CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CC304 : GEOTEKNIK 1 (LAB)

LECTURE NAME : PN.SUHAILA BINTI SAFIEE

MUHAMMAD ZULKARNAIN BIN SAINI (14DKA12F1063) AHMAD FIQRI BIN HAMDAN (14DKA12F1065) MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN YUSUFF (14DKA12F1077) AZRI IZZAT BIN AZAMI (14DKA12F1061) WAN NADIATUL EFFA BINTI WAN PAKURU (14DKA12F1126)

FORMAT REPORT

a) b) c) d)

Cover Rubric Student code of ethnics The report should contain: 1- No. of experiment 2- Topic of experiment 3- Objective 4- Apparatus 5- Theory 6- Procedure 7- Result 8- Calculation 9- Discussion 10- Conclusion

CONTENT

TITTLE

PAGE

Experiment , Objective and Introduction

Apparatus

Theory and Procedure

6-9

Result and Calculation

10-12

Discussion

13

Conclusion

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NO EXPERIMENT TOPIC EXPERIMENT INTRODUCTION

:1 : STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST :Soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. In construction, this is significant part of the building process.

OBJECTIVE

1) to determine the relationship between the moisture content and the dry density of a soil for a specified compactive effort. 2) to determine how much space is available for air and water.

APPARATUS : 1) Manual rammer 2) mold 3) Extruder 4)Balance 5)Drying oven 6)Mixing pan 7)Trowel, #4 sieve 8) Moisture cans 9)Graduated cylinder 10) Straight Edge. 11) 3kg of sand

3kg of sand

THEORY : Compaction is the process by which the bulk density of an aggregate of matter is increased by driving out air. For any soil, for a given amount of compactive effort, the density obtained depends on the moisture content. At very high moisture contents, the maximum dry density is achieved when the soil is compacted to nearly saturation, where (almost) all the air is driven out. At low moisture contents, the soil particles interfere with each other; addition of some moisture will allow greater bulk densities, with a peak density where this effect begins to be counteracted by the saturation of the soil.

PROCEDURE :

(1) Depending on the type of mold you are using obtain a sufficient quantity of air-dried soil in large mixing pan. For the 4-inch mold take approximately 10 lbs, and for the 6-inch mold take roughly 15 lbs. Pulverize the soil and run it through the # 4 sieve.

(2) Determine the weight of the soil sample as well as the weight of the compaction mold with its base (without the collar) by using the balance and record the weights.

(3) Compute the amount of initial water to add by the following method: (a) Assume water content for the first test to be 8 percent. (b) Compute water to add from the following equation: 100soil massin grams 8 water to add (in ml) = Where water to add and the soil mass are in grams. Remember that a gram of water is equal to approximately one milliliter of water.

(4) Measure out the water, add it to the soil, and then mix it thoroughly into the soil using the trowel until the soil gets a uniform color (See Photos B and C).

(5) Assemble the compaction mold to the base, place some soil in the mold and compact the soil in the number of equal layers specified by the type of compaction method employed (See Photos D and E). The number of drops of the rammer per layer is also dependent upon the type of mold used (See Table 1). The drops should be

applied at a uniform rate not exceeding around 1.5 seconds per Engineering Properties of Soils Based on Laboratory Testing drop, and the rammer should provide uniform coverage of the specimen surface. Try to avoid rebound of the rammer from the top of the guide sleeve. (6) The soil should completely fill the cylinder and the last compacted layer must extend slightly above the collar joint. If the soil is below the collar joint at the completion of the drops, the test point must be repeated. (Note: For the last layer, watch carefully, and add more soil after about 10 drops if it appears that the soil will be compacted below the collar joint.) (7) Carefully remove the collar and trim off the compacted soil so that it is completely even with the top of the mold using the trowel. Replace small bits of soil that may fall out during the trimming process (See Photo F). (8) Weight the compacted soil while its in the mold and to the base, and record the mass (See Photo G). Determine the wet mass of the soil by subtracting the weight of the mold and base. (9) Remove the soil from the mold using a mechanical extruder (See Photo H) and take soil moisture content samples from the top and bottom of the specimen (See Photo I). Fill the moisture cans with soil and determine the water content.

(10) Place the soil specimen in the large tray and break up the soil until it appears visually as if it will pass through the # 4 sieve, add 2 percent more water based on the original sample mass, and re-mix as in step 4. Repeat steps 5 through 9 until, based on wet mass, a peak Engineering Properties of Soils Based on Laboratory Testing

RESULT : Determination of moisture content

CONTAINER NO. Wet soil + container (g) Dry soil + container (g) Container (g) Water weight (g) Dry soil (g) Moisture contain (%)

1 0.074 0.071 0.049 0.003 0.022 13.636

2 0.072 0.068 0.050 0.004 0.018 22.222

3 0.082 0.077 0.048 0.005 0.029 17.241

4 0.089 0.083 0.055 0.006 0.028 21.429

5 0.097 0.088 0.048 0.009 0.040 22.5

Determination of dry density

TEST NO. Mould + soil (g) Mould (g) Compacted soil (g) Mould volume (cm3)

1 5.251 3.741 1.510 865.9

2 5.277 3.750 1.527 865.9

3 5.411 3.761 1.650 865.9

4 5.562 3.781 1.781 865.9

5 5.627 3.756 1.871 865.9

Bulk of density Dry density

6.064 414.32x10
-3

6.094 262.42x10
-3

6.248 342.52x10
-3

6.423 286.37x10
-3

6.498 276.51x10-3

Zero void ratio ; specific gravity 2.65 Dry density 1946.59 1667.83 1818.94 1690.19 1660.14

5% void ratio ; specific gravity 2.65 Dry density 1849.26 1584.44 1728.00 1605.68 1577.13

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CALCULATION: d = 10.5 cm h = 10 cm

Mould volume (cm3 ) = r2h = (5.25) 10 = 865.9 m3

Moisture content

Moisture content = (mass of water mass of weight) 100

1) (0.003 0.022) x 100 =13.636

2) (0.004 0.018) x 100 = 22.222

3) (0.005 0.029) x 100 = 17.241

4) (0.006 0.028) x 100 = 21.429

5) (0.009 0.040) x 100 = 22.50

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Dry Density
Dry density =

1)

= 414.32x10-3

2)

= 262.42x10-3

3)

= 342.52x10-3

4)

= 286.39x10-3

5)

= 276.51x10-3

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DISCUSSION :

The compactive effort is the amount of mechanical energy that is applied to the soil mass. Several different methods are used to compact soil in the field, and some examples include tamping, kneading, vibration, and static load compaction. The optimum water content is the water content that results in the greatest density for a specified compactive effort. Compacting at water contents higher than (wet of ) the optimum water content results in a relatively dispersed soil structure (parallel particle orientations) that is weaker, more ductile, less pervious, softer, more susceptible to shrinking, and less susceptible to swelling than soil compacted dry of optimum to the same density. The soil compacted lower than (dry of) the optimum water content typically results in a flocculated soil structure (random particle orientations) that has the opposite characteristics of the soil compacted wet of the optimum water content to the same density.

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CONCLUSION:

Mechanical compaction is one of the most common and cost effective means of stabilizing soils. An extremely important task of geotechnical engineers is the performance and analysis of field control tests to assure that compacted fills are meeting the prescribed design specifications. Design specifications usually state the required density (as a percentage of the maximum density measured in a standard laboratory test), and the water content. In general, most engineering properties, such as the strength, stiffness, resistance to shrinkage, and imperviousness of the soil, will improve by increasing the soil density.

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