STUDY GUIDE PROOFS (page 49 & 65ff) Axiom I Contradictories (diagonal flip): ASP OSP ESP ISP ~OSP

~ASP ~ISP ~ESP

(all) A
(truth trickles down) (some) I

(no T & T)
seeeu See p. 54

E (none)
(truth trickles down)

(no F & F)

O (some not)

VOCAB Take: ALK A = quantifier L = subject K = predicate is = copula

Take for example

Axiom II Contraries (top truth slide): ASP ~ESP ESP ~ASP (only work one way) Axiom III Simple Conversion of E ESP EPS

These are the only axioms that you need to know. Every relation on the square can be proved from these rules.
TO MAKE A CONCLUSION (P 91): 2 universals (A or E): universal 1 uni. / 1 particular: particular 2 particulars (I or O): XXXX 2 affirmatives (A or I): affirmative 1 aff. / 1 negative: negative 2 negatives (E or O): XXXX The non-middle term of the minor premise is the subject of your conclusion. The non-middle term of the major premise is the predicate.

DISTRIBUTION (p. 71) A Always check for two things: S P 1) Distributed middle term A O -2) If a term is distributed in E O O the conclusion, check that it I -- -is also distributed in a O -- O premise. (Maybe no term is distributed in the conclusion!) If either of these are not met, then you have a FORMAL FALLACY (p. 92). There are only three formal fallacies: If (1) is broken, then it is the Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle Term. If (2) is broken, check which premise failed to distribute the term. You will have either the Fallacy of the Illicit Major, or of the Illicit Minor.

EPR (minor) AGP (major) EGR P = Middle term Mood = EAE Figure = 1 Name = EAE-1 (see page 75)

FIGURE (p 77) MP SM PM SM MP MS PM MS Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 1 Barbara Celarent Darii Ferio

MEMORIZE THESE LATIN NAMES! (p 98) Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Baroco Bocardo Camenes Cesare Datisi Dimaris Camestres Disamis Fresison Festino Ferison

The vowels correspond to the mood, the column to the figure.

Contradictory: Propositions which always have the opposite truth values. Contrary: Propositions which cannot both be true. (If one is false, its contrary is unknown!) Sub-contrary: Propositions which cannot both be false. (If one is true, its sub-contrary is unknown!) Sub-alternation / implication: The truth of the particular follows from the truth of the universal. (If the universal is false, the particular is unknown!)

Euclids Fifth Postulate (MEMORIZE!) (p 29): That, if a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight liens, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles.

Read and comprehend the Eratosthenes story from pages 37 48. If you want, find extra resources online to help make any of the concepts clearer. Do your best to explain why the assumptions are necessary. Do your best to show your work with the math. Read, comprehend, and memorize the list of informal fallacies (AKA fallacies of relevance) from pages 18-21. Memorize that Latin! Read and memorize Euclids stuff from pages 27-29. Note: postulates begin with either to or that. Common notions dont mention any geometric shapes; they talk about things or wholes & parts and four out of five have to do with equals. Memorize the postulates and the common notions, and you should be good. Remember: If you know the truth-value of one corner of the square, you dont necessarily know for certain the truth-values of every other corner. Be comfortable with leaving things blank. Get plenty of rest, take your time, check your work, circle the distributed terms in the syllogisms, trust your memory of the rules, and if you dont trust your memory then ask yourself if your answer makes sense. Everything in logic makes sense. If you dont remember a rule (for example: simple conversion), just think up an example and youll re-discover the rule quickly on your own.