INDEX

S.No. Exp.No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Experiment Name
Identification of Parts of A Computer

Page Number
1 9 21 22 31 38 47 56 60 68 71 76 78 80 81 83 91 93 97

How to assemble a PC or How to build a PC How to disassemble a PC DOS commands Windows XP installation Installation of LINUX (FEDORA 8)
Linux commands

Hardware troubleshooting
Software troubleshooting

Orientation & connectivity boot camp Web browsers, surfing the web Search engines & netiquette Cyber hygiene Internet security Different ribbons Designing and Performing Mail Merge Freeze or lock rows and columns Applying auto fill, format cells, formatting text Implementing conditional formatting Preparing slides using slide orientation, slide layouts, backgrounds, auto shapes, inserting images, bullets and numbering, hyperlinks and tables. Prepare a presentation using custom animation on pollution Preparing a personal website using Microsoft/ equivalent (Foss) tool publisher

20

20

106

21 22

21 22

115 120

EXPERIMENT-1
IDENTIFICATION OF PARTS OF A COMPUTER
A Computer is a high speed electronic device which accepts the given data, processes it and gives required information to the user. It generally comprises of the following parts: Motherboard Processor RAM Heat Sink Cabinet Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) CD ROM Drive CD Writer Different Screws Used AGP Card LAN Card PCI & PCI Express Cards Power Supply(SMPS) Input Devices

Output Devices

MOTHERBOARD:
It is the main system board on which all the operations are done. It is a platform used for connecting and interacting with several devices to perform operations

Motherboard contains the following parts:

Processor Socket: In general a processor is inserted in the motherboard through a socket called Socket XXX Connector. RAM Slots: RAM is generally connected in these slots. They are referred as DDR DIMM Memory Slot IDE Slots: IDE stands for Integrated Drive Electronics. It is used for connecting Hard Disk Drives, CD Drives and Floppy Drives. They are generally referred as HDD Header and FDD Header. North Bridge: It is also called Heat Sink of Motherboard. A chip where the RAM, Processor and IDE devices exchange data among themselves is called North Bridge. It acts as the Heart of Motherboard. It is generally termed as CHIPSET. SATA Headers (Serial ATA): These are called Serial ATA (Advanced Technology Attachments) headers used for connecting Hard Disk Drives and CD/DVD Writer PCI Slots:

PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect used for the expansion of the board. Through these devices we can connect Modems, TV tuner cards Sound Cards, LAN cards etc,. AGP Slots: AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port used for connecting Graphic Cards which enhance the performance of a Game. General speeds of AGP slots are 1x, 2x, 4x, and 8x. These numbers denote the amount of bandwidth required by the cards.

PCI Express Slot: The 16x AGP slots are generally termed as PCI Express slots. An SLI Motherboard consists of two PCI Express Slots. These are used for enhancing Graphic Performance. South Bridge: A chip where the data between RAM, PCI/AGP Slots and IDE Devices are exchanged is called Southbridge chipset. ROM: It is a non volatile memory means permanent storage device it is used to store BIOS BIOS: (Basic Input Output System): BIOS is an interface between hardware and the software. FIRMWARE is the technical term for BIOS. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) : Mother board includes a separate block of memory which needs very less power called CMOS. This chip is always on by using a battery even when the power is off. Back Panel Connectors: These are used for connecting the input and output devices. The Back panel connectors consists of PS/2 ports for Keyboard and Mouse , VGA port for connecting

Monitor, Serial and Parallel ports for Communication, COM ports, a Dummy port Integrated USB and LAN Ports, and Speaker/Mic Line IN/OUT

. Power Connectors: For running of any electronic device we need a power supply port. In motherboards there are two types of power supplies AT power supply and ATX power supply. In additional to it a 12V ATX Connector is needed for booting the Processor. Front Panel Connector: These are used for connecting the power switch, reset switch, Front Speakers, Power LED, HDD LED, and Front USB

A COMPLETE MOTHERBOARD WITH ALL COMPONENTS LABELED

PROCESSOR: A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer. The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU). The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor.

RAM: Ram(Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that means temporary memory it requires power supply any thins that is stored in the ram is erased when the power is off For Main Memory two types of memory chips are used SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module):only pins on onside, less speed DIMM (Dual inline Memory Module) :pins on both side, high speed There are two types of RAMs SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic): it contains two notches (DIMM Type) and it is of 64 bit and contains 168 pins and speed is 66MHz/100MHz/133MHz DDR (Double Data Rate): it contains only one notch (DIMM Type. It is of 64 bit and contains 184 pins and speed is 166MHz/200MHz/233MHz/333MHz/400MHz

DDR1 SD

DDR2

DDR3

HEAT SINK: Heat sinks function by efficiently transferring thermal energy ("heat") from an object at a relatively high temperature to a second object at a lower temperature with a much greater heat capacity. This rapid transfer of thermal energy quickly brings the first object into thermal equilibrium with the second, lowering the temperature of the first object, fulfilling the heat sink's role as a cooling device CABINET A system case is a metal and plastic case that houses the main components of the computer. it protects the computer hardware from heat ,light ,temperature HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD): A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces.. FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (FDD): A floppy disk is a data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible ("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive or FDD. AGP Card:

The purpose of this card is to enhance the graphic performance of the system.

LAN (Local Area Network): The purpose of this card is to connect the system to the network.

PCI & PCI Express CARDS: PCI Local Bus (usually shortened to PCI), or Conventional PCI, specifies a computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a computer motherboard. These devices can take either the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself, called a planar device in the PCI specification or an expansion card that fits into a socket. The name PCI is initialism formed from Peripheral Component Interconnect. POWER SUPPLY: SMPS: The power supply / SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) is a transformer and a voltage control device in a computer . It transfers power to all the electronic components by converting the AC (Alternating current /high power current) to DC (Direct current / Low power) supply.The power supply also contains the main fan that controls the flow of air through the system case. This fan is major component in pc cooling system.

INPUT DEVICES: The devices that are used for providing information to the system are called Input Devices. Some of the major input devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Tablet Pen, Joystick etc,.

Keyboard OUTPUT DEVICES:

Joystick

The devices that are used for showing the result for the provided input are called Output devices. Some of the examples are Monitor, Projectors, Printers, etc, .

Printer

monitor

EXPERIMENT-2

HOW TO ASSEMBLE A PC OR HOW TO BUILD A PC

ASSEMBLING: All the computer components put together in a proper way is called Assembling. (or) Assembling is the process of collecting and joining the system components to form a complete system. REQUIRED COMPONENTS: Cabinet Processor(CPU) Heat sink fan Motherboard RAM(Random Access Memory) HDD with IDE Cable FDD with Cable CD /DVD Drive with Cable SMPS(switching mode power supply)

 Keyboard Mouse Monitor Printer(optional) AGP card LAN card(optional) Modem(optional) STEPS REQUIRED FOR ASSEMBLING: Step1: Preparing the Chassis

Open the side door of the cabinet. Lay the cabinet on its side. Place the I/O shield into the corresponding ports case

Step2: Installing the motherboard Put the mother board in place. Drive in all the required screws.

Step3: Installing the processor (CPU) Lift the CPU lever on the Motherboard. Place the CPU properly on the Motherboard. Pull down the Lever to secure the CPU in place.

Step4: Installing the CPU fan Place the heat sink on the processor.
Put the jacks in place and secure the heat sink with the lever.

Step5: Installing the RAM

Open the clips on motherboard RAM slot. Pull down the RAM into the slot. Make sure the both the clips hold the RAM properly.

Step6: Installing the SMPS Place the SMPS into the Cabinet. Screws the SMPS in place tightly.

Step7: Installing the HDD Place the hard disk drive into the bay. Secure the drive with screws. Connect the power cable from SMPS (4 Pin).

 Connect the data cable from motherboard into drive (40 Pin).

Step8: Installing the FDD Place the floppy disk drive into the bay. Secure the drive with screws.

 Connect the power cable from SMPS. Connect the data cable from motherboard into drive(34 Pins).

Step9: Installing the CDROM Drive Place the floppy drive into the bay. Secure the drive with screws.

 Connect the power cable from SMPS. Connect the data cable from motherboard into drive(40 Pins).

Step10: Installing the LAN Card Push the card into the PCI slot. Secure the card with screws.

