What is a BTU?

Ans: It is the amount of Heat required to change the temperature of one pound of water by one degree fahrenheit. What is One ton equivalent to? Ans: One ton equals 12000 BTUs per hour. What is EER? Ans: This is a cooling efficiency with respect to power consumption. How does an Aircondition operate? Ans:An air conditioner operates on a refrigerant gas. The gas is at a low temp in one part of the A/c and at a high temp in an other part of the A/c. This is achieved by compressor compressing the gas continuously.

How do I determine the AC tonnage basis my room size? And what AC should I opt for Window or Split? Ans: Windows are available upto 2.0 TR.Above this capacity only splits are available.Besides if the location of the room is such that a window can not be installed then also a split is the only option. Please consider following points : A location where Sunlight does not fall directly on the unit. There is no obstacle to air flow to and from the A/C The place can give a rigid platform so that the A/C can be installed securely. This will also reduce sound and vibration. What kind of features should influence my purchase decision? Ans:Following point can be considered: Capacity as per requirement Power consumption and durabilities of machine.

What is the difference between Rotary and Reciprocatory Compressor? Ans:Rotary Compressor compresses the refrigerant gas by a rotating mechanism while a Reciprocating Compressor does the same by converting a rotating action of a motor into a liner action. What is the difference between Scroll and Reciprocatory Compressor? Ans:Scroll Compressor has a moving scroll which creates pressure. A Reciprocating Compressor uses piston cylinder to compress the refrigerant gas.

Do I need to buy a voltage stabilizer?and what voltage should I have? Ans: Yes , if voltage is a problem in your area.207 to 253 V. How often should I clean my filter? Ans: The air cleaner should be checked and cleaned atleast once every 2 weeks or more often as may be necessary. How much electricity would my AC use? Ans: Depending upon A/c capacity. The Electrical Power Consumption will vary. What is the cost of maintaining my AC? Ans: It will depend on type and capacity.Please refer to the dealer

Reciprocating compressors In this type of compressor, the pistons are designed in similar fashion to those used in a car engine: they slide inside a cylinder, drawing in and compressing the gas refrigerant. Each cylinder features a suction valve for the gas refrigerant and a delivery valve through which the gas refrigerant is sent to the condenser after having been compressed. Reciprocating compressors are defined as open-type when one end of the crankshaft protrudes outside of the crankcase (the casing that contains the pistons and the mechanisms inside the compressor). In semi-hermetic compressors, on the other hand, both the compressor itself and the drive motor are housed inside the casing, which is designed so as to be opened for inspection and maintenance. In this case, the drive shaft and the crankshaft are one single piece. Semihermetic compressors are made so as to prevent air or dust from entering the mechanisms. Reciprocating compressors are defined as hermetic when the casing is welded closed and sealed, and the heads of the cylinders cannot be accessed for inspection or maintenance. These are used in household refrigerators and freezers and in mediumcapacity air-conditioning units. Rotary compressors The category of rotary compressors includes all compressors that perform the compression function using mechanisms that involve impellers, involute scrolls or screws. Scroll compressors (or orbiting scroll compressors) are based on a mechanism patented in 1905. This features two involute scrolls: one stationary, and one orbiting (but not rotating) around the first. Thanks to this motion, the gas contained between the two elements reaches a very high pressure and discharged through a hole in the centre. Stationary or rotary vane compressors work due to the effect of the vanes located inside the cylinders. The vanes may rotate on a cam in the centre of the cylinder (rotary), or be fixed to the walls of the

cylinder (stationary). In both cases, the vanes are responsible for the movement of the gas, contributing fundamentally to the suction and compression phases. Screw compressors are based on a mechanism made up of two threaded rotors (screws) that are coupled together. The gas is compressed due to the progressive overlapping of the lobes, causing a reduction in the volume occupied by the gas. There are also single-screw compressors that operate by the rotation of just one cylindrical screw with a helical thread, onto which two identical rotors are coupled. Centrifugal compressors are made up of a rotor located inside a special chamber. The rotor is rotated at high speed, imparting high kinetic energy to the gas, which is forced through the narrow outlet opening, thus increasing its pressure. This type of compressor is used for high and very high cooling capacities.

Reciprocating Compressor

The reciprocating compressors are one of the most widely used types of the refrigerating compressors. They have piston and cylinder arrangement like the automotive engine. The reciprocating motion of the piston due to external power compresses the refrigerant inside the cylinder. There are three types of reciprocating compressors: hermetically sealed, semi-hermetically sealed and open type. The open of reciprocating compressors can be of single cylinder type or multi-cylinder type.

