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Gabriel I. Tardos Department of Chemical Engineering The City College of The City University of New York Convent Ave at 140 Street New York NY 10036
Course Content
Part: I. Fundamentals of Particle and Powder Science A basic course in the theory and practice of dry powders (Lectures 1- 5):
1. Powder metrology, i.e. characterization of particles and assemblies of particles 2. Packing of granular solids 3. Theoretical Models of bulk Powders 4. Inter-particle forces and tribology in particulate systems
Part III. Unit operations with powders, i.e., powder processing (Lectures 9-13): 1. Fluidization and fluidization technology 2. Filtration of dusty gases 3. Agglomeration of fine particles 4. Bulk powder handling, conveying and storing, 5. Mixing and segregation of powders Total Time: 2.5 hours / week for 13 weeks
References
1. M. Rhodes, Introduction to Particle Technology, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998. ISBN 0 471 98483 3. 2. P. A. Shamlou, Handling of Bulk Solids: Theory and Practice, Butterworths, London, 1988, 1990. ISBN 0 407 011 80 3 3. H. Rumpf, Particle Technology, Chapman and Hall, London, Carl Hanser, Munich, 1975, 1990. ISBN 0 412 35230 3 4. R. M. Nedderman, Statics and Kinematics of Granular Materials, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992. ISBN 0521 404 35 5 5. K. Rietema, The Dynamics of fine powders, Elsevier, London, 1991. ISBN 1 85166 594 3 6. A. Drescher, Analytical Methods in Bin-load Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991. ISBN 0 444 88368-1 7. D. Geldart, Gas Fluidization Technology, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1986. ISBN 0471 90806 1 8. G.I. Tardos, A fluid mechanistic approach to slow, frictional flow of powders, Powder Technology, Vol. 92, (1997), pages 61-74. 9. G.I. Tardos, Separation of Airborne dust in deep-bed filtration, Chapter 12 in Advances in Aerosol Filtration, Ed. K.R. Spurny, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 1998. ISBN 0 87371 830 5 10. G.I Tardos, Stresses in Hoppers and Bins: Use of Jenikes method for hopper design , address on the world wide WEB http://www.erc.ufl.edu/erpt/992Q/tard-00.htm 11. G.I Tardos et.al., Critical parameters and limiting conditions in binder granulation of fine powders, Powder Technology, Vol. 94, (1997), pp 245-258. 12. S. Lowell and J. E. Shields, Powder Surface area and porosity, Chapman and Hall, London, New York, (1984), ISBN 0412252406, Chapters 1-6.
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Detailed description of lectures Lecture #1: Introduction [Ref 5, pp 1-10]. Definition of a powder. Production of powders. Operations with powders. Particle and Powder Metrology [ Ref 1, pp 55-79, Ref 3, pp 10-28, Ref 5, pp 19-34]. Geometric measure of particle size. Particle shape characterization: the shape factor. Equivalent particle sizes: volume, surface area, sieve, sedimentation, light scattering, etc. Populations of particles: cumulative and differential particle size distributions, average particle sizes. Lecture #2: Powder Metrology (continued). Measurement of particle size distributions: Sieving, Light scattering, etc. Laboratory demonstration. Worked examples. Two parameter distributions: Rossin-Rammler, Gaudin-Schuhmann, Log-Normal. Lecture #3: Packings of powders and their properties [ Ref 3, pp 43-54, Ref 5, pp 26-39]. Porosity and its measurement (porosimetry), Bulk density, Coordination number and Rumfs first equation, Layer spacing, Specific surface area and the BET method, Hausner ratio. Laboratory demonstration and interpretation of results. Lecture #4: Theoretical models of bulk powders: The granular and capillary views. The concept of the equivalent medium. Geometric equivalence of the granular and the capillary views. The continuum model of a bulk powder: the porous media model and Darcys law. Applications: Erguns correlation and fluidized beds [Ref 1 pp 1-17, Ref 3 pp 56-86, Ref 7 pp11-33]. Lecture #5: Applications of the granular and capillary models (continuation). Particle sedimentation [Ref 1 pp 17-47], Viscosity of a suspension: Einsteins equation, the Frankel-Acrivos model. Heat and Mass transfer in a bulk powder: Levichs equation. The Washburn equation. Strength of particle assemblages: Rumpfs second equation [Ref 3 pp103-119]. Strength of a wet powder. Lecture #6: First examination [1.5 hours]. Powder Mechanics. [ Ref 1, Chapter 8, Ref 5 Chapter 3] Introduction: Stress at a point, The Mohr circle, Strength theories: yield criteria. Coulombs yield criteria for powders. Yield criteria for compressible powders. Lecture #7: Powder Statics. The active and passive states of stress [Ref 4 pp Chapter 3] Stresses in bins and hoppers [Ref 10]. Janssens equations. Design of a hopper using Jenikes method. Worked examples.
Lecture #8: Measurement of powder yield characteristics: Use of the Jenike cell. Laboratory demonstration [Ref 2 pp 66-73, Ref 4 Chapter 6]. Powder Dynamics. Schaeffers equations for a Coulomb powders. General Equations of flow. Slow flow of a frictional powder: gravitational flow rates from a hopper [ Ref 8]. Lecture #9: Second Examination [1 hour]. The theory and practice of Fluidization [Ref 7]. Geldarts classification of powders. Bubbling fluidized beds. Particle entrainment. Fast fluidized beds. Lecture #10: Fluidization (continued). Fluid bed heat transfer. Filtration of powders from gases [Ref 9]. Total bed efficiency. Collection mechanisms. Pressure drop through filters. The influence of dust loading. Lecture #11: Agglomeration of fine powders: theory and applications [Ref 11]. Agglomeration equipment. Microscopic phenomena. Spreading of binders. The Stokes theory of granulation. Interpretation of granulation data. Computer modeling of granulation. Lecture #12: Transport of powders [ Ref 2 , chapters 5 and 6]. Dilute pneumatic conveying, Dense-phase transport, hydraulic transport. Feeders. Lecture #13: Mixing and segregation of powders [ Ref 3, Chapter 2.4]. The theory of mixing. Particle segregation and methods to avoid it. Mixing equipment. Third examination [1.5 hours].
A powder is defined as a collection of small discrete solid particles in close contact with each other, the (empty) space between them being usually filled with gas so that the bulk (overall) density of a powder is always considerably lower than the density of the individual particles. However, this definition also covers a heap of
a criterion concerning the maximum particle size should be added. If one considers cement, flour, potato starch, cracking catalyst, sand,
pebbles that no one would call a powder. Apparently and gravel, one will probably agree that the first four materials definitely are powders and the last one certainly is not. Whether one would call sand a powder probably depends on the particle size and on personal views.
2. Origins and production of powders 1) occurrence in living nature such as fine plant seeds, pollen, spores, flour, starch, etc.; 2) geological: alluvial sands and sediments, dry clays; 3) industrial production: most frequent source by far.
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