Step11: Connecting Various Cables Connect the large ATX power connector to the motherboard power supply port. Connect the cabinet cables for Power, Reset button in the appropriate part of the motherboard. Connect the VGA cable of the monitor into the motherboard. Plug in cabinet fan cable. If mouse and keyboard are ps/2 then connect to the ps/2 or else connect to USB port. Connect the speaker cables into the audio port. Plug in the power cable from SMPS into the UPS Plug in the power cable of the monitor.

EXPERIMENT-3

HOW TO DISASSEMBLE A PC

DISASSEMBLING: The process of removing all the hardware components is called disassembling. STEPS FOR DISASSEMBLING: Remove the screws of a cabinet and remove the side cover. Remove the external peripheral cards like LAN, sound, VGA etc by remove the screws. Remove Disk drives: o remove the screws of each(HDD,FDD,CD) drive on both sides of a drive o remove the power cable of each drive. o remove the Data cables like IDE or SATA. o Pull out the drive from the cabinet. Remove SMPS. o Disconnect all the power cables from the power supply o Lift the power supply out of the cabinet. Remove the processor (CPU). Remove the heat sink and fan from the processor. Remove the processor from the socket.

Remove the RAM from the RAM slots. Remove the Motherboard. o Disconnect all the cables like keyboard, monitor etc o Remove all the LED (power LED,HDD LED etc..) connections of the cabinet. o Remove all the screws of a motherboard. o Lift the motherboard out.

EXPERIMENT-4

DOS COMMANDS

1. Command Name: help Description: It provides help information for DOS commands Syntax: help <commandname> Example: D:\>help date Displays or sets the date 2. Command Name: md or mkdir Description: It is used to create a directory Syntax: mkdir <directoryname> Example: D:\>mkdir adarsh D:\>dir Volume in drive D is Data Volume Serial Number is A8EC-806C Directory of D:\ 04/09/2012 03:58 PM <DIR> adarsh 3. Command Name: cd or chdir Description: Displays the name of or changes the current directory. Syntax: cd <directoryname> Example: D:\>cd adarsh D:\ adarsh > 4. Command Name: dir Description: Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory. Syntax: dir Example: D:\>dir Volume in drive D is Data Volume Serial Number is A8EC-806C Directory of D:\ 02/24/2012 02:10 AM <DIR> abc 04/09/2012 03:58 PM <DIR> adarsh

5. Command Name: rmdir or rd Description: It removes the directory. Syntax:rmdir <directoryname> Example: D:\ adarsh >cd .. D:\>rmdir adarsh D:\>dir Volume in drive D is Data Volume Serial Number is A8EC-806C Directory of D:\ 03/05/2012 04:02 PM <DIR> 007 02/04/2012 03:00 PM 13,192 11p31a0581.docx 02/24/2012 02:10 AM <DIR> abc 6. Command Name: copy con Description: It is used to create a file Syntax: copy con <filename.extension> Example: D:\raj>copy con raju.txt hi this is adarsh now i am executing DOS commands in it workshop lab ^Z 1 file(s) copied. 7. Command Name: type Description: It displays the contents of a text file. Syntax: type <filename.extension> Example: D:\raj>type raju.txt Hi this is adarsh Now i am executing DOS commands in it workshop lab

8. Command Name: edit Description: It provides an editor where you can change or append new content to the already existing content in a file Syntax:edit <filename.extension> Example:

D:\raj>edit raju.txt D:\raj>type raju.txt hi this is adarsh i am studying my b.tech in adarsh college of engineering Now i am executing DOS commands in it workshop lab 9.Command Name: ren or rename Description: Renames a file or files. Syntax: rename <oldfilename> <newfilename> Example: D:\raj>rename raju.txt ravi.txt D:\raj>dir Volume in drive D is Data Volume Serial Number is A8EC-806C Directory of D:\raj 04/13/2012 11:27 AM <DIR> . 04/13/2012 11:25 AM 150 ravi.txt 02/23/2012 10:31 PM 53 vicchu.txt 2 File(s) 203 bytes 2 Dir(s) 177,945,829,376 bytes free 10.Command Name: copy Description: It copies the content from source file to destination file. Syntax: copy <sourcefilename> <destinationfilename> Example: D:\raj>copy ravi.txt ramu.txt 1 file(s) copied. D:\raj>dir Volume in drive D is Data Volume Serial Number is A8EC-806C Directory of D:\raj 04/13/2012 11:30 AM <DIR> . 04/13/2012 11:30 AM <DIR> .. 04/13/2012 11:25 AM 150 ramu.txt 04/13/2012 11:25 AM 150 ravi.txt 2.File(s) 353 bytes 2 Dir(s) 177,945,829,376 bytes free 11. Command Name: echo

Description: It displays messages, or turns command echoing on or off. Syntax: echo text Example: D:\raj>echo hello Hello 12. Command Name: date Description: It displays or sets the date. Syntax: date Example: D:\raj>date The current date is: Fri 04/13/2012 Enter the new date: (mm-dd-yy) 05/16/1990 D:\raj>date The current date is: Wed 05/16/1990 Enter the new date: (mm-dd-yy) 13. Command Name: time Description: It displays or sets the system time. Syntax: time Example: D:\raj>time The current time is: 11:40:13.07 Enter the new time: 14. Command Name: move Description: Moves one or more files from one directory to another directory. Syntax: move <olddirectoryname> <newdirectoryname> Example: D:\>move raj ram 1 file(s) moved. D:\>cd raj The system cannot find the path specified. D:\>cd ram D:\ram>dir Volume in drive D is Data Volume Serial Number is A8EC-806C Directory of D:\ram 04/13/2012 11:30 AM <DIR> . 04/13/2012 11:30 AM <DIR> ..

04/13/2012 11:25 AM 04/13/2012 11:25 AM 2 File(s) 353 bytes 15.Command Name: more

150 ramu.txt 150 ravi.txt

Description: It displays one screen of text at time Syntax: more <filename.extension> Example: D:\ram>more remu.txt hi this is remu how are u what r u doing zdfgdf ... -- More (71%) 16. Command Name: del or erase Description: Deletes one or more files. Syntax: del <filename.extension> Example: D:\ram>del ramu.txt D:\ram>dir Volume in drive D is Data Volume Serial Number is A8EC-806C Directory of D:\ram 05/16/1990 11:55 AM <DIR> . 05/16/1990 11:55 AM <DIR> .. 04/13/2012 11:25 AM 150 ravi.txt 05/16/1990 11:51 AM 211 renu.txt 2 File(s) 414 bytes

17. Command Name: find Description: It searches for a text string in a file or files. Syntax: find string <filename.extension> Example: D:\ram>find "in" ravi.txt

---------- RAVI.TXT i am studying my b.tech in adarsh college if engineering now i am executing DOS commands in it workshop lab 18. Command Name: cls Description: It clears the terminal screen Syntax: cls Example: D:\ram>cls 19. Command Name: tree Description: Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or path. Syntax: tree Example: D:\>tree Folder PATH listing for volume Data Volume serial number is 00006E82 A8EC:806C D:. 007 abc abhay 20. Command Name: exit Description: Quits the CMD.EXE program (command interpreter). Syntax: exit Example: exit

EXPERIMENT-5
WINDOWS XP INSTALLATION

Windows XP (codename Whistler, also known as Windows NT 5.1) is the latest desktop version of the Microsoft Windows operating system.. The letters "XP" originate from the word "Experience". The following are the steps involved in the installation of windows XP 1 Insert the Windows XP CD into your computer and restart your computer. . 2 If prompted to start from the CD, press SPACEBAR. If you miss the prompt (it only . appears for a few seconds), restart your computer to try again.

3 Windows XP Setup begins. During this portion of setup, your mouse will not work, so . you must use the keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.

4 On the Windows XP Licensing Agreement page, read the licensing agreement. Then . press F8.

5 This page enables you to select the hard disk drive on which Windows XP will be . installed. Once you complete this step, all data on your hard disk drive will be removed and cannot be recovered. It is extremely important that you have a recent backup copy of your files before continuing. When you have a backup copy, press D, and then press L when prompted. This deletes your existing data. 6 Press ENTER to select Unpartitioned space, which appears by default. .

7 Press ENTER again to select Format the partition using the NTFS file system , . which appears by default.

8 Windows XP erases your hard disk drive using a process called formatting and then . copies the setup files. You can leave your computer and return in 20 to 30 minutes.

9 Windows XP restarts and then continues with the installation process. Eventually, the . Regional and Language Options page appears. Click Next to accept the default

settings.

