beam review

Beam review Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 1

Beam diagrams Typical V M diagrams without computing Visualize deflection as a flexible ruler Draw shear and bending diagrams left to right; starting and ending with zero beyond the beam Uniform load cause downward sloping shear Point loads cause downward shear offset Upward reactions cause upward shear offset Estimate shear area to draw bending diagrams 1 Cantilever beam with point load 2 Cantilever beam with uniform load 3 Cantilever beam with mixed load 4 Simple beam with point loads 5 Simple beam with uniform load 6 Simple beam with mixed load 7 Beam with 1 overhang and point load 8 Beam with 1 overhang and uniform load 9 Beam with 1 overhang and mixed load 10 Beam with 2 overhangs and point loads 11 Beam with 2 overhangs and uniform load 12 Beam with 2 overhangs and mixed load
Beam review Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 2

Shear effect 1 2 3 4 5 Beam with square mark to study stress Shear stress on square Equivalent split shear stress Shear stress as tension/compression stress Equivalent tension/compression stress cause diagonal tension cracks at beam supports

Isostatic lines combine bending and shear stress (compressive arch lines and tensile cable lines)
Beam review Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 3

Shear and bending distribution 1 2 3 4 5 A Beam diagram Shear diagram Bending diagram Shear stress (over beam depth) Bending stress (over beam depth) Best location of possible pipe hole: Zero shear force at mid-span Zero bending stress at mid-depth

The diagrams reveal an interesting paradox:

Beam review

Linear shear force over beam length Parabolic shear stress over beam depth Parabolic bending moment over beam length Linear bending stress over beam depth
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Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Girder optimization
1 Stepped bending diagram used to optimize:

2 Steel girder with plates welded outside flanges

3 Steel girder with plates welded inside flanges

4 Concrete girder with rebar lengths as required

5 Parabolic girder reflecting bending moment

6 Tapered girder approximates bending moment

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 5

Beam review

Overhang effect
1 Simple beam

2 Beam overhangs reduce bending moment ~1/3 overhangs equalize positive and negative bending Overhangs can provide synergy with architectural design Overhangs reduce bending up to ~ 600%
Beam review Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 6

Overhang/span ratio
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Beams with overhangs are most efficient if positive and negative bending are equal (optimal cross section use) Find ratios C/L for equal positive and negative bending 1 Beam with uniform load and two overhangs +M = Abs (-M) Considering the Area Method Positive shear must be 2 times negative shear +V = 2-V L/2 = 21/2C = 1.414 C L = 2.828 C

L-x= C 1

Beam with uniform load and one overhang X = 21/2C = 1.414 C L = C+X = 1+1.414 C L = 2.414 C

Beam review

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011