SKEU 1003 SEM I 2011/12

BASIC ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction to Electrical Engineering
1.2 Systems of Units.
1.3 Electric Charge.
1.4 Current.
1.5 Voltage.
1.6 Power and Energy.
1.7 Circuit Elements.
2
CONTENTS
What is
electrical
engineering?
Engineering
the discipline dealing with the art or science of
applying scientific knowledge to practical problems
Science
Aims to understand the why and how of nature
Technology
A product of engineering and science, the study of
the natural world
Engineering discipline that deals with the
study and application of electricity and
electromagnetismn
Power, control systems, electronics and
telecommunications
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Branches of electrical
engineering
Communications:
sending information
through electrical signal
Control: controlling of
physical process using
electrical energy and
signal
Power system:generation,
tranmission and distribution
electric energy
Signal Processing:
process the signal
sense by sensor to
obtain required
information
Branches of electrical
engineering
Computer systems:
normally found in our
daily live: washing
machine, car, personal
computer
Electromagnetics: branch which
involve magnetic and electric
field, example magnetron in
microwave oven
Mechatronics: branch
combine mechanical
system and electronic
system
Electric circuit theory &
electromagnetic theory
Fundamental theories in
electrical engineering
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Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic
temperature
kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Six basic units
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Electric quantity, unit& symbol
Quantity Symbol Unit
Charge Q Coulomb
Voltage V; v
Current I; i
Energy W
Power P; p
Impedance Z
Resistance R
The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory
Decimal multiples and
submultiples of SI units
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1
A simple electric circuit
battery
lamp
current
What is an electrical circuit?
Circuit that consists of various types of elements/components
connected in closed paths by conductors
Charge
an electrical property of an atomic particles
measured in coulombs ( C ).
Q (Coulomb) = I (ampere) x t (second)
1 ampere-hour = 3600 Coulomb.
The flow (motion) of electric charges creates
electric current

I
e
conductor
Law of conservation of charge

Charge can neither be created nor destroyed
Electric charge or electricity is mobile:
Can be transferred from one place to
another where it can be converted to
another form of energy
Transfer of charge transfer of energy
The energy is transferred and transform (convert) into
useful form as heat, sound, light

Electric current
the time rate of change of charge, measured in
amperes (A)
the relationship between current i, charge q and
time t is given by:
i = dq/dt or i(t) = dq(t)/dt
1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb/second
q time varying charges
Q constant charges

The flow of electrons; can be produced by chemical action
or by a generator.
If i = dq/dt,

q = ?
Direct current (dc)







Conclusion from the graph?

t (sec)
i (amp)
A dc is a current that remain constant with time
Alternating current (AC)?






Conclusion from the graph

i(amp)
t(sec)
An AC is a current that varies sinusoidally with time
(i)
(ii)
-3 A
3 A
Conventional current flow:
(i) positive current flow,
(ii) negative current flow
Example 1
Given q = (10 10e
-2t
)mC and t = 0.5 s.
Calculate the current, i.
i = dq/dt = d/dt (10 10e
-2t
) = 20e
-2t
At t = 0.5 s, i= 20e-2x0.5 =
Voltage
Also known as potential difference
the energy or work required to move a unit
charge through an element (from one point to
another point).
v
ab
= dw/dq
Unit : volts (V) or joule/coulomb
Voltage across an element is actually measured
between two points ( a and b), the plus (+) and
minus (-) signs are used to define reference
direction or voltage polarity.


1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb=1 newton-meter/coulomb
Voltage polarity , v
ab

v
ab

+a
-b
9 V
+ a
- b
- 9 V
+ b
- a
(i)
(ii) (iii)
It must be remembered that the voltage has direction given by its
polarities (+, -) mark on the terminal. Polarity of voltage can also be
identified by using double subscript notation such V
ab
. The voltage V
ab

can be interpreted in two ways: (1) point a is at a potential of V
ab
volts
higher than point b, or (2) the potential at point a with respect to point b
is V
ab
.


