Volume 10 number 2 2nd Quarter 2005

feature:

Real-Time Surveillance Pays Off for Black Hills E&P

Just after joining Black Hills Exploration and Production Company in Denver as senior petroleum engineer, Chuck Maybee ran into his first problem: He couldnt find critical production data required to manage one of the companys most important assets. In March 2003, Black Hills acquired another independent, increasing its gas and oil production by nearly 50 percent and more than doubling proved reserves. Those reserves consisted mostly of natural gas located in the East Blanco Field, in northwestern New Mexico. Black Hills planned to launch a drilling and workover program to boost production and more fully develop the field. When Maybee was hired in June 2003, he wanted to review East Blancos production. Unfortunately, that data was on a spreadsheet somewhere out on the network, and I couldnt find it, Maybee recalls. For a new person coming into a job, inheriting spreadsheets can be a nightmare. Often, you cant tell what the formulas do, and you dont know which version is correct. Dependence on spreadsheets is one of the biggest problems in petroleum engineering today. I knew there had to be a better way to work.
An Alternative to Spreadsheets

Black Hills engineers use DSS software daily to visualize electronic meter data to monitor production and identify potential problems. Left: Wellhead pressures (red = higher, yellow = lower). Right: Production rates (size = volume, red = decrease, green = increase). Bottom: Hourly meter readings over 9-month period (brown = eff. gas in mcf/day, blue = water, green = cum. gas in Mmcf).

One of the first things Maybee did was to obtain Landmarks Dynamic Surveillance System (DSS) software, an integrated visualization environment for reservoir and production engineering information. Having used DSS extensively for more than a decade, he saw an opportunity to implement more effective tools for production monitoring and reservoir performance prediction in the East Blanco field. Because the field is about 80 miles from Black Hills E&Ps production office in Farmington, New Mexico, and about 400 miles from Denver, the company installed Totalflow, a real-time electronic data collection system, on all of the wells. Black Hills set the meters to store well pressures, temperatures and volumes every hour. DSS software was installed in Farmington and Denver, and Maybee created a shared DSS project for the field. At any time, engineers in either office can access current production data on-demand.

Before implementing DSS, engineers compared actual production to forecast by exporting Totalflow data to a spreadsheet, downloading the latest forecast from ARIES software the companys monthly allocated production database and economics application and plotting out the combined data. To identify changes in pressure or production volumes from day to day, they had to print the latest 24-hour report from Totalflow and scan the list of some 150 wells for meaningful variances. Except for the top 10 or 20 percent of the wells, Maybee says, you cant tell if those volumes are much different than they were yesterday unless you have a remarkable memory.
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case study:

Hydro Outsources Physical Document Management

In 2000, Hydro Oil & Energy, headquartered in Oslo, Norway, acquired Saga Petroleum, a former partner on many Norwegian Continental Shelf licenses. As a result, Hydro had to manage numerous legacy paper archives at six different physical locations in four Norwegian cities. These sites stored legal contracts and agreements, technical and geological reports with interpreted well logs, contour maps, core photos and other unstructured information. Hydro users depended on eight different electronic indexes to locate and request physical documents. It was often a slow and inefficient process, which could easily take three or four days to obtain materials. At times, original documents were actually lost. We realized we needed to merge all these archives, and were under pressure to release storage areas for more office space, says Ellen Marie Ramberg, director of Information Management for Hydro Oil & Energy. Thats when we got the idea to outsource our paper documents and make them available only in electronic form, via scan on-demand. Fifty-eight truck loads were required to ship them to Landmarks document management and scanning center in Notodden. Landmark professionals harmonized the existing electronic document indexes, quality assured them, and moved them along with approximately 950,000 microfilmed documents into Documentum. With third-party assistance, Landmark developed a custom-tailored Order and Delivery system integrated with Hydros EDMS. During the first two years of operation, Hydro requested about 50,000 documents scanned. In the new, fully electronic workflow, end users sit down at a PC anywhere in the world and search the online index in Documentum by title, author, subject, license or other identifying information. Search results indicate which documents are already in electronic form and which are available only on paper. The user clicks on a desired paper document, chooses an Order Scanning option, and submits the order electronically. Upon receipt of the order, Landmark uses a digital logistics system to locate the document, then reads the barcode, pulls it from the shelf and prepares it for scanning. Depending on
(continued on page 4)

