Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Facultad de Ingeniera
Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica
Laboratorio de Operaciones Unitarias
IQ-513
Informe de laboratorio
Mediciones de Caudales en Canales Abiertos.
Presentado a:
Ing. Andrs Cruz
Catedrtico
Presentado por:
Grupo # 1
20070000505
20070001271
20070000448
20081001055
20070000337
20070011646
Introduccin
Se considera un canal abierto a un conducto con una superficie libre, que siempre est a
presin atmosfrica. El flujo en canales abiertos tiene lugar en ros, arroyos, acequias,
desages, etc.
Desde tiempos ancestrales el ser humano ha tenido la necesidad de cuantificar el agua, para
satisfacer sus necesidades de consumo y poder utilizar de forma eficiente sus recursos
hdricos. Debido a esta necesidad se han inventado diferentes dispositivos que ayudan a medir
el agua. Dentro de los dispositivos ms utilizados por su facilidad de construccin e
instalacin se pueden mencionar los vertederos los cuales se disean y construyen para ser
utilizados dentro de los ensayos de laboratorio para la enseanza de estudiantes.
En la prctica de laboratorio se trabajara con vertederos rectangulares y triangulares para
medir el gasto volumtrico y comparar los datos tericos con los experimentales.
En el informe se describe y se analiza el comportamiento de un flujo a travs de un canal
abierto.
Conclusiones
1. Al medir la cantidad de agua que lleva una corriente en una unidad de tiempo
con el uso de vertederos, el ms adecuado para caudales grandes es el
rectangular y para caudales pequeos es el triangular.
Resultados y Discusin
Con el propsito de obtener una relacin para el caudal cuando se presenta flujo en canales
abiertos, se realizaron mediciones de flujo de masa (haciendo uso de balanza y cronometro),
adems de registrar la altura de pelcula de fluido que se descarga mediante diversos tipos de
vertederos.
De esta manera se obtuvieron valores experimentales de caudal con la ecuacin basada en el
flujo msico, Q =
Los valores obtenidos mediante esta ecuacin se comparan y grafican junto con los valores
derivados de ecuaciones tericas para flujo en canales abiertos, teniendo en cuenta el tipo de
vertedero, de acuerdo a:
C=0.58
Q=4.28C tan (/2)
Q=3.33L*
Graficas
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Altura (ft)
Caudal (ft^^/s)
0.03
0.025
Caudal Real
(ft^3/s)
0.02
0.015
Caudal Teorico
(ft^3/s)
0.01
0.005
0
0
0.1
0.2
Altura (ft)
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Altura (ft)
Caudal (ft^^/s)
0.2
Caudal real
0.15
cuadal teorico
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.2
0.4
Altura (ft)
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Altura (ft)
Caudal (ft^/s)
0.06
0.05
0.04
Cuadal real
0.03
Caudal Teorico
0.02
0.01
0
0
0.2
0.4
Altura (ft)
0.6
0.8
Memoria de clculo
/t
Y=H + Hc
Q= /
A=a*H
V=Q/A
q=Q/a
E=Y+
Yc=
/62.244
=0.02871
A= 0.5 *3.5=1.75
=0.01215
V =0.02871/0.01215=2.3629
Y =3.5+2.125=5.625 =0.46875
q=0.02871/0.04167=0.6889
E=0.46875 + ((2.3629^2)/(2*32.2))=0.5554
= (((0.6889^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.2451
Q (terico) = 3.33 (0.04167)
=0.02186
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.02186/0.02871=0.7614
H=3.2 =0.2667
=23-0.2=22.8
= 22.8 /15.6 = 1.4568
