Lecture:

Standard Model of Particle Physics

Heidelberg SS 2013

Weak Interactions II

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Standard Model of Particle Physics SS 2013

Important Experiments
Wu-Experiment (1957): radioactive decay of Co60 Goldhaber-Experiment (1958): radioactive decay of Eu152 Muon Decay: Michel spectrum Pion Decay: branching ratios Nuclear Beta Decays Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering (neutrino antineutrino)

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Neutron Decay
Lagrangian d u: G L= ( d ( 1 5 ) u ) ( v ( 1 5 ) e ) 2 Decay Width
= G F c1 15
3 2 2 5

with
c1 = cos C = 782 keV

Note: the d and u mass eigenstates are not weak eigenstates the neutron decay is not a simple d u decay (quarks are not free)
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Test of Lorentz Structure?

Fermi transition
vector Momentum coupling
Spin

Gamov Teller transition

axialvector Momentum coupling ?

+
0* -1 -1 +1

Spin

+
0* -

helicity

e-

helicity

e-

-1 +1

What is the relative contribution of V and A couplings in nuclear decays? Use a more general Lagrangian:
G 5 5 L= (n ( 1 ) p ) ( v ( 1 ) e) 2
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cA with = cV

The strength of the axial-coupling is related to the neutron lifetime!

Standard Model of Particle Physics SS 2013

Measurement of the Neutron Lifetime

Techniques:
(ultra) cold neutron traps in-beam decays electron detectors proton detectors electron-proton coincidence method

n p e e

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Neutron Lifetime Trap I

J.Byrne et al. Phys.Lett. 92B 3 (1980)

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Neutron Trap II

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Results Neutron Lifetime

Significant tensions between experiments! Best value (PDG 2010): derived from this value:
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n = 885.7 s
cA = = 1.2694 0.0028 cV
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Prediction for cA/cv

Valence quark wave function of the neutron :

Detailed calculation of vector/axial-vector contributions gives: cA/cv = 5/3 Mismatch between experiment and prediction due to:
Relativistic corrections Neglected sea quarks in the neutron QCD corrections
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p
spin flip

e-

WQCD corrections modify axial-coupling

Standard Model of Particle Physics SS 2013

Prediction for cA/cv

Valence quark wave function of the neutron :

Detailed calculation of vector/axial-vector contributions gives: cA/cv = 5/3 Mismatch between experiment and prediction due to:
Relativistic corrections Neglected sea quarks in the neutron QCD corrections
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u
spin flip

e-

gluon
d

WQCD corrections modify axial-coupling

Standard Model of Particle Physics SS 2013

Overview Weak Decay Processes

Weak decays of quarks and leptons (fermions) e e leptonic decay n p e e p e e p Q q W semileptonic decays semileptonic decays (S=1) hadronic weak decays (S=1) heavy quark decays (C=1, B=1, T=1) Charged currents can mediate interactions between different lepton and quark generations (mixing)
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W-Boson decays: W l l W q q

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K-Meson Decays
5 G2 m F s ms 150 MeV

Lifetime ~ 10-8 s

+ 0 l+ K

+ 0 0 + K

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Hadronic Decays of D-mesons

5 G2 m F c mc 1.5 GeV

Lifetime ~ 0.5 ps + + D + + K 0 D

+ K 0 + D

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Weak Decays of B-mesons

5 G2 m F b mb 4.5 GeV

Lifetime ~ 1.5 ps

0 D0 0 B

0 D+ B

0 D+ l B l

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Decay of the Top quark

G F mt mt 172 GeV
2 5

Lifetime ~ 10-25 s

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Summary Weak Interaction

left handed fermions: right handed fermions:

I 3 =+ 1 / 2 I 3 =1 / 2

) ( )( )
e
L

( )

( ) ( ) ( )
u d
L

c s

t b

I 3 =0

e , R , R e R R

, R R

uR dR

cR sR

tR bR

W-bosons couple only on fermions with weak isospin!

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Weak Scattering Experiments

Question: What is the difference between: A) scattering experiments in classical mechanics B) weak scattering experiments?

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Weak Scattering Experiments

Question: What is the difference between: A) scattering experiments in classical mechanics B) weak scattering experiments? Answer: Despite the fact that em=1/127 is much smaller than weak~1/30 electromagnetic interactions (A) is much more dangerous than (B) weak interactions Video of a classical scattering experiment

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Strength of Weak Interaction

Question: Why is the weak interaction so weak if weak~1/30 is much stronger than em=1/127 ?

