
f
EN 1995-1-1 Expression (6.13)
> Deformation Principles > Deformation Principles
> MOE & Shear > MOE & Shear Moduli Moduli
> Combinations Of > Combinations Of
Actions Actions
> Components Of > Components Of
Deflection Deflection
> Final Deflection > Final Deflection
> Deflection Limits > Deflection Limits
> Examples > Examples
Serviceability Limit States
DEFORMATION PRINCIPLES DEFORMATION PRINCIPLES
MOE & SM MOE & SM
TO CALCULATE DEFORMATIONS TO CALCULATE DEFORMATIONS
COMBINATION OF ACTIONS COMBINATION OF ACTIONS
Representative Values
0
Combination coefficient

1
Frequent coefficient

2
Quasi-permanent coefficient
Irreversible Limit States
Characteristic or Rare combination
Reversible Limit States
Frequent combination
Quasi-permanent combination
When checking the long term effects of SLS i.e. creep in the case of timber
structures
COMPONENTS OF DEFLECTION COMPONENTS OF DEFLECTION
Deformations may occur due to one or combinations of the
following effects:
> Instantaneous elastic deflection
> Time dependent deflections, i.e. creep
> Shrinkage & related movements due to
moisture fluctuations in member
> Slip in mechanically fastened joints (relative
movement between members under load)
> Initial deformations - e.g. pre-cambered
beams
u
net
= net deflection
u
inst
= instantaneous net
deflection
u
fin
= final net deflection
= u
inst
(1 + k
def
)
FINAL DEFLECTION FINAL DEFLECTION
u
fin
= u
inst
(1 + k
def
)
Values of k
def
Material / Load duration Service class / k
def
Solid timber & Glulam 1 2 3
Permanent 0.8 0.8 2.0
Long term 0.5 0.5 1.5
Medium term 0.25 0.25 0.75
Short term 0 0 0.3
DEFLECTION LIMITS DEFLECTION LIMITS
Appearance
Reversible or Irreversible Limit States
> Excessive sagging of floors / ceilings - e.g. reversible
effect due to temporary crowd gathering in a room,
irreversible effect due to installation of permanent fixtures
for change of use
> Possible damage to finishes - e.g. cracking of ceilings
> Visual effects causing concern to occupants - e.g. gaps
appearing under non structural partitions
Function
Irreversible Limit States
> Damage to finishes & fixtures
> May encompass functioning of non structural parts,
plant & equipment
Comfort
Reversible Limit States
> Nuisance
> Discomfort - e.g. vibration related problems : the bouncy
floor
> May involve secondary effects - e.g. rattling furniture,
VDU screen wobble,
etc due to vibrations
EXAMPLES OF DEFLECTION LIMITS EXAMPLES OF DEFLECTION LIMITS
Recommended Vertical Deflection Limits
Limit State Example of use Recommended limits
Irreversible: cracking of plasterboard,
Instantaneous glass etc. following installation u
2,d
L/350
Irreversible: cracking of plasterboard, u
1,d
+ u
2,d
+ u
creep
Final glass etc. at end of design life L/250
Reversible: vibration of u
1,d
+ u
2,d
min
Instantaneous domestic timber joisted floors (14 mm, L/333)
Final Reversible:appearance of roofs and ceilings u
1,d
+ u
2,d
+ u
creep
L/150
EXAMPLES OF DEFLECTION LIMITS EXAMPLES OF DEFLECTION LIMITS
Recommended Horizontal Deflections
Limit State Example of use Recommended limits
Irreversible Portal frames etc.
with masonry u
2,d
h
e
/300
Instantaneous Portal frames etc.
without masonry u
2,d
h
e
/200
Multi-storey Per storey u
2,d
h
e
/300
buildings
Whole height u
2,d
h
e
/500
Irreversible Horizontal deflections u
1,d
+ u
2,d
+ u
creep
h
e
/650
final - t.frame + masonry caused by vertical
actions
HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION LIMITS HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION LIMITS
Portal Frames
Medium Rise Timber Frame
Examples
Portal Frame Structure
Irreversible instantaneous
h
e
/300

+ masonry
h
e
/200, no masonry
Pre-cambered Bridge Truss
Reversible final (appearance)
u
1
+ u
2
+ u
creep
acceptable
pre-camber
after 50yrs.
Examples
TRADA software - timber sizer
TRADA software - joints designer
TRADA software - joints designer
TRADA software - flitch beam designer
TRADA software - flitch beam designer
PII 304 Eurocode Actions Pre-Processor
PII 304 project will:
enable designers to perform safe economical
interpretation and application of Eurocodes 0, 1 and 5.
improve better current current practice design via
software and downloadable supporting information.
69
70
Project primary output: The Actions Pre-Processor
software
Software assisting in defining and calculating design
values of actions to Eurocode suite.
Target users:
Trained structural / civil engineers who intend to
acquire a thorough knowledge of Eurocodes 0, 1 and 5
principles or have already received some dedicated
TRADA CPD training.
CPD lecturers
71
Input window of the software:
72
Output screen 1: Actions summary
73
Output screen 2: Critical load cases
74
Output screen 3: All load cases
The Actions Pre-Processor can be downloaded
on TRADA website:
http://research.ttlchiltern.co.uk/pii304/index.htm
Further information on TRADA website:
Eurocode 5 Design Guidance
Eurocode 5 Design Examples
Worked examples illustrating the software potential.
Timber Design Knowledge provide further
information on Eurocodes
Software:
Software: http://www.trada.co.uk/software
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EN 1995-1-1 Expression (6.11), and k

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