Presentation 1 B W

Page 1
ISA Final Control Element

ISA
ISA Session
No. 10
Final Control
Element I
KEVIN GIVEN
ISA
Welcome
ISA MEMBERS
ISA
Serge Trudel
General Manager
Page 2
ISA
Bray International, Inc.
Manufacturing Facilities
ECanada
EUSA
EMexico
EHong-Kong
Scotland
Germany
China
Australia
ISA
Final Control Element:
A final control element is a
mechanical device which produces
some predictable series of changes in a
process in response to an automated
command or control signal acting
through a mechanical, pneumatic
electric or hydraulic actuator.
ISA
F.C.E. Types
EConveyer
EPumps
EMotors
ERobots
EDampers
EHydraulic cylinders
EControl Valves
Page 3
ISA
Final Control Element
Conveyers
EEither on-off or
variable speed.
ESpeed in Unit
length per second.
ISA
Pumps
EPumps are used to supply flow and pressure to a
liquid or slurry. Usually used on-off
EAlso used in control application usually small sizes
and less precise control. Can only control one variable
mainly flow rate.
ISA
Motors
EA majority of motors are on-off
EVariable speed drives
Eoperates pumps, rotary equipment, mixers,
Page 4
ISA
Robotics
EWidely used in repetitive manufacturing
EHazardous areas
EHeavy handling
EPrecise manufacturing
EMicroprocessor manufacturing
ISA
Dampers
EGas control
ERound or rectangular
ELouvers
EAutomated by rotary actuator
or linear cylinder
EUsually sheet metal
fabricated for up to 15 PSI
pressure
48
ISA
Cylinders and solenoid manifold
EMainly two positions
EBus controlled
ELinear motion
EValve operator
EMechanical
displacement
ECylinders used on
modulating control
Page 5
ISA
Control Valve:
A final control element or variable
resistance which produces some
predictable series of changes in flow
quantity, reservoir level, product
mixing, temperature or line pressure
in response to an automated command
or control signal acting through a
pneumatic electric or hydraulic
actuator.
ISA
Engineers Brew
ISA
Engineers Brew
Page 6
ISA
Engineers Brew
ISA
Engineers Brew
ISA
Engineers Brew
Page 7
ISA
Engineers Brew
ISA
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM
A SYSTEM DEPENDENT UPON HUMAN
INTERACTION TO ACHIEVE CONTROL.
ISA
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
A closed loop system is a control system capable of
sensing values of a preselected variable and generating
corrective action without the intervention of a human
operator
Actuator
Positionner
Controller
Remote
Set Point
Note: While the operator may interact to modify the control
desired, once modified, the operator need not remain involved.
Sensing device
Page 8
ISA
Control characteristics
This term is generally employed to
describe the relationship which exists
between flow rate through a valve and the
valve travel as the latter varies from full
closed to full open. Control characteristic
is given as inherent or as installed.
ISA
Types of characteristics
4Inherent characteristic: is the
relationship which exists under a normal
test situation where constant pressure
differential is maintained across the valve
at all travel positions.
4Installed characteristic: is the
relationship which occurs when the valve
is installed in a working system, and
where pressure differential may vary
dependent upon valve travel and overall
system characteristics.
ISA
Common characteristics:
4Equal percentage
4Linear
4Quick opening
Page 9
ISA
Common characteristics:
%Open
Cv
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Quick Opening
Linear
Equal %
ISA
Common Characteristics
% Open
100
0
50
100
10
Equal Percentage
Linear
Quick Openi ng
1
ISA
Globe valve plug design
Page 10
ISA
Globe valve plug design
Equal Percentage Linear Quick Opening
ISA
Equal percentage characteristic
Angle of Previ ous New Flow Change
opening flow (gpm) % change gpm) (gpm)
10 100 70 170 70
20 170 70 289 119
30 289 70 491 202
40 491 70 835 344
50 835 70 1,420 585
60 1,420 70 2,413 993
70 2,413 70 4,103 1,690
80 4,103 70 6,975 2,872
90 6,975 70 11,858 4,883
ISA
Equal percentage characteristic
Angl e of Openi ng
Fl ow
(GPM)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Page 11
ISA
Selection criteria
If in doubt about the preferred characteristic, choose
equal percentage
Except for pressure relief applications, the quick opening
characteristic is seldom employed for control applications
Liquid system
If system pressure drop available < 25% choose equal
percentage
gIf pressure drop available > 25% choose linear
For pressure control choose equal percentage
Gas
small volume system choose equal percentage
large volume system
i) P available > 25% choose linear
ii) P available < 25% choose equal percentage
ISA
Valve authority
Q=1000USGPM
P
p
=100psig
P
valve
=50psi
P
coil
=25psi
P
pipe
=25psi
Val ve authority = 50 = 50%
100
ISA
Valve authority
Q=1000USGPM
P
p
=100psig
P
valve
=25psi
P
coil
=50psi
P
pipe
=25psi
Val ve authority = 25 = 25%
100
Page 12
ISA
Valve authority
ISA
System analysis
6 INCH VALVE, EQUAL % CHARACTERISTIC
PRESSURE SOURCE: RESERVOIR
VALVE CARRIES 75% OF TOTAL SYSTEM
DROP
VALVE INLET
ANGLE PRESS. FLOW
90 5 193
80 5 124
70 5 75
60 5 45
50 5 26
40 5 15
30 5 8
20 5 5
10 5 3
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ISA
System Analysis
6 INCH VALVE, LINEAR CHARACTERISTIC
PRESSURE SOURCE: RESERVOIR
DROP
VALVE INLET
ANGLE PRESS. FLOW
90 5 193
80 5 177
70 5 159
60 5 139
50 5 119
40 5 97
30 5 76
20 5 50
10 5 26
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Page 13
ISA
System Analysis
PRESSURE SOURCE: PUMP
VALVE CARRIES 25% OF TOTAL SYSTEM DROP
VALVE INLET
ANGLE PRESS. FLOW
90 6.6 128
80 6.8 107
70 7 78
60 7.2 51
50 7.4 31
