BEAM & COLUMN 1.

In a building beams are normally provided over the columns,

under the walls and under heavy concentrated loads to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs. Columns are provided at spacing of 12, 15,18,20 and 24 intervals. 2. In general, maximum span of beams carrying live loads up to 4 KN / m2 may be limited to the following values: Supported Cantilevers condition Rectangular Flanged 3. 3.0 M 5.0 M supported 6.0 M 10.0 M continuous 8.0 M 12.0 M Simply Fixed /

Practical Depth Beam: Loading Span in metre 3m to 4m 5m to 10m 10m : Rectangular T beam for interior beams and L Span/Depth ratio L/d 15 to 20 12 to 15 10 to 12

Light Medium to Heavy Heavy 4. Beam section at support

Beam section at mid span : beam for exterior beams 5. If Mu < Mr -

Tee beam requires 9% lesser reinforcement as

required for rectangular beam. 6. If Mu = Mr. The beam requires 20% lesser than that required for rectangular beam. For span > 4 m where there is appreciable B.M., it is advisable to design beam at mid span as Tee or Ell beam.

Based on support condition beam depth can be assumed as follows: Support condition Depth of beam Simply supported and continuous 1/10 to 1/12 of clear span beams Tee beams Cantilever beams COLUMNS:1. The spacing of columns shall be such that the span of the beam is not less than 2.5M nor greater than 10.0M. Spans of 4 M to 6 M give normal sizes of beams. Single bay Portal frames may be adopted for spans ranging from 6.0m to 12.0m. The spacing of frame may vary from 3.50m to 4.0m. 2. 3. Columns are having width equal to width of wall or beam. Usually 9. Depth may be taken as 9, 12, 15,18, 21, 24 and so on in multiples of 3. Projections of columns outside the wall should be avoided as far as possible. 1/12 to 1/15 of clear span 1/5 to 1/6 of clear span

4.

The columns should be so oriented that the depth of column should be perpendicular to the major axis of bending. b D b

X Y

XX YY D b

Major axis of bending Minor axis of bending 1r to axis of bending 11 to axis of bending

5. When the effective length of column in one plane is greater than that in the orthogonal plane, the greater dimensions shall be in the plane, having larger effective length so as to reduce leff/D ratio to increase the load carrying capacity of the column. COLUMN TRIAL SECTION 1. The column section can be assumed by any one of the method: (a) Based on Load: Ag (Gross area) required = 80 to 100 mm2 per every 1KN ultimate load carried by the column depending on the grade of concrete used. Ac= C.s. are of column D= large dimension of column =Ac/b b=width of column. For 600KN ultimate load, area required= 80x 600 =48000 mm2 If b=230mm, D=48000/230=209mm say 230mm. Size of column is 230 x 230mm. (b) Based on tributary load carried by the column: Area required is mm2/m2 of area covered by the column Grade of concrete M15 M20 External column 2500 2000 Internal column 1800 1500

M25 1800 1200 For example for 3 storeyed building interior column with M20 concrete with 3m by 4m grid Area required = (3 storey) x tributary area (3x4)x 1500 mm2 =54000mm2 Assuming width of column b=230 mm Depth required D = 54000/230 =235mm say 300mm The size of column to be adopted is 230 x 300 mm. Rough guidance for load carrying capacity of column : Load carried by concrete = 4t for M15, 5t for M20 and 6t for M25 for 100 cm2 of concrete area. Load carried by steel (for each bar) = 12mm rod =2.03t; 16mm=3.62t; 20mm= 5.65t; 25mm=8.83t 28mm=11.08t; 32mm=14.47t Total load= load carried by concrete+ load carried by steel E.g 230 x 230 with 4 Nos. 12mm rod ={(23x23)/100}x 5t +(4 x 2.03) =34.57t. This is the minimum capacity that the column can safely carried. (c) Estimation of Load on column by thumb rule: Column Position Interior column Side or end column Corner column Residential building 1.2t/m2 1.7t/m2 2.2t/m2 Office/commercial building 1.4t/m2 1.9t/m2 2.4t/m2

Size of column assumed based on loads Load (tons) (mm) Up to 45 46 to 80 81 to 110 111 to 150 230 230 x 450 230 300 x 600 x 230 or 300x 300 x 600 or 230 x 750 Column size

151 to 195 Above 195

300 x 750 or 450 x 450 300 x 830

(d) Based on thumb rule : (i)Based on height or span of the beam Column depth is 3 to 5% of total height of building For example 8 storeyed building with 3m height The depth of column is (8x3=24m )x3/100= 0.72m say 750mm. If the beam span is 4.5m, along transverse direction, width (b) = 1/12 of span of beam b= 1/12x4.50 =0.375m say 380 mm. (ii)Based on storey/ span of beam If building height is 3 storeys or less: If beam span is < 6m, D=300mm; If beam span is between 6.0 to 9m, D=350mm If the beam span is more than 12.0m, D=400mm. If the building height is 4 to 9 storeys: If beam span is < 6m, D=400mm; If beam span is between 6.0 to 9m, D=500mm If the beam span is more than 12.0m,D=600mm (e) Based on Load and moment: Assume 2% of C.S area for fy=250N/mm2 (i) If the line of action of the eccentric load is outside c.s area =Pu/0.4 fck (ii) If the line of action of the eccentric load is inside (within the section) c.s. area =Pu/0.45fck Example: Pu=2460KN; Mu=91KNM; fck=20N/mm2 ;fy=415N/mm2 Calculate eccentricity of load =Mu/Pu =91/2460= 0.037m Assume that line of action of axial load is inside the section and check this later. c.s area required =2460x103 /0.45x20x106 =0.273m2 If one dimension is 460mm, the other needs to be =0.273/0.46=0.59m say 0.60m Section is 460mm x 600mm Area of steel reinforcement= 0.02x0.273x(250/415)x106 =3289.16 mm2