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Accepted to publish in the book title "Industrial Applications of Affective Engineering" - the book of selected papers of ISAE2013/JSKE2013, by Springer
Abstract The more that human society develops, the greater the human need for well-mannered and elegant clothes, especially traditional costumes. Selecting ne clothes for a specic occasion is always an interesting individual question. Based on computer vision and machine learning, this research proposes a Kansei (emotional) evaluation for Aodai, which is traditional and well-known Vietnamese clothes for women. Features of an Aodai image are described by color coherence vectors. Selforganizing maps and multi-layer neural networks are used to learn the relationships between the image features and the Kansei words. Once learned, the system can recommend which Aodai is suitable for a woman through her desired feelings. She can use this recommendation when purchasing an Aodai at on-line stores or selecting one from her own collection for an outing. Topics for future research include investigating other image representation methods, such as combinations of color buckets in different parts of the Aodai, using more detailed descriptions in decorative patterns, and integrating conspicuity factors such as color harmony, discriminability and visibility.
Thang Cao The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan, e-mail: cao@hpc.is.uec.ac.jp Hung T. Nguyen VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam, e-mail: nguyenthehungkhmttn@gmail.com Hien M. Nguyen Hanoi Water Resources University, Hanoi, Vietnam, e-mail: hiennm@wru.vn Yukinobu Hoshino Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan, e-mail: hoshino.yukinobu@kochi-tech.ac.jp
1 Introduction
One important aspect that highlights the beauty of Vietnamese women is their Aodai costume. Early versions of the Vietnamese Aodai appeared in the 17th century in the Nguyen Dynasty. Throughout the countrys history, the Aodai has changed little in design, decorative pattern, and color [1]. Currently, the most popular Aodai style is a long dress that ts tightly around the womens upper torso, and splits into two aps from the waist down, covering wide pants. This style emphasizes a womans bust and curves while making it easy to move, as shown in Fig. 1. Each Aodai is customized to t a specic body. Color and decorative patterns, together with the wearers emotions, normally depend on her age and outgoing environment. Young girls often dress in pure white, ofce women in delicate pastels with slight decoration, and middle-aged women in strong, rich colors and decorations, as illustrated in Fig. 2. A womans Aodai also embodies her personality and social position. Using computer vision and machine learning, this paper presents a Kansei evaluation system for the Aodai. Based on Aodai images and emotional evaluations gathered from a survey, the system estimates whether an Aodai image ts the feelings of a woman. Section 2 describes the selection of an Aodai for different occasions. Section 3 introduces Kansei engineering in fashion design. Sections 4 and 5 present the selection of Kansei words, image features, and data preparation in our experiments. Section 6 presents the modeling of the Kansei evaluation for Aodai images featured by CCV histograms with Self-organizing Map and Neural Networks. Our conclusions and future works are discussed in Section 7.
Fig. 2: Examples of Aodai for girls (left), ofce women (middle), and middle-aged women (right)
From such questions, the woman chooses an Aodai with the color and decoration which she thinks the most suitable and she hopes that the others also feel in a similar way. However, sometimes things chosen by the emotion of an individual do not t
the others, and the wearer may need an advice, especially when going to a special event. She also needs a recommendation when looking for an appropriate Aodai on on-line stores.
This research deals with emotional evaluation for Vietnamese Aodai images. Images features and Kansei words are learned by Self-organizing maps and multi-layer neural networks. Having learned, the system can recommend which Aodai is suitable for a woman through her desired feelings and can be used in purchasing an Aodai at on-line stores or selecting one from her own fashion collection.
column y of the image, the color intensity histogram is given as follows: hi = card {(x, y)|I (x, y) = i} (1)
That means hi is the number of pixels having a color intensity value of i. Color histograms are often used to compare images because different objects usually have distinctive histograms, and histograms are easy to calculate. However, a color histogram only shows overall pixel intensity information and does not represent correlations between color objects on the images. Two different images may have the same color intensity histogram.
discretized color buckets are calculated. A pixel is coherent if the size of its connected component exceeds a xed value , and the pixel is incoherent otherwise. The CCV of an image is the vector (i , i ), where i is the number of coherent pixels and i is the number of incoherent pixels of the i-th discretized color. It has been reported that CCV is better than color histograms in image comparison [10]. Fig. 4 illustrates CCV regions on an Aodai image.
