OMP110030 Antenna Basics ISSUE1.02

Antenna Basics
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
Antenna is the most basic and important equipment in radio network. The specification and selection of antenna is very important for network QoS.
Page2
Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals 2. Antenna Working Principle 3. Antenna Specifications 4. Antenna Selection
5. Electric Downtilt Antenna
Page3
Contents
Page4
Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
1.1 Overview 1.2 Antenna type 1.3 Polarization
Page5
Overview
Antenna Adjustable Support Holding Pole ( 50~114)
GSM/CDMA Panel Antenna
Grounding Point
Wall Main Feeder7/8 BTS
Feeder Support
Feeder Clip
Lightning Arrester
Page6
Contents
Page7
Antenna Type
Division standard Radiation direction
Type Omni-directional antenna Directional antenna Linear antenna Panel antenna Cap antenna
Structural feature
Polarization way
Vertical polarization antenna (unipolarization antenna) Cross polarization antenna (dual polarization antenna)
Page8
Antenna Type By Direction
Directional antenna
omni antenna
Page9
Antenna Type By Structure
Plate-shape antenna
Cap-shape antenna
Whip-shape
Paraboloid antenna
Page10
Antenna Type By Polarization
Omni antenna
Uni-polarization Directional antenna
Dual polarization Directional antenna
Page11
Contents
Page12
Polarization (Cont.)
In electromagnetic wave radiated by antenna, the direction of electric field vector is the direction of antenna polarization.
Vertical Polarization
Horizontal Polarization
+45o Polarization
-45o Polarization
Page13
Polarization
Two antenna combined together, transmit and receive
two independent wave.
0/ 90Polarization
+ 45/ - 45Polarization
Page14
Polarization Loss
When polarization direction of transmited wave and
receiving antenna is different, there will be a Polarization
Loss during receival.
Linear Polarization wave will take 3dB loss when received

by Circular Polarization antenna.
Horizontal Polarization antenna can not receive the

energy from Vertical Polarization wave.
Page15
Contents
Page16
Antenna Radiation (Cont.)
According to Maxwell equation, electromagnetic wave radiation can be generated if alternate

A
current is present in the

conductor. The radiation capability is related to
the length and shape of

the conductor.
C
Page17
The straight conductor that can generate intensive
radiation is called dipole.
If the length of the two arms of a dipole is 1/4 wavelength, the dipole is called symmetrical dipole
Wavelength() 1/4 1/2 1/2 Dipole 1/4
900MHz
-> : 166mm
1800MHz -> : 83mm

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page18
Symmetry Dipole Radiation

Top view
Side view
Concentration
Page19
1mW by one dipole
4mW by array of four dipole
6dB Gain
Page20
By reflection, radiation energy can be concentrated
to single direction.
Antenna (Top View)
Omni: 4mW
Directional: 8mW
6dB Gain
9dB Gain
Page21
Antenna Radiation
The more the dipole in one

antenna, the more concentrated the radiated
energy, the higher the
Antenna Gain.
From one dipole to
nine dipole, Antenna
Gain increase from 0 to

9dBd.
Page22
Contents
Page23
Electric Specifications
Page24
Frequency Range (Cont.)

Frequency Range is also called Antenna Bandwidth.

Antenna works in specific range frequency. The Central
Frequency (fc) have the best performance, deviation of fc deteriorate the performance.
Two definition of Antenna Bandwidth: 3dB deterioration

of Antenna Gain or VSWR too high, typically 1.5. The later one is commonly used in wireless communication.
Page25
Frequency Range
Central Frequency 850MHz is with best performance. But

within Bandwidth 820MHz-890MHz, VSWR<1.5, the
performance is acceptable.
1/2 : 850MHz
820MHz 890MHz
Dipole
Page26
Directionality
The Directionality is the ability of Antenna to radiate
electromagnetic wave in a specific direction.
As to receiving, it is the ability to receive signal from different direction. Directionality is represented by
Antenna Pattern Diagram.
Antenna Pattern Diagram shows the transmitting and

receiving ability of antenna at different direction of space.
Page27
Antenna Pattern (Cont.)

