PIPING COMPONENTS & THEIR USES

PIPE: For flow in straight line is passed through any working fluid. MANUFACTURE: BENDING: Pipe bending can be done by hot/cold on a bending machine or plate. For hot bending the material shall be heated all round the circumference to the temperature heated all round the circumference to the temperature range specified in the Heat treatment schedules. Care shall be exercised for minimizing ovality and thinning, wrinkles, stretch back, buckling, flattening etc. Records for the first off trials are to be maintained by Quality Control and OP&C for every R/D ratio. All bends shall be checked for arm length, plane of bend and angle either with template or protractor or layout with reference to centerline of the pipe. The following tolerances shall apply for bending. OVALITY: The deviation from circulatory in percentage in any cross section of a bend shall be calculated by the following formula. D Max. MIN X 100 D When R/D ratio is more than 5, the ovality should not exceed 8% of the O.D. For the other cases the above formula shall be followed. THINNING: Thinning shall be follows. (a) (b) (c) For seamless pipes 22.5% of the nominal thickness. (Since 12.5% negative tolerance is considered for design. For plateformed pipes 10% shall be based on the minimum thickness. For I.D controlled pipes the thinning shall be 10% based on the minimum thickness. <20 D/R

WRINKLES: All bends shall be visually examined for wrinkles, local damage etc. Permissible wrinkles are detailed below: (i) (ii) All waveshapes shall blend into the pipe surface in a gradual manner. The maximum vertical height of any wave measured from the average height of two adjoining crests to the valley shall not exceed 3% of the specified pipe size.

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(iii)

The minimum ratio of the distance between crests as compared to the height between crests and the included valley shall be 12 to 1.

Wrinkles, which exceed the above-recommended limits, shall be rectified to bring them within limits by hot forming with swage blocks before the bends are subjected to the required heat treatment. For alloy steel pipes, the area is to be tested by MPI. Localized bulging at the start of the bend shall be treated in the same manner as above except that clause 5.3.3. (C) is not applicable. TUBE: Any round tubular product that are not in standard Pipe size are called Tube (or) Tubing. ELBOWS: For effective changes in the direction of flow. Long radius elbow: Short radius elbow R = 1.5D R = 1D

Arc length(A) = R tan (ang/2) Ang = elbow angle

TEES & STUBS: For branching of flow where distribution to more than one place to another direction. Tees: Equal Tee (Where the Connecting Sizes are equal) Un Equal Tee (Where the connecting Sizes are Unequal) Stub (Branches): If the Branch size is below nb 50 mm is called as Stub. (It is like a Half-coupling) The size of the Stub selected based on the Class rating (Pressure) In Piping centre Class 3000, 6000, 9000 are practiced Stubs drains, vents and instrumentation Branch User Drain To push out the water particles in the pipe (like avoid Water hammering) Vent To push out the air (like avoid air lock) REDUCERS & REDUCING COUPLINGS: For reduce flow rate for any fluids and reduce the pressure and also joints the two different sizes of pipes. Reducers: Concentric Rducer (Where the axis of joints are same plane) Eccentric Reducer (Where the axis of joints are misalighned) FLANGE Flange is the connecting component of two joining lines wihtout welding (bolting). Mostly Flanges are used frequently service DETAIL ENGINEERING

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DDR: Detail Design Release To size the pipe: System pressure, thickness. Temperature is vital part. Depending on the medium, Pipe size Thickness and Material are selected. 1. Reducer: To save the material To correct the velocity 2. Flat end closure 3. Flange 4. Tees 5. Lug plate 6. Carrier plate 7. Lug with elbow

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