For more than a year before Hydros decision to outsource its document archives, Landmark had engaged in a joint document management project funded by both Saga and Hydro. At the time of the acquisition, Hydro established Documentum, a third-party electronic document management Real-Time Surveillance Pays system (EDMS), as its internal Off for Black Hills E&P solution, and outsourced all of its Hydro Outsources Physical physical archives to Landmarks Document Management Managed Services group. We knew Landmark was serious about document management and delivered quality service, Ramberg says. Honestly, I dont think we could have found anyone else as qualified.
Creating an Electronic Workflow

In this issue:
1 1 2

Landmark Awards $8.6 Million Software Grant

Well Seismic Fusion Wins Award 2 DMS Improves E&P Asset Valuation GeoGraphix Adds smartSECTION to Offering Landmark Releases New, Enhanced Solutions 2 3 3

After its acquisition of Saga Petroleum a former partner on many Norwegian Continental Shelf licenses Hydro Oil & Energy decided to outsource all of its paper archives to Landmark Managed Services. Photo Hydro Oil & Energy

It took eight weeks for consultants to bar-code approximately 1.5 million paper documents totaling nearly 9,000 linear meters at Hydros archives throughout Norway.

news briefs:

Solutions Solutions Solutions

Landmark Awards $8.6 Million Software Grant

Halliburton Digital and Consulting Solutions recently announced that Landmark has awarded the University Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) in Malaysia $8.6 million in software licensing for students pursuing engineering and technology degrees. The three-year grant includes applications for drilling, production optimization, field development and prospect generation. UTP was originally set up by PETRONAS in 1995, and offers undergraduate, graduate and research programs with a strong emphasis on industrial needs.

Well Seismic Fusion Wins Award

Every year, an independent team of judges from operating and consulting companies worldwide reviews exciting new technologies for the Harts E&P Special Meritorious Awards for Engineering Innovation. This prestigious award program honors technological excellence and achievement in every segment of the petroleum industry. Winning entries, according to Harts, represent techniques and technologies that are most likely to solve costly problems and improve exploration, drilling or production efficiency and profitability. Of the 16 winners chosen for the 2005 Awards, four were from Halliburton, including Landmarks DecisionSpace Well Seismic Fusion software. Well Seismic Fusion is an integrated suite of interpretation and analysis tools that predict reservoir lithology and fluid properties from pre-stack seismic, synthetic and well data. Developed in cooperation with Statoil, with support from ConocoPhillips, the system brings pre-stack interpretation to the desktop of every interpreter. William Pike, Harts editor-inchief, presented the award to Landmark at the Offshore Technology Conference in May.

Landmark is providing software applications for use by the Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS students, and by the new Technical Excellence Center for training recent graduates and industry professionals.

This grant will be instrumental in preparing UTP graduates to join the industry workforce as experienced and highly qualified geoscientists and engineers, says Peter Bernard, president of Landmark. Our students will now have access to leading-edge software, which will facilitate research in a dynamic learning environment, says Dr. Ibrahim Kamaruddin, director of Undergraduate Studies. When they earn their degrees, students will be familiar with Landmark software, thus helping them prepare for careers in earth science. Also, to help mitigate the growing shortage of experienced industry experts, Halliburton worked closely with PETRONAS to set up the Technical Excellence Center at UTP, a new training facility for oil and gas professionals. Landmark is providing G&G software for the TEC, which officially opened April 6, 2005. Halliburton has training centers dedicated to the development of highly specialized learning for new graduates in the U.S., says Dr. Rosti Saruwono, vice president, Education, for PETRONAS. Were proud to collaborate with them to establish this TEC in Malaysia.

innovations:

Decision Management System Improves E&P Asset Valuation

DMS evaluations take only days to months, rather than months to years. They generate fully integrated, surface-to-subsurface asset models, with economics, that can be easily updated as new information or interpretations become available. And they support modern tools such as optimization.
Scot Evans, manager, Asset Decision Services, Landmark Consulting and Services