Rotary Compressor: The rotary compressors have two rotating elements, like gears, between which the refrigerant is compressed. These compressors can pump the refrigerant to lower or moderate condensing pressures. Since they can handle small volume of the gas and produce lesser pressure, they are used in fewer applications

HVAC System Description

Terminology
HVAC System
HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or, occasionally, "aitch-vak") is an initialism/acronym that stands for "heating, ventilation, and air conditioning". HVAC is sometimes referred to as "climate control" and is particularly important in the design of medium to large industrial and office buildings such as sky scrapers and in marine environments such as aquariums, where humidity and temperature must all be closely regulated whilst maintaining safe and healthy conditions within.

DX system (Direct-expansion system)

Uses the refrigerant directly as the cooling media. The refrigerant inside the evaporator absorbs heat directly from the air used for space conditioning.

According to the type of condenser used, the DX system has air-cooled and water-cooled system.

DX system basic components

Air-cooled system: Refrigerant hot gas discharge from compressor is being cooled by fan driven by motor to induce outside air to condense the refrigerant within the condenser coil. Depending on the system requirements, the basic components of DX system can be categorized into various types of equipment combinations for split system, built-up DX system and portable/window unit Split system: in a typical split system, the condenser and compressor are located in an outdoor unit. The indoor unit consists of evaporator coil, fan motor and blower. Built-up DX system: dependent upon cooling capacity requirements which would necessitate larger equipment combination similar to those in the split system. Window or portable unit: is a one piece type of air-con equipment installed in wall opening or modified window casing. Water-cooled system: Refrigerant hot gas in the condenser coil is being cooled by re-circulating condenser water from cooling tower. Water-cooled system consists of water-cooled packaged unit, condenser water pump unit, and

cooling tower, including inter-connecting condenser water pipework. Central system Central system is an air conditioning system which uses a series of equipements to distribute cooling media to exchange heat and supply conditioned air from one point (eg. plant room) to more than one rooms. Central system normally uses water as the cooling media for larger buildings. The refrigerant inside the evaporator absorbs heat from the water and this water is pumped to coils in order to absorb heat from the air used for space conditioning. Systems that employ water chillers are commonly called chilled-water system. Central air-conditioning system is a process of removing heat content from multiple sources in the building through a series of heat exchange equipments which ultimately remove the heat to the outdoor atmosphere. This process involves the application of chiller, water pump units and cooling tower as shown below. According to the type of condenser used, the central air-conditioning system has air-cooled or water-cooled system. Air-cooled and water-cooled systems are categorized by capacity and efficiency. Chilled Water System Schematic Layout

Air-cooled chilled water system

Air-cooled condenser: A type of condenser in which refrigerant flows through the tubes and rejects heat to air that is drawn across the tubes. Water-cooled condenser: A type of condenser that rejects the heat of the refrigerant to water flowing through it. AHU: An air handler, or air handling unit often abbreviated to AHU, is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of HVAC system. Usually, an air handler is a large metal box containing a blower, heating and/or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the building, and returns it to the AHU. Fan-coil unit (FCU): A small terminal unit that is often composed of only a blower and a heating and/or cooling coil (heat exchanger), as is often used in hotels, condominiums, or apartments. Expansion tank: A component of a closed piping system that accommodates the expansion and contraction of the water as temperature and, therefore, density, changes. Water-cooled chilled water system Cooling tower: Cooling towers are heat rejection devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to reject process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature. Condenser water pump unit: is a set of device by using mechanical forces to move the condenser water. Chiller: A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coils in air handlers, fan-coil units, or other systems, cooling and usually dehumidifying the air in the building. Chillers are of two types; air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers are usually outside and consist of condenser coils cooled by fan-driven air. Water-cooled chillers are usually inside a building, and heat from these chillers is carried by recirculating water to outdoor cooling towers.

Chiller Components

There are several types of water chillers. They differ from each other based on the refrigeration cycle or the type of compressor they use. Absorption water chillers make use of the absorption refrigeration cycle and do not have a mechanical compressor involved in the refrigeration cycle. Water chillers using the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle vary by the type of compressor used. Reciprocating and scroll compressors are typically used in small chillers. Helical-rotary (or screw) compressors are typically used in medium-sized chillers. Centrifugal compressors are typically used in large chillers.