Critical analysis of Einstein's principles of relativity

The origin of a new relativity

(These works are protected by copyright, officially registered on I.G.A.C.

under the nºs 4961/2008 a 1211/2012)

José Luís Pereira Rebelo Fernandes

Independent researcher since 2005

Engineering from the University of Porto

Email: rebelofernandes@sapo.pt

December 2017

Abstract
In Einstein's relativity, the curvatures of time and space are studied and proposed. These two principles are the
structuring pillars of the whole theory of relativity.

Concerning the contraction of space, the theory concludes that in reference frames that are not at rest, the space
contracts in the direction of the displacement. This principle of object / space contraction is a solution,
mathematically possible for the Michelson-Morley experiment. But with a snag, that of being an ió-ió theory, that is,
the curvature is only a solution if the radius of light emitted returns to the place of origin because if the path is one-
way, given the contraction of space, we would have to find , Theoretically the change in interference spectrum.
There must be another reason for finding the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment.

We are thus tempted to look with redoubled attention to the expressions accepted by the theory of relativity, seen in
reality and in particle accelerators, such as the dilation of time by looking more closely at the "Method of mirrors
proposed by Einstein", looking at dilation of time under the action of a gravitational field through the energy of light
under the action of a gravitational field, metric Schwarzschild, still looking at the expression of time dilation, in the
hope of finding some light on the principles that are associated with it.

This careful observation allowed us to conclude the impossibility of the curvature of space. This principle of
contraction of space would call into question the dilation of time as well as the calculation of time in satellites.

Keywords: Relativity, space, time, universe, potential, gravitational, gravitational, velocity, energy, mass.

1-The dilation of time.

Let us briefly recall the "Method of mirrors proposed by Einstein".

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Considering the old theorem of Pythagoras, we will have:

𝐶 𝑡 =𝑣 𝑡 +𝐶 𝑡

𝐶 𝑡 =𝐶 𝑡 -𝑣 𝑡

𝑡 =( 𝑡 )

𝒕𝒗 𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝟐 =
𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝟐

𝒕𝒗 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
=
𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝟐

It is found, then, the expression that gives us the dilation of time in a moving reference v relative to

the time in the stopped referential frame.

I.1- The dilation of time as a function of the contaction of space.

When we make the transition from the possible contraction of the objects to assume the contraction

of the space in the direction of the displacement, we have to return to analyze the "Method of the

mirrors, proposed by Einstein".

For in calculating the time dilation we must consider that the space traveled by the mirrors in the reference

frame 0, given by, 𝑣 𝑡 , that according to the Principle of the contraction of space in the direction of the

displacement proposed by Einstein, Space is traveled in the direction of travel.

But if this is so then we must introduce the factor K of the contraction of the space in the direction of the

displacement referring to the reference frame o.

Then the space traveled horizontally, direction of displacement, 𝑣 𝑡 , would be given by:

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 𝐾𝑣 𝑡

𝐶 𝑡 =𝐾 𝑣 𝑡 +𝐶 𝑡

𝐶 𝑡 =𝐶 𝑡 -𝐾 𝑣 𝑡

𝑡 =𝑡

𝒕𝒗 𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝟐 =
𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝟐

𝒕𝒗 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
=
𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝟐

Therefore, we must equate the result with the expression of time dilation to be true.

𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
=
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐

This equality is only possible for,

K=1

The expression will only take the form all known if K = 1, that is, if space does not contract.

We thus see how the principle of contraction of space invalidates the expression known for the dilation of
time.

2- The dilation of time under the action of a gravitational field, in different reference
frames at rest.

Introduction
In this analysis we will use the same principles and methods used for the deduction of current theory.

Let us analyze the principles of the theory of relativity between time in a referential belonging to a gravitational field
generated by mass M and another reference for that gravitational field.

2.1- The model

Considering a reference frame A on a surface of a spherical mass M, with the radius R and a reference frame C
outside the action of the gravitational field of the mass M.

Where:

G- Universal gravitational constant.

M – Mass M.

R – Radius of the mass M.

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𝐶 –Energy of the light on the reference frame A.

𝑡 – Time on the reference frame A.

𝑡 – Time on a reference frame C.

2.2- The current theory.

Through the analysis of Einstein's relativity derived from the Schwarzschild metric, it is proposed to vary the time
between the reference frame A within the gravitational field of the mass M, and another reference frame C outside
the gravitational field, given by:

𝑡 = 1 − 𝑡 (1.2)

2.3- The time in different reference frames with different light energy.
Let us take a closer look at the Eq.(1.2)

The same of:

𝑡 = 𝑡 (2.2)

Considering:

𝑈 – The light energy in the reference frame A.

𝑈 – The light energy in the reference frame C.

