IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 41, NO.

1, JANUARY 1993

Novel Schiffman Phase Shifters

JosC Luis Ramos Quirarte, and J. Piotr Starski, Member, IEEE
Abstract- In a standard Schiffman phase shifter a coupled section and a uniform transmission line are used to give a differential phase shift. In order to achieve larger bandwidth it is necessary to use tight coupled sections which are difficult to reaIize. This paper shows how different configurations of coupled lines or parallel connected coupled lines can be used together with a uniform transmission line, another coupled lines or parallel connected coupled lines in order to obtain a differential phase shifter with loose coupled lines and the same performance as for the standard case. The measurements confirm the calculated results leading to a more realizable structure.
Index TermsDhase shifters, Schiffman sections, coupled transmission lines.

(4

( b)

(C)

(d 1

Fig. 1. Some altematives to obtain a differential phase shifter: (a) Standard Schiffman phase shifter, (b) Double Schiffman phase shifter, (c) Schiffman phase shifter with cascaded sections, and (d) Parallel Schiffman phase shifter.

The characteristic impedance and the phase response are SCHIFFMAN phase shifter [ l ] is a differential phase obtained from following equations: shifter that consists of two transmission lines, one of [VI = [Zl[II (1) them folded (coupled section) to be dispersive, Fig. l(a). By the proper selection of the length of these lines and the degree of coupling, the phase difference between them can be made where [ Z ]is the general impedance matrix given as [4]: to be almost constant over a broad bandwidth. j 211 = ~ ~ 2 = ~ 3 3 = ~ ~ ~ = - - ( Z o e f Z o o ) C O t ~ Other method to design the phase shifter is by using two 2 coupled sections instead, as shown in Fig. l(b) or by using j Z 1 2 = 221 = Z34 = 2 4 3 = --(Zo, - Zoo) cot 8 two cascaded coupled sections and a transmission line [2], [3], 2 (2) shown in Fig. l(c). In this case the phase shift is determined j 2 1 3 = 2 3 1 = 224 = Z42 = - - (Z,, - Zoo) csc 8 by the choice of the length and coupling of each section. 2 Unfortunately, there are several cases where the phase j shifter can not be realized given the desired performance, 2 1 4 = 241 = 2 2 3 = 2 3 2 = - -( zoo) CSC 0 2 particularly in those cases when low relative dielectric constant is used. A method to reduce this problem is to design the Using ( 2 ) in (1) for the special case when two ends of coupled sections for higher input impedances and connect the coupled lines are interconnected, the impedance matrix expressed in terms of the even- Z,,, and odd-Z,,,-mode them in parallel. This altemative is presented in Fig. l(d). Another application of the parallel configuration is the case impedances of the coupled lines and their lengths is obtained as when the performance is poor due to the fact that the width [ZI = of the transmission lines in the coupled section is too wide compared to its length. cot o tan 0) - 2 cot 6 tan 0)

I. INTRODUCTION

z , , +

S( z , ~
+

z,,

(z,,

+ zoo

1 1 . A SINGLE COUPLED SECTION

- ~ ( ~ , , c o t ~ + ~ ~ -~ ~ 2( t~ a ,n , c~o ) ttl-~,,tan~)

The coupled section used in the Schiffman phase shifter (3) consists of two parallel coupled lines of equal length connected at one end. Expressions for the characteristic impedance 21, From (3) the characteristic impedance, ZI and the transfer and phase response for the coupled section as well as for other constant ( a j $ ) are obtained [5] as coupled lines were given by Jones and Bolljahn [4] in terms of the even and odd mode characteristic impedances of the I - 2 11 2 = (4) lines and their lengths.

22~2)1z Ja

Manuscript received December 17, 1991; revised April 21, 1992. The authors are with Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. IEEE Log Number 9204036.

and

0018-9480/93$03.00 0 1993 E E E

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 41, NO. 1, JANUARY 1993

Fig. 2. Response of 90' Schiffman phase shifters.