1 On the Personalize Your Software page, type your name and your organization 0 name. Then, click Next. .

1 1 . On the Your Product Key page, type your product key as it appears on your Windows XP

1 Type a strong password that you can remember in the Administrator password box, 2 and then retype it in the Confirm password box. Click Next. .

1 On the Date and Time Settings page, set your computers clock. Then, click the 3 Time Zone down arrow, and select your time zone. Click Next. .

1 Windows XP will spend about a minute configuring your computer. On the

4 Networking Settings page, click Next. .

1 On the Workgroup or Computer Domain page, click Next. 5 .

1 Windows XP will spend 20 or 30 minutes configuring your computer and will 6 automatically restart when finished. When the Display Settings dialog appears, click . OK.

1 The final stage of setup begins. On the Welcome to Microsoft Windows page, click 7 Next. .

1 On the Help protect your PC page, click Help protect my PC by turning on 8 Automatic Updates now. Then, click Next. .

1 On the Who will use this computer? page, type the name of each person who will 9 use the computer. You can use first names only, nicknames, or full names. Then click .

Next. 2 On the Thank you! page, click Finish. 0 . . . .

21.

After a while the welcome screen will appear

22.Login to your PC

Congratulations! Windows XP setup is complete.

EXPERIMENT-6
INSTALLATION OF LINUX (FEDORA 8)
Its always recommended having an empty hard drive for a Linux installation (that means no other operating system on it, no Windows) and you must have a minimum of 10 GB free space for this installation.

The following are the steps involved in the installation of Linux: 1. Start the PC and place the Linux bootable CD in the CD/DVD-ROM drive. PC automatically detects the CD and it displays the following screen press enter to proceed

2. Press ok if you want to Test your install media else press skip option.

3. The installation wizard is starting, this is a welcome screen click next to proceed

4. Select your language and proceed.

5. Choose your keyboard-layout and proceed.

6. Now, if you have an empty hard drive,click Next.(make sure the " Remove Linux partitions on selected drives and create default layout " option is selected).If you don't have an empty hard drive and you still want to install Fedora 8 on your machine, then make sure you select the "Use free space on the selected drives and create default layout " option (10 GB minimum free space is required). Click Next

7. Here you can adjust the network settings.

8. Select the location

9. Choose a password for the root-account and confirm it.

10. Here you can select predefined collections of software.

If you chose the custom selection you'll see this and a few following windows. Select a main group on the left and afterwards one of its subgroups on the right.

Now click on "Optional Packages" - you'll see...

Click "Next" if your selection is complete. Dependencies are being checked.

11. The system is ready to install - click on "Next".

The partition(s)/disk(s) are being formatted

12. The system is being installed.

13. The installation is complete. Remove the install media and reboot the system.

The system is starting up.

14. Before you reach the Fedora desktop, you must do configuration: Have a look at the license information and proceed.

a one-time general system

15. Here you can edit the firewall settings if you want

16. It is recommended to deactivate SELinux - it can cause many problems, especially if you're using software from additional repositories.

17. Set the actual time and date.

18. Send your hardware profile if you want.

19. Time to add the first user-account to the system

The system reboot now.

has

to

20. When the system is up again, you'll see the login window.

21. Welcome to your desktop.

Congratulations! Linux(Fedora8) setup is complete.

EXPERIMENT-7
LINUX COMMANDS 1. Command Name: man
Description: It provides the manual description about the requested command Syntax: man Command Name Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ man ls LS(1) User Commands LS(1)

NAME ls - list directory contents

2. Command Name: mkdir

Description: It is used to create a directory Syntax: mkdir <directoryname> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ mkdir adarsh

3. Command Name: cd
Description: It is used to change the directory Syntax: cd <directoryname> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ cd adarsh [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$

4. Command Name: ls
Description: It shows the list subdirectories and files present in the existing directory Syntax: ls option `` Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ ls adarsh sri.txt 5. Command Name: pwd Description: It shows the present working directory Syntax: pwd Example:

[11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cd adarsh [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ pwd /home/11P31A0306/ adarsh 1/ adarsh 6. Command Name: cd .. Description: It is used to close the directory Syntax: cd .. Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cd .. [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cd .. [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ 7. Command Name: cat. Description: The purpose of this command is (a)To create a file (b)To display the contents present in the file (c)To append a new content to the already existing content in a file (a)Syntax: cat > <filename.extension> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cat > sri.txt In IT workshop laboratory we will know about hardware components operating system installation process........ .......... (b)Syntax: cat <filename.extension> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cat sri.txt In IT workshop laboratory we will know about hardware components operating system installation process........ .......... (c)Syntax: cat >> <filename.extension>

Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cat >> sri.txt here we also learn about microsoft office [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cat sri.txt In IT workshop laboratory we will know about hardware components operating system installation process........ .......... here we also learn about microsoft office 8. Command Name: cp Description: It copies the contents from source file to destination file Syntax: cp <sourcefilename> <destinationfilename> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cp sri.txt siri.txt [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cat siri.txt In IT workshop laboratory we will know about hardware components operating system installation process........ .......... here we also learn about microsoft office 9. Command Name: rm Description: It removes the file present in the directory Syntax: rm <filename.extension> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ ls adarsh siri.txt sri.txt [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ rm siri.txt [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ ls adarsh sri.txt 10. Command Name: rmdir Description: It removes the empty directory

Syntax: rmdir <directoryname> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ ls adarsh sri.txt [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ rmdir adarsh [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ ls sri.txt 11. Command Name: mv Description: It is used to rename or move the contents from one directory to another directory Syntax: mv <old directoryname> <new directoryname> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ mv adarsh adarsh1 [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ ls adarsh1 [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ cd adarsh [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ ls sri.txt

12.Command Name: rm r Description: It removes the files and subdirectories present the directory recursively Syntax: rm r <directoryname> Example: @localhost adarsh]$ ls adarsh.txt sri.txt [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ cd .. [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ rm -r adarsh [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ ls ..

13.Command Name: uname Description: It provides the information about the current kernel Syntax:uname Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ uname Linux 14.Command Name: cal Description: It displays the calendar Syntax:cal month year Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ cal 3 2014 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

15.Command Name: date Description: It displays or sets the system date Syntax:date Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ date Sat Apr 7 14:09:29 IST 2012 16.Command Name: clear Description: It clears the terminal screen Syntax:clear Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$clear [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$

17.Command Name: vi Description: It provides an editor for entering a text into the file Syntax:vi <filename.extension> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ vi hani.txt Hi this is hani how are u what are u doing ~ ~ "hani.txt" [New] 3L, 41C written [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ 18.Command Name: echo Description: It displays the text what you typed after the echo command Syntax:echo text Example: [11P31A0306@localhost ~]$ echo hello Hello 19.Command Name: more Description: It displays the text one screen at a time Syntax:more <filename.extension> Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ more sai.txt hi how are u ` what r u doing xdfgzsdfdg dgfzdfg,. --More--(97%) 20.Command Name: who Description: It specifies who are logged into the system

Syntax:who Example: [11P31A0306@localhost adarsh]$ who 11P31A05A6 pts/2 11P31A0563 pts/5 11P31A0578 pts/6 2012-04-07 13:28 (176.1.15.26) 2012-04-07 13:24 (176.1.15.221) 2012-04-07 13:41 (176.1.16.217)

EXPERIMENT-8
HARDWARE TROUBLESHOOTING
Sometimes things do not work exactly as planned at this point. Sometimes the system will not power on at all. Sometimes it will power on, but you get no video. Sometimes you will get beep codes. Sometimes you hear the fans, but the rest of the PC just sits there and does nothing. If things didn't go according to plan, troubleshoot the system. BEEP CODES: 1 Beep - Memory Refresh Failure (check memory)

2 Beeps - Memory Parity Error in first 64KB block (check memory) 3 Beeps - Memory Read/Write Error in first 64KB block (check memory)

4 Beeps - Motherboard timer not functioning (possible motherboard replacement) 5 Beeps - Processor Error (may need replacement Processor) 6 Beeps - Gate A20/keyboard controller failure (possible motherboard replacement) 7 Beeps - Processor Exception Interrupt Error (may need replacement Processor) 8 Beeps - Display Memory Read/Write Failure (reseat or replace video card) 9 Beeps - ROM checksum Error (replace BIOS chip or motherboard) 10 Beeps - CMOS shutdown Read/Write error (possible motherboard replacement) 11 Beeps - Bad Cache Memory - test failed (replace cache memory)

BASIC ERRORS WITH SOLUTIONS: 1. System has no power at all. Power light does not illuminate, fan inside the power supply does not turn on, and indicator light on keyboard does not turn on. PROBABLE CAUSE Power cable is unplugged. Defective power cable. Power supply failure. Faulty wall outlet; DIAGNOSIS Visually inspect power cable. Visual inspection, try another cable.
Power cable and wall socket are OK, but system is still dead.