Q= 1.4568/62.244=0.02340
A= 0.5*3.2=1.6 =0.0111
V =0.02340/0.0111=2.108
Y =3.2+2.125=5.325in=0.44375
q=0.02340/0.04167=0.5616
E=0.44375+ ((2.108^2)/(2*32.2))=0.51275
= (((0.5616^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.21396
Q (terico) = 3.33 (0.04167)
=0.01911
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.01911/0.02340=0.8167
Q (terico)=3.33L*
H=2.8 =0.2333
=13.5-0.2=13.3
= 13.3 /19.40 = 0.6856
Q= 0.6856/62.244=0.01101
A= 0.5*1.8=0.9 = 0.00625
V =0.01101/0.00625=1.7616
Y=1.8+2.125=3.925in=0.32708
q=0.01101/0.04167=0.2642
E=0.32708+ ((1.7616^2)/(2*32.2))=0.37527
= (((0.2642^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.1294
Q (terico) = 3.33 (0.04167)
=0.01563
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.01930/0.01563=0.80984
H=2.7 =0.225
=23-0.2=22.8
= 22.8/19.6= 1.1632
Q= 1.1632/62.244=0.01869
A= 0.5*2.7=1.35 =0.009375
V =0.01869/0.009375=1.9936
Y=2.7+2.125=4.825in=0.40208
q=0.01869/0.04167=0.4485
E=0.40208+ ((1.9936^2)/(2*32))=0.46379
= (((0.4485^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.18417
Q (terico) = 3.33 (0.04167)
=0.0148
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.0148/0.01869=0.7918
H=2.3 =0.19167
=23-0.2=22.8
= 22.8/25.8= 0.8837
Q = 0.8837/62.244=0.01420
A = 0.5*2.3=1.15
=0.00798
V =0.01420/0.00798=1.7794
Y =2.3+2.125=4.425in=0.36875
q=0.01420/0.04167=0.3408
E=0.36875+ ((1.7794^2)/(2*32))=0.4179
= (((0.3408^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.1533
Q (terico) = 3.33 (0.04167)
=0.01164
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.01164/0.01420=0.8197
H=1.4 =0.1167
=22.5-0.2=22.3
= 22.3/56.3= 0.3961
Q= 0.3961/62.244=0.00636
A = 0.5*1.4=0.7
=0.00486
V =0.00636/0.00486=1.3086
Y =1.4+2.125=3.525in=0.29375
q=0.00636/0.04167=0.1526
E=0.29375+ ((1.3086^2)/(2*32))=0.3203
=(((0.1526^2)/32.2)^(1/3))=0.0897
Q (terico) = 3.33 (0.04167)
=0.00553
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.00553/0.00636=0.8695
/16.1 = 1.97059
Q = 1.97059
/62.244
=0.03166
A=0.20833 *0.44167=0.09201
V =0.03166/0.09201= 0.34407
Y =0.17708+0.44167=0.61875
q=0.03166/0.20833=0.1519661
E=0.61875 + ((0.34407^2)/(2*32.2))=0.62058
= (((0.03166^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.0895116
Q (terico)= 3.33*0.20833*0.44167^3/2=0.203682
H=5.0
=26.3
= 26.3
/18.6 = 1.41398
Q = 1.41398
/62.244
=0.02272
A=0.20833 *0.41667=0.08680
V =0.02272/0.08680= 0.26170
Y =0.17708+0.41667=0.59375
q=0.02272/0.08680=0.1090419
E=0.59375 + ((0.26170^2)/(2*32.2))=0.59481
= (((1090419^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.0717426
Q (terico)= 3.33*0.20833*0.41667^3/2=0.1865861
H=4.5
=26.8
= 26.8
/22.4 =1.19643
Q =1.19643
/62.244
A=0.20833 *0.37500=
V=
/0.07812=0.24604
Y =0.17708+0.37500=
q=
/0.20833=
E= 0.55208+ ((0.24604 ^2)/(2*32.2))=0.62058
= (((
^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =
Q (terico)= 3.33*0.20833*0.37500^3/2=
H=4
=26.3
= 26.3
/16.1 =0.99245
Q=
/62.244
A=0.20833 *0.33333=
V =0.01594/0.06944=0.22961
Y =0.17708+0.33333=
q=0.01594/0.20833=
E=
+ ((0.22961^2)/(2*32.2))=
= (((
^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =
Q (terico)= 3.33*0.20833*0.33333^3/2=0.1335101
H=3.3
=26.3
= 26.3
/16.1 =0.77019
Q =0.77019
/62.244
A=0.20833 *0.27500=
V =0.01237/0.05729=
Y =0.17708+0.27500=
q=0.01237/0.20833=
