Introduction to UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Features of 3G

Backward Compatibility

Features of 3G

2.5 Generation Mobile Networks

High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) 9.6 Kbps or 14.4 Kbps ( upto 4 Slots) => 57.6 Kbps (M ) (Max.) Advantage: minimum change in n/w architecture Disadvantage: g inefficient in terms of resource usage g General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) Uses 1 to 8 radio channels in the 200 KHz frequency Offer speed upto 115 Kbps Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution (EDGE) Enhanced GPRS Better modulation techniques Speed up to 384Kbps

BASIC STRUCTURE OF UMTS NETWORK

User Equipment (UE) Access Network (AN)
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

Core Network (CN)

User Equipment (UE)

Logical Structure consists of
Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)
Smart card (UMTS Integrated Circuit Card (UICC)) Permanent identity (IMSI) of user, shared secret key, phone book.

Mobile Equipment (ME)

Mobile Terminal
Radio Transmission Termination, authentication, MM

Terminal Equipment (TE)

Manages hardware e.g. e g speaker, speaker microphone microphone, video camera and user display

ACCESS NETWORK
Access Network resides between the UE and the Core Network performs functions specific to the WCDMA air interface Access Network in UMTS allows different types of access network systems to interface with the core network BSS .legacy of GSM era RNS.newly standardized access network

CORE NETWORK
The core network in WCDMA may be used with any access technique. t h i This functionality split between the core network and the access network provides flexibility to keep the core network t k fixed, fi d while hil at t the th same time ti allowing ll i f for different access techniques. Functions performed by core network includes Mobility Management Call Control Switching g Session Management Routing Authentication Equipment Identification Etc.

CHANNELS

SPREADING PROCEDURE IN THE UTRAN

The spreading procedure in the UTRAN consists of two separate operations:
Channelization
uses orthogonal codes

Scrambling.
uses PN codes

Channelization occurs before scrambling in the transmitter both in p and the downlink. the uplink

CHANNELIZATION
Channelization transforms each data symbol y into multiple chips. This ratio (number of chips/symbol) is called the spreading factor (SF). Thus, Th it i is thi this procedure d th that t actually t ll expands d th the signal i l bandwidth. Channelization codes are orthogonal codes (more precisely, orthogonal variable spreading factor [OVSF] codes), meaning that in an ideal environment they dont interfere with each other other. However, orthogonally requires that the codes be time y synchronized.

SCRAMBLING
The orthogonal codes alone cannot handle the spreading di f function ti pseudorandom p codes are used in the second p part of the spreading procedure, which is called the scrambling stage.

already spread is further combined (XORed) with a pseudorandom scrambling code code. There are millions of scrambling codes available in the uplink

CHANNELIZATION CODES

USE OF CHANNELIZATION CODES

MULTIUSER SPREADING

CODE TYPES IN THE AIR INTERFACE

STANDARD WCDMA PARAMETERS

VARIABLE DATA RATES IN UMTS

UMTS - 2 MBPS DATA RATE

3G systems must be able to support 2 Mbps over-the-air interface.

BUT How ?????

UMTS - 2 Mbps DATA RATE

As we have seen that with a fixed chip rate of 3.84 Mcps, the lowest coding rate, rate , and smallest spreading factor factor, 4, we can only get to 480 kbps raw data rate. Once you account for overhead information, like power control commands, it is less than that. There are two other factors that allow us to meet our necessary requirements. requirements
The first is the modulation technique used in W-CDMA: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
QPSK allows the transmitter to send two bits of information (in this case, symbols) for every modulated bit transmitted over-the-air. So, with QPSK, the data rate of the physical channel is doubled. However, However were we re still not at 2 Mbps. Mbps

UMTS - 2 MBPS DATA RATE

With QPSK, and the minimum amount of p protection and spreading, our raw user data rate is up to 960 kbps. In order to achieve the goal of 2 Mbps for a single user, we assign multiple channelization codes codes. With two channelization codes, a raw data rate of 1920 kbps p is achievable. The maximum single user configuration in the downlink allows three channelization codes to be assigned to one user. ser Note that this is the raw channel data rate. With control or overhead information taken into account, , the actual user data rate is a little over 2 Mbps.

