Chapter 1 Chemistry and Chemicals Student

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
Fourth Edition Karen Timberlake
Welcome to Chemistry 121
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 1
Chemistry and Measurements
Lectures
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter and its composition, structure, properties, and reactions
Chemsitry occurs all around you, for example, when you cook food, add chlorine to your pool, digest food, and drop an antacid tablet in a glass of water.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1, Section 1 3
Success in Chemistry 121

Regular attendance, active participation in
problem solving Ask questions early and often! Seek extra help as needed show up before class, take advantage to tutoring sessions Follow the suggestions given in chapter one of the text book, learn how to use the different features of your text book
4
Using your textbook

Before reading, review topics in Looking Ahead. Review Learning Goals at the beginning of each
section. Solve Concept Checks to help you understand the key ideas in each chapter. After reading, work through Sample Problems and try the associated Study Checks. Work the sets of Questions and Problems at the end of each section.
Chapter 1, Section 1
Active Learning
Use Active Learning methods to help you learn chemistry. Read all assigned materials before you attend lectures. Note questions you have about the reading to discuss with your instructor Practice problem solving. Attend the office hours for help.
Form a Study Plan

Chapter 1
Sec. 1.3 Measurement in Science

We use measurements in everyday life, such as
walking 2.1 km to campus, carrying a backpack with a mass of 12 kg, and observing when the outside temperature has reached
22 oC. Notice that all measurements have 2 components A numerical value A unit written after the numerical value, to indicate the
type of measurement made.
Units of Measurement: The Metric and SI Systems

The metric system and SI (Systme International) are used for length, volume, mass, temperature, and time, in most of the world, and everywhere by scientists.
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Units in the Metric System

In the metric and SI systems, one unit is used for each type of measurement. Measurement Length Volume Mass Temperature Time Metric Base Unit meter (m) liter (L) gram (g) Celsius (C) second (s) SI Unit meter (m) cubic meter (m3) kilogram (kg) Kelvin (K) second (s)
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Length Measurement
Length uses the unit meter (m) in both the metric and SI systems. uses centimeters (cm) for smaller units of length. The letter c in front of the m is called a metric prefix and denotes a specific power of 10
Converting Between Different Units of Length -- Inches, Centimeters, and Meters

Useful relationships between units of length
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Volume Measurement
Volume is the space occupied by a substance. uses the unit liter (L) in the metric system.
uses the unit cubic meter

(m3) in the SI system. is measured using a graduated cylinder in units of milliliters (mL).
Converting between Quarts, Liters, and Milliliters

Useful relationships between units of volume
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Mass Measurement
The mass of an object is a measure of the quantity of material it contains. measured in grams (g) for small masses. is measured in kilograms (kg) in the SI system.
The standard kilogram for the United States is stored at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
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Converting Between Pounds, Grams, and Kilograms

Useful relationships between units of mass
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Temperature Measurement
Temperature indicates how hot or cold a substance is, and is measured on the Celsius (C) scale in the metric system, measured on the Kelvin (K) scale in the SI system, and 18C or 64F on this thermometer.
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Section 1.4 Scientific Notation

Scientific Notation is used to write very large or very small numbers. is used to give the width of a human hair (0.000 008 m) as 8 x 10-6 m. for a large number such as 100 000 hairs is written as 1 x 105 hairs.
Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation

A number in scientific notation contains a coefficient
between 1 and 10 and a power of 10 and a unit. When converting a number from standard notation to scientific notation, the decimal point is moved until there is only be one digit to the left of the decimal point For numbers larger than 1, the power of 10 is positive.
For numbers less than 1, the power of 10 is negative

0.0075 L = 7.5 x 0.001 = 7.5
2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1, Section 1
10-3 L
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Some Powers of Ten
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Scientific Notation and Calculators

You can enter a number in scientific notation on
many calculators using the EE or EXP key.