V
ab
= 5 V
V
ba
= - 5 V

V
ab
= ? V
V
ba
= ? V

V
1
= 2 V
V
2
= ? V

+
5V
-
a
b
Element,
X
a
-
5V
+
b
Element,
X
+
V
1

-
-
V
2

+
b
a
Element,
X
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Voltage have Polarities
Power
Definition?
Unit ?
Power is the energy supplied or absorbed
per unit time
p = dw/dt
= (dw/dq).(dq/dt)
= v.i
p is time-varying quantity and is called
the instantaneous power
Power absorbed or supply by an element is the
product of the voltage across the element and
the current through it
W
p
t
v
i
v
i
p
t
Passive sign convention
passive sign convention is satisfied when
the current enters through the positive
terminal of an element ,p = +vi.
If the current enters through negative
terminal, p = -vi


v
+
-
i
v
+
-
i
p = + vi,
absorbing power
p = -vi, supplying
power
Conclusion : +Power absorbed = -Power supplied
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Polarity references and the expression or power.
3A
4 V
+
-
p = ?
Observe the directions of voltage and current for both
figure. Give conclusion
3A
4 V
+
-
p = ?
(a)
(b)
Example 2
3A
4 V
+
-
p = ?
(a)
3A
4 V
+
-
p = ?
(b)
Observe the directions of voltage and current for both
figure. Give conclusion

Example 3
Power: Absorbed or supplied
V
a

+
-
I
a

V
a
= 12 V
I
a
= 2 A
P
a
= ?
V
b

+
-
I
b

V
b
= 12 V
I
b
= 1 A
P
b
= ?
V
b

-
+
I
b

V
b
= 12 V
I
b
= -1 A
P
b
= ?
Example 4
Example 5
Determine P and the direction of power transfer
for the following set of current and voltage
(a)I = 15A, V = 20 V b) I = 4 A, V = -50 V
c) I = -5A, V = 100V d) I = -16A, V = -25V
I
A
B
+

V

-
Energy
The capacity to do work
Measured in joules, (J) or watt.second

dt
dw
p =
Energy (w), absorbed or supplied by an element
from time t
0
to t is:
} }
= =
t
t
dt vi dt p w
t
t
0 0

Note
Electrical energy is expressed in terms of
kWh (kilowatt-hours)
1 kWh =1 kW x 1 hour=1000 watt-hours
(= 1000 x 60 x 60 watt-sec)

Example 6
How much energy does a 100 Watt electric bulb
consume in two hours?
W = pt=100Watt * 2 hour=200Watt.hour
= 200(Watt.hour)*60(min/h)=1200 Watt.minute
= 12000 Watt.min*60(s/min)=720,000 Watt.sec
= 720,000 Joule=720Kj

37
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
An electric circuit is an
interconnection of circuit elements
linked together in a closed path so
that an electric current may flow
continuously.
Active elements and passive
elements

38
Active
elements
Has ability to supply
energy
Eg: voltage sourse
or current source,
battery,generator
Pasive
elements
Cannot supply power
Eg. Resistor, inductor,
capacitor
Resistor absorbs power
(energy)
Inductor & capacitor has ability
to store energy and release
energy through the circuit
Active Elements Passive Elements
Independent
sources
Dependant
sources
A dependent source is an active element in
which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.

They have four different types: VCVS, CCVS,
VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the signs of
dependent sources.

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9
40
-0.5 A
a
b
c d
e
+
4 V
-
- 1 V + + (-5 V) -
2.5 A
3 A
+
10 V
-
41
Active elements
dependent sources
Current source
Voltage source
independent sources
Voltage source
Current source
Voltage control
Current control
Voltage control Current control




42
List of dependent sources
Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)
Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)
Current controlled current source (CCCS)

43
ACTIVE ELEMENTS:Independent Sources
Independent Voltage Source (IVS)

-An ideal (IVS) is an active
element that provides
a specific voltage which
is completely
independent of current
flowing through it.
The current flow through it is dependent
on the circuit element connected to it
+
-
V
s

44
Independent Current Source (ICS)
An ideal ICS is an active element that provides
a specific current which is completely independent
of voltage across it.

The voltage across it is dependent on the
circuit element connected to it.
I
s

45
Practical sources (actual sources) have
power limit which it can supplied
p = vi.
Under normal condition, each source is
supplying power but under certain condition
the source can absorb power example
battery charging circuit : where a battery has
been charge using battery charger and the
current enter through positive (+)
terminal of battery.
46
DEPENDENT SOURCE
Dependent source supply (produce)
voltage or current that is controlled by
the voltage or current at other part of
the circuit. Dependent sources are
useful in modeling electronic circuits

47
i v
+
-
(a) (b)
Symbols for:
(a)Dependent voltage source
(b) dependent current source
48
Question: State active elements, passive
element and the two dependent sources?
6 3
1
8V
Y

2
7 3 I
X

I
X

12
30 V
+ V
Y
-
49
Passive Element
Electrical elements that absorbed or received or store
power.
Current enters the positive terminal and leaves the
negative terminal OR
Current flows through a passive element is in opposite
direction of the voltage across the element.