SOLUTION Make sure power cable is securely plugged in. Replace cable. Contact technical support Use different socket, repair outlet, reset circuit breaker or replace fuse.

circuit Plug device into socket know to work and test.

breaker or fuse blown.

2. System does not boot from hard disk drive can be booted from CD disk drive.

PROBABLE CAUSE

DIAGNOSIS

SOLUTION

Connector between hard drive When attempting to run the Check cable running form disk and system board unplugged. FDISK utility described in the to disk controller on the board. HARD DISK section of the Make sure both ends are

manual you get a message, INVALID SPECIFICATION. Damaged Hard Disk or Disk Controller. Format hard disk; if unable to DRIVE

securely plugged in; check the drive type in the Standard CMOS Setup (in your motherboard manual).

do so, the hard disk may be Contact Technical Support. defective. Run the FDISK program, format the hard drive(See HARD DRIVE section of manual). Copy your backup data back onto hard drive. Backing up the hard drive is extremely important. All Hard Disks are capable of breaking down at any time.

Hard Disk directory or FAT is scrambled.

3. System only boots from CD. Hard Disk can be read and applications can be used, but booting from Hard Disk is impossible.

PROBABLE CAUSE

DIAGNOSIS

SOLUTION Back up data and applications files. Reformat the Hard Drive as described in the Hard Drive section of the manual. Reinstall applications and data using backup disks.

Hard Disk boot program has A number of causes could be been destroyed. behind this.

4. Screen message says "Invalid Configuration" or "CMOS Failure." PROBABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION

Incorrect information entered Check into the configuration (setup) program. program. 5. Screen is blank. PROBABLE CAUSE

the

configuration Review Replace

system's

equipment.

any Make sure correct information is in setup.

incorrect information.

DIAGNOSIS

SOLUTION Check the power connectors to monitor and to system. Make

No power to monitor.

Power connectors may be sure monitor is connected to loose or not plugged in. display card, change I/O address on network card if applicable.

Monitor computer.

not

connected

to

See instructions above.

6. Screen goes blank periodically. PROBABLE CAUSE Screen saver is enabled. 7. Keyboard failure. PROBABLE CAUSE Keyboard is disconnected. DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION Reconnect keyboard. Check keys again, if no improvement, replace keyboard. 8. Error reading drive A: PROBABLE CAUSE Bad floppy disk. Floppy disk not formatted DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION Try new floppy disk. Format ENTER) floppy disk(type DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION Disable screen saver.

9. Cannot boot system after installing second hard drive. PROBABLE CAUSE Master/Slave jumpers not set correctly. Hard Drives not compatible / different manufacturers. DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION Set master /Slave jumpers correctly. Run SETUP program and select correct drive types. Call drive manufactures for compatibility with other drives.

EXPERIMENT-9
SOFTWARE TROUBLESHOOTING

PROBABLE SOLUTIONS FOR S/W TROUBLE SHOOTING: Restart the software. If you've closed all applications that are running on your computer and the software still runs slowly, crashes, or returns error messages, try shutting down the problematic program and immediately restarting it. Sometimes, software problems stem from a conflict with other programs or simply encounter difficulties starting up, so restarting the software can often resolve these issues. Shut down and restart your computer. Sometimes, a glitch in your computer's OS or a hardware mishap can cause software problems. If restarting the actual application doesn't resolve the issue, try rebooting your computer. Once the computer has fully restarted, re-launch the application in question and see if the problem has resolved itself.

Undo any recent hardware or software changes. As mentioned, some software problems arise from conflicts with other software. For example, Symantec Norton Antivirus can often conflict with competing antivirus products. So, if one of your organization's staffers has installed another antivirus program and Norton Antivirus no longer works correctly, uninstalling the other antivirus problem could very well solve your problem. Uninstall the software, then reinstall it. Sometimes, a certain piece of software will fail to run properly because crucial application files have been removed or deleted. For instance, many Windows applications use Dynamic Link Library (DLL) files to perform certain tasks. Oftentimes, several applications will need the same DLL file to operate properly, so if you've recently removed one program from your computer along with all of its DLL files, another application may become unstable or nonfunctional.

Check for a firewall conflict. Many nonprofits do not have the budget to purchase a centralized hardware or software-based firewall and may instead choose to install personal firewall software such as Zone Alarm Free on each computer in their office. Though personal firewalls can be an important line of defense against hackers and other security threats, they might also confuse users, since they frequently display messages asking users whether to allow a program to run or whether to block it. Boot up in Safe Mode. As mentioned, some software malfunctions can be caused due to OS settings or other system problems. Windows and Mac operating systems both feature a troubleshooting environment known as Safe Mode, which disables applications and processes that are not crucial to the system, theoretically making it easier to isolate problems. Defragment your hard drive. As a final troubleshooting step, you might choose to defragment your computer's hard drive, the process of rearranging its file structure so that the system runs more efficiently. Defragmenting a hard drive will probably prove most useful if you're experiencing extreme software sluggishness, as this process is meant to make your entire system run faster. Note that defragmenting a hard drive applies only to Windows-based computers, as the Macintosh OS automatically optimizes the hard drive's file structure.

MICROSOFT WORD 2007

Microsoft Word is a word processing software and is currently the most common word processor on the market. Because it is so common, the .doc format has become the de facto format for text documents. Word files can also be used to create other file formats, such

as PDF and HTML. There are several things that can be done to make content created in Word more accessible. HOME SCREEN

Microsoft Word 2007 is different from previous versions of Microsoft Word.

Menus When you begin to explore Word 2007 you will notice a new look to the menu bar. You should remember three features as you work within Word 2007: The Microsoft Office Button

The Quick Access Toolbar The Ribbon

These three features contain many of the functions that were in the menu of previous versions of Word. The functions of these three features will be outlined below.
The Microsoft

The Office Button is the round icon at the top left-hand corner. It includes the basic File Functions from the older version of Office New, Open, Save, Save As, Print, etc. Click on the Office Button icon. You will see the main file functions in the pull-down menu.

Quick Access Toolbar

The Quick Access Toolbar contains shortcuts to Save, Undo, and Repeat Tools We recommend always using MS Office Button >> Save As to make sure your work is being saved properly The Menu or Toolbar from older versions of MS Office have been replaced with Ribbon Tabs.

Ribbon Tabs

Ribbon

Tool Group

Ribbon Tabs are broken into sub-sections called Tool Groups. Example Here is the Clipboard Group under the Home Tab

Basic functions such as Cut, Copy, and Paste are represented as icons When you hold the mouse over each icon, a small window will appear to show you The keyboard shortcut for that Tool A description of what that Tool does The image to the right shows the window tha appears when you hold the mouse over the Cut Tool icon

Take some time to explore the Ribbon Tabs and Tool Groups and learn where to find the Tools you use most frequently. When you click on the small arrow at the bottom right-hand corner of Tool Group box, a Dialog Box appears. The Dialog Box provides additional Formatting options related to the Tool Group that you chose. The arrow at the bottom of the Paste button indicates that you can drop down a Context Menu. Context Menu The Context Menu provides more options related to the function you are working with.

Dialog Box

In order to format or edit any inserted object (ex. images, tables, etc.) 1. You must first select the object by clicking on the image or bring the cursor inside the table. Formatting Tools Tab 2. Then the Formatting Tools Tab appears at the right-hand end of the Ribbon Tabs. It provides the formatting palettes for the selected object.

Microsoft Word Shortcuts:

To Create a New Document: Click the Office Button, select New, and click Create, or press <Ctrl> + <N>. To Open a Document: Click the Office Button and select Open, or press <Ctrl> + <O>. To Save a Document: Click the <Ctrl> + <S>. Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar, or press

To Save a Document with a Different Name: Click the Office Button, select Save As, and enter a new name for the document. To Preview a Document: Click the Office Button, point to the Print list arrow, and select Print Preview. To Print a Document: Click the Office Button and select Print, or press <Ctrl> + <P>. To Undo: Click the Undo button on the Quick Access Toolbar or press <Ctrl>+ <Z>. Close button or press <Ctrl> + <W>.