While oil and gas assets normally have long economic lives, historically they have achieved comparatively low rates of return. According to a recent report by Goldman Sachs, for example, major oil company properties have an average life span of 21 years, but pay only 10 percent Cash Return On Capital Invested. This level of performance can be attributed to two major challenges faced by nearly all recent E&P projects, says Scot Evans, manager of Asset Decision Services with Landmarks Consulting and Services group. First, most projects include substantial elements of risk and uncertainty. Second, conventional tools and techniques are unable to model all components of the production system simultaneously, from the subsurface through surface facilities. Thus, engineers can evaluate only a handful of development scenarios, which often yields sub-optimal decisions.
Multi-Domain Scenario Analysis and Optimization

To identify possible outcomes and key risks for a particular development project To select the single best development scenario based on a companys unique business drivers The DMS approach takes a holistic view of the asset from the beginning of any multi-domain evaluation, Evans says, bringing together all the disciplines early in development planning, when changes can more easily be made, instead of running sequentially through the old organizational silos. DMS evaluations take only days to months, rather than months to years. They generate fully integrated, surface-to-subsurface asset models, with economics, that can be easily updated as new information or interpretations become available. And they support modern tools such as optimization. In a DMS workflow, he explains, the asset team creates more than one scenario for each domain in which commercially significant uncertainties can be identified. The DMS system automatically runs scenarios through an iterative computational loop, storing each resulting run as one possible outcome for the field. To identify which scenario best optimizes corporate business drivers, the DMS process employs another computational loop constrained by criteria set out in an optimization statement such as: maximize NPV while minimizing well count. The system runs the loop, substituting different scenarios, until it identifies the optimal solution.
Benefits of the DMS Approach

In recent years, new methodologies and technologies that enable multi-domain asset risk analysis, scenario analysis and optimization have been developed, field-tested and proven to be far more reliable than previous approaches. Collectively, these new tools and methods form what Landmark calls a Decision Management System (DMS), which has two goals:

Fac ilit y

ing eer n i g En

Eco no m i

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ineering Eng g n li ril

BUSINESS OBJECTIVES

Recent projects that used the DMS approach have reaped three main benefits: Reduction of field development planning cycle time, from discovery to first oil, often by an order of magnitude Identification of key project risk factors, and accurate estimation of their commercial significance Improvement of overall project economics through rigorous evaluation and optimization of multiple development scenarios. Because E&P companies come in all sizes with many different business models, no approach to asset decision making can be shrink-wrapped for generic deployment, Evans stresses. Each companys risk tolerance, decision-making apparatus and level of integration between disciplines may differ widely. Any DMS solution worth considering requires both experienced people and a variety of technologies to integrate surface, subsurface and economic components into a common decision-making framework.

Geolo gy

Geophysics

Geology

Traditionally, each technical domain evaluates an asset from its unique perspective, passing results over the wall to the next. The DMS approach transforms this inefficient, time-consuming process into an integrated workflow aimed at achieving targeted business objectives.

oir Engineer ing serv Re

Drilling Engineering Reservoir Engineering Facility Engineering Economics

new technology:

GeoGraphix Enhances Offering with smartSECTION

GeoGraphix is one of Landmarks three major business lines today. Martin Lange, director of Innovations and Marketing for GeoGraphix, intends to deliver the industrys broadest, most pricecompetitive, integrated suite of mainstream E&P software on the Windows PC platform. To do so, he is significantly broadening the product lines classic G&G Discovery suite. Many small to mid-size companies want to utilize Windows-based interpretation technology for more than just their G&G workflows, Lange notes. To move into high-end production monitoring, economics and well planning, they cannot afford too many stand-alone point products. They want integrated capabilities found only in the larger companies today. He explains that GeoGraphixs Discovery is expanding in two significant ways: first, by incorporating a variety of engineeringand production-related tools; second, by adding advanced G&G functionality through both new development and acquisition.
Smarter, Faster, High-Volume Workflows

Solutions Solutions Solutions

Since its introduction nearly 10 years ago, the performance and intuitive design of smartSECTION has earned it a reputation as the industrys leading raster image cross-section application. The addition of smartSECTION to the GeoGraphix suite brings an exciting new kind of tool that emphasizes high-speed, high-volume crosssectional interpretation, along with advanced geologic tools for log correlation, structural analysis and sequence stratigraphy, says Bill Ross, a geologist and the original developer of smartSECTION, who recently joined GeoGraphix as senior product manager for geological technology.

smartSECTIONs unique correlation and unconformity modeling tools support powerful sequence stratigraphic workflows critical to uncovering subtle oil and gas accumulations.