40 7.6 19
30 7.8 11
20 8 6
10 8.2 4
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ISA
System Analysis
DROP
VALVE INLET
ANGLE PRESS. FLOW
90 6.6 128
80 6.6 124
70 6.4 117
60 6.7 113
50 7.2 107
40 7.4 96
30 7.6 80
20 7.8 59
10 8.1 33
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ISA
System Analysis
DROP
VALVE INLET
ANGLE PRESS. FLOW
90 65 114
80 67 113
70 69 109
60 70 97
50 71 77
40 72 53
30 73 32
20 74 20
10 75 12
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Page 14
ISA
System Analysis
DROP
VALVE INLET
ANGLE PRESS. FLOW
90 45.5 95
80 45.7 95
70 45.9 95
60 46.1 94
50 46.3 94
40 47.3 93
30 48.2 91
20 48.5 84
10 48.9 64
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ISA
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle of Opening
Flow
(GPM)
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ISA
2 Main Valve Divisions
ROTARY
LINEAR
Page 15
ISA
ROTARY
BALL
BUTTERFLY
DAMPER
SEGEMENTED BALL
V or CHARACTERISED BALL
PLUG
SPECIALTY ROTARY
ISA
Butterfly Valve Disc Design
ISA
Conventional Disc
Page 16
ISA
Thin Disc
ISA
Contoured
ISA
Single Offset
L
Page 17
ISA
Double Offset
L1
L
ISA
Double Offset
ISA
Triple Offset
EThird angle is a
constant between seal
ring and seating
surface.
EMetal Seated
ESeal on disc or in Body
ELow seat friction
EInherently firesafe
ELow or Zero Leakage
L1
L
Page 18
ISA
Rangeability
THIS IS THE RATIO OF MAXIMUM TO
MINIMUM CONTROL OF FLOW WITHIN THE
VALVE'S INHERENT CHARACTERISTIC
RANGE (i.e. MAXIMUM C
V
VS MINIMUM C
V
AT ENDS OF INHERENT CHARACTERISTIC
SPAN).
RANGEABILITY =
Cv
Cv
max.
min.
ISA
Rangeability
CONV. CONT. THIN
C
V
min. 34 14 28
C
V
max. 1,025 1410 2,786
RANGEABILITY 30 100 100
ISA
Rangeability (6 size)
ANGLE S/30 S/20 CONT.
OF OPENING Cv % Cv % Cv %
0 0 - 0 - 0 -
10 6 - 7 - 17 -
20 56 252 59 245 44 158
30 129 153 130 153 80 82
40 225 78 227 78 147 84
50 354 60 376 60 241 64
60 567 60 607 60 416 72
70 1,025 61 1,065 61 682 64
80 1,542 55 1,873 64 1,118 64
90 1,850 19 2,786 65 1,410 26
RANGEABILITY 30:1 100:1 100:1
Page 19
ISA
CONVENTIONAL DISC
% Open
100
0
50
100
1
10
Cv Max
Cv Min
ISA
THIN DISC
% Open
100
0
50
100
10
Cv Max
Cv Min
1
ISA
Characteristic comparison
% Open
100
0
50
100
1
10
Cv Max
Cv Min
Thin
Conventional
Contoured
C
V
Page 20
ISA
Disc Geometry
ISA
Ball Valve
EUsed in all applications
EEqual percentage
characteristic
ERegular of full port design
EAll type of connections,
threaded, socket or butt
weld, flanged, RTJ, wafer
EWide rage of seats for high
temp, or high pressures.
ISA
Segmented or V Ball valve
EBetter Control than with
full port ball (by reduced
port )
ELighter valve
EShorter face to face
EMultiple pressure classe
design with one body
(wafer)
Ehigher recovery than
butterfly
ENo cavity to fill
ESingle or double offset
EMultiple characteristics or
Cv available
Page 21
ISA
Rotary Actuators
Pneumatic Rack and Pinion
ECompact
E0-90, 0-120, 0-135 degrees
ESimple and well balanced
EModular design, installed
in any orientation
ENAMUR accessories
EOperates in pressure from
40-120 PSIG
ENot as affected by
dynamic torque changes
EUsed in 2 position and
control applications
EDouble Acting or Spring
return
S90
S91
ISA
Rotary Actuators
Pneumatic Diaphragm
ELargest rotary actuator
EWorks at pressures as low
as 3-15 PSI
EUsed in 2 position and
control applications
EAlways spring return
E0-90 degrees operation
ISA
Rotary Actuators
Pneumatic Scotch yoke
ESimilar to Rotary diaphragm
mixed with Rack & Pinion
EUsed in large valve operation
Emechanical advantage due to
high pressure piston design
coupled with an internal lever
advantage
Page 22
ISA
Rotary Actuators
Electric
ESimple installation
ENo air needed, no dryers, no
filters
EStandard with position limit
switches, manual override,
electrical inputs for on-off or
control, feedback analog,
digital control, etc.
ESlow operation, eliminates
water hammer
ISA
Positionner
EActs as a servo to an input
signal
EInsures that the valve
moves to the proper input
signal by controling output
power to the valve to open
or close
EAnalog Pneumatic,
EAnalog Electropneumatic,
EAnalog Electronic
EAnalog Smart
EDigital Smart
ISA
Set Point
A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE VALUE AT WHICH A
CONTROLLER WILL ATTEMPT TO MAINTAIN A
CONTROLLED VARIABLE. FOR EXAMPLE, IF A
CONTROLLER IS TO MAINTAIN A SYSTEM PRESSURE OF 50
psig, THIS VALUE IS THE SET POINT.
Page 23
ISA
Hysteresis
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
5
10
15
Valve travel (%)
Hysteresis (%)
Control
Signal
ISA
Dead Time
THE TIME WHICH ELAPSES BETWEEN A
CHANGE IN INPUT AND THE INITIAL
RESPONSE TO THAT CHANGE.
ISA
Dead Band
THE MINIMUM CHANGE IN INPUT SIGNAL
WHICH WILL RESULT IN ANY DETECTABLE
MOVEMENT OF THE VALVE. EXPRESSED IN
PER CENT OF FULL INPUT SIGNAL SPAN.
Page 24
ISA
Proportional Band
RELATIONSHIP THAT INDICATES THAT THE
PER CENT CHANGE IN OUTPUT SIGNAL IS A
PER CENT MULTIPLE OF THE CHANGE IN
THE MEASURED VARIABLE.
ISA
Positioner
USED TO ACCURATELY RELATE VALVE
TRAVEL POSITION PROPORTIONAL TO
MAGNITUDE OF A CONTROL SIGNAL.
ISA
Pneumatic Positioner
Common signal ranges.
3-9
9-15
3-15 psig
psig Split Range
Page 25
ISA
Split Range
Flow = 60 to 1000 GPM
60 to 500 GPM (3 to 9 psi)
500 to 1000 GPM (9 to 15 psi)
ISA
Positioner
Span.
ALGEBRAIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UPPER
AND LOWER RANGE VALUES.
i.e. 3 - 15 psig RANGE
12 psig SPAN
ISA
Positioner
Direct Acting.
INCREASED INPUT GIVES INCREASED
OUTPUT.
i.e. 3 psig @ 0 open
15 psig @ 90 open
Page 26
ISA
Positioner
Reverse Acting.
INCREASED INPUT GIVES DECREASED
OUTPUT.
i.e. 3 psig @ 90 open
15 psig @ 0 open