Use the (+/) key to change the value of the
exponent from positive to negative.
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You can enter a number in scientific notation on
many calculators using the EE or EXP key.

Use the (+/) key to change the value of the
exponent from positive to negative.
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When a calculator display appears in scientific notation, it is shown as a number between 1 and 10 followed by a space and the power of 10.
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To write this number in correct scientific notation, write
the coefficient and use the power of 10 as an exponent.
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Converting Scientific Notation to a Standard Number

When a number in scientific notation has a positive power of 10, move the decimal point to the right for the same number of places as the power of 10 and add placeholder zeros to give the additional decimal places needed.
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Converting Scientific Notation to a Standard Number

When a number in scientific notation has a negative power of 10, move the decimal point to the left for the same number of places as the power of 10 and add placeholder zeros in front of the coefficient as needed.
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Chapter 1
1.5 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
Lectures
Section 1.5 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures

Representing Measured Numbers
Measured numbers are numbers obtained by using measuring devices, such as
a scale or analytical balance, a graduated cylinder, a clock or stopwatch, or a ruler
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Writing down measured numbers

Make sure you write down all numbers in the
measurement and include the measurement unit The number of digits you record will depend on the sentsitivity of the measuring device being used For example, on a metric ruler with lines marking divisions of 0.1cm, write the length to 0.1 cm and estimate the value of the final number to 0.01 cm by visual inspection (you can estimate one decimal place beyond the smallest increments on the measuring device
The length of the wood shown to the left would be written down as 4.55 cm
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The Concept of Significant Figures

When making a measurement, the number of
digits written down include all the digits you are certain of plus the first estimated digit.
A number is a significant figure if it is

a nonzero number. (234 g, 3 SF) a zero between nonzero numbers. (50071 g, 5 SF) a zero at the end of a decimal number.
(50.00 m, 4 SF)
the coefficient of a number is written in

scientific notation.
(2.0 x 103 m, 2 SF)

Chapter 1, Section 5 31
The Atlantic-Pacific Rule For Significant Digits

Imagine your number in the middle of the
country Pacific Atlantic
If a decimal point is present, start counting
digits from the Pacific (left) side of the number, The first sig fig is the first nonzero digit, then any digit after that. e.g. 0.003100 would have 4 sig figs
The Atlantic-Pacific Rule For Significant Digits

Imagine your number in the middle of the
country Pacific Atlantic
If the decimal point is absent, start counting
digits from the Atlantic (right) side, starting with the first non-zero digit. The first sig fig is the first nonzero digit, then any digit after that e.g. 31,400 ( 3 sig. figs.)
Scientific Notation and Significant Zeros

When one or more zeros in a large number are significant, they are shown more clearly by writing the number in scientific notation. 5,000. kg 5.000 x 103 kg
If zeros are not significant, we use only the nonzero numbers in the coefficient. 5,000 kg
5 x 103 kg
Exact Numbers
Exact numbers are those numbers obtained by counting items. those numbers in a definition comparing two units in the same measuring system. not measured and do not affect the number of significant figures in a calculated answer.
35

Chapter 1
1.6 Significant Figures in Calculations
Lectures
Sec. 1.6 Mathematical Calculations and Significant Figures

The number of significant figures in measured numbers are used to limit the number of significant figures in the final answer. Calculators do not provide the appropriate number of significant figures.
37
Rounding Off
To represent the appropriate number of significant figures, we use "rules for rounding." 1. If the first digit to be dropped is 4 or less, then it, and all following digits are simply dropped from the number. 2. If the first digit to be dropped is 5 or greater, then the last retained digit of the number is increased by 1.
38
Rounding Off
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Multiplication and Division

When multiplying or dividing use the same number of significant figures (SF) as the measurement with the fewest significant figures, and the rounding rules to obtain the correct number of significant figures.
40
Multiplication and Division