To Close a Document: Click the <Enter>.

To Get Help: Press <F1> to open the Help window. Type your question and press To Exit Word: Click the Office Button and click Exit Word. To Cut or Copy Text: Select the text you want to cut or copy and click the Cut Copy button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. or

To Paste Text: Place the insertion point where you want to paste and click the Paste button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab.

To Format Selected Text: Use the commands in the Font group on the Home tab, or click the Dialog Box Launcher in the Font group to open the Font dialog box. To Copy Formatting with the Format Painter: Select the text with the formatting you want to copy and click the Format Painter button in the Clipboard group on the

Home tab. Then, select the text you want to apply the copied formatting to.

To Change Paragraph Alignment: Select the paragraph(s) and click the appropriate alignment button ( Align Left, Center, Align Right, or Justify) in the

Paragraph group on the Home tab.

To Indent a Paragraph: Click the the Home tab.

Increase Indent button in the Paragraph group on

To Decrease an Indent: Click the the Home tab. To Add a Tab Stop: Click the

Decrease Indent button in the Paragraph group on

Tab alignment box on the Ruler until you see the type

of tab you want to insert. Then, click on the Ruler where you want to insert the tab stop.

To Adjust or Remove a Tab Stop: Click and drag the tab stop to the desired position on the Ruler. Click and drag the tab stop off the Ruler to remove it.

To Change Paragraph Line Spacing: Click the

Line Spacing button in the

Paragraph group on the Home tab and select an option from the list.

To Create a Bulleted or Numbered List: Select the paragraphs you want to bullet or number and click the the Home tab. Bullets or Numbering button in the Paragraph group on

To Change a Documents Margins: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Margins button in the Page Setup group, and select a setting. To Change Page Orientation: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Orientation button, and select an option from the list. To Insert a Header or Footer: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Header or Footer button in the Header & Footer group. To Insert a Manual Page Break: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Page Break button in the Page Setup group. To Insert a Section Break: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Breaks button in the Page Setup group, and select the type of break you want to insert.

To Correct a Spelling Error: Right-click the error and select a correction from the contextual menu. Or, press <F7> to run the Spell Checker.

To Find Text: Click the To Replace Text: Click the

Find button in the Editing group on the Home tab. Replace button in the Editing group on the Home tab.

EXPERIMENT-10
ORIENTATION & CONNECTIVITY BOOT CAMP

Orientation & Connectivity Boot Camp: Students should get connected to their Local Area Network and access the Internet. In the process they configure the TCP/IP setting. Finally students should demonstrate, to the

instructor, how to access the websites and email. If there is no internet connectivity preparations need to be made by the instructors to simulate the WWW on the LAN PURPOSE: To learn Local Area Network and access the Internet. In the process they configure the TCP/IP setting. Finally students should demonstrate, to the instructor, how to access the websites and email THEORY: The internet is a world wide, publicly network of interconnected computer networks
LOCAL AREA NETWORK:

LANs are privately owned networks with in a single building or campus of up to few kilometers in size.
WIDE AREA NETWORK:

A WAN is a network that connects computers across a large geographic area such as a city or country

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Collection of methods used to connect servers on the internet and to exchange data. HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language): The coding used to control the look of documents on the web HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Part of a URL that identifies the location as one that uses HTML

IP(Internet Protocol):

A format for contents and addresses of packets of information sent over the internet

IP ADDRESS:

An identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network

SEARCH ENGINE:

A program that searches documents located on the Internet for keywords or phrases entered by a person browsing the net. Internet Connection requirements: TCP/IP protocol Client Software ISP Account

Means of communication to the net PROCEDURE: 1. Go to start control Panel 2. open Network Connections 3. Click create a new connection and then click next 4. The new connection wizard window opens , click next to continue 5. Choose one of the options in the next dialog box Choose one of the three options in the next dialog box If you do not have an internet account click choose from a list of ISPs and then click next If you have an account click Set up my connection manually If you have a CD from the ISP click use the CD I got from an ISP and then click next 6. Follow the next steps as per the option you selected. telephone Modem Ethernet ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network) DSL(Digital Subscriber Line) Satellite.

EXPERIMENT 11
WEB BROWSERS, SURFING THE WEB
Web Browsers, Surfing the Web: Students customize their web browsers with the LAN proxy settings, bookmarks, search toolbars and pop up blockers. Also, plug-ins like Macromedia Flash and JRE for applets should be configured

PURPOSE: To learn to surf the web THEORY: Web browser provides the means to the searching and also helps to download the web content. Web browsers support most of the famous Internet Protocols like HTTP, FTP. Common file formats a browser accepts are HTML Well known browsers natively support a variety of other formats in addition to HTML such as JPEG,PNG,GIF image formats Different web browsers available in the market are: Silversmith Mosaic Netscape Mozilla Opera Lynx Safari Bookmark: Each web browser is built-in with the support of Internet Bookmarks which serve as a named anchor primarily to URLs. The primary Purpose of this book mark is to easily catalog and access web pages that the web browser user has visited or plans to visit, without having to navigate the web to get there.

Pop-up Blockers: Pop-ups are a form of online advertising on the WWW intended to attract the attention of the users. These pop ups are hosted on the web sites which are frequently visited by the netizens. These pop ups are activated when these web sites open a new web browser window and there by displaying the advertisements. Plug-ins:

A plug-in is a software component program that interacts with a main application to provide a better integration of the media. The basic difference between application programs and plug-ins is that multimedia files are launched in a separate window where as in plug-ins multimedia play in the browser window. Few famous plug-INS are: Apple Quick Time Macromedia flash Microsoft Media Player Adobe Shockwave Sun Microsystems Java Applet

PROCEDURE: LAN Proxy Settings: Select tools menu in Internet Explorer Select Internet Options

Select Connections

You end up in two options Dial-up and virtual network settings LAN setting

The LAN connection Settings are as follows:

Select the properties button. The properties of the ipaddress, default Gateway and the DNS server details are reflected in the dialog box.

The selection at this step is dependent on the kind of connection you are trying to Configure. They are: Dial-up modem connection LAN connection DSL or Cable modem

EXPERIMENT 12
SEARCH ENGINES & NETIQUETTE

Search Engines & Netiquette: Students should know what search engines are and how to use the search engines. A few topics would be given to the students for which they need to search on Google. This should be demonstrated to the instructors PURPOSE: To know what search engines are and how to use the search engines. THEORY: Search engine: A search engine can be defined as a web site with tools which help you to find information on the internet Function of a search engine: You can find anything from a schedule of White house tours to instructions for removing stains from clothes. Limitations: Search engines visit web sites only several weeks. Search engines cannot see information in other data bases later on. On the internet a search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes: A spider (crawler or bot) that goes to every page or representative pages on every web site that wants to be searchable and reads it, using hypertext links on each page to discover and read sites other pages. Pros: Cons: You can select the search terms You can use the same search terms with multiple search engines You can change search terms as much as you wish You will normally receive numerous links Its fast

 EX:

There are so many different search engines it may be difficult to choose You will normally receive too many links often making it difficult to identify the most relevant sites. The vast majority of links may be only marginally relevant or altogether irrelevant

Alta Vista Ask Jeeves Google Lycos etc.,

Meta Search Engines: Meta search engines or metacrawlers dont crawl the web themselves. Instead they search the resources of multiple search engines by sending a search to several search engines at once aggregating the result. Pros: Cons: Meta search services may not be able to leverage each individual search engines full range of query tools resulting in less refined searches You can not personally select the search engines queried by Meta search services. You only need to use one search tool which is time- efficient You only need to learn how to use one search engine reducing learning curve You benefit from the difference among several search tools at once

EXPERIMENT 13
CYBER HYGIENE
Cyber Hygiene:

Students would be exposed to the various threats on the internet and would be asked to configure their computer to be safe on the internet. They need to first install anti-virus software, configure their personal firewall and windows update on their computer. Then they need to customize their browsers to block pop ups, block active x downloads to avoid viruses and/or worms PURPOSE: To learn various threats on the internet and configure the computer to be safe on the internet. THEORY: Antivirus: Antivirus software is a program that either comes installed on your computer or that you purchase and install yourself. It protects your computer against most viruses, worms, Trojan horses and other unwanted invaders that can make your computer sick. Firewall: A firewall is a special software or hardware designed to protect a private computer network from unauthorized access. A firewall is a set of related programs located at a network gateway server which protects the resources of the private network from users from other networks.