Table 2: The number of training instances for each Kansei word Kansei Words Training Instances Percentage Sober 415 09.20 Elegant 734 16.27 Cute 551 12.22 Showy 448 09.93 Attractive 489 10.84 Gorgeous 520 11.53 Casual 784 17.38 Debilitating 218 04.83 Restful 351 07.78
6 Modeling Relations between Aodai Clothes and Kansei Words 6.1 Modeling by SOM
Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) is a kind of unsupervised learning. It is often used to discover structures or relationships in data. SOM automatically nd a mapping from the space of input vectors to a one or two-dimensional space. The mapping preserves the closeness between the vectors; two input vectors close to each other would be mapped to points on the output map that still keep the spatial relationship in the input space [11]. The advantage of SOM is that it is simple, easy to understand, and good for visualization. One can easily train the network and then intuitively evaluate how well the training is performed and how similar the objects are. The limitation of SOM is accuracy of distances among output neurons. It is easy to see the distribution of input vectors on the output map, but it is difcult to accurately evaluate distances and similarities between them. Moreover, if the output dimension and learning algorithms are chosen improperly, similar input vectors may not be always close to each other and the network may converge into some local optimal points [12]. SOM has so far been used in many practical applications, including Kansei modeling [8, 9]. In this research, inputs to the SOM are CCV histograms and its output is a map showing locations of Aodai images. Aodai images with similarities in CCV histograms would be arranged in the vicinity each other. The modeling Kansei words described for the similar Aodai would also be in the vicinity each other. The modeling of Aodai images and Kansei words by SOM is illustrated in Fig. 5.
Fig. 6: Normalized emotional degrees (right) for an Aodai image (left) using similar images on SOMs output map that is shown in Fig. 7
On a winner neuron on the output map, modeling emotional degrees are estimated from training instances fallen on the neuron and its neighbours described below. Let the winner neuron be B, its neighbour neuron be Bn (n = 1, . . . , N ), degrees of emotional words modeled by the winner be A j ( j = 1, . . . , 9 for the nine emotional words.) A j is computed as follows:
j j A j = AB + AB dBn B n n=1 N
(2)
j j where AB and AB are degrees of the word A j on the neuron B and Bn , respectively, n dBn B is the distance of the neighbor neuron Bn to the winner neuron B, dBn B is close to one when Bn is near B and it is close to zero otherwise. When a woman chooses an Aodai, its image will be put into the SOM inputs and a winner neuron will be identied on the output map. By Eq. (2), the system estimates degrees of Kansei words associated with the winner neuron as emotional evaluations for the Aodai. Fig. 6 shows an example of emotional evaluations for an Aodai image by SOM. An output map is illustrated on Fig. 7.
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Fig. 7: A SOM map for Aodai Images after learning with CCV histograms
network, a set of training instances with corresponding outputs need to be provided. A trained neural network can be used to predict outputs for unknown input data. In modeling emotional evaluations of Aodai clothes, inputs to the neural network are the features of Aodai images, and outputs are Kansei words with their degrees. After training, relations of the image features and emotional words are generalized, and the trained neural network can give a proper emotional word to a new Aodai image. When a woman looks for an Aodai, the system can help her identify how people feel about the Aodai that she likes. The modeling by neural networks is shown in Fig. 8.
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Fig. 9: Normalized emotional degrees from Neural Network for the input image shown on the left of Fig. 6
In our experiment, inputs to the NN are CCV histograms and outputs are nine Kansei words. The NN adopts the sine function on the hidden layer and the identity function on the output layer. Fig. 9 shows a normalized emotional evaluation by the NN for the input image shown on the left of Fig. 6. As illustrated on Fig. 6 and Fig. 9, dominant degree adjectives are almost the same in using both SOM and NN to modeling emotions of the Aodai image.
7 Conclusions
This paper presents a modeling of emotional evaluations for traditional Vietnamese Aodai clothes based on computer vision and machine learning. Based on the image data and the emotional Kansei words collected from surveys, the system can recommend which emotional words are suitable for a given Aodai. Experimental results show that SOM and neural networks are suitable tools for modeling emotional evaluations of Aodai images described by CCV histograms. Our future research includes investigating other image representation methods, such as combinations of color buckets in different parts of the Aodai, using more
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detailed descriptions in decorative patterns, integrating conspicuity factors such as color harmony, discriminability and visibility. We plan to conduct a survey with more people, and extend our research for Aodai images with outgoing scene backgrounds.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Mr. Dang Tuan Linh at Ritsumeikan University and other people for their valuable help on the Aodai evaluation survey.
References
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