When multiplying or dividing use the same number of significant figures (SF) as the measurement with the fewest significant figures, and the rounding rules to obtain the correct number of significant figures.
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Adding Significant Zeros

Sometimes we add one or more significant zeros to the calculator display in order to obtain the correct number of significant figures needed. Example: Suppose the calculator display is 4, and you need 3 significant figures. 4 becomes 4.00
1 SF 3 SF
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Addition and Subtraction

When adding or subtracting, use the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places and the rounding rules to adjust the number of digits in the answer. one decimal place two decimal places calculated answer final answer (with one decimal place)
43
Sec. 1.7 Metric Prefixes and Equalities

A prefix in front of a unit increases or decreases the size of that unit. makes units larger or smaller than the initial unit by one or more factors of 10. indicates a numerical value.
44
Metric and SI Prefixes

Prefixes that increase the size of the unit:
45
Metric and SI Prefixes

Prefixes that decrease the size of the unit:
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Daily Values for Selected Nutrients
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Metric Equalities
An equality states the same measurement in two different units. can be written using the relationships between two metric units.
Example: 1 meter is the same as 100 cm and 1000 mm.
48
Measuring Length
The metric length of 1 meter is the same length as 10 dm, 100 cm, and 1000 mm. Q How many millimeters (mm) are in 1 centimeter (cm)?
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Measuring Volume
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Measuring Mass
Several equalities can be written for mass in the metric (SI) system.
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Sec. 1.8 Solving Problems In Chemsitry Using Dimensional Analysis and Conversion Factors
Dimensional Analysis is a problem-solving
method used in science It depends on your ability to identify the numerical information given by the problem, and your ability to identify the numerical information you are supposed to find when solving the problem. The link between the known value (given) and the unkown value (find) is called a Converion Factor
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Equalities
Equalities use two different units to describe the same measured amount. are written for relationships between units of the metric system; between U.S. units or between metric and U.S. units. Examples:
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Equalities and Conversion Factors

Equalities are written as a fraction. used as conversion factors. can be represented with one equality in the numerator and the second equality in the denominator. Examples:
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Common Equalities
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Exact and Measured Numbers in Equalities

Equalities between units of the same system are definitions with numbers that are exact. different systems (metric and U.S.) are measurements with numbers that have significant figures. The equality of 2.54 cm = 1 in. is an exception and considered to be exact.
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Metric Conversion Factors

We can write equalities as conversion factors.
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Metric-US Conversion Factors

MetricUS conversion factors are written as a ratio with a numerator and denominator. Example:
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Equalities on Food Labels

The contents of packaged foods in the U.S. are listed in both metric and U.S. units. indicate the same amount of a substance in two different units.
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Percent as a Conversion Factor

A percent factor uses a ratio of the parts to the whole in a fraction.
uses the same units for the parts and whole. uses the value 100 for the whole. can be written as two factors. Example: A food contains 18% (by mass) fat.
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Chapter 1
1.9 Problem Solving
Lectures
Guide to Problem Solving Using Conversion Factors

There are 4 steps to solving problems with conversion factors.
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Steps to Solving the Problem

If a person weighs 164 lb, what is the body mass in kilograms? Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Analyze the Problem Given 164 lb Need kilograms
Step 2 Write a plan to convert the given unit to the needed unit.
lb
USMetric Factor
kilograms
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If a person weighs 164 lb, what is the body mass in kilograms? Step 3 State the equalities and conversion factors.
Step 4 Set up the problem to cancel units and calculate the answer.
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If a person weighs 164 lb, what is the body mass in kilograms? Step 3 State the equalities and conversion factors.
Step 4 Set up the problem to cancel units and calculate the answer.
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Using Two or More Factors

Often, two or more conversion factors are required to obtain the unit needed for the answer. Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3
Additional conversion factors are placed in the setup to cancel each preceding unit.
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Example: Problem Solving

