Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part 1, Vol. 76, No.

10, 1993
Translated f r o m Denshi Joho Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 75-B-lI, No. 9, September 1992, pp. 638-646

A Propagation Model for Mobile Radio Propagation Loss in

an Urban Area at 800 lMHz

Shinich Ichitsubo and Masahiro Kimura, Members
NTT Radio Communication Systems Laboratories, Yokosuka, Japan 238-03

SUMMARY
To understand the propagation structure of the microcells with a tall and medium-height antenna in an urban area, the fundamental propagation parameters are found and the structural model of the propagation loss was constructed. The fundamental propagation parameters were obtained based on the multivariable analysis of the propagation data at 800 MHz measured in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. These parameters are the distance between the transmitter and receiver, the average building height between the transmitter and receiver, and the basestation height which have high correlation and regression coefficients with the propagation loss. The relationship of parameters obtained from the model is (20 - a) log@) for the base-station height characteristicsand (a- 20) log (H) for the building height characteristics if the distance characteristicsare a log (d). The relationships of coefficients of the conventional estimation equation and the regression equation obtained by the measured data almost agreed with those of the model so that the validity of the model was confirmed.

telephone, an important topic is estimation of the propagation loss. Based on this estimation, the system parameters such as the location of the base station, transmission power and channel allocations are determined. Hence, a practical estimation equation is desired. Especially, due to crowded frequency allocations as the mobile communication is developed, the traditional cell radius must be reduced and the use of microcells is considered. Accordingly, the propagation loss estimation for the microcell is being investigated [l-31. Since the microcell is not defined clearly at present, a cell is assumed to be a microcell if the cell radius is less than 1 km even if the base-station height is greater than the surrounding building height. This paper studies the microcell for which the base-station height is greater than that of surrounding buildings. A practical estimation equation for the propagation loss is the one in which the definitions of the propagation parameters (such as frequency, locationsof the transmitter and receiver, and urban structure) needed for estimation are clear and accurate estimation is possible within a short time by a computer. To this end, it is important to understand the fundamentalpropagation parameters and to find the relationship of these parameters with the propagation loss. In general, the most fundamental parameter is the distance r which can be related to the propagation loss via f (n = 3.6 3.8 [4,61. Other fundamental parameters are discussed only in the Sakagami equation using multivariable analysis.

Key words: Radio propagation; propagation model; mobile communication; multivariable analysis.

1 . Introduction
In the system design of land mobile communication such as the automobile telephone and the cellular

91

ISSN8756-662 1/93/0010-009 1 1994 Scripta Technica. Inc.

@

terrestrial magne t i sm 1 sensor position meter

800Mlz

8OOMlz - medium value

computer
[ transmi t terl

vehicle speed sensor

[receiver]

Fig. 1. Measurement system.

For the foregoing reason, this paper selected propagation parameters which significantly affect the propagation loss to clarify the propagation loss structure in an urban area. Based on the relationships among these parameters, the propagation loss structure was modeled. In the section of the propagation characteristics, the multivariable analysis used in the formation of the Sakagami equation also is used and the measured data in the Tokyo Metropolitan area were regressed. The data used for regression were those measured at 800 MHz in the case where the base-station height is greater than those of the surrounding buildings and the distance between the transmitter and receiver is less than 1 km. The measured data are regressed by the propagation parameters with significant effects so that an empirical equation was obtained. This empirical equation and conventional estimation equation were compared with the proposed model. The relationship of the characteristic coefficients agree well with the one indicated by the model.

Station). The measurement was carried out by driving the area within a radius of 1 km. The frequency was 813 MHz. The medium value of the 10-m short section was recorded digitally on a tape recorder together with the location coordinate. Sleeve antennas were used for the transmitter and the receiver. Figure 1 shows the measurement system while Table 1 lists the measurement parameters. When a base station was installed at Chiyoda Station, Nihonbashl District with many high rise buildings was measured. For Kyobashi Station, Ginza District with criss-crossed streets was measured. On the other hand, from Kuramae District, the region east of Ueno Railway Station was measured where the height of buildings was lower than two other districts. The measured area is fanshaped with a radius of 1 km centered at the base station. There is no area shadowed by the tower or the station building. The total distance of measurement was 10 to 20 km per base station. Figure 2 shows an example of measurement course for Kyobashi Station as the base station.