PROCEDURE: Installing Symantec antivirus for Windows: Insert Symantec antivirus CD into your CD drive

Double click on the Symantec-setup.exe The installer will open Click next to proceed License agreement will open. Click I accept the terms of the license agreement and then click next. Follow the instruction on the screen to complete the installation.

Get Computer Updates: Click start settings control panel Click Automatic Updates icon to open Automatic Updates dialog box Check the box Keep my computer up to date Choose a setting Click OK

Block Pop ups: In the Internet explorer open tools pop-up blocker Click on Turn on Pop- up blocker

Windows Firewall: Goto Start control panel Network and Internet

Connections windows firewall In the general tab check the On(recommended) box If you dont want any exceptions check on Dont allow exceptions box

EXPERIMENT 14
INTERNET SECURITY

A test which simulates all of the above tasks would be crafted and given to the students. PURPOSE: Test to simulate all the tasks related to Internet Security THEORY: Identify and explain the components required to establish a network Establish internet connection and create a new email id , send mail and attachment file to other mail account Define search engine. List the various search engines. Navigate through any of the search engine like Google and explore its features. Download a file from the internet. Write the various steps involved in downloading What is Antivirus software? List a few popular anti virus kits available. Explain the functionality of the firewall quoting a few examples

EXPERIMENT-15 DIFFERENT RIBBONS

There are seven ribbon tabs available in MS-Word 2007 Home: Clipboard, Fonts, Paragraph, Styles, and Editing.

Insert: This tab handles anything you might want to insert into a document, such as tables, pictures, charts, hyperlinks, bookmarks, headers and footers, WordArt, etc.

Page Layout: Here's where you'll change margins, page size and orientation, set up columns, align objects, add effects and so on. There are some grey areas between this tab and the Home tab.

References: This tab handles tables of contents, footnotes, bibliographies, indexes and similar material.

Mailings: This is where you'll go for anything to do with mailings, from creating labels to mail merges.

Review: This is where to go if you need to check spelling and grammar or look up a word in a thesaurus.

View: Here's where to go when you want to change the view in any way, including displaying a ruler and gridlines, zooming in and out, splitting a window and so on.

EXPERIMENT-16

DESIGNING AND PERFORMING MAIL MERGE

You use mail merge when you want to create a set of documents, such as a form letter that is sent to many customers or a sheet of address labels. Each letter or label has the same kind of information, yet the content is unique. For example, in letters to your customers, each letter can be personalized to address each customer by name. The unique information in each letter or label comes from entries in a data source.

The mail merge process entails the following overall steps:

1. Open a new word document and enter the data as per your need by leaving spaces for the data fields which are repeated and to apply mail merge 2. Select Mailings Tab 3. Click on Start Mail Merge and select Letters or Step by Step Mail Merge Wizard and select document type as Letters

4. Click on Next 5. Select Use current Document and click on next 6. Click on Browse if you want to use the existing list and go to step-8. If not select Type a new list and click on Create to create new list 7. Now you can find "New Address List" window with default columns.

8. To delete or to add new columns click on customize columns button.

9. Click on Add to add columns and click on Delete to delete the columns. Then click on ok

10. Enter the set of details for an Entry, to add new Entry click on New Entry . 11. Now click on ok an d save the data file ( MS Access file) so that a list of table will be created in the database.

12. Now click in OK

13. Now place the cursor where you want to insert Merge Fields. Now select Insert Merge Fields from Mailings Tab.

14. Now select the Field to be inserted (Ex: First Name, City ) 15. Now repeat Step 13 and 14 Until the completion of all fields insertion. We can also insert the same field at different locations 16. Now click on Finish & Merge and select Edit Individual Documents

17. Select All from Merge to New Window and click on OK

18. Then we can find a new document (Result Document) with the Required number of copies of our original.

This is to look for next records 19. Now we can save this document and print if required. 20. Save the original document for further use.

MICROSOFT EXCEL 2007

Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet that runs on a personal computer. You can use it to organize your data into rows and columns. You can also use it to perform mathematical calculations quickly. Excel 2007 has eight standard ribbon tabs

HOME SCREEN:

ICONS

DESCRIPTIONS Clipboard Pastes the contents of the clipboard in the cursors current location
Places the currently selected item on the clipboard, it will be removed from its current location once it is pasted in a new location Copies the currently selected item to the clipboard

Copies the formatting of the currently selected item to apply to the next selected item Shows the clipboard and other options

FONTS
Font Font size Increase font size Decrease font size Bold Italics Underline (the arrow will give you line options) Apply the last used border (the arrow will give you border options) Apply the last used cell color (the arrow will give you color options) Apply the last used font color (the arrow will give you color options) More font options

ALIGNMENT
Align contents to top, middle, or bottom Change the angle of the text in the cell Align cell contents to left, center, or right Increase or decrease indent Make all cell contents visible by wrapping to multiple lines Merges selected cells into one cell and centers the contents (the arrow provides more options) More alignment options

Some Advanced Icons:

Number format (i.e. currency, percentage, date) Accounting number format currency (alternate currencies are available using the arrow) Display cell contents as a percentage Display the cell value with a thousands separating comma Increase or decrease the number of decimal places More number options Automatically format cells based on the cell contents Format the selected cells as a table Format cells by using pre-defined styles Insert cell, row, or column Delete cell, row, or column Various cell, row, or column formatting options Autosum (the arrow provides other common formulas) Fill Clear Arrange and view data by sorting or filtering Find text, formatting, or type of information

Insert Tab

Insert pivot table or pivot chart

Insert another type of chart

Insert table

Insert a hyperlink to a website Insert a text box

Insert a picture from a file Insert Microsoft clip art Insert shapes drawing canvas or

Insert a header and/or a footer Insert Word Art

Insert a Smart Art diagram Insert chart a column

Insert line

signature

Insert a range of other types of objects Insert a symbol

Insert a line chart

Insert a pie chart

Insert an area chart

Insert a bar chart

Insert a scatter chart

EXPERIMENT-17

FREEZE OR LOCK ROWS AND COLUMNS

You can view two areas of a worksheet and lock rows or columns in one area by freezing or splitting panes (pane: A portion of the document window bounded by and separated from other portions by vertical or horizontal bars.). When you freeze panes, you select specific rows or columns that remain visible when scrolling in the worksheet. Steps to create: For example, you would freeze panes to keep row and column labels visible as you scroll, as shown in the following example 1. Fist prepare a table as bellow.

2. The below documents contains full table before freezing

3. To apply freeze pane, select the required row or column 4. Now go to view tab and click on Freeze Panes

. 5. Now select Freeze Panes

6. The below documents seems to view only half of the document actually remaining half is hide after freezing

7. To unfreeze go to the same and select Unfreeze panes

EXPERIMENT-18

APPLYING AUTO FILL, FORMAT CELLS, FORMATTING TEXT

APPLYING AUTO FILL: Using the fill handle (fill handle: The small black square in the lower-right corner of the selection. When you point to the fill handle, the pointer changes to a black cross.), you can quickly fill cells in a range with a series of numbers or dates or with a built-in series for days, weekdays, months, or years. 1. 2. 3. Select the first cell in the range that you want to fill. Type the starting value for the series. Type a value in the next cell to establish a pattern.

4. Select the cell or cells that contain the starting values. 5. Drag the fill handle across the range that you want to fill.

6. Now drag as bellow and leave the mouse 7. Now you can find the required numbers displayed automatically

8. To fill in increasing order, drag down or to the right. To fill in decreasing order, drag up or to the left

Applying Format Cells, Formatting Text

Step 1: create a table as follows using the following .

APPLING FONT:

Font tool window by pressing Ctrl+ Shift+ F we will get the following window

We can change our Font, font style, font size, Underline, Underline color, and can also apply Effects then click on ok.

APPLING ALIGNMENT:

ALIGN TEXT TO THE LEFT

1.

Select the text that you want to format.

2. On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click Align Left. Keyboard shortcut To align selected text to the left, press CTRL+L.
ALIGN TEXT TO THE RIGHT

1. Select the text that you want to format. 2. On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click Align Right. Keyboard shortcut To align selected text to the right, press CTRL+R.
CENTER TEXT

1. Select the text that you want to format. 2. On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click Center. Keyboard shortcut To center selected text, press CTRL+E.