Fig. 3. Response of 90' double Schiffman phase shifters.

where a lossless network ( a = 0) has been considered and

p=-

(A4) is obtained as

20,
zoo

is the impedance ratio that determines the degree of coupling of the coupled section. The coupling C? in dB is defined as [61, [71

c = -2Olog
A. Schiman Phase Shifter

(; 5:).
-

(7)

As explained before, the phase shift (A#) of a Schiffman phase shifter is obtained as the transmission phase difference between an uniform transmission line and a coupled section, i.e.:

Any desired phase shift is obtained from (9) by choosing properly PI, 81, p2 and 8 2 . In Fig. 3 some cases giving the maximum bandwidth when 5 ' , f 2 " , k l o ,k0.5", the allowed phase deviation t, is: t = f and, f0.1' are shown. An unsymmetrical response is observed there since at least one of the coupled sections has 8 # 90' at the center frequency. We see also that the double Schiffman phase shifter gives little narrower bandwidths but require considerably weaker coupling coefficients when compared to the standard Schiffman phase shifter [8].
111. TWO SECTIONS IN PARALLEL

where 8 is the electrical length of the coupled section. We assume that the length of the coupled section in the even 8, and odd 8, modes is equal, i.e. de = 8, = 8 in all cases. KO is the transmission phase of the uniform line and the transmission phase of the coupled section as given by (5). The desired shift is obtained from (8) by the proper choice of 8 : K and p. Also we can see that when 8 is chosen to be a/2 or T at center frequency, the phase shift response is antisymmetric in respect to the center frequency and broad band characteristics are obtained for these cases [SI. In Fig. 2 the responses of 90" phase shifters are plotted when the phase deviation E, is: t = k5". f 2 " , fl", &0.5", and, f 0 . l ' .

When two coupled sections are connected in parallel, the total four element admittance matrix [q'] is equal to the addition of the four element admittance matrix of each section [ 5 ] , i.e.;

The four element admittance matrix for a single coupled section in terms of the even and odd mode impedances is obtained from ( 3 ) as

[Y'] = (Zoe- Zootan2 8 ) cot 8

B. Double S c h i f f " Phase Shifter

If instead of the uniform transmission line another coupled section is used as shown in Fig. l(b), the differential shift

z,, + zoo tan2 8) cot 8

2Zoe~oo

2z0ez00

+3
- j

(zOe + zoo tan2 8) cot 8 2Zo,Z00 (zOe + zoo tan2 0) cot 8

220,
zoo

(1 1)

'

RAMOS QUIRARTE AND STARSKI: NOVEL SCHIFFMAN PHASE SHIFTERS

11

In the general case when both coupled sections are different we use (1 1) in (10) to get the four elements of the admittance matrix in terms of the even and odd mode impedances for the two coupled sections connected in parallel as

The phase constant given by (14) reduces in this case to

COS$

ppl
ppl

+ tan2 81 +

tan 81

where
Ppl

= P1P2

zoo1
Zoel

+ Zoo2
Zoea

Using (12) the total characteristic impedance ZIt is obtained as

By using (1 5)-( 17) new versions of Schiffman phase shifters can be designed. When ZIt, ZI,! PI and p 2 are known 212 is found from (15) as shown in (18) at the bottom of the page. Since (15)-( 17) can be simplified under some conditions, several different altematives have been analyzed, among others, when the differential phase shifter is made by using two parallel connected coupled sections and a uniform transmission line, a single coupled section and another two parallel connected coupled sections. In the following some cases are presented.
A . Parallel SchifSman Phase Shifter

If the single coupled section in the standard Schiffman phase shifter is replaced by two parallel connected coupled sections having the same length as shown in Fig. l(d), then the differential shift is expressed by using (8) and (16) as The transfer constant is obtained when cos$ = q 1 2
Q

= 0 from (12) as

y;,11

where Pee = Zoez/Zoei. Equations (13) and (14) are the general expressions for design of the parallel connection of two coupled sections. From (13) we observe that the total characteristic impedance is a function of 81 and Qz and thus the circuit is not matched for all frequencies. Since the poles produced by 01 = nn/2 and 02 = nn/2, n = 1 , 3 , 5 , .. . do not cancel each other, a mismatch and a drastic change on phase exist at those frequencies. A possible solution is to place the poles outside of the bandwidth of interest but this solution gives a much narrower bandwidth than that obtained by letting the length of both coupled sections be the same (01 = 02). When the length of both coupled sections is the same (81 = (13) reduces to

where ppl is given by (17). Any desired shift is obtained by the proper choice of the parameters 81 and K and the performance of the shifter will depend on the coupling and the input impedance of each section. We note that (19) has the same kind of symmetry as the standard Schiffman phase shifter has (8), and so the same bandwidths are expected. In Fig. 4, some examples given the same phase deviations as those for the double Schiffman phase shifter are presented.