2. Fundamental Propagation Parameters

2.1. Propagation loss measurement
Based on the measured data, the fundamental parameters in an urban area are derived by the multiple regression analysis among the multivariable analysis. To obtain the propagation data in an urban area, the measurement was camed out in Tokyo. The base stations were installed on the towers or on the roofs of NIT Tokyo Central Network Center, NTT Kyobashi Equipment Center and NTT Kuramae Network Center (to be called Chiyoda Station, Kyobashi Station and Kuramae
92

2.2. Parameter selection

The ten parameters intended for propagation parameter selection are shown below. The frequency parameter was not considered at this time. Also, when a cell is constructed, the radiation pattern of the antenna is an important parameter. If the propagation structure with an omnidirectional antenna can be understood, then the case with a directional antenna can be handled by incorporating the antenna pattern. Hence, this parameter was not considered.

Table 1. Measurement parameters Measurement parameters

813.275 MHz
20 W or 1 W

Item Frequency Power Base-station height (transmission)

Chiyoda tower rooftop Kyobashi rooftop Kuramae tower rooftop

86.0 m 37.5 m 36.1 m

64.2 m
39.4 m

Mobile-station height (reception) Transmit and receive antenna

Measurement vehicle Sleeve antenna

3 . 0m

(d) Area average building height (Har): Average value of the heights of the buildings in the area within 1 km radius from the base station. (e) Building height between the transmitter and the receiver (Ho). Average value of the heights of the buildings on the line connecting the base station with the mobile station on the two-dimensional plane (on the ground).
(f) Height of buildings near the mobile station
,
1

,
1

,
1

,
1

,
1

,
1

.
, 1

(Hm). Average height of the buildings within 50 m x

(g) Height ratio of the buildings in front of and in the rear of the mobile station (Hm) on the base-station side of the mobile station to that of the building height on the other side.

, ...

, _ _,_ . . _ . __ , _ _,. _ _ , _ _,_ . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . _ 50 m from the _,_ . _ .. ._ .._. . _mobile _ _ . . station on the base-station side.

(a) Distance between the transmitter and the receiver (d). Distance between the transmitter and the receiver in a two-dimensional plane.
(b) Distance between the transmitter and the receiver (L). Distance between the transmitter and the receiver in a three-dimensional plane.

(h) Street width (W). Street width including the sidewalks (and is equal to the spacing of the buildings).

(i) Street angle (0). The angle between the direction of the street and that of the base station from the mobile station.
(i) Line-of-sight (LOS). Existence or nonexistence of the clear path between the transmitter and the receiver. Existence: LOS = 1, Nonexistence: LOS = 0.

(c) Base-station height (hb). Ground height of the base station.

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Table 2. Regression results for propagation parameters

Standard

Parameters T-R distance T-R building height Base-station height Street width Street angle Line-of-sight

Function

regression coefficient K 0.71

0.40

Partial correlation coefficient y, 0.78

Partial F 2845

0.60
-0.38
-0.25

973
305
121

-0.22
-0.14

-0.13
-0.05

-0.25
-0.09

113
16

These parameter values were derived from the building-street database. Because the database has no low building data, the building data were limited to those higher than 15 m. With the propagation loss as the objective function and the propagation parameters as the explaining functions, a multiple regression analysis was carried out. The standard regression coefficient k, partial correlation coefficient rp and partial F value of each parameter were obtained. The propagation loss was the average over 50 m derived from the 10-m short section medium values obtained in the measurement. The standard regression coefficient k is the value when the standard deviation of the explaining functions is normalized to unity. The magnitude of this parameter can determine that of the variation of the propagation loss versus the variation of the parameter value. The partial correlation coefficient rp indicates the partial correlation between each explaining function and the propagation loss. The magnitude of this value determines the correlation between the parameters and the propagation loss. The standard regression coefficient k and the partial correlation coefficient rp take values between -1 and 1. The effect is larger if the absolute value is larger. The partial F value detects the significance of each parameter.