ISA
LINEAR
GLOBE
NEEDLE
ANGLE
DE-SUPERHEATER
PINCH
GATE
KNIFE GATE
CONE OR ANNULAR
ISA
Globe Valve Design
Typical control val ve
Precise control
50:1 rangeability
High pressure recovery
Handles high pressure drop
Available in ANSI 125-2500
Expensi ve in sizes 3 and
higher
Low Cv for size
Page 27
ISA
Corrosion Resistant Globe
ETypical globe characteristics
ETeflon lined internals
ECharacterized trims
EAggressive corrosive
applications
ISA
Steam Conditioner
Steam pressure and
temperature reduction
Internal condensate injection
in the vena-contracta
instantl y produces saturated
lower pressure steam to
increase efficiency.
ISA
Pinch Valve
EMainly a slurry on-off or
control valve
EUsed in abrasive process
EFull port
ENo-Cavity
ENon Blocking
EFully lined
Emultiple elastomers
available
EZero leakage in solids
Page 28
ISA
Knife Gate
ETypical on-off
EUsed in control on
large valves
EPulp and paper and
Slurry valve
ETAPPI dimensions
ISA
Cone Valve
EPower plant bypass
Eflood control or irrigation
Edrain reservoirs
ESubmerged or free
discharge (by free jet or
confined jet).

Presentation 1 B W

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Presentation 1 B W

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Page 1

ISA Final Control Element

ISA Final Control Element

S-ar putea să vă placă și