How many minutes are in 1.6 days? Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Analyze the Problem. Given Need
1.6 days
minutes
Step 2 Write a plan to convert the given unit to the needed unit. days time time min factor 1 factor 2
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Example: Problem Solving

How many minutes are in 1.6 days? Step 3 State the equalities and conversion factors.
Step 4 Set up problem to cancel units and calculate answer.
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Density
Density compares the mass of an object to its volume. is the mass of a substance divided by its volume. are measured in g/L for gases. are measured in g/cm3 or g/mL for solids and liquids. Density expression:
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Chapter 1
1.10 Density
Lectures
Density
Density compares the mass of an object to its volume. is the mass of a substance divided by its volume. are measured in g/L for gases. are measured in g/cm3 or g/mL for solids and liquids. Density expression:
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Densities of Common Substances
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Density Calculations
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Calculating Density
If a 0.258-g sample of HDL has a volume of 0.215 cm3, what is the density, in g/cm3, of the HDL sample? Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Analyze the Problem. Given Need
0.258 g HDL density in g/cm3 of HDL 0.215 cm3 HDL

Step 2 Write the density expression.
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Calculating Density
If a 0.258-g sample of HDL has a volume of 0.215 cm3, what is the density, in g/cm3, of the HDL sample? Step 3 Express mass in grams and volume in milliliters (mL) or cm3.
Step 4 Substitute mass and volume into the density expression and calculate the density.
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Sink or Float
Ice floats in water because the density of ice is less than the density of water. Aluminum sinks in water because its density is greater than the density of water.
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Problem Solving using Density

Density can be written as a conversion factor.
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Problem Solving using Density

Density can be used as a conversion factor. A density of 3.8 g/mL, can be written as an equality,
or written as conversion factors.
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Problem: Density as a Conversion Factor

If the density of milk is 1.04 g/mL, how many grams of milk are in 0.50 qt of milk?
Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Analyze the Problem.
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If the density of milk is 1.04 g/mL, how many grams of milk are in 0.50 qt of milk?
Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Analyze the Problem.
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If the density of milk is 1.04 g/mL, how many grams of milk are in 0.50 qt of milk? Step 2 Write a plan to calculate needed quantity. volume USMetric factor density factor mass
Step 3 Write equalities and conversion factors.
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If the density of milk is 1.04 g/mL, how many grams of milk are in 0.50 qt of milk? Step 4 Set up the problem to calculate the needed quantity.
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Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity (sp gr) is the relationship between the density of a substance and the density of water. is determined by dividing the density of the sample by the density of water. is a unitless quantity.
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Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity is measured by an instrument called a hydrometer.
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Chapter 1 Chemistry and Chemicals Student

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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Fourth Edition Karen Timberlake

Welcome to Chemistry 121

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Success in Chemistry 121

Using your textbook

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Form a Study Plan

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sec. 1.3 Measurement in Science

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Units of Measurement: The Metric and SI Systems

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Units in the Metric System

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Converting Between Different Units of Length -- Inches, Centimeters, and Meters

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

uses the unit cubic meter

Converting between Quarts, Liters, and Milliliters

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Converting Between Pounds, Grams, and Kilograms

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 1.4 Scientific Notation

Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation

For numbers less than 1, the power of 10 is negative

Some Powers of Ten

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Scientific Notation and Calculators

many calculators using the EE or EXP key.

exponent from positive to negative.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Scientific Notation and Calculators

many calculators using the EE or EXP key.

exponent from positive to negative.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Scientific Notation and Calculators

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Scientific Notation and Calculators

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Converting Scientific Notation to a Standard Number

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Converting Scientific Notation to a Standard Number

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Section 1.5 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Writing down measured numbers

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Concept of Significant Figures

A number is a significant figure if it is

the coefficient of a number is written in

(2.0 x 103 m, 2 SF)

The Atlantic-Pacific Rule For Significant Digits

country Pacific Atlantic

If a decimal point is present, start counting