B. Parallel Double S c h i f f Phase Shifter

If the uniform line in the parallel Schiffman phase shifter is replaced by a coupled section, then the differential shift is expressed as

e,),

where p p l is given by (17). The desired phase shift is obtained by proper choice of O1 = 02 and 83 and the performance depends on p1, pz and p3 and on the input impedance of each parallel connected section.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 41, NO. 1, JANUARY 1993

lie,

= 2700

8, = 900

+=83dB e, = 8,

Fig. 4. Response of 90" parallel Schiffman phase shifters.

Fig. 6. Response of 9O0 double parallel Schiffman phase shifters.

C . Double Parallel Schiffman Phase Shifter

If each coupled section in the double Schiffman phase shifter is replaced by a parallel section having the same length, then the differential shift is expressed by using (16) as

A 4 = c0s-l

pp2

pp2

+ tan2 83

tan2 83

-cos-l(

p p l - tan2 81 p p l tan2 81

(22)

where ppl is given by (17) and,

0.5
1.0
f/f,

1.5

Pp2 = P3P4

zoo3
Zoe3

+ zoo4 +
zoe4

The desired phase shift is obtained by proper choice of 81 = 8 2 and 83 = 84 and the performance depends on p2, p3 and p4 and on the input impedance of each parallel connected section. In Fig. 6, values of coupling coefficients and input impedances that give similar responses as those presented for the other cases are shown.
Fig. 5. Response of 90" parallel double Schiffman phase shifters

IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT CASES

To obtain 90" phase shift (A$ = 90') the relation between the lengths of the coupled sections is found from (20) to be

The comparison between analyzed cases can be done as follows. The difference between the even and odd mode characteristic admittances is Yo, which corresponds to the capacitance between the parallel lines. Thus we can write

In Fig. 5, some cases giving maximum bandwidth when the allowed phase deviation E, is: E = f 5 " , f 2 " , f1", f0.5", and f0.1" are shown. Again as with the double Schiffman phase shifter (Fig. 3) the unsymmetrical response is observed.

For practical reasons in a system with 50 R characteristic impedance we want to keep Yo, above 10 mS and to have Yo, as low as possible because large Yo, is difficult to realize. For coupled sections with 100 R characteristic impedance Yo, should be above 5 mS and again Yo, as low as possible. The calculated results for Yo,, Yo,,, Yo, and t = f 2 " are shown in Table I. The conclusion is that all cases shown in Figs. 3-6 are considerably easier to realize than the standard case shown

RAMOS QUIRARTE AND STARSKI: NOVEL SCHIFFMAN PHASE SHIFTERS

13

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF THE DIFFEREhT CONFIGURATIONS

Case

lLo
(mS) 32.38 27.86 13.64 13.64 13.64

I;,
(mS) 12.35 14.36 6.06 6.06 6.06

Y o '
(mS) 20.03 13.49 7.58 7.58 7.58

Yo,
(mS) 25.95 18.75 17.02 13.03

Yo,
(mS) 15.41 6.29 6.99 8.93

Yo,
(mS) 10.54 12.46 10.03 4.12

(43')
Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6

Yo,, (mS)

(mS)

yoc (mS)

Yo, (mS)

yoe (mS)

Yoc
(mS)

23.41 14.06

17.09 6.45

6.32 7.61

13.25

8.2

5.05

45.

Fig. 8. Theoretical and measured responses for the parallel Schiffman phase shifter (p) and the double parallel Schiffman phase shifter ( d ) shown in Fig. 7.

