motion in a plane

physics 111N

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position & displacement vectors

y m

! the position vector points from the origin to the object

t2.83 s

15

10

10

15

x m

were plotting the plane (e.g. billiard table viewed from above)
physics 111N

MOTION IN PLANE

position & displacement vectors

y m y m

t2.83 s 15 15

t4.24 s

10

10

10

15

x m

10

15

x m

! the displacement vector points from where the object was to where it is now

easier to visualize as

physics 111N

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position & displacement vectors - components

y m y m

t2.83 s 15 15

t4.24 s

10

10

10

15

x m

10

15

x m

physics 111N

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average velocity
y m t4.24 s 15

! the average velocity vector is dened to be the rate of change of displacement vector

10

10

15

x m

! the components of the average velocity vector are the rate of change of the components of the displacement vector

physics 111N

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instantaneous velocity
! the instantaneous velocity vector is dened analogously to one-dimension

physics 111N

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instantaneous velocity
! the instantaneous velocity vector is dened analogously to one-dimension

! instantaneous velocity vector points along the tangent of the x-y path

physics 111N

MOTION IN PLANE

instantaneous velocity
! the instantaneous velocity vector can be expressed via components

15

y m

15

10
10 5 x m

5
physics 111N

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MOTION IN PLANE

dragony
A dragony follows the path shown, moving from point A to point B in 1.50 s.

Find the x & y components of the average velocity between A & B Find the magnitude and direction of the average velocity between A & B Indicate the direction of the instantaneous velocity at A and B on the diagram

physics 111N

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acceleration in a plane
! the denitions of average and instantaneous acceleration are the obvious extensions

y m

15

10

5 x m

10

15

physics 111N

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acceleration in a plane
! the denitions of average and instantaneous acceleration are the obvious extensions
y m

15

10

5 x m

10

15

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acceleration in a plane
! acceleration parallel to the velocity changes the magnitude of velocity but not the direction

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acceleration in a plane
! acceleration perpendicular to the velocity changes the direction of velocity but not the magnitude

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acceleration in a plane
! a general acceleration vector can change both the magnitude and direction of the velocity

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acceleration in a plane
! a general acceleration vector can change both the magnitude and direction of the velocity

! but we can understand the effect by breaking into components parallel and perpendicular to the velocity
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projectile motion

wed like to to be able to describe why the ball takes this path
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projectile motion - independence of horiz. & vertical motion

! another experimental observation is useful

notice that the vertical motion is identical not affected by the horizontal motion

great news! we can consider x & y separately

! the y-motion is just free-fall

! the x-motion a constant velocity

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projectile motion
! our theory of projectile motion is that

! and the constant acceleration equations apply to x & y separately

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projectile motion
! our theory of projection motion is that

! and the constant acceleration equations apply to x & y separately

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projectile motion
! e.g. a cannonball red from ground level (y=0m) at x=0m with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 45 to the horizontal

note that its very similar to the kicked football

physics 111N

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projectile motion
! e.g. a cannonball red from ground level (y=0m) at x=0m with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 45 to the horizontal show the velocity vector & the acceleration

physics 111N

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projectile motion
! e.g. a cannonball red from ground level (y=0m) at x=0m with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 45 to the horizontal show the velocity vector components

physics 111N

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projectile motion
! we can analyse this motion using our equations

! prove that the shape of the path is a parabola eliminate t from the equations to give y as a function of x (choose x0=0, y0=0 for simplicity)

physics 111N

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projectile motion
! we can analyse this motion using our equations

! at t=0

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projectile motion
! e.g. a cannonball red from ground level (y=0m) at x=0m with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 45 to the horizontal Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of its ight and that height, h . Find the horizontal range, R, the horizontal distance travelled before hitting the ground

physics 111N

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projectile motion
! e.g. a cannonball red from ground level (y=0m) at x=0m with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 45 to the horizontal Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of its ight and that height, h .
y m t1.44 s 10 5 h x m

at the highest point

10 5 10

20

30

40

physics 111N

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projectile motion
! e.g. a cannonball red from ground level (y=0m) at x=0m with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 45 to the horizontal Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of its ight and that height, h .
y m t1.44 s 10 5 h x m

at the highest point

10 5 10

20

30

40

physics 111N

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projectile motion
! e.g. a cannonball red from ground level (y=0m) at x=0m with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 45 to the horizontal Find the horizontal range, R, the horizontal distance travelled before hitting the ground
y m t2.89 s 10 5 x m

ball hits the ground when

10 5 10

20 R

30

40

hmmm, twice the time to reach the apex ?

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uniform circular motion

an object moving around a circle at a constant rate must have an acceleration always perpendicular to the velocity (else the speed would change) the velocity is clearly tangent to the circle (or it would move off the circle) hence the acceleration points always toward the center of the circle - centripetal acceleration

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uniform circular motion

the triangles are similar

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