General Conservation of Energy and

mass principles for control volume

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Bharathiyar College of Engineering & Technology
Karaikal - 609 609.
e-Mail : gunabalans@yahoo.com

Part - 1
TERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CONTROL
VOLUMES
A large number of engineering problems involve
mass flow in and out of a system and, therefore,
are modeled as CONTROL VOLUMES.

TERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CONTROL
VOLUMES
A water heater, a car radiator, a turbine, and a
compressor all involve mass flow and should be
analyzed as control volumes (OPEN SYSTEMS)
instead of as control mass (CLOSED SYSTEMS).

In general, any arbitrary region in space can be
selected as a control volume. The boundaries of
a control volume are called a CONTROL SURFACE
and they can be real or imaginary.
TRANSIENT
STEADY implies NO CHANGE WITH TIME. The
opposite of steady is UNSTEADY, or TRANSIENT.
General Conservation mass principles
for control volume
The conservation of mass is one of the most fundamental
principles in nature. For closed systems, the conservation
of mass principle in implicitly used by requiring that the
mass of the system remain constant during a process. For
control volumes, however, mass can cross the
boundaries, and so we want must keep track of the
amount of the mass entering and leaving the control
volume.
The CONSERVATION OF MASS PRINCIPLE for a control
volume (CV) undergoing a process can be expressed as
General Conservation mass principles
for control volume
General Conservation mass principles
for control volume
General Conservation mass principles
for control volume
MASS AND VOLUME FLOW RATES
The amount of mass flowing through a cross
section per unit time is called the MASS FLOW
RATES Denoted as w
A liquid or gas flows in and out of a control volume
through pipes or ducts. The mass flow rate of a fluid
flowing in a pipe or duct is proportional to the cross-
sectional area A of the pipe or duct, the density , and the
velocity of the fluid. The mass flow rate through a
differential area dA can be expressed as Where the
velocity component normal to dA. The mass flow rate
through the entire cross sectional area of the pipe or duct
is obtained by integration
General Conservation mass principles
for control volume
Conservation of mass
The mass flow rate of a system at entry equal to
mass flow rate at exit of the system
w
inlct
= w
outlct


w =
A
1
F
1
:
1
=
A
2
F
2
:
2

This is Equation of Continuity
F Velocity of flow

General Conservation mass principles for control
volume
The volume of the fluid flowing through a
cross-section per unit time is called the
VOLUME FLOW RATE = A
1
F
1
m
3
/s
General Conservation of Energy for
control volume
exprexxed axtranxer acruxx the xyxtem huundary.
Th|x waxdur|ng a prucexx |x equa| tu the net heat and
wurkThe change |n the energy u a c|uxed xyxtem




w = E

For control volumes, however, an additional
mechanism can change the energy of a system: MASS
FLOW IN AND OUT OF THE CONTROL VOLUME.
General Conservation of Energy for
control volume
When mass enters a control volume, the energy
of the control volume increases because the
entering mass carries some energy with it.

Likewise, when some mass leaves the control
volume, the energy contained within the control
volume decreases because the leaving mass
takes out some energy with it.
The conservation of energy equation for a control
volume undergoing a process can be expressed as
The energy required to push fluid into or out of
a control volume is called the FLOW WORK, or
FLOW ENERGY
TOTAL ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID
General Conservation of Energy for
control volume
w(
1
+
I
1
2
2
,
+gz
1
) +
= w (
2
+
I
2
2
2
,
+gz
2
) +w


Energy Balances on Open Systems also
called Conservation of Energy for control volume

Ref:
http://www.me.uprm.edu/o_meza/INME4045/4tochapter-INME4045.pdf
Define steady-flow process and its
Characteristics
A steady-flow process can be defined as A
PROCESS DURING WHICH A FLUID FLOWS
THROUGH A CONTROL VOLUME STEADLY. That
is, the fluid properties can change from point it
point within the control volume, but at any fixed
point they remain the same during the entire
process. (STEADY means NO CHANGE WITH
TIME.)
A steady-flow process is characterized
by the following
1. No properties (intensive or extensive) within
the control volume change with time.
2. No properties change at the boundaries of
the control volume with time.
3. The heat and work interactions between a
steady-flow system and its surrounding do
not change with time.
During a steady-flow process fluid properties
within the control volume may change with
position, but no with time
Under steady-flow conditions, the mass and
energy contents of a control volume remain
constant.
Reference
http://www.me.uprm.edu/o_meza/INME4045/4tochapter-INME4045.pdf