smartSECTION is a world-class, easy-to-use raster and digital well log interpretation system, which can increase productivity 10 to 20 times.
Martin Lange, director, Innovation and Marketing, GeoGraphix

Due to its high-performance loading and display of well log data, smartSECTION enables geologists to routinely store, access and interpret literally thousands of wells and well logs in very short periods of time, using best-in-class fault and unconformity modeling, and cross-sectional analysis. One geologist, for example, single-handedly works the entire Anadarko Basin using smartSECTION. What types of companies stand to benefit the most from smartSECTIONs unique capabilities? Independents and majors with large operating areas, who are looking for a proven workhorse to break through their log data processing and interpretation bottlenecks, Ross says. And companies working in areas of normally faulted geology who want exceptional fault picking, fault gapping and automated offsetting tools. Also, E&P organizations prospecting in regions where subtle unconformable relationships control hydrocarbon accumulations. Finally, international operators who need to evaluate new opportunities where only paper log data are available. Scanning and depth calibrating paper logs are much less costly than digitizing.

For operators interested in working with scanned well log images, he says, smartSECTION provides a separate module that rapidly indexes and depth calibrates raster images for use along with standard LAS log data.
smartSECTION has built-in tools for fault picking, fault gapping and automatic correlation offsets across faults to improve subsurface interpretations.

Recently, for example, Landmark announced the acquisition of smartSECTION software from A2D/TGS-NOPEC. smartSECTION is a world-class, easy-to-use raster and digital well log interpretation system, which can increase productivity 10 to 20 times, Lange says. What SeisWorks is to geophysics, smartSECTION is to geology.

smartSECTION's interpretive workflows are complementary to Discovery s current applications, Ross adds. Many existing smartSECTION customers routinely export tops, faults and interval data into Discovery to create structure, isopach and net sand maps. To streamline the workflow, we plan to integrate smartSECTION with the GeoGraphix database in our next release, which will also provide access to all raster well log formats through a direct connection with Discovery.

product releases:

Landmark Releases New and Enhanced Solutions

Recent product releases from Landmark include enhanced versions of three powerful G&G applications (ProMAX, GeoProbe and Well Seismic Fusion); a significantly expanded version of our economics evaluation system (ARIES); and a new, yet proven, tool for field development planning (FieldPlan). ProMAX 2003.12.1 is the 16th major release of Landmarks leading seismic processing system. This release incorporates more than 300 enhancements, new modules and bug fixes, explains Dave Williams, director of Geological and Geophysical Technologies, and addresses issues surrounding the processing of large volumes on Linux clusters, and usability improvements that better leverage the new SeisSpace interface. GeoProbe 3.2 combines exceptional existing functionality with new interpretation tools driven by user demand. Weve done a complete rewrite of the horizon tracker, now called ezTracker Plus, Williams says. It produces outstanding results with limited input, even in areas of poor data. Other new features such as synthetics, lighting, area distance calculations and surface attribute calculations make everyday interpretation workflows even easier.
Deepwater Project XYZ
121,000 DWT FPSO Processing capacity: 95,000 bbl/day 8 Line Central Turret Mooring 1 Shuttle Tanker 56,000 DWT

ARIES International supports various levels of user expertise, from mainstream users to intermediate modelers and company experts. The new Fiscal Function Library will save them time and increase their accuracy.
Guy Humphries, ARIES product manager

Highlights of Well Seismic Fusion 2.1 include Solaris support, faster prestack viewing, and enhanced prestack selection and analysis. This innovative software recently won a prestigious industry award. See the News Brief on page 2.
Whats New

System Selection 1: Tanker with Shuttle

Cost Information

Before Tax Rate of Return Total Project Cost Maximum Cash Impairment Base Annual Operating Cost Base Annual Downtime

33.4 % 1,119 $ mil 1,104 $ mil 80 $ mil 4.55 %

Flexible Risers: 3 Production, 12 in 1 Water Injection, 12 in 1 Pigging Line, 6 in 1 Test Line, 8 in 3 Production, 12 in 1 Gas Injection, 12 in 1 Water Injection, 12 in 1 Pigging Line, 6 in 1 Test Line, 8 in
Design/Specs/Bid Cycle

Implementation Schedule (Graph)

Schedule Information

ARIES is practically a standard among North American oil companies. Now Landmark is introducing the long-awaited ARIES International version, which enables companies to evaluate complex fiscal regimes anywhere in the world and consolidate results in a single integrated solution. ARIES International provides an array of integrated tools, says Guy Humphries, product manager, including Economic Evaluation, Technical Analysis, Risk Analysis, Reserves Booking and Tracking, Fiscal Modeling, Portfolio Management and Portfolio Optimization all built on the common Engineers Data Model (EDM) used by Landmarks drilling, completions and production engineering applications. ARIES applications, he adds, are now part of the GeoGraphix group.