I
v
-
+
I
A
B
Passive Element
50
RESISTANCE
Definition?
Symbol?
Unit?
a materials opposition to the flow of electric
current or elements ability to resist the flow of
electric current
R
Ohm
51
Depend on geometry and type of material used
R = (l/A)
resistivity of
material.
l
A
Difference material have difference value
of .
52
Resistivity of material,
Material Resistivity of material, (m)
Conductors
Aluminum 2.8 x 10
-8

Copper 1.72 x 10
-8

Silver 1.64 x 10
-8

Gold 2.45 x 10
-8

Semiconductors
Carbon
4 x 10
-5

Silicon 6.4 x 10
2

Insulators
Glass 10
12

Teflon 3 x 10
12

53
Example (i-c)
Calculate the resistance of

i) Copper
ii) Glass

if the radius and the length of materials
are 1.025x10
-3
m and 10m respectively
54
i) Copper
A = (1.025x10
-3
)
2
= 3.3x10
-6
m
2

=
A
l

R
copper
= Rc =
O =

052 . 0
10 3 . 3
10
10 x 1.72
6
8 -
x
55
ii) Glass
A = (1.025x10
-3
)
2
= 3.3x10
-6
m
2


R
glass
= R
g
=
=
A
l

O = O =

E x
x
x 03 . 3 10 03 . 3
10 3 . 3
10
10 1
18
6
12
56
Resistor
Resistor is a circuit element that uses to
resist the flow of current.
+ -
V
i
OHMS LAW 1827 by George Simon
Ohm
57
Ohms Law
The voltage, v across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current i, flowing
through the resistor. i.e

v i
v = Ri
v
i R = v/i
58
R
x
= v/i
x

R
y
= v/i
y

R
x
> R
y
V
i
x
i
y
i
v
59
R = 0
+
-
a
b
v = 0
Therefore v = 0
R = 0/i = 0

Short circuit
i
R = (infinity)
i = 0
a
+
v
-
b
Therefore i = 0
R = v/0 =

open circuit
60
Example (i-d)
What is the resistance of copper conductor with a
radius of 1.025 x 10-3 and length of 10 m.
A = (1.025x10-3)
2
= 3.3x10-6 m
2

=
A
L

O =

052 . 0
10 3 . 3
10
10 x 1.72
6
8 -
x
R
copper
= R
c
=
61
For the glass with the same radius and length as
copper, the resistance for the glass will be.
=
A
L

O = O =

E x
x
x 03 . 3 10 03 . 3
10 3 . 3
10
10 1
18
6
12
R
g
=
CONCLUSION?
62
Conductance
Reciprocal of resistance
G






Measure of how well an element will
conduct electric current






v
i
R
G = =
1
(
(mho,
siemens (S)
or
SI unit
63
The ability of an element to conduct
electric current.
Compare:
i) If R = 100 , G = 1/100 = 0.01 S

ii) If R = 0.002 ,
G = 1/0.002 = 500 S


Conclusion?
64
Power
Resistor

passive sign convention, power absorb by
resistor is p = vi
Using ohms law,

+ -
V
i
v = iR
p = vi =(iR)i = i
2
R
65
i = v/R
( )
R
v
R
v
v vi p
2
= = =
v= iR
R i i iR vi p
2
) ( = = =
Power
dissipated
by a
resistor
66
Power in term of G
G = 1/R
G v vG v vi p
Gv i
G
i
iR v
2
) ( = = =
= = =
G
i
i
G
i
vi p
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
67




Resistor formula
68
Example (i-e)
DC
+

-
v
15V
i
Determine the value R and i
if power absorbs by R is 0.5 W.
69
Practice problem 2.2 (page 34)
Calculate the voltage, the conductance G
and the power p
2 mA
i
+
V
-
70
Type of resistors
Fixed resistor
Variable Resistor - potentiometer.
- rheostat.
a) Potentiometer c) Potentiometer
connected as a rheostat
b) Rheostat