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Strength of Weak Interaction

Question: Why is the weak interaction so weak if weak~1/30 is much stronger than em=1/127 ? Answer: elm. IA 1. Coupling e ( 0.3 ) weak IA g ( 0.65 )
( e , g = 4 )

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Strength of Weak Interaction

Question: Why is the weak interaction so weak if weak~1/30 is much stronger than em=1/127 ? Answer: elm. IA 1. Coupling 2. Propagator
Q =1 eV
2
2 2

weak IA g ( 0.65 ) i g + q q / m2 W q m
2 2 W

e ( 0.3 ) i g q2

( e , g = 4 )
low energy

i g 8 G F = 2 mW 2

Q =1 MeV Q2 =1 TeV 2
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1 1 Ratio(elm./weak) ( 2 )/( 2 ) 0.641010 q mW 2 0.6410

mW ~ 80 GeV 21 Standard Model of Particle Physics SS 2013

0.641022

Strength of Weak Interaction

At high mass scales E~100 GeV the weak interaction is stronger than the electromagnetic interaction Neutrino-nucleon scattering experiments require neutrino beams of about E ~100 GeV to test weak interactions at reasonable rates ~ O(1pb) because of the propagator effect
e

( e e ) G s

neutrino-electron scattering

2 F

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Production of (Myon) Neutrino Beams

Production reactions:

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CHARM Detector

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CHARM Detector
Why marble?
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Ca ( CO3 ) is an iso-scalar target (same amount of d and u quarks)

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CHARMII Detector

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CHARMII Detector

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Detection of Myon Neutrinos in CC

N X

long track identified as muon (minimum ionising particle) length of track is a measure of the muon energy

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(Anti-) Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering

Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d ( d u ) = F2 s d 4

neutrino-nucleon scattering

Anti-Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d + ( u d ) = F2 t d 4

antineutrino-nucleon scattering

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(Anti-) Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering

Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d ( d u ) = F2 s d 4

u J=0

neutrino-nucleon scattering

Anti-Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d + ( u d ) = F2 t d 4

antineutrino-nucleon scattering

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(Anti-) Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering

Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d ( d u ) = F2 s d 4

u J=0

neutrino-nucleon scattering

Anti-Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d + ( u d ) = F2 t d 4

d J=1

antineutrino-nucleon scattering

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(Anti-) Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering

Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d ( d u ) = F2 s d 4 2 G d 1 F ( N X ) xS 2 d 2 4
isoscalar target

u J=0

neutrino-nucleon scattering

Anti-Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d + ( u d ) = F2 t d 4 2 G d 1 t + F ( N X ) x S 2 d 2 4 s
t / s = ( 1 cos ) = ( 1 y )
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2 2

d J=1

antineutrino-nucleon scattering

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Lorentz Invariant Kinematics of the Deep Inelastic Scattering Process

The virtuality of the exchanged photon is given by:

p'

neutrino

Q 2 = q 2 = ( p p ' ) 2
1 4 sin / 2

p positron

Relative energy loss (inelasticity):

q
xP N

W-boson

qP y = = E pP
relative fraction of parton momentum:

nucleon

q2 Q2 x = = 2q P Sy

with cms energy:

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S = 2pP
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Measurement of the Differential N and anti-N Cross Section

Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d 1 F ( N X ) xS dy 2
isoscalar target

CDHS Anti-Neutrino-Nucleon: 2 G d 1 F + 2 ( N X ) x S ( 1 y ) dy 2

small deviations from above equations due to x-dependence!

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Measurement of the Total N and anti-N Cross Section

From simple quark counting:
(isoscalar target)

( N ) = 3 ( N )
measured value ~2 is significantly smaller!

Parton dynamics more complex Sea Quarks!

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Example: Proton Parton Densities

multiply by 20!

Significant component from sea quarks!

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(Anti-) Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering

d u

u d

_ u

u d
+

u d

_ u _

u
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Unfolding the Valence Quark Distributions

_ dv + dsea + (usea) _ 2dv + dsea + (usea)

_ 2uv + usea + (dsea)

_ uv + usea + (dsea)

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Structure Functions
Relations:

Measurement:

Extraction of parton densities:

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F2 Results

xF3 Results

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Comparison N versus lepton-N Scattering

Due to different couplings:

Structure function results obtained in weak interactions agree well with result obtained in electromagnetic interactions!

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Ratio of dv/uv

Result: dV/uV 0 if x 1
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