CHAPTER 3 FILL IN THE BLANK

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW Part 1: The Cell and the Cellular Environment Write the word or words that best complete each sentence in the space(s) provided. 1. The basic structural unit of all plants and animals is the __________________ . 2. __________________ means that a cell membrane allows certain substances, but not all, to pass through. 3. The thick fluid that fills a cell is the __________________ . 4. Structures that perform specific functions within a cell are called __________________ . 5. The organelle within a cell that contains the DNA is the __________________ . 6. __________________ __________________ is a high-energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells. 7. A group of cells that performs a similar function is called __________________ . 8. __________________ tissue is the protective tissue that lines internal and external body surfaces. 9. The most abundant body tissue, providing support, connection, and insulation, is __________________ tissue. 10. A group of tissues functioning together is a(n) __________________ . 11. A group of organs that works together is called a(n) __________________ __________________ . 12. The sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being is called a(n) __________________ . 13. __________________ is the natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment. 14. The total changes that take place during physiological processes are called __________________ . 15. A substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles is called a(n) __________________ . 16. Movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient is called __________________ __________________ . 17. Diffusion of a substance such as glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper" is called __________________ __________________ . 18. A substance that can crystallize and can diffuse through a membrane is called a(n) __________________ . 19. The __________________ __________________ __________________ is a measure of relative acidity or alkalinity. 20. A pH below 7.35 is referred to as __________________ .

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW Part 2: Body Systems Write the word or words that best complete each sentence in the space(s) provided. 1. The three layers of the skin, beginning with the outermost, are the __________________ , the __________________ , and the __________________ layers. 2. Collectively, the skin is known as the __________________ system. 3. The fatty secretion that helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof is called __________________ . 4. The organs included in the hematopoietic system are the __________________ , the __________________ , and the __________________ . 5. The cell from which the various types of blood cells can form is called a(n) __________________ __________________ __________________ . 6. __________________ is the process through which pluripotent stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells. 7. The hormone responsible for red blood cell production is the __________________ . 8. Components of blood include __________________ , which is the liquid part, and the formed elements, __________________ __________________ __________________ , __________________ __________________ __________________ , and __________________ . 9. __________________ are red blood cells, and __________________ are white blood cells. 10. __________________ is the oxygen-bearing molecule in the red blood cells. 11. Each complete hemoglobin molecule can carry up to __________________ oxygen molecules. 12. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate is the chemical in red blood cells that affects __________________ affinity for __________________ . 13. __________________ is the process of producing red blood cells. 14. __________________ is the destruction of red blood cells. 15. The trapping of red blood cells by an organ such as the spleen is called __________________ . 16. Placing a blood sample in a centrifuge and spinning it at high speed so that the cellular elements separate from the plasma will give you the blood's __________________ . 17. The process by which white blood cells follow chemical signals to an infection site is called __________________ . 18. The process in which white blood cells engulf and destroy an invader is called __________________ . 19. White blood cells are differentiated into three main immature forms known as __________________ , __________________ , and __________________ .

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

36. 37. 38. 39.

White blood cells are categorized as __________________ , __________________ , and __________________ . The three mature forms of granulocytes are __________________ , __________________ , and __________________ . The primary cells involved in the body's immune response are the __________________ . __________________ __________________ is the condition in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissue. A nonspecific defense mechanism that wards off damage from microorganisms or trauma is the __________________ process. The combined three mechanisms that work to prevent or control blood loss are __________________ spasms, __________________ plugs, and __________________ __________________ blood clots. The term for the process in which the body works to prevent or control blood loss is __________________ . Plasmin dismantles a blood clot by a process known as __________________ . Clot formation, which is extremely dangerous when it occurs in coronary arteries or cerebral vasculature, is called __________________ . Functions of the skeleton include giving the body __________________ form, protecting __________________ __________________ , allowing for efficient __________________ , storage of __________________ and other materials for metabolism, and producing __________________ blood cells. The small perforations of the long bones through which the blood vessels and nerves travel into the bone itself are called __________________ canals. A(n) __________________ is a cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair. The __________________ is the central portion or shaft of a long bone. The __________________ is the growth zone of a bone. The tissue within the internal cavity of a bone responsible for manufacture of erythrocytes is the __________________ __________________ __________________ . __________________ are immovable joints; __________________ are joints that allow some very limited movement; and __________________ , or __________________ joints, permit relatively free movement. The three types of diarthroses are the __________________ , __________________ , and __________________ . Movement of a body part toward the midline is called __________________ . Movement of a body part away from the midline is called __________________ . The connective tissue that connects bone to bone is a(n) __________________ . Joints are lubricated by __________________ fluid.

40.

41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

46.