E=
+ ((0.21598^2)/(2*32.2))=
= (((0.0593945^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =
Q (terico)= 3.33*0.20833*0.27500^3/2=
H=2.7
=26.3
= 26.3
Q=
/16.1 =0.53830
/62.244
A=0.20833 *0.22500=
V =0.00865/0.04687=0.18450
Y =0.17708+0.22500=
q=0.00865/0.20833=
E=
+ ((0.18450^2)/(2*32.2))=
= (((0.041512^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =
Q (terico)= 3.33*0.20833*0.22500^3/2=
Vertedero triangular
Cresta: 0.17708 ft
=
/t
Y=H + Hc
= 3.861x2 =7.7222
Q= /
A= (a*H)
V=Q/A
q=Q/a
E=Y+
Yc=
Tan 3.861=0.06749
0.06749 (H)=X*2= base del triangulo
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
H=0.64047 ft
=27-0.2=26.8
= 26.8 /15.11 = 1.77366
Q = 1.77366
/62.244
=0.02850
A= (0.05464*0.64047)=0.01750
V =0.02850/0.01750=1.62867
Y =0.64047 +0.17708=0.81755
q=0.02850/0.05464=0.5215571
E=0.81755+ ((1.62867^2)/(2*32.2))=0.8587389
= (((0.6889^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.2036648
Q (terico)=4.28*0.58 tan (/2)
=0.05500
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.05500/0.02850=0.1.9298
H=0.36905ft
=25.9-0.2=25.7 lb
= 25.7 /17.35 = 1.48127
Q = 1.48127
/62.244
=0.02380
A= (0.04981*0.36905)=0.00919
V =0.02380/0.00919=2.58898
Y =0.36905+0.17708=0.54613
q=0.02380/0.04981=0.4777308
E=0.54613+ ((2.58898^2)/(2*32.2))=0.6502107
= (((0.4777308^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.1920895
Q (terico)=4.28*0.58 tan (/2)
=0.013816
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.013816/0.02380=0.0.5805
H=0.34524ft
=27.5-0.2=27.3 lb
= 27.3 /25.6 = 1.06641
Q = 1.06641
/62.244
=0.01713
A= (0.04660*0.34524) =0.00804
V =0.01713/0.00804=2.12985
Y =0.34524+0.17708=0.52232
q=0.01713/0.04660=0.367654
E=0.52232+ ((2.12985^2)/(2*32.2))=0.5927586
= (((0.367654^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.1613148
Q (terico)=4.28*0.58 tan (/2)
=0.01173
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.01173/0.01713=0.68476
H=0.26190ft
=27-0.2=26.8 lb
= 26.8 /34.7 = 0.77233
Q = 0.77233
/62.244
=0.01241
A= (0.03535*0.26190) =0.00463
V =0.01241/0.00463=2.68036
Y =0.26190+0.17708=0.43898
q=0.01241/0.03535=0.3509926
E=0.43898+ ((2.68036^2)/(2*32.2))=0.5505376
= (((0.3509926^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.1564036
Q (terico)=4.28*0.58 tan (/2)
=0.00588
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.00588/0.01241=0.4738
H=0.23809ft
=25.3-0.2=25.1lb
= 25.11 /45.7 = 0.54923
Q = 0.54923
/62.244
=0.00882
A= (0.03214*0.23809) =0.00383
V =0.00882/0.00383=2.30635
Y =0.23809+0.17708=0.41517
q=0.00882/0.03214=0.2745596
E=0.41517+ ((2.30635^2)/(2*32.2))=0.4977672
= (((0.2745596^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.132782
Q (terico)=4.28*0.58 tan (/2)
=0.004634
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.004634/0.00882=0.5254
H=0.17857ft
=24.5-0.2=24.3 lb
= 24.3 /72.5 = 0.33517
Q = 0.33517
/62.244
=0.00538
A= (0.02410*0.17857) =0.00215
V =0.00538/0.00215=2.50216
Y =0.17857+0.17708=0.35565
q=0.00538/0.02410=0.2234054
E=0.35565+ ((2.50216^2)/(2*32.2))=0.4528675
= (((0.2234054^2)/32.2) ^ (1/3)) =0.1157294
Q (terico)=4.28*0.58 tan (/2)
=0.002258
Relacin de caudales (terico/real)= 0.002258/0.00538=0.41970
Tabla de Resultados
Vertedero rectangular 0.5 in
Cresta: 2.125 in, masa balde: 0.20 lb, densidad del agua: 62.2440