The parameters related to the buildings, i.e., building height Har, Ho, Hm, and building height ratio FB, are highly correlated. Hence, the multiple regression was carried out by using one parameter at a time. The function forms of each parameter used for the multiple regression were the true value and the logarithmic [log(H)]. They are evaluated by a function form with a high partial F value. It was found that the building height Ho is the most significant parameter. The distance L is used as a parameter on the distance while the building height Ho is used as a parameter on the height. With such a choice, a multiple regression analysis was carried out. The function forms of each parameter were logarithmic for the distance L and the height H, while they are true value [WJ and logarithmic [log(W)]for the street width. For the street angle 8, the power [([90$]/90)"(n = 1, 2, 3, 4)] and sinusoid [sin(8)] are used. Finally, the line-of-sight LOS was true value

(LOS= 0. 11. Table 2 shows the results of the multiple

regression analysis in terms of the most significant function forms. Even in the microcell, the distance L is the maximum parameter and the partial correlation coefficient is 0.78. The partial correlation coefficient for the building height H, is 0.60. That of the base station height h, is -0.38. The negative value of the partial correlation coefficient indicates the reduction of the loss as the base-station height hb is increased. The partial correlation coefficient of the street width and the street angle is -0.25. Although they are related to the propagation loss, the correlation is small. Depending on the existence of the line-of-sight, the difference of the propagation loss is empirically large. However, there are
94

The parameters related to the distance, viz. the distance d, and the distance L have mutually high correlations. Hence, they cannot be regression analyzed once as the explaining functions; a multiple regression was camed out by using one parameter at one time. It was found that the regression residual is smaller, the result fits the measured data better and make the standard regression coefficient k, the partial correlation coefficient rp and the partial F value the highest if the distance L is used.

a*hb

I
Fig. 3. Building-induced propagation loss.

\("

locations where the received level increases due to reflection and diffraction even if there is no line-of-sight. Hence, the partial correlation of the propagation loss and the line-of-sight is low and no significant effect is seen.

Fig. 4. Distance Characteristics and height o i Bs characteristics.

Based on the data obtained by the present measurement, the fundamentalpropagationparameters and their function forms are selected. From Table 2, they are the following three: the distance log@), the building height log(Ho), and the base-station height log(&). To express the propagation loss structure in terms of a simple model, these three fundamental propagation parameters are used.

The propagation loss Loss is given by

3. Model by Characteristic Relationship

3.1. Resumptions
In terms of the three fundamental propagation parameters, a model of the propagation loss in an urban area is considered. First, the relationship (4 model) between the distance characteristics and the base-station height characteristics is shown under the following three presumptions. Next, the structural mode adding the building height characteristics is presented.
Presumptions.
(1) The distance characteristics are in accordance with $.

(3) The height of the buildings Hoand sizes in the urban area are identical and the distributions are uniform. From this presumption, the waves I and I1 with identical incident angle 4 to the ground and the frequency have identical loss LB(6 Ho) caused by the buildings if only the base-station heights are different. Figure 3 shows the waves I and 11. If the loss by the buildings is LB(q5, Ifo), the free-space loss is Lossf = 20 log(L) + C (C: constant), and the distances between the transmitter and the receiver for the waves I and I1 are L, and L,, then the propagation losses Loss(1) and Loss(I1) of the waves I and 1 1are

Loss( I 1 =ZO.Iog(L,)+LB(4, H")+ c Loss(I1) =20*log(L*)+LB(q5. Ih)+c

(3) (4)

3.2. Relationship between the characteristics (4 model)

Next, under the foregoing presumptions, the relationship between the distance characteristics and the base-station height characteristics is shown. As shown in Fig. 4, the waves I and 1 1 1 are radiated from the basestation height hb and the wave I1 is radiated from the base-station height ahb. The distance between the transmitter and the receiver for the wave I is Lo while for the wave I1 is aLw The incident angle of the waves I and I1 is 4, and that of the wave 111 is 6'. In the case of ahb a ! do, the distance between the transmitter and the receiver for the wave 111is approximately 4.All waves
95

If the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is L, the distance characteristic coefficient is a,and the constant is C, then the propagation loss is given by

(2) The propagation loss Loss is the sum of the free space loss Lossf and the loss by the buildings LB(4, Ifo).

have an identical frequency f . If the loss of wave I caused by the buildings is LB(t$, Ho), the distance coefficient is a and the constant is CI, then the loss Loss(1) of the wave I is

BS

If Eq. (5) is expressed by the distance characteristics as in Eq. (l), then

Mobile
Fig. 5. Propagation model.