MODES OF OPERATION
There are two modes of operation defined for the W-CDMA air interface.
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Time Division Duplex (TDD)

MODES OF OPERATION
Most of the initial deployments in UMTS are expected to b W be W-CDMA CDMA i in FDD mode, d f followed ll dl later t b by d deployment l t of the TDD mode. FDD mode provides the capability to provide a wide range of services including voice, multimedia and all types of packet data applications. TDD may be used to deal with asymmetric traffic as well as relieving hot spots in traffic. TDD is also useful in cases where spectrum is not p and downlink. available for a channel in both the uplink

WCDMA POWER CONTROL

In a W-CDMA system y the p process of the UE and the UTRAN telling each other to speak up and quiet down is called power control. Why do we need power control in the W-CDMA system? one users user s signal is another users user s interference interference. In order to combat this interference, , power p control is introduced.

WCDMA POWER CONTROL

Remember, lower per user transmit power results to support a higher number of users in the RF spectrum.

WCDMA POWER CONTROL- CLOSED LOOP MODE

There are two functions within closed loop pp power control: Inner Loop Outer Loop

POWER CONTROL MODE - INNER LOOP

In inner loop power control mode the receiver continuously measures the strength of received signal and instructs the transmitter to either power up or power down down. Inner loop power control can run as fast as 1500 cycles per second in UMTS. Inner loop provides the ability for the transmitter to track the constantly t tl changing h i RF conditions. diti

INNER & OUTER LOOP POWER

DOWNLINK POWER CONTROL

Downlink power control is concerned with controlling the transmit power of the Node B. p Both the inner loop and outer loop functions are implemented in the UE. Therefore, the power allocated by the Node B to each individual UE is controlled by the UE. For instance, instance in the case of a Node B serving 20 UEs UEs, there are 20 individual closed loop power control functions in operation controlling the aggregate user transmit power at the Node B.

UPLINK POWER CONTROL

Uplink power control is concerned with controlling the t transmit it power of f the th UE. UE In the UTRAN, the inner loop and outer loop functions are split between the Node B and the RNC. The Node B is closest to the air interface, so it handles the inner loop received signal measurements and fast feedback. The RNC C handles the outer loop f function.

POWER & CAPACITY

There is a direct relationship between power allocated to a single user and the capacity of the system. For instance, in the downlink, a Node B has a finite amount of power it can di divide ide amongst the users sers it is s supporting. pporting If each user requires more power, the capacity, or number of users supported, is reduced! Conversely, if power can be managed effectively the capacity of the system can be increased. This is a critical function in the optimization of a UMTS system, and is difficult to perfect since RF conditions vary greatly.

SOFT HANDOVER IN WCDMA

WCDMA uses soft Handover Soft handover is based on make-before-break approach in contrast with the hard handover which is based on break-before-make approach & used in TDMA systems. MAKE BEFORE BREAK approach UE establishes connection with a new Node B before breaking communication with the current serving Node B.

SOFT HANDOVER IN WCDMA

When soft handover is active, , the UE is connected to multiple Node Bs up to six at once. The RNC multicasts the data to all of the active Node Bs, each h of f which hi h t transfers f th the d data t over-the-air th i t to th the UE UE. The UE combines the signals from all of the Node Bs resulting in a combined signal that has greater quality relative to that from any individual Node B. When a UE transmits over-the-air, each of the active Node Bs picks up the UEs transmission and forwards the packet to the RNC. The RNC selects the best packet from all received and discards the rest.

SOFT HANDOVER IN WCDMA

Soft handover presents a unique requirement for the design of the W CDMA receiver W-CDMA i with i h respect to the h UE and dN Node d B B. The key aspects of W-CDMA that come into play in the design of the receiver structure include: transmitters t itt share h a common 5 MHz MH radio di channel h l each transmission is uniquely identified by a scrambling code and channelization code combination a UE can be in communication with up to 6 Node Bs simultaneously The Rake receiver is the receiver used in WCDMA to support the above requirements. It is named so because it contains fingers, each of which are used in communication with a Node B.

RAKE RECEIVER

A RAKE receiver is made of correlators, also known as RAKE fingers, each receiving a multipath signal. After despreading Aft d di by b correlators l t with ith a l local l copy of f th the appropriately delayed version of the transmitters spreading code, the signals are combined. Since the received multipath signals are fading independently, this method improves the overall combined signal quality and performance.

RAKE RECEIVER
The benefits of Rake receiver operations p include: higher reliability since while one Node Bs signal may degrade, the connection to another Node B may be intact smoother handoff versus hard, or break-before-make, handover. There is never a time when data is not being received by the mobile mobile, so there will not be any muting due to the UE retuning to another frequency increased spectral efficiency since the UE can combine bi the th signal i lf from all ll active ti N Node d B Bs, so l less power is required from each