The axial skeleton consists of the __________________ , __________________ , and __________________ . The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the __________________ , __________________ __________________ , and pelvis (excepting the sacrum). The bone of the proximal upper extremity is the __________________ , and the bones of the forearm are the __________________ and __________________ . The bones of the wrist are the __________________ bones, the bones of the palm are the __________________ , and the bones of the fingers and toes are the __________________ . The large bone of the proximal lower extremity is the __________________ . The pairing of muscles that permits extension and flexion of limbs is called __________________ . The __________________ are the three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. They include the __________________ mater, the __________________ mater, and the __________________ membrane. The __________________ mater is the tough layer firmly attached to the interior of the skull. The __________________ mater is the inner layer covering the convolutions of the brain and spinal cord. The __________________ membrane is the middle layer. The part of the brain that is the seat of consciousness and the center of the higher mental functions is the __________________ . The portion of the brain that plays an important role in the fine control of voluntary muscular movements is the __________________ . The cerebral hemispheres connect to the spinal cord at the __________________ . Although the brain accounts for only ______ percent of the body's total weight, it consumes about ______ percent of the body's oxygen. The __________________ __________________ in the ear sense the motion of the head and provide positional sense for the body. The fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye is called __________________ humor, and the fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye is called __________________ humor. The fluid that lubricates the eye is called __________________ fluid. The major blood vessels traversing the neck are the __________________ arteries and the __________________ veins. The vertebral column is made up of ______ bones. The short column of bone that forms the weight-bearing portion of a vertebra is called the __________________ __________________ . The opening in the vertebrae that accommodates the spinal cord is called the _______________ __________________ .

47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.

66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78.

The thick, bony struts that connect the vertebral bodies with the spinous and transverse processes are called __________________ . __________________ are the posterior bones of the vertebra that help make up the foramen of the spinal canal. The bony outgrowth of the vertebral pedicle that serves as a site for muscle attachment and articulation with the ribs is called the __________________ process. The prominence at the posterior part of a vertebra is the __________________ process. The cartilaginous pad between vertebrae that serves as a shock absorber is called the __________________ __________________ . The divisions of the vertebral column are the __________________ , __________________ , __________________ , __________________ , and __________________ spines. The __________________ __________________ are similar to those covering and protecting the structures within the cranium. The greatest spacing between the spinal cord and the interior of the vertebral column is found in the __________________ __________________ and __________________ __________________ regions. The thoracic skeleton is defined by ______ pairs of C-shaped ribs. The union between the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum is called the __________________ __________________ . The muscular, dome-like structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity is the __________________ . The __________________ __________________ is the central medial region of the lung where the bronchi and pulmonary vasculature enter the lung. The lungs are covered by the __________________ __________________ , a smooth membrane that lines the exterior of the lungs. The central nervous system is made up of the __________________ and __________________ __________________ . The __________________ nervous system extends throughout the body. Voluntary bodily functions are controlled by the __________________ nervous system. The __________________ nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions. The __________________ nervous system is the division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations. The __________________ nervous system is the division of the autonomic nervous system that controls vegetative functions. A(n) __________________ is a substance that is released from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron upon excitation. The membranes covering and protecting the brain and spinal cord are called the __________________ .

79. 80.

81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99.

100.

The portion of the brain lying beneath the cerebrum and above the brainstem is called the __________________ . The __________________ __________________ is the lower portion of the brainstem, connecting the pons and the spinal cord. It contains major centers for control of __________________ , __________________ , and __________________ activity. The system responsible for consciousness is the __________________ __________________ system. There are 12 pairs of __________________ nerves that extend from the lower surface of the brain. The __________________ nervous system is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" system, and the __________________ nervous system is referred to as the "feed-and-breed" system. Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions and milk release, is produced by the __________________ gland. The __________________ gland controls blood calcium levels. Located in the neck, the __________________ gland stimulates cell metabolism. The adrenal gland produces the hormones __________________ and __________________ . Located in the upper retroperitoneum, the __________________ produces insulin. The __________________ gland stimulates increased reabsorption of water into blood volume. The __________________ gland stimulates body growth in childhood. Glucagon is a hormone produced by the __________________ . The __________________ in the male and the __________________ in the female stimulate development of secondary sexual characteristics. The "fight-or-flight" response to stress is stimulated by the __________________ __________________ . The __________________ gland is in the mediastinum just behind the sternum. The paired __________________ glands are located on the superior surface of the kidneys. The heart consists of three tissue layers: the __________________ , __________________ , and __________________ . The two superior chambers of the heart are the __________________ . The larger, inferior chambers are the __________________ . The heart contains two pairs of valves, the __________________ valves and the __________________ valves. The __________________ __________________ __________________ receives deoxygenated blood from the head and upper extremities. The __________________ __________________ __________________ receives blood from the areas below the heart. The only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood are the __________________ veins.

101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121.

The term __________________ refers to communication between two or more blood vessels. The period of time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next is called the __________________ __________________ . The period of time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling and coronary perfusion occur is called __________________ . __________________ is the period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting. The ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount of blood remaining at end of diastole is called the __________________ __________________ . The term __________________ refers to the pressure within the ventricles at the end of diastole. The term __________________ refers to the resistance against which the heart must pump. The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute is called the __________________ __________________ . The term __________________ __________________ refers to the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction. The term "chronotropy" pertains to heart __________________ . The term "inotropy" pertains to cardiac __________________ __________________ . The term __________________ pertains to the speed of impulse transmission. A reversal of charges at a cell membrane so that the inside of the cell becomes positive in relation to the outside is called cardiac __________________ . The normal electrical state of cells is called __________________ __________________ . The stimulation of myocardial cells that subsequently spreads across the myocardium is called the __________________ __________________ . The return of a muscle cell to its pre-excitation resting state is called __________________ . The term __________________ pertains to cells being able to respond to an electrical stimulus. The term __________________ pertains to cells being able to propagate the electrical impulse from one cell to another. The pacemaker cells' capability of self-depolarization is called __________________ . The supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries is called __________________ . Inadequate perfusion of the body tissues is known as __________________ or __________________ .