When a light signal is emitted from A to C, we have in frame A the energy of light C^2.

𝑈 =𝐶 (3.2)

When the signal reaches C, by the action of the gravitational field generated by mass M we have a energy of the
light in C, given by:

𝑈 =𝐶 − (4.2)

From Eq. (2.2) considering Eq. (2.3) and Eq. (2.4), we have:

𝑈𝐶
𝑡 = 𝑡 (5.2)
𝑈𝐴

𝑈𝐴
= (6.2)
𝑈𝐶

The time in two different stationary frames is inversely proportional to the square root of the energy of light in these
frames.

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Since we have energies of light, different in A and C, then we can consider its potential as the square of the speed of
light, so we will have:

𝑈 =𝐶 (7.2)

𝑈 =𝐶 (8.2)

𝐶𝐴 2
= (9.2)
𝐶𝐶 2

𝐶𝐴
= (10.2)
𝐶𝐶

𝐶𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐶𝐴 𝑡 (11.2)

We are then talking about the space traveled by the light in the reference frame C, 𝐿 and in reference frame A,
𝐿 .

𝐿 = 𝐿 (12.2)

Once again it turns out that space does not curve.

3-What is the meaning of the expression of time dilation.

The expression is all known and already verified in reality and in experiments on particle accelerators.

Since our reference frame 0 is at rest and V is the reference frame in motion relative to 0, will have:

𝑡𝑉
=

Being:

𝑡 – The time in our reference frame 0.

𝐶 – The speed of light in our frame, which we now characterize as 𝐶 .

V, Velocity measured in our referential, which we characterize by 𝑉 .

𝑡 – The time in the reference frame in motion V, speed measured in our frame.

= (1.3)

In fact what we know is the speed of light and the displacement of the moving reference frame measured in our
frame. In the expression the terms, time and speed of light are in our refrence frame.

We find in the expression the terms, time and speed of light, in our referential. We are looking at the space traveled
by the light in our reference frame, L_0, obtained by:

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 𝐿 =𝑡 ∗𝐶 (2.3)

From Eq(1.3), we have:

𝑡 =𝑡 (3.3)

𝑡 𝐶 =𝑡 𝐶 (4.3)

In the first term we have a space traveled given by the product of time by the speed of light.

This factor can not affect our time because it is our unit, nor the speed of light in our frame because we
know how much it is value. Affecting time in the moving reference frame also does not make sense
because that is the unity of your time. Therefore the dimensionless factor can only be related with the
speed of light in the moving reference frame.

𝐶0 2
In the second member we have the product of time by the velocity which is expressed by. (𝐶0 ).
𝐶0 −𝑉0 2
2

𝐶0 2 𝐶0 2
AS >1 then the velocity 𝐶0 > 𝐶0 , the speed measured in the moving frame is greater than
𝐶0 −𝑉0 2
2 𝐶0 −𝑉0 2
2

the speed of light measured in our frame. This speed can only be the speed of light measured in the
moving frame.

If in the first member we have the space traveled by the light in our reference frame 𝐿 , then in the second
member we can only have the space traveled by the light in the moving reference frame, 𝐿 .

𝑡 𝐶 =𝑡 𝐶 (5.3)

𝐿 = 𝐿 (6.3)

It indicates that the space does not curve and the speed of light in the moving reference frame 𝐶 , is given
by:

𝐶 =𝐶 (7.3)

𝐶 =𝐶 (8.3)

𝐶 𝑡 =𝐶 𝑡 (9.3)

The same of Eq.(5.3)

Space can not contract.

4-Conclusion.
From what has been analyzed, the principle that the speed of light is constant in all references does not seem right.

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The principle to be taken into account is:

The space traveled by light, in the equivalent times of all reference frames, is always constant.

On the other hand it is concluded that the measurement of the speed of light, as well as any velocity, is inversely

proportional to the respective equivalent times of the frames.

References

[1] – Franco Selleri – "Lessons of relativity, from Einstein to the ether of Lorentz." Portuguese translation. Edições

Duarte Reis e Franco Selleri 2005, 227 p.

[2]- Jorge Dias de Deus, Mário Pimenta, Ana Noronha, Teresa Peña e Pedro Brogueira, Introdução à Física,

“Introduction to Physics”, 2ª Edição, Mc. Graw-Hill de Portugal, 2000, 623 p.

[3]- Eisberg – Resnick – Quantum Physics of atoms, molecules, solids, nuclei and particles. – Portuguese translation

Elsevier – Campus Editora – 1979, 928 p.

[4]- Neil Ashby, Relativity in the Global Positioning, System Living Rev. Relativity, 6, (2003), 1

http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2003-1/download/

Porto, 06/12/2016 to 09/12/2017

José Luís Pereira Rebelo Fernandes

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