Since the first term of Eq. (6) indicates the distance characteristics, the second term indicated by [ 1 becomes constant if the base-station heights are identical. The value in [ ] appears not to be a constant since the distance Lo between the transmitter and the receiver changes. However, it is a constant since 4 in LB(4, Ho)also changes with Lo. In the case where the base-station heights are identical, Eq. (6) becomes as follows in terms of a constant C2:

When the base-station height is changed to ah, in reference to the base-station height h,, the loss difference is -(a - 20)log(a4,). Hence, if the distance characteristic is expressed as alog(L), then the base-station height characteristic is -(a - 20)log(hd.

Loss( I ) =a.log(L.o)+

c 2

(7)

3.3 Propagation loss structure model

The coefficient relationship between the distance characteristics and the base-station height characteristics is a: -(a - 20). A model is constructed in which the building height characteristics are added to the former. The propagation loss increases as the building height is increased. Also, to maintain the coefficient relationship (4 model) of the distance characteristics and the basestation height characteristics is maintained, the following item (4) is assumed.
(4) The loss LB(q5, Ho) due to buildings is proportional to the logarithm of the propagation distance rb.

The propagation loss Loss(I1) of the wave I1 can be expressed as follows similarly to Eq. (6) since the loss from the buildingLE(4, Ho) is identical to the wave I:

LOSS(II ) =2O*Iog(a . L o ) + LB( $, Ho) + C1

=Q.lOg(a*Lo)+((20- a)'lOg(Q'I-o)

+ LB( 9, H")+ Cl)

(8)

For the wave 111, the base-station height is identical to the wave I while the distance is longer. Hence, the propagation loss Loss(II1) is as follows in terms of the distance characteristic alog(L,) in Eq. (7).

Loss (111) = Q ' log( a . L o ) + c2 = cu.log(a*Lo) + ((20- a)*log(L,) + L B ( d ,HI,)+C1) (9)

To obtain the loss difference due to the base-station height, the loss difference of the waves 111 and I1 is derived:

As shown in Fig. 5, the loss LE(q5, H,) due to buildings in the case of the base-station height of h,, building height of H,, and the distance Lo between the transmitter and the receiver is as follows if the characteristic coefficient of the propagation distance rb in the building part is q:

Ln(d, H O ) = ~ ' l o g ( ? ~ h )
=q'log[LO*/jll/hh]
= a.log(LA+

rl'log(l-ln)- q.log(lz*) (11)

Since the distance characteristic coefficient is a and the base-station height characteristic is -(a- 20), we let q =

96

Table 3. Regression coefficients Propagation characteristics

alog ( d )
/31og( ho)

Regression coefficient
38.2 -17.6
19.9

Partid F
3206 330 882
-

ylog (11")

Constant

15.5

Table 4. Detection of meaningfulness of regression Factor Regression Residual Degrees of freedom

3

Square sum
68826 68826 238890

Unpartial dispersion
22942

Dispersion ratio 1448

1759 1762

39

Total sum

is related to the parameters of urban structures such as distance, base-station height and building height.