Horizontal Half Power Bandwidth -3dB
Back Lobe
Zero Point Main Lobe First Side Lobe
Vertical pattern
Horizontal pattern
Page28
Antenna Pattern (Cont.)
Page29
Antenna Pattern
Parameter Zero Point Filling Description When zero depth is -20dB or greater, and the antenna is high, to ensure the coverage, zero point filling is needed. Angle included by two direction of 3dB deterioration than the max transmission direction. Horizontal half power Lobe width and vertical half Lobe width. The ratio of the maximum main lobe power to the maximum side lobe power. The ratio of the maximum main lobe power to the maximum back lobe power. Back lobe cause interference.
Half Power Lobe Width
Side Lobe Suppression Ratio Front-to-back ratio
Page30
Antenna Gain (Cont.)
Antenna Gain is an important antenna index, indicating

the antenna capability (directional antenna) of
concentrating energy into a certain direction.
Isotropic Antenna Dipole Antenna
-87.15dBm -85dBm
Practical Antenna
-70dBm
2.15dB
dBd (15)
dBi (17.15)
Page31
Antenna Gain
Relationship between Antenna Gain Ga, Horizontal Half
Power Lobe Width and Vertical Half Power Lobe Width

:
32400 Ga 10 log
Page32
Downtilt Angle (Cont.)
Electric Downtilt and Mechanical Downtilt. Generally, the

former is better, but expensive.
No Downtilt
Electric
Mechanical
Distortion
Downtilt Angle
Electric Downtilt and Mechanical Downtilt. Genarally, the

former is better, but more expensive.
10 Electric
6 Electric + 4 Mechanical
o
10 Mechanical
Page34
Others
Parameter Port Isolation Description For the antenna with multiple ports, such as dual polarization antenna, the isolation between the ports for both transmission and reception must be greater than 30dB The max average power capacity. For example, a single carrier is 40W, one port input eight carriers, the total input of the antenna is 320W. Therefore, the power capacity of a single port must be greater than 320W. Related to environmental temperature, typically tested under 50 oC. Third-order Intermodulation product. Two TRX use f1 and f2, both input power 43dBm. The Third-order Intermodulation product is 2f1-f2 and 2f2-f1, the power of which should be less than, for example, 150dBc or -107dBm.
Power Capacity
IM3
Page35
Mechanical Specifications
Input Connector
Type
Working Temperature
Working Humidity
Wind Load Size and Weight
Page36
Contents
Page37
Overview
The antenna selection is very important. The selection
should consider actual conditions, such as coverage

requirement, traffic volume, interference, and QoS.
Antenna selection is closely related to coverage, so the
antenna application can be divided into four types

according to landforms or traffic distribution: Urban area,
Suburban area, Rural area, and Road area.
Page38
Problem in Antenna Selection
Landforms and Antenna Pattern.
Blind under tower.
Large Mechanical Downtilt.
Distortion -> Interference
High Gain Antenna.
Size, Zero Point, Side Lobe
Polarization.
Loss.
Page39
Downtilt Planning (Cont.)
Downtilt Angle decided by Half Power Lobe Width ,
Antenna High H and Coverage Distance D.
arctan( H D) 2
Page40
Downtilt Planning
Antenna Type 65 degrees, 15 dBi 65 degrees, 15 dBi 65 degrees, 15 dBi 65 degrees, 15 dBi 65 degrees, 15 dBi 65 degrees, 15 dBi 65 degrees, 15 dBi 65 degrees, 15 dBi Vertical Half Power Angle 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Cell radius R(m) 250 250 250 500 500 500 500 800 Antenna Height (m) 30 35 40 25 30 35 40 30 Downtilt Angle (degree) 14 15 17 10 11 12 12 10
65 degrees, 15 dBi
15
1000
30
Page41
Urban Area
Sites are very dense in urban areas. The coverage area of each cell should be as small as possible to reduce interference and enhance frequency reuse. Parameter Horizontal Half Power Lobe Width: Antenna Gain Antenna Polarization Requirement

Should be smaller value, 65typically. Proper selection can reduce interference
medium gain 15dBi (900MHz) and 15-18dBi (1800 MHz)

Consider the limited space in cities, Dual Polarization Antenna is prefered.
Page42
Suburban Area
Because the environment is suburban areas are largely different from that of urban areas, antennas used in suburban areas can be selected according to the required coverage area. Parameter Horizontal Half Power Lobe Width: Requirement

65 or 90 can be selected According to actual conditions.
Antenna type
Omni antennas are not recommended for smooth expansion in the future.
Page43
Rural Area
In rural areas, traffic volume is small and base station are sparsely distributed, so some base stations are required to cover a large area. Parameter Antenna type Horizontal Half Power Lobe Width: Zero Point Requirement Omni Antenna is recommended. If for wide coverage, high gain directional antenna is required.
If directional antenna, 90 is recommended .
When high site for wide coverage, zero point filling is necessary.
Page44
Road Coverage
To cover the areas along railways and highroads, a
directional antenna with narrow beams can be selected.
To cover the highroads and the villages scattered around the highroads, an omni antenna can be selected.
To cover highroads only, an 8-shaped antenna can be

selected.
To cover the highroads and the towns on one side of the highroads, the 210antenna can be selected.
Page45
Road Coverage (Cont.)
Page46
Road Coverage
Page47
Reference
Landform Urban Suburban Type Directional Directional Reference Generally, select low or medium gains and preset electrical tilt angle.
Generally, select the antennas with high gain; both electrical and mechanical tilt antenna are ok.

