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IndoGermanWinterAcademy2006
PresentedBy:
PuneetKumar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Tutor : Dr. Sanjay Mittal
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Contents
Compressible flow History Basics of Compressible flow Speed of Sound A Brief Review of Thermodynamics Propagation of sound source Shock waves and Normal shock Oblique Shock Summary
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Historical Prospective
Convergent divergent steam nozzles of de-Laval Advent of jet propulsion and high speed flights as Bell XS-1 Dealing with high temperature, chemical reactive gases associated with rocket engines
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Compressible flow
Compressible flow Variable density flow Compressibility of fluid 1 dv 1 d = = v dp dp Gas velocities less than 0.3 of the speed of sound are considered as incompressible flow Compressible flows are high energy flow Shock waves in all disturbed supersonic flows Examples : High speed airplanes and jet engines
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Flow Regimes
Subsonic Flow
Flow velocity everywhere less than the speed of sound
Transonic Flow
Flow velocity is close to the speed of sound
Supersonic Flow
Flow velocity is everywhere greater than the speed of sound
Hypersonic Flow
Properties of flow increases explosively across the shock wave
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Conservation Equations
Models of Flow
Some Applications
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Balance Equations
Continuity equation
ur u r V.d S = dV t V
r uur V2 V2 u e+ e + dV + V .dS t 2 2 S
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Speed of sound
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Wave Propagation
Waves carry information in flow Travel at local speed of sound For incompressible flow speed of sound is infinite Speed of sound is finite for compressible flow
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Speed of Sound
Air molecules in random motion Perfect gas properties are only T dependent Make the sound wave stationary for analysis
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Speed of Sound
By applying Mass and Momentum balance to the CV
Neglect the higher order terms Replacing the term momentum equation in the
which simplifies to
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Speed of Sound
By combining two equations For an isentropic flow we get For a perfect gas
Mach number
v a
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PV = M RT P = RT
For a thermally perfect gas all the properties like e, h, cp, cv are functions of Temperature only
T2 P2 s2 s1 = c p ln R ln T1 P 1
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Isentropic Relations
Relation among density, pressure and temperature in an isentropic flow
All the properties will become a function of and mach number By using basic energy equation for an adiabatic process
= constant
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Isentropic Relations
Differentiate the energy equation For a thermally perfect gas For a calorific perfect gas In stagnant conditions, energy equation becomes which is equal to
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Isentropic Relations
Eliminate T using we get
Now multiply by
and get
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Shock Waves
Spontaneous change in a flow Shocks that are oriented perpendicular to the flow Normal Shock waves Detached shock wave
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For a given Mach Number, M1 , we have a minimum shock angle, and , the maximum inclination is
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There exists two solutions for this equation The smaller value gives what is called a Weak Solution. The other solution with a higher value of is called a Strong Solution.
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Summary
Under subsonic conditions compressible and incompressible flow behaves similarly Speed of sound is infinite for incompressible flow whereas finite for compressible flow Shock forms in supersonic compressible flows Incoming supersonic flow will become subsonic after the shock
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Further Reading
Modern Compressible Flow 3rd edition
John D. Anderson
www.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/aero/gasdyn
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