Also, if the frequency is f and the constant is C 3 , the free-space loss Lossfin Presumption (2) is as follows:

4. Regression Equation for Propagation Loss

To compare the proposed structural model with the measured results, the measured data example was analyzed by multiple regression with the fundamental propagation parameters. The measured data used for multiple regression analysis are identical to those presented in section 2. The total number of the 50-m average propagation loss data is 1763. The function form of each parameter used for regression is as follows, if the propagation loss is Loss, the distance characteristic coefficient is a, the base-station height characteristic coefficient is 0, the building height characteristic is y, and the constant is C:

Lossf=20'log(La~+20~log~f) +c 3

(13)

Hence, the propagation loss becomes as follows from Eqs. (12) and (13):

In the assumed propagation model, the distance characteristic is a log(Lo), the base-station height characteristic is -(a- 20) log(h&, and the building height characteristic is (a - 20) log(Ho). The distance characteristic coefficient a is a = 20 -t E if it is the sum of the free-space loss coefficient of 20 and the additional part E. The base-station height characteristic coefficient 0 is -E while the building height characteristic coefficient y is expressed by E . Here, E is called the urban space coefficient in contrast to the free-space coefficient since it

The result of regression is

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Table 5. Evaluation of regression

Evaluation item Multiple correlation coefficient Determining coefficient

Value

I Standard deviation of residual

6.24 dB

I
10 100

1000

The regression coefficient and the partis F value c each characteristic by regression are listed in Table 3. The significance detection of regression is in Table 4 whereas the regression evaluation is in Table 5. The F value of regression is 1448 and the F value with a risk factor of 0.5 percent, degrees of freedom of 3 and the number of data 1763 is F(3, 1759; 0.5 percent) = 4.3. The regression is meaningful since the F value of regression is larger than the F value with a risk factor of 0.5 percent (1448 > 4.3). The determining coefficient is 0.71 and the multiple regression coefficient is 0.84. The regression residual from the measured value is 6.24 dB in the standard deviation. To study the convergence of each regression coefficient for the number of propagation data, it is assumed that the data used for regression are those of n spaced ones. The relationship between the number of data and the regression coefficient is shown in Fig. 6. If the number of data is less than 10, then the regression is not significantly with the risk factor 0.5 percent. As the number of data is increased, the regression coefficient becomes stabilized.

Data number
Fig. 6. Data number vs. coefficient for multiple regression analysis.

The regression residual is 6.26 dB in the standard deviation and is almost equal to the value in Eq. (16).

In the present measurement example, the coefficients 18.2, p = -17.6 of each characteristic were a = 20 and y = 19.9 as shown in Eq. (16). If the urban space coefficient E is assumed to be 18, then in the propagation model the distance characteristic coefficient is a = 38, the base-station height characteristic coefficient is /3 = -18 and the building height characteristic coefficient is y = 18. The relationship of each characteristic coefficient obtained from the empirical equation (16) almost agrees with the value indicated by the propagation loss model.

In the measured data used for comparison, the distance between the transmitter and the receiver was less than 1 km at 800 MHz and hence the validity of the model in this range was confirmed. Even if the distance is more than 1 km, the distance characteristic is considered to follow the r"rule shown in Presumption (1) [4, 61. Hence, the applicable range of distance can be extended. Also, in terms of the application range of the frequency, the frequency characteristic (0.4 to 2 GHz) is treated independently without relationship to the distance and the building height in the Okumura-Hata equation [4, 61 and the Sakagami equation [7]. Hence, the relationship between the characteristic coefficients indicated by the structural model is assumed to hold in the region of 0.4 to 2 GHz.

5. Comparison of Conventional Estimation Equation and Present Model

The conventional estimation equations for the urban propagation loss and the empirical equation (16) (measured) in this paper are compared with the proposed model. As the conventional equations, we use the Okumura-Hata equation (0-H), the Sakagami equation (SAKAGAMI), the Morita equation (MORITA) [8],

On the other hand, if it is assumed from the propagation loss model that the coefficients of each characteristic are a = 38, /3 = -18 and y = 18, then the results of regression of measured data are

98

Table 6. Propagation characteristics of each estimation equation

Distance

Base-station height

Building height

Okumura-Hata

[44.9-6.55 log(hb)] log(d)

[ - 13.82 - 6.55 log ( d . ) ] log(h*)

Sakagami

Morita

[A 2 + A 4 l o g ( l f , ) ] log(d)

A l + A 2 log(d) +[A 3+A 4 log(d)] lOg(flo)