Plains & Rural
Directional
Omni Directional
Generally, select the 90 antennas.

Select the antennas with zero point filling.
Expressways
First select the 8-shaped antennas, it is preferred to have zero point filling function.
Directional First consider the 210 antennas, and then consider using the + Omni directional antenna and omni antenna together. Omni Moutain top, first consider the antennas with zero point filling function, and then consider the antennas with low gain.
Mountain
Directional
Moutain side, first consider the antennas with low gain and wide vertical beams.
Page48
Contents
Page49
Contents
1.1 Basics 1.2 Antenna system
Page50
Electric Downtilt Antenna
In Electric Downtilt Antenna, feeding network is used to
adjust amplitude& phase of input signal from different

path, so as to form radiation beam with a certain shape.
Page51
Classification
FET (Fixed Electric Downtilt)
Electric Downtilt is fixed
MET (Mechanical Electric Downtilt)
Electric Downtilt is changed by knob or pulling bar
RET (Remote Electric Downtilt)
Electric Downtilt is changed by OMC. Add RCU (Remote Control Unit) to MET.
Page52
MET and RET

Radome Radome
Pulling bar
RCU
Control cable (DC+ control signals )
Pulling bar
MET
RET
Page53
Contents
1.1 Basics 1.2 RET Antenna system
Page54
RET Antenna System

Antenna
Antenna
RCU SBT
SBT
RCU
BT
BT BTS BSC
BTS
OMC
Page55
Component
RCU (Remote Control Unit)
motor driving and controlling unit for antenna. Receive and execute command from BTS, drive the motor which drives the adjustable phase shifter, so as to change the downtilt.
SBT (Smart Bias-Tee)
Abstract DC (power source) and controlling command from feeder.
Provide DC and controlling command for RCU.
BT (Bias-Tee)
Couple DC and controlling command into feeder.

Page56
RCU
Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3
Motor
Antenna RCU SBT Antenna RCU Antenna RCU
Port 1 to SBT
Port 2 to cascading RCU

BT
BTS
BT
Port 3 to DATU Board Port 1 to feeder/antenna DC/OOK RF OOK DC Port 2 to BTS
Bias Tee
RF
RF signal
DC signal
OOK signal
Page58
SBT
Port 2 to Feeder Port 1 to Antenna
Smart Bias Tee
Port 3 to RCU
RF signal
DC signal
OOK signal
RS485 signal
Page59
Summary

In this course, we have learned: Antenna working principles Important Antenna specifications Choose correct type of antenna in different situation
Electric Downtilt Antenna
Page60
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Antenna Basics

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

5. Electric Downtilt Antenna

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

5. Electric Downtilt Antenna

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

GSM/CDMA Panel Antenna

Wall Main Feeder7/8 BTS

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Type By Direction

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Type By Structure

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Type By Polarization

Uni-polarization Directional antenna

Dual polarization Directional antenna

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Two antenna combined together, transmit and receive

two independent wave.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

When polarization direction of transmited wave and

receiving antenna is different, there will be a Polarization

Loss during receival.

Linear Polarization wave will take 3dB loss when received

Horizontal Polarization antenna can not receive the

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

5. Electric Downtilt Antenna

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Radiation (Cont.)

According to Maxwell equation, electromagnetic wave radiation can be generated if alternate

current is present in the

the length and shape of

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Radiation (Cont.)

The straight conductor that can generate intensive

radiation is called dipole.

1800MHz -> : 83mm

Antenna Radiation (Cont.)

Symmetry Dipole Radiation

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Radiation (Cont.)

1mW by one dipole

4mW by array of four dipole

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Radiation (Cont.)

By reflection, radiation energy can be concentrated

The more the dipole in one

energy, the higher the

From one dipole to

nine dipole, Antenna

Gain increase from 0 to

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

5. Electric Downtilt Antenna

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency Range (Cont.)

Frequency Range is also called Antenna Bandwidth.

Two definition of Antenna Bandwidth: 3dB deterioration