Medicin 1
tiempo
altura
masa
flujo msico Caudal
rea
13.60
0.29170 24.30000
1.78676 0.02871
0.01216
Medicin 2
Medicin 3
Medicin 4
15.60
19.40
19.60
0.26667
0.23333
0.22500
22.80000
23.30000
22.80000
1.46154
1.20103
1.16327
0.02348
0.01930
0.01869
0.01111
0.00972
0.00938
Medicin 5
Medicin 6
25.80
56.30
0.19167
0.11667
22.80000
22.30000
0.88372
0.39609
0.01420
0.00636
0.00799
0.00486
velocidad
(v)
Medicin 1
Medicin 2
Medicin 3
2.36162
2.11310
1.98481
0.46878
0.44375
0.41038
0.6888844
0.5634939
0.4630557
0.5553832
0.5130821
0.4715518
Medicin 4
Medicin 5
Medicin 6
1.99331
1.77766
1.30897
0.40208
0.36875
0.29375
0.4484952
0.3407173
0.1527128
0.4637771
0.4178159
0.3203522
Caudal
terico
Relacin
entre caudal
(terico/real)
0.2451766 0.02186
0.2144409 0.01911
0.1881352 0.01563
0.1841704 0.0148
0.153336 0.01164
0.7614
0.80984
0.01869
0.8197
0.0898046 0.00553
0.8695
altura
critica
0.8167
medicion 1
medicion 2
medicion 3
medicion 4
medicion 5
medicion 6
Tiempo
13.60
18.60
22.40
26.50
32.20
47.00
medicion 1
medicion 2
medicion 3
medicion 4
medicion 5
medicion 6
Profundidad
(Y)
0.61875
0.59375
0.55208
0.51041
0.45208
0.40208
Altura
0.44167
0.41667
0.37500
0.33333
0.27500
0.22500
Masa
26.80000
26.30000
26.80000
26.30000
24.80000
25.30000
Caudal de
Anchura
(q)
0.1519661
0.1090419
0.0922651
0.0765351
0.0593945
0.041512
Flujo Masico
1.97059
1.41398
1.19643
0.99245
0.77019
0.53830
Energia
Especifica
0.62058
0.59481
0.55302
0.51123
0.45280
0.40261
Altura
Crtica
0.0895116
0.0717426
0.064181
0.0566615
0.0478497
0.0376846
Caudal
0.03166
0.02272
0.01922
0.01594
0.01237
0.00865
rea
0.09201
0.08680
0.07812
0.06944
0.05729
0.04687
Caudal
Terico
0.2036282
0.1865861
0.15931
0.1335101
0.1000449
0.0740406
Velocidad
(v)
0.34407
0.26170
0.24604
0.22961
0.21598
0.18450
Relacin
Caudal
(terico/real)
6.431904554
8.213606157
8.288074902
8.373398972
8.085311808
8.561397378
Vertedero triangular
Cresta: 2.125 in, masa balde: 0.20 lb, densidad del agua: 62.2440
Angulo: 7.7222
Medicin 1
Medicin 2
Medicin 3
Medicin 4
Medicin 5
Medicin 6
velocidad
(v)
profundidad
(Y)
caudal de energa
anchura (q) especifica
altura
critica
Caudal
terico
Relacin
caudal(terico/real)
Medicin 1
1.62867
0.81755 0.5215571
0.8587389
0.2036648
0.05500
1.9298
Medicin 2
2.58898
0.54613 0.4777308
0.6502107
0.5805
Medicin 3
2.12985
0.52232
0.367654
0.5927586
0.1920895 0.013816
0.1613148 0.01173
0.68476
Medicin 4
2.68036
0.43898 0.3509926
0.5505376
0.1564036
0.00588
0.4738
Medicin 5
2.30635
0.41517 0.2745596
0.4977672
0.132782 0.004634
0.5254
Medicin 6
2.50216
0.41970
Tiempo
(S)
Masa (lb)
19.4
23.3
13.6
24.3
15.6
22.8
19.6
22.8
25.8
22.8
56.3
22.3
Vertedero de 0.25
Altura (in)
5.3
5
4.5
4
3.3
2.7
Tiempo
(S)
Masa (lb)
16.1
26.8
18.6
26.3
22.4
26.8
26.5
26.3
32.2
24.8
47
25.5
Vertedero triangular
Angulo: 7.7222
Tiempo
Altura (in) (S)
Masa (lb)
4 6/7
15.11
26.8
4 3/7
17.35
25.7
4 1/7
25.6
27.3
3 1/7
34.7
26.8
2 6/7
45.7
25.1
2 1/7
72.5
24.3
Nomenclatura
V=Velocidad,
g=aceleracin gravitacional, 32.2
= ngulo del vertedero, grados
L=ancho de vertedero, ft
=flujo de masa,
Q=caudal,
A=rea transversal de flujo,
Re=nmero de Reynolds
= densidad,
H=altura de pelcula, ft
E=energa especifica,
q=caudal de anchura
Y=profundidad
Yc=profundidad critica
t=tiempo
a=ancho
Hc=alto de cresta
Bibliografa