Time to First Production Producing Field Life

3.5 km Flowlines 3 Production Line, 12 in 1 Water Injection Line, 12 in 1 Pigging Line, 6 in 1 Test Line, 8 in

2.9 Year 9.4 Year

Project Management Fabrication: Subsea Wellheads Subsea Trees Riser Base/Manifold 1 Production Riser 1 Production Platform 1 Mooring System 1 Process Facilities 1 Control System Intrafield Flowlines Riser Base/Manifold 2 Installation: Riser Base/Manifold 1 Production Riser 1 Production Platform 1 Mooring System 1 Intrafield Flowlines Riser Base/Manifold 2 Drilling/Completion: Drilling Rig 1 Drilling Rig 2 Production (to 12.33 years): 00 01 02 Time (Years)
Project Case XYZ System Selection 1

Manifold 2

3 Water Injection Wells

Manifold 1 6 Production Wells 1 Gas Injection Well

3.5 km Flowlines 3 Production Line, 12 in 1 Gas Injection Line, 12 in 1 Water Injection Line, 12 in 1 Pigging Line, 6 in 1 Test Line, 8 in

Finally, FieldPlan is the latest addition to Landmarks Reservoir Management suite, providing asset teams with a quick, comprehensive and cost-effective tool for evaluating offshore fields during pre-lease and early field development planning activities.

8 Production Wells 4 Water Injection Wells

03

04

05

200.0 MMbbl Oil Reservoir Water Depth: 450.0 m Reservoir Depth (below mudline): 2,100.0 m

Region Date and Time Engineer

As an effective starting point for projects, FieldPlan quickly generates and evaluates field development scenarios, and provides detailed reports with schematics, cost estimates and implementation schedules.

FieldPlan, which has been successfully deployed by Halliburton for more than 10 years, is used by nearly two dozen companies worldwide, says Ron Cude, product manager. This software automatically and iteratively generates, evaluates and ranks potential field development scenarios in less than one hour; selects the top scenario based on economics; and provides reports with technical details, estimated costs and schedules. In addition, he says, FieldPlan includes databases covering 13 offshore regions, which are reviewed and updated annually.

feature:

Real-Time Surveillance Pays Off for Black Hills E&P

(continued from page 1) Advantages of Dynamic Surveillance

DSS offers two main advantages to me, as a petroleum engineer, Maybee explains. First, it keeps me extremely well connected to the field, even though Im 400 miles away. I dont have to wait 24 hours for data; I can see what a particular well is doing right now, whenever I want. Second, because of its graphical visualization capabilities, I can see the big picture more readily. Trying to analyze individual well plots keeps you too far down in the weeds. Instead, I can look at the entire field and spot trends and anomalies. As a result, Im more proactive than reactive now. You can lose a lot of production without even realizing it, he adds. With the visualization tools in DSS and hourly data, you can tell much sooner when something has altered the slope of your decline curve. It helps you identify quick ways of optimizing production. In one horizontal well, for example, as soon as Maybee started visualizing hourly rates, it became evident the well was suffering transient water problems. I realized the well needed some sort of artificial lift, he says. Doing that removed the water more efficiently, flattened the monthly decline,

completions here, Maybee says. That enables me to predict how many intervals were likely to encounter at any proposed drilling location.