[ A 3 + A 4 log(d)] log(H0)

Walfisch-lkegami

I
38 l o g ( d )

A-P

Lee

I I
36.8 l o g ( d )
38.2 l o g ( d )

Present experiment

19.9 log(lfu)

the base-station height h,, Fig. 7 shows the distance characteristic coefficient a for each estimation equation with the base-station height as a parameter. As the basestation height is increased, the distance characteristic coefficient a tends to decrease. From Fig. 7, the distance characteristic coefficient a is 36 to 38. Figure 8 shows the base-station height characteristic coefficient p with the transmitter-receiver distance as a parameter. The base-station height characteristic in the MORITA equation and the Walfisch-Ikegami equation is not expressed as a function of p log(h,), the building height is assumed to be Ho = 20 m as a general value, and the base-station height characteristic coefficient p is shown in Fig. 9 with the base-station height as a parameter. In the Okumura-Hata equation, p takes a large value whereas p in Walfisch-Ikegami is small. In generation, p is -18 to -20. Figure 10 shows the building height characteristic coefficient y with the transmitter-receiver distance as a parameter. In the Sakagami equation, y = 7.5 as the sum of the coefficients of the building height H , along the street and the building height (H) around the mobile station. In the Morita equation,y is expressed in terms of the base-station height and the transmitter-receiver distance. In the Walfisch-Ikegami equation, y is the value for the building height of Ho = 20 m. From Fig. 10, it is found that the values of y are scattered in the range of 7 to 80. The reason is that the definitions of the building height is different in different estimation equations and is not uniquely determined unlike the distance and the base-station height. The building height in the Sakagami equation uses the height H, along the street and the one for the buildings around the mobile station (If). In the case of the Walfisch-Ikegami equation, the heights are identical in the area. In the Morita equation, the average value generated by the simulation is used. In the present equation, the building height Ho is the average of the buildings between the transmitter and receiver. Table 7 shows the propagation characteristic coefficients in the case where the distance d = 1 km, the base-station height h, = 30 m and the building height Ho = 20 m. To compare the relationships between coefficients, the values of a + /3 and a - y are shown . In the structural model, a + p and a - y are 20. The value of a + p is 21 in the Okumura-Hata equation, 16 in the Sakagami equation, 29 in the Morita equation, 16 in the A-P equation, 17 in the Lee equation and is hence about 20. If, for instance, the distance d is 1 to 3 km and the base-station height h, is 20 to 60 m, the value of a + p

is 16 to 23 in the Okumura-Hata equation. The coefficients p and y in the Walfisch-Ikegami equation are large because of the functions of the base-station height characteristic and the building height characteristic in terms of log(] + h, - Ho). When the base-station height characteristic coefficient p is derived, the function of the base-station height characteristic is differentiated with respect to log(hb). Hence, the slope f3 becomes large if h, and H, are close to each other. The value of a - y fluctuates from equation to equation. The relationship between the distance characteristic coefficient a and the base-station height characteristic p in each estimation equation almost agrees with the structural model. The building height characteristic coefficient y fluctuates from equation to equation and cannot be compared with the structural model.

6. Conclusions
With a view to understanding the fundamental propagation characteristics in an urban area, the fundamental propagation parameters are presented based on the propagation loss data in 800 M H z in Tokyo. A model for the propagation loss was established based on these parameters. The applicable range of this model is when the base station is taller than the surrounding buildings. The relationships among characteristics obtained from the model were compared with the conventional estimation equations and the regression equation obtained from the measured data. The measured data are within the cell of less than 1 km radius and at 800 MHz. The findings are summarized below.
( 1 ) The fundamental parameters of the propagation loss in the urban area are the transmitter-receiver distance, base-station height and average building height between the transmitter and receiver in addition to frequency.

2) In the proposed model, if the distance characteristic is 01 log(& then the base-station height characteristic is (20 - a)log(hb) and the building height characteristic is (a- 20) log(Ho).
(3) The coefficients of the distance, base-station height and building height characteristics computed based on the measured results in Tokyo are 38.2, -17.6 and 19.9. They agree almost with the relationships between characteristics shown by the proposed modei. Also, the urban space coefficient I is about 18.