EXPERIMENT-19

IMPLEMENTING CONDITIONAL FORMATTING

Use a conditional format to help you visually explore and analyze data, detect critical issues, and identify patterns and trends. It Also Helps Us To Do The Following: Learn more about conditional formatting Format all cells by using a two-color scale Format all cells by using a three-color scale Format all cells by using data bars Format all cells by using an icon set Format only cells that contain text, number, or date or time values Format only top or bottom ranked values Format only values that are above or below average Format only unique or duplicate values Use a formula to determine which cells to format Clear conditional formats

Format all cells by using a two-color scale Color scales are visual guides that help you understand data distribution and variation. A two-color scale helps you compare a range of cells by using a gradation of two colors. The shade of the color represents higher or lower values. For example, in a green and red color scale, you can specify higher value cells have a more green color and lower value cells have a more red color. Quick formatting 1. Select a range of cells, or make sure that the active cell is in a table or PivotTable report. 2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click the arrow next to Conditional Formatting, and then click Color Scales.

3. Select a two-color scale. Hover over the color scale icons to see which one is a two-color scale. The top color represents higher values and the bottom color represents lower values. Example : applied 5 different conditional formatting

MICROSOFT POWER POINT 2007

Basic Tips

It is best to outline your entire presentation before working too much on the style and layout of your presentation. When left to the end it is much less time consuming to work on the style and format of your slides. Keep in mind the content of your presentation is the most important part of it!

Keep your points short and straightforward. Points should be complimentary to your oral presentation. PowerPoint allows you to add a lot of distracting sounds and excessive animations to your presentation. It is best to keep all animation as simple as possible and only use sounds if absolutely necessary.

Stay away from unusual fonts. If you are presenting on an unfamiliar computer the font you have chosen may not work. Arial and Times New Roman are common fonts. Think of contrast. If you use a dark background use light-colored text and vice versa. Refrain from using backgrounds that will obscure your text colour.

The MS Office Button contains the main file functions New, Open, Save, Save as, Print, Print Preview, etc. The Quick Access Toolbar contains shortcuts to Save, Undo, and Repeat Each Ribbon Tab displays a Ribbon that provides a set of Tool Groups. The Ribbon Tab and the Tool Groups in the Ribbon correspond to the Menu and Toolbar in Word 2000 and 2003 The Name of each Tool Group is listed at the bottom of the Group Example - In the Home Tab, the third Tool Group is named Font

The name "Font" is under the Font Tool Group To change the Tool Groups being displayed in the Ribbon Click on the appropriate Ribbon Tab Example - The Home Tab contains Tool Groups for the most commonly used Tools Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, and Style tools in Word Some Tool Group boxes have a small arrow in the bottom right-hand corner. If you click on this arrow, PowerPoint will open a Dialog Box which offers more options and settings related to that Tool Group

In PowerPoint 2007, you will find that tools with similar uses are organized so that they are usually found within the same Tool Group or at least within one Ribbon. If you do not find a tool in the Ribbon you think it should be in, try exploring the other Ribbon Tabs. HOME PAGE:

Create a new presentation

MS Office Button >> New -- New Presentation window opens up The MS Office Button is located in the top left corner of the Word 2007 Window To start a new file from scratch: Choose Blank Document and press Create. There are templates available on the left panel for creating a presentation of a specific type (ie. photo album or calendar).

Open an existing presentation MS Office Button >> Open Find your presentation in the Open window. PowerPoint 2007 will open files created with older versions of PowerPoint (*.ppt) as well as PowerPoint 2007 files (*.pptx) Open a file from a different PowerPoint 2007 will automatically convert a version or format document from a compatible version of PowerPoint Y our document will open in Compatibility Mode This will prevent you from using certain tools in Office 2007 which are not compatible with Office 2000 or 2003 When you finish editing a document, be VERY CAREFUL to save any converted documents in their original format Please read the Important Notes below regarding saving in Office 2007 Save the current document Save format a document name, under a or MS Office Button >> Save As... In the bars at the bottom of the Save As... sub window: o Give your document a new name in File Name: o Select the version and format from Save as type: Add a new slide Home Tab >> Slides >> New Slide Click on New Slide button. It adds a new slide in the default layout "Title and Content.
MS Office Button >> Save Please read the Important Notes above regarding saving in Office 2007

different

version,

Inserting and Formatting Text and Objects

Add text with text boxes

Home Tab >> Drawing >> Text Box In PowerPoint all text is contained in Text Boxes. Click on Text Box button >> Click anywhere in the slide. Drag circle corner points or square side points of the text box to change its size. Click within the box to type text.

Format text box

Select the text box. The Drawing Tools Tab appears. Click on the Format tab. Format the selected text box in Shape Styles: o Shape Fill -- Changes the fill color o Shape Outline -- Changes the color, width, line style of outline o Shape Effects -- Applies visual effects (shadow, bevel, etc.) to the Add WordArt -- fancy text text box Insert Tab >> Text >> WordArt Click on the WordArt button >> Select the style you like Format an image and ClipArt A WordArt Text Box appears in the slide.Type in. Formatting process is basically the same as formatting "text box," "WordArt," or

"Shape."

Select objects (image or clip art). Picture Tool Tab appears. Format objects using Adjust Group, Picture Styles Group and Arrange Group. Move objects: See the instruction of "Move Text Box" Formatting Slide Design

Change the background

Design Tabs >> Background >> Background Styles Click on the Format Background button at the bottom. Format Background window appears. o You can set the color, solid or gradient, transparency or choose picture/texture fill o Click on Close button to apply changes only to the current slide o Click on Apply to All to apply changes to all the slide Design Tabs >> Themes M ove the cursor over the theme buttons to preview different themes on your current slide. Click on any theme button to choose the theme, which will be applied to all the slides in your presentation. Colors -- Changes the color scheme of the current theme Fonts -- Changes the font of the current theme

Change the theme

Effects -- Changes the effects of the current theme Formatting Presentation in Slide Master The Slide Master acts as a template for your entire presentation. Altering anything on the Slide Master will change it for all the slides in your presentation

Objects and Animation

Finishing Steps Change the order of the slides View Tab >> Presentation Views >> Slide Sorter o You can easily change the order, if you have a lot of slides.Or, select Slides tab in the left frame in the Normal View. You can see thumbnails of the slides in your presentation. o Click on a slide thumbnail and drag up and down to change the Make notes order. Write your notes in the bottom frame in Normal view. To Print your notes: O ffice Button >> Print >> Print What: Select "Note Pages" NOTE: Notes are not visible during the slide show Manual Presentation: View Tab >> Presentation Views >> Slide Show Present the slide show To move to the next slide in your presentation do one of the following: Click the left mouse button H it the spacebar U se the arrow keys on the keyboard. Up and left go back, right and down go forward. Click on the Esc key on keyboard to go back to Normal view. Automatic Presentation: Animations Tab>> Transition to this Slide >> Advance Slide Click on the check box for "Automatically After."

Set the time to automatically change to the next slide after a certain duration of time. This feature is useful if you are under a time constraint or if you want to present in a more movie-like style.

EXPERIMENT-20

PREPARING SLIDES USING SLIDE ORIENTATION, SLIDE LAYOUTS, BACKGROUNDS, AUTO SHAPES, INSERTING IMAGES, BULLETS AND NUMBERING, HYPERLINKS AND TABLES.
SLIDE ORINTATION: Used to set the page in Portrait(Vertical) or Landscape (Horizontal).

SLIDE LAYOUTS: You can use layouts to arrange objects and text on a slide. A layout is one part of a slide master that defines positioning information for content that will later appear on a slide. Layouts contain placeholders (placeholders: Boxes with dotted or hatch-marked borders that are part of most slide layouts. These boxes hold title and body text or objects such as charts, tables, and pictures.), which in turn hold text, such as titles and bulleted lists, and slide content such as SmartArt graphics, tables, charts, pictures, shapes, and clip art (clip art: A single piece of ready-made art, often appearing as a bitmap or a combination of drawn

shapes.). While you can add text and object placeholders to a layout or slide master, you cannot add placeholders directly to a slide. To View The Layouts : On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click a layout.

BACKGROUNDS: Add a background style to your presentation 1. Click the slide or slides that you want to add a background style to. To select multiple slides, click the first slide, and then press and hold CTRL while you click the other slides. 2. On the Design tab, in the Background group, click the arrow next to Background Styles.

