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Strong Acids
Strong acids are acids that are completely or nearly 100% ionized in their solutions. Here are some common strong acids: Ionization of a strong acid HA can be represented by: HA = H+ + Ax x Strong acids Type Hydrogen halides HCl Formula HBr HI
Oxyacids HClO3 HBrO3 HIO3 where x is the concentration of H+, [H+]. For a strong acid, [H+] = [A-] = concentration of acid (= x ), if x is much greater of halogens, HClO HBrO HIO 4 4 4 than 1x10-7 (represented as e-7). For a very dilute strong acid solution with concentration less than 1E-7, the pH is Sulfuric acid H2SO4 dominated by the autoionization of water,
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H2O = H+ + OH-,
Kw = 1e-14 at 298 K.
Nitric acid
HNO3
The pH and pOH scale at 298 K pH [H+] pOH 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.1 0.01 1e-4 1e-5 1e-6 13 12 10 9 8
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= 368 g (1 mol/36.5 g <- molar mass of HCl) = 10.08 M = [H+] pH = -log(10..08) = -1.003 Discussion Yes, pH have negative values if [H+] > 1.0 Check out the information on nitric acid, and calculate the pH of a stock nitric acid solution. Example 3 Calculate the pH of a solution containing 1.00E-7 of HCl. Solution [H+] = 1.0e-7 M from the strong acid, and if x is the amount from the ionization of water, then we have the equilibrium due to the autoionization of water:
+ + C H C l = H l + < -[ H ]f r o mt h ea c i d
1 E 7
1 E 7
+ + O H O = H H 2 ( 1 E 7 ) + x x
< -w ed o n ' tk n o wy e t
Recall that Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1E-14, due to the ionization equilibrium of water in the solution: {(1.00E-7)+x } x = 1E-14 x 2 + 1.00e-7x - 1.00E-14 = 0 Solving this equation for x results in x = {-1.00E-7 + (1.00E-14 + 4*1.00E-14)1/2} / 2 = 0.61E-7 + [H ] = (1.00 + 0.61)E-7 M pH = -log(1.61E-7) = 6.79
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Strong Bases
Strong bases are completely ionized in solution. For example, KOH dissolve in water in the reaction KOH = K+ + OH-. Relative to strong acids, there are fewer number of strong bases. Most strong bases are alkali hydroxides. Calcium oxide is considered a strong base, because it is completely, almost completely, ionized. However, the solubility of calcium hydroxide is very low. When Ca(OH)2 dissolve in water, the ionization reaction is as follows: Ca(OH)2 = Ca2+ + 2 OH-. Strong bases Name Formula Sodium NaOH hydroxide Potassium KOH hydroxide Cesium CsOH hydroxide Calcium Ca(OH) 2 hydroxide
The concentration of OH- is twice the concentration of Ca2+, [OH-] = 2 [Ca2+] Example 4 Calculate the pOH of a solution containing 1.2345E-4 M Ca(OH)2 . Solution Based on the ionization, [OH-] = 2*1.234e4 = 2.468E-4 M pOH = -log(2.468E-4) = 3.61 Discussion The molar solubility of calcium hydroxide is 0.013 M Ca(OH)2. Calculate the pOH. pOH = 1.58
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Autoionization of Water
The equilibrium product Kw = [H+] [OH-] is a constant at a definite temperature due to the autoionization of water, H2O = H+ + OH-. At 298 K, Kw = 10-14 and the following relationship in any aqueous solution is obvious, pOH + pH = 14 at 298 K. Of course, when T is higher than 298 K, pH + pOH is slightly less than 14 due to a higher degree of ionization of water. Conversely, at low temperatures, pH + pOH is larger than 14 due to less degree of ionization.
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What is the pH for a solution which is 0.050 M HCl? Answer 1.3 Hint... This solution contains 1.83 g of HCl per liter. [H+] = 0.050. Which of the following is usually referred to as strong acid in water solution? HF, HNO2 , H2 CO3 , H2 S, HSO4 -, Cl-, HNO3 , HCN Answer HNO3 Consider... All others are weak acids
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