Using (15)-(18) and (22)-(23) we get for the double parallel Schiffman phase shifter with t = f2':

( b)

Fig. 7. Photographs for: (a) The parallel Schiffman phase shifter and (b) The double parallel Schiffman phase shifter.

in Fig. 2. In addition for the configurations in Figs. 4-6 we have the possibility to choose the coupling coefficients for different sections in such a way that Yo,'s are close to each other maintaining the same phase performance.

The photographs of the circuits are shown in Fig. 7. As a comparison the standard Schiffman phase shifter as shown in Fig. 2 can not be realized with edge coupled lines for those phase deviations on this substrate. The measured and theoretical phase responses of these circuits are presented in Fig. 8. The agreement is good.

V. MEASUREMENTS To show the larger range of application for the proposed circuits, we have selected a parallel Schiffman phase shifter and a double parallel Schiffman phase shifter as examples. The circuits were design on Diclad 522 with H = 1.6 mm and t , = 2.5. Using (15)-( IS) and (19) we get for the parallel Schiffman phase shifter with t = *lo:
01
p1

VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper the theory needed to design differential phase shifters by using two coupled sections or parallel connected sections together with uniform lines, coupled sections or parallel connected sections has been presented. The results show that the proposed differential phase shifters have larger range of the feasibility compared to the standard Schiffman phase shifter since equivalent responses are obtained with considerably weaker coupling coefficients. Moreover, since the input impedance of each parallel connected coupled section is about twice that for a single coupled section, the same coupling is even easier to realize.

= 02 = 90". = p2 = 2.47

z , , = 2 1 2 = 100R.
and

K = 3.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 41, NO. 1. JANUARY 1993

REFERENCES
[ I ] B. M. Schiffman, A new class of broad-band microwave 90-degree phase shifters, IRE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., pp. 232-237, Apr. 1958. [2] J. P. Shelton and J. A. Mosko, Synthesis and design of wide-band equal ripple TEM differential couplers and fixed phase shifters, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-14, no. 10, pp. 462473, Oct. 1966. 131 B. Schiek and J. Kohler, A method for broad-band matching of microstrip differential shifters, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 666-671, Aug. 1977. [4] E. M. T. Jones and J. T. Bolljahn, Coupled-strip-transmission-line filters and directional couplers, IRE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., pp. 75-81, Apr. 1956. [5] J. 0. Scanlan and R. Levy, Circuzr Theory, vol. 1. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1970. [6] J. F. White, Semiconductor Control. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1977, pp. 474482. [7] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990, pp. 415-430. [8] JosC Luis Ramos Quirarte and J. Piotr Starski, Synthesis of Schiffman phase shifters, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 39, no. 1I, pp. 1885-1889, Nov. 1991.

J. Piotr Starski (S7f%M78) was bom in Lodz, Poland on October 19, 1947. He received the M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1973 and 1978, respectively. In 1983 he was appointed to Associate Professor at the Chalmers University. From 1972 to 1978, he was associated with the Division of Network Theory, Chalmers University of Technology. In 1978 he was awarded a Fellowship from the SwedenAmerica Foundation for postdoctoral studies. From 1978 to 1979 he was employed as a Design Engineer at Anaren Microwave, Inc. Syracuse, N.Y. Since 1979 he has been employed as a Researcher at the Division of Network Theory, Chalmers University of Technology. His current research activities are in the areas of microwave circuits and devices. Dr. Starski has been Chairman of IEEE Sweden Section since 1987.

Jose Luis Ramos Quirarte was bom in Ameca, Jalisco, MCxico, in 1956. He received the B.S. degree in Communications and Electronic Engineering from the Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, MCxico in 1980. The thesis dealt with the design of digital microwave systems of medium capacity. He received the M.S. degree in Electric Engineering Speciality in Telecommunications from the Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto PolitCcnico Nacional (CINVESTAVIPN), MCxico D.F. in 1985. The thesis dealt with the design of a transmitter-receiver antenna for earth stations which operate according to the mexican domestic satellites. In 1985 he was awarded with a scholarship from the Concejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) in MCxico to continue his studies at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden and in 1989 he got financial support from the Swedish Institute. He received the Tekn. Licentiat (Licentiate of Engineering) degree in 1992 from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. His Licentiate thesis dealt with broadband microwave amplifiers and phase shifters. His research interests include microwave devices and systems and electromagnetic radiation and scattering.