3. Right-click the background style that you want, and then do one of the following: To apply the background style to the selected slides, click Apply to Selected Slides. To apply the background style to all of the slides in your presentation, click Apply to All Slides.

Customize a background style for your presentation 1. Click the slide or slides that you want to add a background style to. 2. To select multiple slides, click the first slide, and then press and hold CTRL while you click the other slides. 3. On the Design tab, in the Background group, click the arrow next to Background Styles.

4. Click Format Background, and then choose the options that you want. Or right click and select Format Background. 5. You can apply Solid Fill or Gradient Fill or Picture or Texture Fill, Inserting pictures by clicking on File and can Insert Clip Arts by clicking on Clip Arts.

Solid Selection

Gradient Fill Selection

Picture or Texture Fill Selection

Inserting Pictures

Insert Clip Arts

AUTO SHAPES: We can insert different shapes from Insert Tab and select Shapes Group. Select a shape and just click and drag so that we will get a shape.

INSERTING BULLETS AND NUMBERING:

Inserting Bullets

Inserting Numbering

INSERTING HYPERLINKS: In Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007, a hyperlink is a connection from one slide to another slide in the same presentation (such as a hyperlink to a custom show ) or to a slide in another presentation, an e-mail address, a Web page, or a file.You can create a hyperlink from text or from an object, such as a picture, graph, shape, or WordArt Create a hyperlink to a slide in the same presentation 1. 2. 3. 4. In Normal view, select the text or the object that you want to use as a hyperlink. On the Insert tab, in the Links group, click Hyperlink. Under Link to, click Place in This Document. Do one of the following: Link to a custom show in the current presentation: 1. 2.

Under Select a place in this document, click the custom show that you want to use as the hyperlink destination. Select the Show and return check box. Link to a slide in the current presentation:

Under Select a place in this document , click the slide that you want to use

as the hyperlink destination. Create a hyperlink to a slide in a different presentation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. In Normal view, select the text or the object that you want to use as a hyperlink. On the Insert tab, in the Links group, click Hyperlink. Under Link to, click Existing File or Web Page. Locate the presentation that contains the slide that you want to link to. Click Bookmark, and then click the title of the slide that you want to link to.

INSERTING TABLES: We can Insert tables from Insert and select tables group. Now select the range of Rows and Columns. At the same time you can see the table image on the slide. We can also change the format of the table.

EXPERIMENT-21

PREPARE A PRESENTATION USING CUSTOM ANIMATION ON POLLUTION

Step-1 : Prepare a title slide Step-2 : Types of pollutions using images, Clip Arts, Auto Shapes, Word Art e.t.c Step-3 : Conclusion Note : Prepare the above presentation with minimum 5 slides. Sample creation of a presentation: 1. 2. 3. pictures. 4. method. 1. Custom Animation Select an object & go to Animations Tab and click on Now to apply custom animation for the above using following Insert a new slide with slide layout of your choice. Change the background ( built-in or customized ) Insert the required images, Clip Arts, Auto Shapes, Word Art

2.

Click on More Effects to view and apply more.

3.

To view more options to apply animation with time sound start with previous and without previous, select an object and click on

down arrow. 4. To apply Timing click on Timing. We can setup Start, Delay, Speed, Repeat options

5.

To apply sound effects select Effect options and we can set sound and can also change the color after animation.

6.

We can set the animation for the object when the mouse is clicked, or with previous object and After previous object. By

default it is on mouse click. Using Automatically After we can assign some time gap. Appling Slide Transaction: This is used to view the next slide with an animation. We can use the default slide transactions from animations.

We can also apply timing between the slides using Automatically After option. Here provide the time to wait for the next slide.

To view the preview click on Play and to see the slide show click on Slide Show.

EXPEIRMENT 22

PREPARING A PERSONAL WEBSITE USING MICROSOFT/ EQUIVALENT (FOSS) TOOL PUBLISHER

TASK: Help students in preparing their personal website using Microsoft/ equivalent (FOSS) tool publisher. Topic covered during this week includes - Publisher Orientation, Using Templates, Layouts, Inserting text objects, Editing text objects, Inserting Tables, Working with menu objects, Inserting pages, Hyper linking, Renaming, deleting, modifying pages, Hosting website. PURPOSE: To learn Using Templates, Layouts, Inserting text objects, Editing text objects, Inserting Tables, Working with menu objects, Inserting pages, Hyper linking, Renaming, deleting, modifying pages, and Hosting website THEORY: Layouts: Layout guides comprise margin, column, row, and baseline guides. They are used to create a grid on a master page. This grid appears on every page in your publication where that master page is used. Use layout guides to organize text, pictures, and other objects into columns and rows so that your publication will have an ordered, consistent look. Set layout guides in the Layout Guides dialog box (Arrange menu). Margin guides, column guides, and row guides are represented by blue dotted lines; baseline guides are represented by gold dotted guides; and ruler guides are represented by green dotted lines

Hyper Link: hyperlink is a link from a document that, when clicked, opens another page or file. The destination is frequently another Web page, but it can also be a picture, an e-mail address, or a program. The hyperlink itself can be text or a picture. PROCEDURE: Template: 1. Create the publication you want to use as a template. 2. On the File menu, click Save As. 3. In the File name box, type a name for the template. 4. In the Save as type box, click Publisher Template. The destination folder changes to Templates. You need to save your template in this folder if you want it to appear in the Preview Gallery of the New Publication task pane later. 5. Click Save. Layouts:

On the View menu, click Boundaries and Guides.

Note If the Snap to Guides command is on (On the Arrange menu, point to Snap, and then click To Guides), objects will continue to snap to the guides even when the guides are hidden

InsertingTextObjects: In your publication, select an AutoShape 1. Type the text you want Editing Text objects: 1. Double-click the WordArt object you want to change. 2. In the Edit WordArt Text dialog box, change the text, and then click OK. Inserting Tables: 1. On the Objects toolbar, click the Insert Table. 2. Click inside your publication. The Create Table dialog box will appear. 3. Select the options you want, and then click OK.

4. Size your table. Select the table, position the mouse pointer over a selection handle until you see the Resizer icon, and then drag to resize the table. 5. In the table, click the cell where you want to add text, and then start typing. To add text to another cell, click inside that cell. Each cell expands to fit your text, unless you lock the table size by clearing the check mark next to Grow to Fit Text on the Table menu.

Hyperlink:

Create a hyperlink to a file or page 1. 2. 3. 4. Select either text or a picture. Click Insert Hyperlink. Under Link to, click Existing File or Web Page. Do one of the following:
o o o

To select a file from your My Documents folder, click Current Folder. To select a file that was recently viewed in your Web browser, click Browsed Pages. To select a file that you were recently working in, click Recent Files.

5. Navigate to the file or page you want.

Create a hyperlink to an e-mail address 1. Select either text or a picture. 2. Click Insert Hyperlink. 3. Under Link to, click E-mail Address. 4. Either type the e-mail address you want in the E-mail address box, or select an e-mail address from the recently used e-mail addresses box. 5. In the Subject box, type the subject of the e-mail message. Create a hyperlink to another place in your document 1. Select either text or a picture. 2. Click Insert Hyperlink. 3. Under Link to, click Place in This Document. 4. Select the page you want Create a hyperlink to a new page 1. Select either text or a picture. 2. Click Insert Hyperlink. 3. Under Link to, click Create New Document. 4. Either type the path and name of the new file, or click Change to navigate to a location. 5. Select either Edit the new document later or Edit the new document now. Pages:

Create a master page 1. On the View menu, click Master Page. 2. In the Edit Master Pages task pane, click New Master Page. 3. In the New Master Page dialog box, do any of the following:
o

In the Page ID (1 character) box, type a single-character identifier for your new master page. This can be any single Unicode character. In the Description box, type a brief description of your new master page. If you want your new master page to be a two-page spread, select Two-page master.

o o

4. Click OK. Edit a master page 1. On the View menu, click Master Page. 2. In the Edit Master Pages task pane, click the arrow next to the master page you want to edit, and then click Edit. 3. Edit the page as desired. 4. To see the updated publication pages, click View publication pages, and then navigate to a page to which the master page is applied Delete a master page 1. On the View menu, click Master Page. 2. In the Edit Master Pages task pane, click the arrow next to the master page you want to delete, and then click Delete. 3. In the alert box, click Yes