This year, Black Hills E&P expects to bring on line about 10 horizontal and 40 vertical wells in East Blanco, its largest gas field (shown here). Landmarks engineering tools DSS, ARIES, OpenWells, and EDM are helping. Photo by Rob Burkhart, Burkhart Consulting Services

From a corporate standpoint, accessing [integrated petroleum engineering] information through DSS makes your engineers more efficient and enables them to focus on activities that go straight to the bottom line.
Chuck Maybee, senior petroleum engineer, Black Hills E&P

and increased production about 70 mcf per day. Incrementally thats not a lot of gas, but when youre optimizing 100 or 200 wells, the aggregate value can be substantial. Optimization of that well alone, he notes, covered the cost of DSS. The East Blanco field not only has a complex 22-mile-long gas gathering system, but reservoir geology is also complicated. Production comes from four or five stratigraphic intervals that vary in different parts of the field. Using DSS, Ive identified which horizons produce in each of the 250

Maybee also used DSS to determine that nearly 50 percent of the gas production from certain wells was not making it to the sales point due to new drilling which had serious implications for both cash flow and Net Present Value. Infill wells were coming on at higher rates, creating back-pressure throughout the system and suppressing production from lower-pressure wells. DSS provided the tools to quickly identify this anomaly and take corrective action, he concludes.
Editors Note: This article is excerpted from a new Solutions in Action case study, available from your account representative or www.lgc.com.

case study:

Hydro Outsources Physical Document Management

(continued from page 1)

the type and size of document and attachments, originals may be scanned using different resolutions and formats. Scanned images are then loaded directly into Documentum. When an order has been completed, the user is automatically notified by an e-mail containing a URL link to the documents.
Reaping the Benefits

Once a document has been scanned, its available in our system to everyone in the company, whether they are in Norway or elsewhere in the world, Ramberg observes. We consider efficiency and quick access the most important reasons for implementing this approach. According to agreement, turnaround time is within eight hours normally the next work day, which can be three to four times faster than in the past.

Landmark has developed an excellent, cost-effective, off-site solution that integrates seamlessly with our internal business processes.
Ellen Ramberg, director of Information Management, Hydro Oil & Energy

Hydro users view of document search results. Gray icons (bottom) indicate paper documents. Clicking on a document (light blue) and choosing Order Scanning submits a request, which Landmark turns around in eight hours or less.

Physical storage is considerably less expensive now, too I would say at least half as expensive, she stresses. And some of our former storage sites were successfully converted to more useful office space.
Solutions is a quarterly publication for customers of Landmark Graphics Corporation. Managing Editor: Mark Lance Contributing Editor: Jay E. Valusek Corporate Headquarters P.O. Box 42806 Houston, Texas 77242 USA Phone: 713-839-2000 E-Mail: solutions@lgc.com World Wide Web: www.lgc.com

Even more valuable, however, is Hydros ability to efficiently assemble virtual data rooms for license sales or farm-outs on the Norwegian shelf. In the past, we had to photocopy hundreds of documents and put them on shelves for potential buyers to review, she explains. It could take several weeks, depending on the total number of documents. Now, with scan on-demand, we make all those documents available on PCs, which is more convenient. Landmark usually turns around these projects in a week or so.

Ramberg sees electronic document management as the way of the future. Because everyone today shares other types of electronic documents, they need to merge their historical archives with more modern electronic document management systems, she says. I think scanning on-demand will be essential to this transition.
Editors Note: This article is excerpted from a new Solutions in Action case study, available from your account representative or www.lgc.com.

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Regional Sales Offices Houston 713-839-2000 Leatherhead +44-1372-868-600 Moscow +70 (95) 755-8300 Kuala Lumpur +60 (3) 2164-1121 Dubai +971 (4) 303 6363 Lagos +234 (1) 262-0765 Calgary 403-263-0070 Caracas +58 (212) 953-0774

Landmark offers a complete portfolio of integrated, highly innovative applications for exploration and production. We deliver a full range of professional consulting services designed to optimize your technical computing environment. And we offer worldwide supportwhen you need it, where you need it. At Landmark, we provide proven solutions for geophysicists, geologists, petrophysicists, reservoir, drilling and production engineers that span the oil field life cycle. We integrate people, processes and technology to enable you to better manage risk, reduce cycle times, and increase productivity. With Landmark, youll make better decisions. 2005 Landmark Graphics Corporation. All rights reserved. Landmark, DSS, ARIES, OpenWells, EDM, GeoGraphix, DMS, smartSECTION, Discovery, ProMAX, GeoProbe, Well Seismic Fusion, SeisSpace, FieldPlan and ezTracker are trademarks or registered trademarks of Landmark Graphics Corporation. All other trademarks, service marks and product or service names are the trademarks or names of their respective owners. Printed in the United States of America.