102

(4) When the conventional estimation equations and the proposed model are compared, the relationships between the coefficients for the distance characteristic and the base-station characteristic almost coincide.

3.

From the foregoing results, it is found that the fundamental propagation structure in an urban a m can be explained by the proposed model. Also, depending on the estimation equations based on the model, the number of propagation parameters is small so that the propagation loss estimation in an urban microcell can be c a m 4 out. The model used here pays attention to the relationships among propagation characteristics. No physical qualitative reasonings are provided, thus in the future, physical discussions are needed. Also, the measured data used in the present study are a portion of those obtained in Tokyo. More comparisons are needed at many measurement points. Further, in addition to the propagation structure, it is necessary to extract effective propagation parameters from more measured data so that the estimation accuracy is improved.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Acknowledgement. The authors thank Dr. Kuramoto, Mr. Sakamoto, Dr. Hata of NTT Radio Communication Systems Laboratories for guidance. They l T also thank Mr. Sakagami, former staff member of " Radio Communication Systems Laboratories.

8.

9.

REFERENCES
1.

10.

2.

S. Kozono and A. Taguchi. Propagation characteristics of low base-station antenna on the urban road. I.E.I.C.E. Trans. (B-11), J72-B-II, 1, pp. 3441 (Jan. 1989). M. Kaji and A. Akeyama. UHF-band radio propagation characteristics in built-up areas for land mobile system using low antenna height base station

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I.E.I.C.E. Trans. (B), J70-B, 5, pp. 602610(May (1987). Y. Nagata, Y. Furuya, E. Moriyama, T. Saruwatari, I. Kamiya, and S. Hattori. 2-GHz band radio propagation characteristics in microcellular mobile systems under tall building environments. Papers of Technical Group on Antennas and Propagation. I.E.I.C.E., Japan, AP90-84 (1990). Y. Okumura, E. Omori, T. Kawano, and K. Fukuda. Experimental study of propagation characteristics on the land mobile radio waves. Research and Development Report, 16, 9, pp. 1705-1764 (1967). H. Hata. Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio service. IEEE Trans. Veh. Te~hnol.,VT-29, 3, pp. 317-325 (1980). J. Walfisch and H. L. Bertoni. Theoretical model of UHF propagation in urban environments. IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propag., AP-36, 12, pp. 17881796 (1988). S. Sakagami and K. Kuboi. Mobile propagation loss prediction for arbitrary urban environments. I.E.I.C.E. Trans (B-11), J74-B-II, 1, pp. 17-25 (Jan. 1991). K. Morita, I. Higuchi, and S. Sato. Formula for estimatingmean propagation loss in quasi-microwave urban mobilecommunications. I.E.I.C.E, 1991 Fall National Convention, B-9. Urban transmission loss models for mobile radio in the 900- and 1800-MHz bands. EURO-COST 231 TD (90) 119 Rev. 1 (Jan. 1991). F. Ikegami, S. Yoshida, T. Takeuchi, and M. Umehira. Propagation factors controlling mean field strength on urban streets. IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propag., AP-32,8, pp. 822-829 (1984). A. Atefi and J. D. Parson. Urban radio propagation in mobile radio frequency bands. IEEE Conf. Publ., 262, pp. 13-18 (1986). W. C. Y. Lee. Mobile Communication En&' wwring, ch. 3, 4. McGraw-Hill, New York (1982).

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AUTHORS (from left to right)

ShiNchi Ichitsubo graduated in 1985 from the Dept. of Communication Engineer, University of ElectroCommunications, and obtained an M.S. from Kyushu University in 1988. In that year he joined NTT Radio Communication Systems Laboratories. Since then, he has been engaged in research on radio propagation of mobile communication.

Masahiro Kimura graduated in 1983 from Nagano Technical College and joined Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. Since then, he has been engaged in construction and maintenance of radio facilities with the Japan Youth Overseas Technical Cooperative Corps, and research and development of mobile communication. Presently, he is with NTT Radio Communication Systems Laboratories.

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