Chapter1 Problems 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND

MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS
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13. REASONING The shortest distance between the two towns is along the line that joins them. This distance, h, is the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose other sides are ho = 35.0 km and ha = 72.0 km, as shown in the figure below. SOLUTION The angle is given by tan = ho / ha so that 35.0 km = tan 1 = 25.9 S of W 72.0 km We can then use the Pythagorean theorem to find h.
W

h ho

h a S

h = h + h = (35.0 km) + ( 72 .0 km) = 80.1 km

2 o 2 a 2 2

25. REASONING a. Since the two force vectors A and B have directions due west and due north, they are perpendicular. Therefore, the resultant vector F = A + B has a magnitude given by the Pythagorean theorem: F = A + B . Knowing the magnitudes of A and B, we can calculate the magnitude of F. The direction of the resultant can be obtained using trigonometry. b. For the vector F = A B we note that the subtraction can be regarded as an addition in the following sense: F = A + (B). The vector B points due south, opposite the vector B, so the two vectors are once again perpendicular and the magnitude of F again is given by the Pythagorean theorem. The direction again can be obtained using trigonometry.
2 2 2

INTRODUCTIONANDMATHEMATICALCONCEPTS

SOLUTION a. The drawing shows the two vectors and the resultant vector. According to the Pythagorean theorem, we have F 2 = A2 + B 2 F= F= A2 + B 2 445 N g +b 325 N g b
2 2

North F B A

North

F A

(a)

(b)

= 551 N Using trigonometry, we can see that the direction of the resultant is tan = B A or

= tan 1

325 N I F G J= H 445 N K

36.1 north of west

b. Referring to the drawing and following the same procedure as in part a, we find

F 2 = A2 + B

bg
2

or or

F =

A2 + B

tan =

B A

= tan 1

445 N g +b 325 N g= b g= b 325 N I F G J = 36.1 south of west H 445 N K

2 2 2

551 N

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31.

REASONING AND SOLUTION The single force needed to produce the same effect is equal to the resultant of the forces provided by the two ropes. The figure below shows the force vectors drawn to scale and arranged tail to head. The magnitude and direction of the resultant can be found by direct measurement using the scale factor shown in the figure.
2900 N 2900 N 1000 N Scale: Resultant

a. From the figure, the magnitude of the resultant is 5600 N . b. The single rope should be directed along the dashed line in the text drawing.

Chapter1 Problems 3

43.

REASONING AND SOLUTION We take due north to be the direction of the + y axis. Vectors A and B are the components of the resultant, C. The angle that C makes with the x axis is then = tan 1 (B / A ) . The symbol u denotes the units of the vectors. a. Solving for B gives B = A tan = (6.00 u) tan 60.0 = 10.4 u b. The magnitude of C is

C = A 2 + B 2 = ( 6.00 u) 2 + ( 10.4 u) 2 = 12 .0 u _____________________________________________________________________________ _