CHAPTER 6 - SKELETAL SYSTEM

COMPONENTS: Bones Joints & Associated Cartilages SKELETAL - Derived from Greek word meaning dried - Consist of dynamic, living tissues that are able to grow, detect pain stimuli, adapt to stress & undergo repair after injury. - FRAMEWORK to support the soft tissues of the body. MAJOR FUNCTIONS: 1.) SUPPORT - Major supporting tissues of the body - Cartilages provides firm yet flexible support (ex. Nose, external ear, thoracic cage & trachea) - Ligaments strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach to bones & hold them together. 2.) PROTECTION - Protects the organ it surrounds (Ex. Skull encloses and protects the brain) 3.) MOVEMENT - Tendons skeletal muscles attach to bones - Smooth Cartilages covers the ends of bones within some joints ; allowing the bones to move freely - Ligaments allow some movements between bones but prevent excessive movements 4.) STORAGE - Calcium & Phosphorus taken into bones and stored * Adipose tissuestored w/in bone cavities (fats) - Lipids Released into the blood and used by other tissues as a source of energy 5.) BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION - Cavities filled with red bone marrow - produces blood cells & platelets EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX - Collagen (Tough rope-like proteins) - Proteoglycans (Polysaccharides) - Tendons (Collagen Fibers) - Ligaments (Collagen Fibers) - Cartilage (Collagen & Proteoglycans) - Hydroxyapatite (Calcium Phosphate Crystals)

GENERAL FEATURES OF BONE 1. LONG BONES - Longer than they are wide 2. SHORT BONES - Broad as they are long 3. FLAT BONES - Relatively thin, flattened shape 4. IRREGULAR BONES - Vertebrae & Facial Bones STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE

DIAPHYSIS - Central Shaft EPIPHYSIS - Two ends ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - covers the ends of the epiphyses where the bone articulates with other bones. EPIHYSEAL PLATE - Growth plate, where the bone grows in length - Composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis EPIPHYSEAL LINE - When the bone growth stops, this replaces the epiphyseal plate. MEDULLARY CAVITY - Large cavity in the diaphysis MARROW - A soft tissue that fills the spaces - Yellow Marrow consist of mostly adipose tissues; Red Marrow consist of blood-forming cell and is the only site of blood formation in adults. PERIOSTEUM - Covers most of the outer surface of the bones - Encloses the diaphysis - Contains blood vessels and nerves ENDOSTEUM - Thinner connective tissue membrane that lines the surface of the medullary cavity

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HISTOLOGY OF BONE OSTEOGENIC CELLS - Capable of reproduction OSTEOBLAST - Bone forming cells; repair and remodelling of bone OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells; Lamellae extracellular matrix; - lacunae located between lamellae w/in spaces OSTEOCLASTS - Bone destroying/eating cells CANALICULI - tiny canals; osteocytes -> extracellular matrix - Tiny cracks to osteons TWO MAJOR TYPES OF BONES (Histological Structure) COMPACT BONE - Forms most of the diaphysis of long bones and the thinner surfaces of all other bones o Central Canal or Haversian Canal - Opening in the center of an osteon o Osteon or Haversian System - A unit of bone - Central Canal + Lamellae SPONGY BONE - located mainly in the epiphyses of long bone - forms the interior of all other bones - consist of delicate interconnecting rods or plates or bone called trabeculae - adds strength to bone w/o adding weight - No central canal BONE OSSIFICATION OSSIFICATION - To make bone - Is the formation of bone by osteoblast INTRAMEMBRANEOUS OSSIFICATION - Occurs when osteoblast begin to produce bone within the connective tissue membrane - Ossification Centers ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION - Forms cartilage models - Chondrocytes, cartilage cells, increase in number, enlarge and die. - The cartilage matrix becomes calcified PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTERS - Center part of the diaphysis, where bone first begins to appear SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTERS - form in the epiphyses of the bone

BONE GROWTH APPOSITIONAL GROWTH - A process which osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of the bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width or diameter. BONE REMODELING - Involves the removal of existing bone by osteoclast and the deposition of new bone by osteoblast. - Responsible for: Changes in the bone shape Adjustment of bone to stress Bone repair Calcium ion regulation in the body fluids BONE REPAIR CALLUS - Network of fibers and islets of cartilage between bone fragments PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) - Secreted from the Parathyroid Gland - When blood calcium levels are too low - Stimulates increased bone breakdown and increased blood calcium levels by indirectly stimulating osteoclast activity - PTH also increases calcium uptake from the urine in the kidney CALCITONIN - Secreted from the Thyroid gland - When blood calcium levels are too high - Decreases osteoclast activity and thus decreases blood calcium levels

JOINTS
JOINTS or ARTICULATION - is a place where two bones come together. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS SYNARTHROSIS - Non-movable joint AMPHIARTHROSIS - Movable joint DIARTHROSIS - Freely movable joint

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3 MAJOR STRUCTURAL CLASSES 1) FIBROUS JOINTS - consist of two bones that are united by fibrous tissue and that exhibit little or no movement. o Sutures - Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull

2) CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS - Unite two bones by means of cartilage. - Only slight movement can occur o Fibrocartilage - where much strain is placed on the joint - may be reinforced by additional collagen fibers.

Fontanels - Soft spots - Allow flexibility of the skull during birth process

Syndesmoses - Fibrous joints in which the bones are separated by some distance and held together by ligaments

3) SYNOVIAL JOINTS - freely movable joints that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones o Articular Cartilage - Provides a smooth surface where the bones meet. o Joints Cavity - filled with cavity o Joint Capsule - enclosing the cavity - helps hold the bones together and allows for movement o Synovial Membrane - lines that joint cavity everywhere except over the articular cartilage o Synovial Fluid - Produced by the synovial membrane - Is a complex mixture of polysaccharides o Bursa - Extended synovial membrane pocket or sac o Bursitis - Inflammation of the bursa o Tendon Sheath TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1) PLANE JOINTS or GLIDING JOINTS - Consist of two opposed flat surfaces that glide over each other

Gomphoses - Consist of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments

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2) SADDLE JOINTS - consist of two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other.

6) ELLIPSOID JOINTS or CONDYLOID JOINTS - are elongated ball-and-socket joints - The shape of the joint limits its range of movement nearly to that of a hinge motion. TYPES OFMOVEMENT

3) HINGE JOINTS - permits movements in one plane only - consist of a convex cylinder of one bone applied to a corresponding concavity of the other bone. o Menisci - The flat condylar surface of the knee joint is modified into a concave surface by shockabsorbing fibrocartilage pads

4) PIVOT JOINTS - restrict movement to rotation a single axis - consist of a cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligaments

5) BALL AND SOCKET JOINT - consists of a ball (head) at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits. - can move in almost any direction

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