122.

123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141.

142.

The circulatory system consists of three components: the __________________ ( __________________ ), the __________________ ( __________________ ), and the __________________ ( __________________ __________________ ). The amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole is called __________________ . The strength of a contraction of the heart is called __________________ __________________ __________________ . Epinephrine and norepinephrine are __________________ . The upper airway extends from the mouth and nose to the __________________ . The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment is referred to as __________________ . The lining in body cavities that handles air transport, usually containing small mucus-secreting cells, is called __________________ __________________ . __________________ maneuver is pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage, occluding the esophagus. __________________ are the microscopic air sacs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchanges take place. The term __________________ means alveolar collapse. The pressure exerted by each component of a gas mixture is called __________________ __________________ . The abbreviation for alveolar partial pressure is __________________ . The abbreviation for arterial partial pressure is __________________ . FiO2 is the concentration of __________________ in inspired air. Fever, muscle exertion, shivering, and metabolic processes may cause increased __________________ production. The mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when PaO2 falls is called __________________ __________________ . The abdominal cavity is divided into three spaces. The division containing those organs or portions of organs covered by the peritoneum is called the __________________ space. The division containing those organs posterior to the peritoneal lining is called the __________________ space. The division containing those organs located within the pelvis is the __________________ space. The abdomen is divided into four subregions by vertical and horizontal lines. The gallbladder, most of the liver, and a small portion of the pancreas are located in the __________________ __________________ quadrant. The stomach, spleen, most of the pancreas, and transverse and descending colon are located in the __________________ __________________ quadrant.

143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153.

154.

155. 156. 157. 158. 159.

The appendix and portions of the ascending colon, rectum, and female genitalia are located in the __________________ __________________ quadrant. The sigmoid colon and portions of the urinary bladder, small bowel, descending colon, and rectum are located in the __________________ __________________ quadrant. The __________________ __________________ is the internal passageway that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. __________________ is the semi-fluid mixture of ingested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine. The wavelike muscular motion of the esophagus and bowel that moves food through the digestive system is called __________________ . The three accessory organs to the digestive system are the __________________ , the __________________ , and the __________________ . The abdominal aorta bifurcates into two large __________________ arteries. Fine fibrous tissue surrounding the interior of most of the abdominal cavity and covering most of the small bowel and some of the abdominal organs is called the __________________ . The double fold of peritoneum that supports the major portion of the small bowel, suspending it from the posterior abdominal wall, is called the __________________ . The microscopic structure within the kidney that produces urine is the __________________ . The removal from blood of water and other elements, which enter the nephron tubule, is called __________________ __________________ ; the movement of a substance from a tubule back into the blood is called __________________ . __________________ __________________ is the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, while __________________ __________________ is a molecule-specific carrier in a cell membrane speeding the molecule's movement from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. __________________ is the formation and passage of dilute urine, decreasing blood volume, while __________________ is the formation and passage of a concentrated urine, preserving blood volume. The female external genitalia are known collectively as the __________________ , or the __________________ . The __________________ is a roughly diamond-shaped, skin-covered muscular tissue that separates the vagina from the anus. The structures that protect the vagina and the urethra are the __________________ . Although not truly a part of the female reproductive system, the __________________ drains the urinary bladder.

160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176.

The __________________ is the female organ of copulation, forms the final passageway for the infant during childbirth, and provides an outlet for menstrual blood to leave the body. The primary function of the __________________ is to provide a site for fetal development. The __________________ is the uppermost portion of the uterus. The fundal __________________ , measured in centimeters, is generally comparable to the __________________ of gestation. The inner layer of the uterine wall where the fertilized egg implants is called the __________________ . The term __________________ refers to the onset of menses, usually occurring between ages 10 and 14 years. The __________________ are the primary female gonads, or sex organs. The function of the __________________ __________________ is to conduct the egg from the space around the ovaries into the uterine cavity. The female sex hormones __________________ and __________________ control the ovarian-menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation. During the __________________ phase of the menstrual cycle, the uterine lining thickens and becomes engorged with blood. Fertilization of the egg may take place during the __________________ phase of the menstrual cycle. During the __________________ phase, the ischemic endometrium is shed, along with a discharge of blood, mucus, and cellular debris. The cessation of menses and ovarian function due to decreased secretion of estrogen is called __________________ . The __________________ is the small sac in which sperm cells are stored. The __________________ __________________ is the duct that carries sperm cells to the urethra for ejaculation. The __________________ __________________ is the gland that surrounds the male urinary bladder neck and is a major source of the fluid that combines with sperm to form semen. The __________________ are the primary male reproductive organs.